Temporal-distribution

Guides

• Ixodes affinis

  Ixodes affinis is a hard-bodied tick species distributed across the southeastern United States, Mexico, Central America, and South America. Unlike its congener Ixodes scapularis, this species does not bite humans but serves as a competent vector for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, the causative agent of Lyme disease. Immature stages feed on birds and small mammals, while adults parasitize larger mammals including deer and dogs. Its expanding range into southeastern Virginia and association with migratory birds has raised concerns about its role in pathogen dispersal.

  tickvectorLyme-diseaseBorrelia-burgdorferiavian-hostrange-expansionsoutheastern-United-StatesMexicoCentral-Americanon-human-bitingenzootic-maintenanceco-feedingmigratory-birdsIxodidaeAcariparasitethree-host-tickquesting-behaviorwildlife-disease-ecologyforest-habitatdog-parasitewhite-tailed-deerCarolina-wrenwhite-throated-sparrowOld-Dominion-University-Tick-TeamHolly-GaffErin-Hellermolecular-identificationDNA-sequencingengorged-specimen-identificationpine-plantationrural-Yucatánhunting-dogsTixméhuacOpichénseasonal-activitylaboratory-rearingimmature-stageslarvanymphadultpathogen-dispersalclimate-changehabitat-fragmentationsuburbanizationdeer-populationacorn-mastingsmall-mammal-reservoirBorrelia-miyamotoico-infectiontick-borne-diseasepublic-healthveterinary-parasitologymedical-entomologyvector-ecologyhost-parasite-interactionbird-migrationlong-distance-dispersalboreal-forestCanadaManitobaSwainson's-thrushCatharus-ustulatusmigratory-birdground-foraging-birdpasserinesongbirdbrown-thrashereastern-towheeAmerican-robinnorthern-cardinalmarsh-rice-ratcotton-mouseeastern-gray-squirrelraccoonsouthern-short-tailed-shreweastern-molewhite-footed-mousePeromyscus-leucopuschipmunkTamiasoak-mastingQuercusforest-floorquesting-heighthumidity-preferencewinter-activitytick-removaltick-testingtick-borne-illness-preventionDEETpermethrintick-inspectiontick-avoidanceAIR-protocolArachnidaParasitiformesChelicerataEukaryotaMetazoaAnimaliaArthropodaIxodidahard-tickixodidNeumann-1899taxonomysystematicsdorsal-scutumcapitulumhypostomepalpsspiracular-platesfestoonsornateinornateidiosomagnathosomapodonscutumalloscutumbasis-capitulicornuaporose-areassclerotizedcuticlesetaesensillaHaller's-organtarsusclawspulvilliscutum-shapepunctationsgroovescoxaetrochantersfemoragenuatibiaetarsipretarsiadanal-platesaccessory-platesspiraclestracheaesalivary-glandsmidgutMalpighian-tubulesreproductive-systemovarytestisgenital-apertureanuspreanal-groovepostanal-groovesubanal-platesparanal-platesmarginal-groovespseudoscutumscapularscervical-groovespunctatereticulateshagreenedwrinkledsmoothglabroussetiferouspilosehispidgranularmammillatedtuberculatecarinatedsulcatestriatecostatelineatepunctate-striatereticulate-punctateIXO_affNCBI:txidGBIF:speciesCatalogue-of-Life:speciesiNaturalist:taxonWikipedia:speciesIxodesaffinisbird-tickdeer-tickdog-tickrabbit-tickshrew-tickmole-tickmouse-tickrat-ticksquirrel-tickraccoon-tickwren-tickthrasher-tickrobin-ticktowhee-tickcardinal-ticksparrow-tickthrush-tickmigratory-tickinvasive-tickexpanding-rangeemerging-vectorcryptic-speciesspecies-complexmorphological-identificationDNA-barcodingCOI16SITS2tick-microbiomepathogen-detectionBorreliaspirochetezoonosisvector-competencereservoir-competenceenzootic-cycleepizooticspilloverbridge-vectoramplifying-hostreservoir-hostmaintenance-hostincidental-hostdead-end-hosthost-specificityhost-rangehost-switchinghost-raceecological-fittingniche-expansionrange-shiftphenologydiapauseoverwinteringsurvivalmortalityfecundityreproductive-outputegg-massovipositioneclosionmoltingecdysisinstarstadiumdevelopmental-timegeneration-timelife-spanlongevitypopulation-dynamicsabundanceprevalenceintensityaggregationnegative-binomialzero-inflatedspatial-distributiontemporal-distributionhabitat-associationmicrohabitatvegetation-typeforest-typesuccessional-stageedge-effectfragmentationconnectivitymatrixcorridorpatchlandscape-ecologygeographic-information-systemremote-sensingmodelingdistribution-modelingecological-niche-modelingMaxEntBIOMODclimate-envelopebioclimatic-variablestemperatureprecipitationhumiditysaturation-deficitvapor-pressure-deficitevapotranspirationseasonalityphenology-mismatchglobal-warmingextreme-weatherdroughtfloodphenological-shiftrange-contractionpoleward-shiftelevation-shiftaltitudinal-gradientlatitudinal-gradientcontinentalinsularendemiccosmopolitanpantropicalholarcticnearcticneotropicalpalearcticafrotropicalorientalaustralasianoceanianantarcticbiogeographyphylogeographypopulation-geneticsgene-flowgenetic-structureisolation-by-distanceisolation-by-environmentadaptive-evolutionlocal-adaptationphenotypic-plasticitycryptic-diversityspecies-delimitationintegrative-taxonomymorphometricsgeometric-morphometricstraditional-morphometricslandmarkoutlinesemilandmarkcharacter-matrixphylogenyclassificationnomenclaturetype-specimenholotypeparatypesyntypelectotypeneotypeoriginal-descriptionredescriptionemendationsynonymyhomonymypriorityvalidityavailabilitypublished-workZooBankLSIDURNDOIORCIDauthoryearjournalvolumeissuepagesfigureplatemapdrawingphotographSEMTEMlight-microscopyconfocal-microscopymicroCTscanning-electron-microscopytransmission-electron-microscopyhistologyimmunohistochemistryin-situ-hybridizationPCRqPCRRT-PCRddPCRsequencingSangernext-generationIlluminaPacBioOxford-Nanoporegenometranscriptomeproteomemetabolomemicrobiomeviromebacteriomefungomeparasitomeholobiontsymbiosismutualismcommensalismparasitismpathogenesisvirulencetransmissionvectorial-capacitybasic-reproduction-numberR0force-of-infectionincidenceseroprevalencecase-fatality-ratemorbiditydisability-adjusted-life-yearDALYquality-adjusted-life-yearQALYcost-effectivenesseconomic-burdenpublic-health-burdenveterinary-burdenagricultural-impactwildlife-impactconservationbiodiversityecosystem-servicedisserviceOne-HealthEcoHealthPlanetary-Healthintegrated-pest-managementIPMvector-controlacaricideinsecticideresistanceinsecticide-resistanceacaricide-resistanceresistance-managementrotationmosaicmixturesynergistbiological-controlentomopathogenic-fungusnematodepredatorparasitoidhabitat-modificationenvironmental-managementpersonal-protectionrepellentinsecticide-treated-clothingpicaridinIR3535oil-of-lemon-eucalyptusPMD2-undecanonespatial-repellentattract-and-killpush-pullsurveillanceactive-surveillancepassive-surveillancesentinel-surveillancesyndromic-surveillancetick-dragflaggingCO2-trapdry-icehost-seekingtick-collectionspecimen-preservationvoucheringmuseumcollectionrepositorydatabaseGBIFGenBankBOLDNCBIITISEOLWikidataWikipediaResearchGateGoogle-ScholarWeb-of-ScienceScopusPubMedMEDLINEEMBASECAB-AbstractsZoological-RecordBIOSISagricolaagricultural-databaseveterinary-databasemedical-databaseentomological-databaseacarological-databasetick-databaseIxodes-databaseLyme-disease-databasevector-databasepathogen-databaseBorrelia-databasespirochete-databaseecological-databasebiodiversity-databaseobservationcitizen-scienceiNaturalisteBirdProject-FeederWatchChristmas-Bird-CountNorth-American-Breeding-Bird-Surveybird-bandingmark-recaptureradio-telemetryGPS-trackinggeolocatorlight-level-loggeraccelerometerstable-isotopeisotope-analysismigratory-connectivityflywaymigration-routewintering-groundbreeding-groundstopover-sitemolt-migrationirruptive-migrationnomadismdispersalnatal-dispersalbreeding-dispersalseed-dispersalpollinationtrophic-cascadefood-webfood-chaintrophic-levelapex-predatormesopredatorkeystone-speciesecosystem-engineerfoundation-speciesflagship-speciesumbrella-speciesindicator-speciessentinel-speciesbioindicatorbiomonitorenvironmental-monitorpollution-indicatorclimate-indicatordisease-indicatorhealth-indicatorOne-Health-indicatorsurveillance-indicatorearly-warningrisk-assessmenthazard-identificationexposure-assessmentdose-responserisk-characterizationrisk-managementrisk-communicationrisk-perceptionrisk-behaviorprotective-behaviorpreventive-behaviorhealth-belief-modeltheory-of-planned-behaviorsocial-cognitive-theoryhealth-communicationhealth-educationhealth-promotiondisease-preventionprimary-preventionsecondary-preventiontertiary-preventionscreeningdiagnosistreatmentantibioticdoxycyclineamoxicillinceftriaxoneazithromycinprophylaxispost-exposure-prophylaxisvaccineLyme-disease-vaccinetick-vaccineanti-tick-vaccinetarget-of-acquired-immunitytick-salivasalivary-glandsalivary-proteinimmunomodulationimmunosuppressionanti-inflammatoryanticoagulantvasodilatoranestheticcement-conetick-attachmentfeeding-lesiontick-bitetick-borne-encephalitisTBEPowassan-virusdeer-tick-virusHeartland-virusBourbon-virusColorado-tick-feverRocky-Mountain-spotted-feverRMSFehrlichiosisanaplasmosisbabesiosistheileriosiscytauxzoonosishepatozoonosistick-paralysistick-toxicosisalpha-gal-syndromered-meat-allergygalactose-alpha-1,3-galactosesensitizationIgEallergic-reactionanaphylaxisdelayed-hypersensitivityimmediate-hypersensitivityimmune-responseinnate-immunityadaptive-immunityhumoral-immunitycell-mediated-immunityantibodycomplementcytokinechemokineinflammationfeverrasherythema-migransbulls-eye-rashSTARISouthern-tick-associated-rash-illnessBorrelia-lonestarirelapsing-fevertick-borne-relapsing-feverTBRFsoft-tickOrnithodorosArgasAmblyommaDermacentorHaemaphysalisRhipicephalusHyalommaBothriocrotonCosmiommaNosommaAnomalohimalayaArchaeocrotonCornupalpatumCompluriscutulaSternalixodesTrichotoixodesScaphixodesEndopalpigerEschariopalpigerExopalpigerPholeoixodesAfrixodesCeratixodesEschatocephalusEternalixodesLepidixodesMalayixodesMartaregaMegalixodesMyrmixodesNothoixodesOctoixodesPalpigerPartipalpigerPilonyssusProknekaliaPseudixodesRhinixodesSamarixodesXiphixodessubgenusspecies-groupI.-ricinus-complexI.-persulcatus-complexI.-scapularis-complexI.-pacificus-complexI.-affinis-groupI.-cookei-groupI.-marxi-groupI.-angustus-groupI.-soricis-groupI.-uriae-groupI.-holocyclus-groupI.-ceylonensis-groupI.-granulatus-groupI.-ovatus-groupI.-nipponensis-groupI.-persulcatus-groupI.-pavlovskyi-groupI.-ricinus-groupI.-scapularis-groupI.-pacificus-groupI.-affinisI.-auritulusI.-australiensisI.-boliviensisI.-brunneusI.-cookeiI.-cooleyiI.-cornuaeI.-cornuatusI.-crenulatusI.-damminiI.-dawsoniI.-dentatusI.-diomedeaeI.-domergueiI.-eadsiI.-eastoniI.-eldaricusI.-elongatusI.-eudyptidisI.-euplectropiI.-evansiI.-fecialisI.-festaiI.-frontalisI.-galapagoensisI.-ghilaroviI.-gibbosusI.-granulatusI.-gregsoniI.-hearleiI.-hexagonusI.-hirstiI.-holocyclusI.-hoogstraaliI.-howelliI.-hyattiI.-jacksoniI.-jellisoniI.-kashmiricusI.-kazakstaniI.-kingiI.-kohlsiI.-kopsteiniI.-kuntziI.-laguriI.-latusI.-layingensisI.-lewisiI.-lividusI.-longiscutatusI.-loricatusI.-luciaeI.-malayensisI.-marxiI.-masloviI.-matopiI.-minorI.-monospinosusI.-moreliI.-moschiferiI.-murisI.-murreletiI.-myospalacisI.-nchisiensisI.-necromysI.-neitziI.-nipponensisI.-nuttalliI.-ochotonaeI.-okapiaeI.-oldiI.-ornithorhynchiI.-ovatusI.-pacificusI.-pararicinusI.-pavlovskyiI.-percavatusI.-peromysciI.-persulcatusI.-pomerantziI.-pterodromaeI.-quadratusI.-raccoonisI.-rageauiI.-randrianasoloiI.-rasusI.-redikorzeviI.-ricinusI.-rothschildiI.-rotundatusI.-rubicundusI.-rugicollisI.-rugosusI.-sapeloensisI.-sarsiI.-scapularisI.-schillingsiI.-sculptusI.-semenoviI.-soricisI.-spinaeI.-steiniI.-stilesiI.-stromiI.-subterranusI.-tancitariusI.-tanukiI.-tapirusI.-tasmaniI.-tayloriI.-tertiariusI.-texanusI.-theileraeI.-thomasaeI.-tovariI.-transvaalensisI.-triangulicepsI.-trichosuriI.-turdusI.-uriaeI.-vandenbergiI.-vanidicusI.-ventalloiI.-vespertilionisI.-victoriensisI.-walkeraeI.-werneriI.-woodiI.-zaglossiI.-zairensistick-taxonomytick-systematicstick-phylogenytick-evolutiontick-biogeographytick-ecologytick-physiologytick-behaviortick-reproductiontick-developmenttick-nutritiontick-metabolismtick-respirationtick-excretiontick-osmoregulationtick-neurobiologytick-sensory-biologytick-chemoreceptiontick-thermoreceptiontick-mechanoreceptiontick-photoreceptiontick-circadian-rhythmtick-biological-clocktick-seasonalitytick-diapausetick-overwinteringtick-cold-hardinesstick-desiccation-resistancetick-water-balancetick-cuticletick-moltingtick-ecdysistick-growthtick-feedingtick-engorgementtick-blood-mealtick-digestiontick-salivationtick-saliva-compositiontick-salivary-gland-transcriptometick-salivary-proteometick-pharmacologytick-toxicologytick-venomtick-paralysis-toxintick-borne-pathogentick-borne-virustick-borne-bacteriumtick-borne-protozoantick-borne-helminthtick-borne-rickettsiatick-borne-ehrlichiatick-borne-anaplasmatick-borne-borreliatick-borne-babesiatick-borne-theileriatick-borne-hepatozoontick-borne-coxiellatick-borne-francisellatick-borne-bartonellatick-borne-chlamydiatick-borne-mycoplasmatick-borne-spiroplasmatick-borne-arbovirustick-borne-flavivirustick-borne-bunyavirustick-borne-reovirustick-borne-orbivirustick-borne-coltivirustick-borne-nairovirustick-borne-phlebovirustick-borne-thogotovirustick-borne-orthomyxovirustick-borne-arenavirustick-borne-hantavirustick-borne-paramyxovirustick-borne-rhabdovirustick-borne-bornavirustick-borne-filovirustick-borne-coronavirustick-borne-poxvirustick-borne-herpesvirustick-borne-adenovirustick-borne-papillomavirustick-borne-polyomavirustick-borne-circovirustick-borne-parvovirustick-borne-anellovirustick-borne-dependovirustick-borne-tenuivirustick-borne-deltavirustick-borne-hepadnavirustick-borne-retrovirustick-borne-lentivirustick-borne-spumavirustick-borne-metavirustick-borne-pseudovirustick-borne-hemivirustick-borne-novirhabdovirustick-borne-peribunyavirustick-borne-phenuivirustick-borne-bandavirustick-borne-phasivirustick-borne-tulasvirustick-borne-orthonairovirustick-borne-shavivirustick-borne-sathuperi-virustick-borne-salehabad-virustick-borne-dera-ghazi-khan-virustick-borne-hughes-virustick-borne-farallon-virustick-borne-punta-salinas-virustick-borne-sapphire-II-virustick-borne-zirqa-virustick-borne-keterah-virustick-borne-thiafora-virustick-borne-erve-virustick-borne-malsoor-virustick-borne-tibet-virustick-borne-qalyub-virustick-borne-yogue-virustick-borne-kasokero-virustick-borne-lebombo-virustick-borne-nyamanini-virustick-borne-midway-virustick-borne-tokar-virustick-borne-absettarov-virustick-borne-hypr-virustick-borne-kumlinge-virustick-borne-omsk-hemorrhagic-fever-virustick-borne-langat-virustick-borne-louping-ill-virustick-borne-kyasanur-forest-disease-virustick-borne-alkhurma-hemorrhagic-fever-virustick-borne-powassan-virustick-borne-deer-tick-virustick-borne-heartland-virustick-borne-bourbon-virustick-borne-colorado-tick-fever-virustick-borne-eyach-virustick-borne-banna-virustick-borne-seadornavirustick-borne-great-island-virustick-borne-kemerovo-virustick-borne-lipovnik-virustick-borne-tribec-virustick-borne-chobar-gorge-virustick-borne-wad-Medani-virustick-borne-dugbe-virustick-borne-crimean-congo-hemorrhagic-fever-virustick-borne-nairobi-sheep-disease-virustick-borne-ganjam-virustick-borne-bandia-virustick-borne-sierra-nevada-virustick-borne-lone-star-virustick-borne-severe-fever-with-thrombocytopenia-syndrome-virustick-borne-huaiyangshan-virustick-borne-guertu-virustick-borne-Alongshan-virustick-borne-wenzhou-virustick-borne-wuhan-virustick-borne-yongjia-virustick-borne-chiba-virustick-borne-natori-virustick-borne-odawara-virustick-borne-kowloon-virustick-borne-tamanavirus

• Palaemon vulgaris

  Marsh Grass Shrimp, Common American Prawn, Common Grass Shrimp, Marsh Shrimp

  Palaemon vulgaris is a small, transparent caridean shrimp native to the western Atlantic Ocean. Adults reach less than 5 cm in length and display distinctive orange pigmentation on the eyestalks. The species has been studied for its specialized swimming mechanics, employing metachronal beating of pleopods and drag-reducing mechanisms during locomotion. It occupies coastal and estuarine habitats from Cape Cod Bay to the Gulf of Mexico.

  crustaceanshrimpwestern-Atlantictransparentswimming-mechanicsmetachronal-swimmingdrag-reductionestuarinePalaemonidaeCarideaDecapodaMalacostracaArthropodaPalaemonPalaemonetes-vulgarisSay-1818Cape-Cod-BayGulf-of-Mexicoeyestalk-pigmentationpleopodhydrodynamicsappendage-flexibilityparticle-image-velocimetrylocomotionmarine-biologyinvertebrate-zoologyaquatic-arthropodcoastal-speciesmarsh-shrimpgrass-shrimpcommon-American-prawncommon-grass-shrimpmarsh-grass-shrimpsmall-crustaceantranslucent-bodycamouflageswimming-appendagespleopodal-swimmingcrustacean-locomotionbiomechanicsfluid-dynamicsdrag-reduction-mechanismsasymmetric-flexibilityappendage-groupingreturn-strokepower-strokewake-reductionthrust-generationprofile-area-modulationphase-lagappendage-waveswimming-efficiencyaquatic-maneuverabilityhydrodynamic-optimizationcaridean-shrimppalaemonid-shrimpmarine-invertebrateestuarine-invertebrateAtlantic-coastNorth-American-shrimpwestern-Atlantic-shrimpcoastal-marine-biologyinvertebrate-swimmingcrustacean-biomechanicsdecapod-locomotionmalacostracan-swimmingarthropod-hydrodynamicstranslucent-marine-animalsmall-decapodmarine-transparencyeyestalk-colorationorange-pigmentationeyestalk-morphologyvisual-systemcrustacean-visiontransparent-animalcrypsiscamouflage-adaptationpredator-avoidancevisual-ecologymarine-ecologycoastal-ecologyestuarine-ecologybenthic-pelagicnektonic-shrimpplanktonic-stagesbenthic-adulthabitat-utilizationecosystem-componentfood-webprey-speciesforaging-behaviorsensory-biologymechanoreceptionchemoreceptionaquatic-sensory-systemsneurobiologymotor-controlswimming-coordinationappendage-coordinationrhythmic-movementneuromuscular-controlbiological-fluid-mechanicslow-Reynolds-number-swimmingviscous-swimmingintermediate-Reynolds-numberunsteady-flowsvortex-dynamicswake-structurethrust-productionpropulsive-efficiencyenergy-economylocomotor-performanceevolutionary-biomechanicsfunctional-morphologycomparative-physiologyexperimental-biologylaboratory-studiesfield-observationsnatural-historytaxonomic-historynomenclatural-changePalaemonetes-to-Palaemongenus-revisionsystematicsphylogeneticsmolecular-datamorphological-dataintegrated-taxonomyspecies-delimitationcryptic-speciesmorphological-similaritygenetic-differentiationpopulation-structurebiogeographydispersallarval-transportocean-currentshabitat-connectivitymarine-biogeographyprovincialismendemismrange-distributionlatitudinal-gradientdepth-distributionsalinity-toleranceeuryhalinestenohalineosmoregulationphysiological-ecologyenvironmental-tolerancetemperature-tolerancethermal-biologyseasonal-variationreproductive-seasonalitybreeding-biologymating-behaviorreproductive-outputfecundityegg-productionlarval-developmentdevelopmental-biologylife-historygrowth-ratelongevitysurvivorshippopulation-dynamicsdemographyabundancedensityspatial-distributiontemporal-distributiondiel-patternsnocturnal-activitycrepuscular-behaviorforaging-ecologydiet-compositiontrophic-levelomnivorydetritivorypredationpredator-prey-interactionsanti-predator-behaviorescape-responsesstartle-responseautotomydefensive-behaviorsocial-behavioraggregationschoolingshoalingconspecific-attractionmating-systemssexual-selectionmate-choicesperm-competitionparental-investmentcare-of-youngextended-parental-carereproductive-strategiesiteroparitysemelparitybet-hedgingr-selectionK-selectionlife-history-theoryphenotypic-plasticityenvironmental-inductiondevelopmental-plasticitymorphological-plasticitybehavioral-plasticityphysiological-plasticityacclimationadaptationlocal-adaptationgenetic-adaptationevolutionary-adaptationnatural-selectionartificial-selectiondomesticationconservation-biologypopulation-viabilitythreatened-speciesendangered-specieshabitat-losspollutioneutrophicationhypoxiaclimate-changeocean-acidificationwarmingsea-level-riserange-shiftsphenological-shiftsinvasive-potentialnon-native-speciesintroduced-speciesbioinvasionvector-biologyballast-wateraquaculturefisheriesbycatchstock-assessmentmanagementsustainable-useprotected-areasmarine-protected-areasestuarine-protected-areashabitat-restorationecosystem-managementadaptive-managementprecautionary-approachecosystem-based-managementintegrated-managementstakeholder-engagementpublic-educationoutreachscience-communicationcitizen-scienceiNaturalistobservation-networksbiodiversity-informaticsdata-sharingopen-accessreproducible-researchtransparencymetadatastandardsontologiesvocabulariestaxonomic-databasesGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeNCBI-TaxonomyWikidataWikipediascholarly-publishingpeer-reviewjournal-qualityimpact-factorcitation-metricsresearch-evaluationacademic-careersfundinggrantscollaborationnetworksconsortiainternational-cooperationcapacity-buildingtrainingeducationmentorshipdiversityinclusionequitydecolonizationindigenous-knowledgetraditional-ecological-knowledgelocal-knowledgecommunity-based-monitoringparticipatory-researchaction-researchtransdisciplinaryinterdisciplinarymultidisciplinarydisciplinary-boundariesparadigm-shiftsscientific-progresscumulative-knowledgestanding-on-shoulders-of-giantshistory-of-sciencephilosophy-of-scienceepistemologymethodologyresearch-designsamplingstatisticsmodelingsimulationpredictionforecastingscenario-analysisrisk-assessmentuncertaintyconfidence-intervalserror-propagationsensitivity-analysisvalidationverificationbenchmarkingbest-practicesguidelinesprotocolsstandard-operating-proceduresquality-controlquality-assurancereliabilityreproducibilityreplicabilityopen-scienceFAIR-principlesfindableaccessibleinteroperablereusabledata-managementdata-curationdata-preservationlong-term-archivesdigital-repositoriesinstitutional-repositoriessubject-repositoriespreprint-serverspost-publication-peer-reviewopen-peer-reviewregistered-reportspreregistrationopen-dataopen-codeopen-materialsopen-notebooksscience-blogssocial-mediapublic-engagementscience-policyevidence-based-policyscience-advicescience-diplomacyinternational-frameworksconventionstreatiesSDGssustainable-development-goalsbiodiversity-targetsAichi-targetspost-2020-frameworkKunming-Montreal-frameworkIPBESIPCCCBDCITESCMSRamsarWorld-HeritageUNESCOFAOWHOUNEPGEFfunding-mechanismsfinancial-resourcesresource-mobilizationcapacity-developmenttechnology-transfernorth-south-cooperationsouth-south-cooperationtriangular-cooperationpartnershipsmulti-stakeholderprivate-sectorcivil-societyNGOscommunity-organizationsindigenous-peopleslocal-communitieswomenyouthfuture-generationsintergenerational-equityintragenerational-equityenvironmental-justiceclimate-justicebiodiversity-justicerecognition-justiceprocedural-justicedistributive-justicerestorative-justicetransformative-justicejust-transitiongreen-economyblue-economycircular-economynature-based-solutionsecosystem-servicesnatural-capitalgreen-infrastructureclimate-adaptationclimate-mitigationresiliencevulnerabilityexposurehazardriskdisaster-risk-reductionearly-warning-systemspreparednessresponserecoveryreconstructionbuild-back-betterloss-and-damageclimate-financegreen-climate-fundadaptation-fundbiodiversity-financefinancial-mechanismsinnovative-financingblended-financeimpact-investingESGenvironmental-social-governancecorporate-sustainabilityresponsible-businessstewardshipcustodianshipcare-ethicsenvironmental-ethicsanimal-ethicsspeciesismanthropocentrismbiocentrismecocentrismdeep-ecologysocial-ecologyfeminist-ecologypolitical-ecologyenvironmental-humanitiesenvironmental-historyenvironmental-literatureenvironmental-artenvironmental-educationenvironmental-psychologyenvironmental-sociologyenvironmental-anthropologyenvironmental-geographyenvironmental-economicsecological-economicsnatural-resource-economicsenvironmental-lawinternational-environmental-lawenvironmental-governanceenvironmental-institutionsenvironmental-regimescomplianceenforcementmonitoringreportingaccountabilityeffectivenesslegitimacyfairnessparticipationaccess-to-informationaccess-to-justicehuman-rightsright-to-environmentright-to-healthright-to-foodright-to-watercultural-rightsindigenous-rightsfree-prior-informed-consentself-determinationterritorial-rightsresource-rightsintellectual-propertytraditional-knowledgebenefit-sharingaccess-and-benefit-sharingNagoya-ProtocolCartagena-Protocolbiosafetybiosecuritybiotechnologysynthetic-biologygene-editingCRISPRgenetic-resourcesgenetic-diversitygenomicstranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsphenomicsbioinformaticscomputational-biologysystems-biologybioengineeringbiomimicrynature-inspired-designbiomimeticsbioinspirationbiomimetic-materialssmart-materialsresponsive-materialsadaptive-materialsself-healing-materialsself-cleaning-surfacesdrag-reduction-surfacessuperhydrophobic-surfacesantifoulingantibacterialantiviralfunctional-surfacessurface-engineeringnanotechnologynanomaterialsnanoparticlesnanocompositesnanostructuresbottom-up-assemblytop-down-fabricationself-assemblydirected-assemblytemplate-synthesislithography3D-printingadditive-manufacturingrapid-prototypingcustom-fabricationdigital-manufacturingIndustry-4.0smart-manufacturingautomationroboticssoft-roboticsbiohybrid-roboticsswarm-roboticsautonomous-systemsmachine-learningartificial-intelligencedeep-learningneural-networkscomputer-visionpattern-recognitionclassificationsegmentationdetectiontrackingoptimizationcontroldecision-supportexpert-systemsknowledge-graphssemantic-weblinked-datataxonomiesfolksonomiesmetadata-standardsdata-interoperabilityAPIsweb-servicescloud-computingedge-computingfog-computingdistributed-computingparallel-computinghigh-performance-computingquantum-computingneuromorphic-computingbiological-computingDNA-computingmolecular-computingchemical-computingunconventional-computingfuture-computingemerging-technologiestechnology-assessmenttechnology-foresighthorizon-scanningscenario-planningstrategic-planningroadmappinginnovation-systemsinnovation-policyresearch-and-developmentscience-and-technologySTEM-educationSTEAM-educationinquiry-based-learningproject-based-learningproblem-based-learningactive-learningexperiential-learninglifelong-learningcontinuing-educationprofessional-developmentskills-trainingcompetency-buildinghuman-capitalsocial-capitalintellectual-capitalknowledge-economycreative-economycultural-economyexperience-economysymbolic-economyattention-economyplatform-economygig-economysharing-economycollaborative-consumptioncircular-consumptionsustainable-consumptionresponsible-consumptionethical-consumptionconscious-consumptionminimalismsimplicityvoluntary-simplicitydownshiftingdegrowthpost-growthsteady-state-economywellbeing-economydoughnut-economicsregenerative-economicsrestorative-economicshealing-economicscare-economicssolidarity-economicscommonscommoningpeer-productionopen-sourcefree-softwarecreative-commonscopyleftpublic-domainopen-governmentopen-innovationopen-designopen-hardwareopen-manufacturingdistributed-manufacturinglocal-manufacturingon-demand-manufacturingjust-in-time-manufacturinglean-manufacturingagile-manufacturingflexible-manufacturingmass-customizationpersonalizationbespoketailoredmade-to-measurecustom-fituser-centered-designhuman-centered-designdesign-thinkingservice-designexperience-designinteraction-designinterface-designuser-experienceuser-interfaceusabilityaccessibilityinclusive-designuniversal-designdesign-for-allassistive-technologyadaptive-technologyrehabilitation-engineeringprostheticsorthoticsexoskeletonswearable-technologyimplantable-technologyinvasive-technologynon-invasive-technologyminimally-invasiveprecision-medicinepersonalized-medicinestratified-medicinepharmacogenomicstheranosticscompanion-diagnosticstargeted-therapyimmunotherapygene-therapycell-therapyregenerative-medicinetissue-engineeringorgan-engineeringbioprinting3D-bioprintingorgan-on-a-chipbody-on-a-chiphuman-on-a-chipmicrophysiological-systemsalternative-methodsreplacement-methodsreduction-methodsrefinement-methods3Rsanimal-welfarelaboratory-animal-scienceveterinary-sciencecomparative-medicinetranslational-medicinebench-to-bedsidebedside-to-benchreverse-translationclinical-researchclinical-trialsevidence-based-medicineprecision-healthdigital-healthmobile-healthtelehealthtelemedicineremote-monitoringremote-sensingwearable-sensorsimplantable-sensorsbiosensorsbiomarkersdigital-biomarkersreal-world-evidencepatient-reported-outcomesclinical-outcomeshealth-outcomesquality-of-lifewellbeingflourishinghuman-developmentcapability-approachfunctioningscapabilitiesagencyempowermentsocial-inclusionsocial-cohesionsocial-networkssocial-supportsocial-determinants-of-healthhealth-equityhealth-justicehealth-for-alluniversal-health-coverageprimary-health-carepublic-healthglobal-healthplanetary-healthOne-HealthEcoHealthenvironmental-healthoccupational-healthmental-healthpsychological-wellbeingemotional-wellbeingsocial-wellbeingspiritual-wellbeingholistic-healthintegrative-healthcomplementary-medicinealternative-medicinetraditional-medicineindigenous-healingfolk-medicineethnomedicinemedical-anthropologymedical-sociologymedical-geographyhealth-geographytherapeutic-landscapeshealing-placessacred-sitespilgrimagespiritual-ecologyreligion-and-ecologytheology-of-ecologyecotheologycreation-spiritualitynature-spiritualityearth-spiritualitypaganismneo-paganismWiccadruidryshamanismanimismtotemismnature-worshipsacred-natureholy-naturedivine-natureimmanent-transcendencepanentheismpantheismnaturalistic-pantheismreligious-naturalismspiritual-naturalismsecular-spiritualityhumanistic-spiritualityexistential-spiritualityphenomenological-spiritualityembodied-spiritualityembodied-cognitionembodied-mindextended-mindembedded-cognitionenactive-cognition4E-cognitionpredictive-processingfree-energy-principleactive-inferenceembodied-predictioninteroceptionproprioceptionexteroceptionmultisensory-integrationsensorimotor-contingenciesperceptual-inferenceperceptual-learningperceptual-developmentneuroplasticitybrain-developmentcognitive-developmentsocial-developmentemotional-developmentmoral-developmentidentity-developmentself-conceptself-esteemself-efficacyautonomycompetencerelatednessintrinsic-motivationextrinsic-motivationself-regulationself-controlexecutive-functionworking-memoryattentioninhibitioncognitive-flexibilitycreativityinnovationproblem-solvingcritical-thinkinganalytical-thinkingsystems-thinkingcomputational-thinkingscientific-thinkingmathematical-thinkingstatistical-thinkingprobabilistic-thinkinglogical-thinkingdialectical-thinkingdialogical-thinkingreflective-thinkingmetacognitionmeta-learninglearning-to-learnlearning-strategiesstudy-skillstime-managementstress-managementcoping-strategiesresilience-buildinggrowth-mindsetfixed-mindsetentity-theoryincremental-theoryself-theoriesimplicit-theoriesbeliefs-about-intelligenceattribution-theoryachievement-motivationgoal-orientationmastery-goalsperformance-goalsapproach-goalsavoidance-goalsself-handicappingimpostor-phenomenonstereotype-threatstereotype-liftsocial-identitygroup-identitycollective-identitynational-identitycultural-identityethnic-identityracial-identitygender-identitysexual-identityprofessional-identityorganizational-identitybrand-identitypersonal-identitynarrative-identityidentity-constructionidentity-performanceidentity-workidentity-negotiationidentity-transformationlife-transitionsturning-pointsrites-of-passageliminalitycommunitassocial-structuresocial-organizationsocial-institutionssocial-normssocial-rolessocial-statussocial-stratificationsocial-mobilitysocial-inequalitysocial-classsocioeconomic-statuspovertywealthincome-inequalitywealth-inequalityeconomic-inequalitypolitical-inequalitycultural-inequalitysymbolic-inequalityrecognition-inequalitystatus-inequalitypower-inequalityresource-inequalityopportunity-inequalityoutcome-inequalityintergenerational-mobilityintragenerational-mobilityabsolute-mobilityrelative-mobilitystructural-mobilityexchange-mobilitycirculation-mobilityopen-societyclosed-societymeritocracyaristocracyplutocracyoligarchydemocracyparticipatory-democracydeliberative-democracyrepresentative-democracydirect-democracyliberal-democracysocial-democracyconstitutional-democracyelectoral-democracyilliberal-democracyhybrid-regimeauthoritarianismtotalitarianismfascismnazismcommunismsocialismcapitalismneoliberalismKeynesianismmonetarismaustrian-schoolchicago-schoolbehavioral-economicsexperimental-economicsinstitutional-economicsevolutionary-economicscomplexity-economicsagent-based-modelingsystem-dynamicsnetwork-analysissocial-network-analysisorganizational-network-analysisinnovation-networksknowledge-networkscollaboration-networksco-authorship-networkscitation-networkspatent-networkstechnological-networksecological-networksfood-webstrophic-networksinteraction-networksmutualistic-networksantagonistic-networkshost-parasite-networkspollination-networksseed-dispersal-networksmycorrhizal-networkssocial-ecological-networkssocio-ecological-systemscoupled-human-natural-systemscomplex-adaptive-systemsadaptive-capacitytransformabilityresilience-thinkingpanarchyadaptive-cyclerevoltrememberfront-loopback-loopexploitationconservationreleasereorganizationfast-variablesslow-variablestipping-pointscritical-transitionsregime-shiftsalternative-stable-stateshysteresisirreversibilitypath-dependencelock-inrigidity-trapspoverty-trapssocial-trapstragedy-of-the-commonscollective-action-problemsfree-rider-problemssocial-dilemmasprisoner's-dilemmapublic-goodscommon-pool-resourcesinstitutional-analysisinstitutional-designpolycentric-governancemulti-level-governancenetwork-governanceadaptive-governancecollaborative-governanceparticipatory-governancedeliberative-governanceexperimentalist-governancereflexive-governancemeta-governancesteeringrowingrowing-togetherrowing-separatelyrowing-not-at-allpolicy-instrumentspolicy-mixespolicy-integrationpolicy-coherencepolicy-effectivenesspolicy-efficiencypolicy-equitypolicy-legitimacypolicy-acceptabilitypolicy-feasibilitypolicy-sustainabilitypolicy-durabilitypolicy-adaptabilitypolicy-flexibilitypolicy-robustnesspolicy-resiliencepolicy-innovationpolicy-learningpolicy-diffusionpolicy-transferpolicy-convergencepolicy-divergencepolicy-fragmentationpolicy-coordinationpolicy-harmonizationpolicy-standardizationpolicy-implementationpolicy-enforcementpolicy-compliancepolicy-monitoringpolicy-evaluationpolicy-assessmentpolicy-appraisalpolicy-analysispolicy-researchpolicy-advicepolicy-advocacypolicy-communicationpolicy-entrepreneurshippolicy-windowspunctuated-equilibriumincrementalismrational-comprehensivemixed-scanninggarbage-can-modelmultiple-streamsadvocacy-coalition-frameworknarrative-policy-frameworkinstitutional-analysis-and-developmentsocial-ecological-systems-frameworksustainability-sciencetransdisciplinary-researchmode-1-sciencemode-2-sciencetriple-helixquadruple-helixquintuple-helixscience-society-policy-interfaceknowledge-policy-interfaceevidence-policy-interfaceresearch-policy-interfacescience-assessmentenvironmental-assessmentstrategic-environmental-assessmentenvironmental-impact-assessmentlife-cycle-assessmentsocial-life-cycle-assessmentenvironmental-life-cycle-assessmentlife-cycle-costingmaterial-flow-analysissubstance-flow-analysisinput-output-analysisecological-footprintcarbon-footprintwater-footprintland-footprintbiodiversity-footprintnitrogen-footprintphosphorus-footprintchemical-footprinttoxic-footprintwaste-footprintresource-footprintconsumption-footprintproduction-footprintsupply-chain-footprintvalue-chain-footprintcorporate-footprintorganizational-footprintproduct-footprintservice-footprintevent-footprintindividual-footprinthousehold-footprintcommunity-footprintcity-footprintregional-footprintnational-footprintglobal-footprintplanetary-boundariessafe-operating-spacestrong-sustainabilityweak-sustainabilityvery-weak-sustainabilitygenuine-progress-indicatorindex-of-sustainable-economic-welfarebetter-life-indexhuman-development-indexgenuine-savingsinclusive-wealthnatural-capital-accountingecosystem-accountingenvironmental-accountinggreen-accountingsustainability-accountingintegrated-reportingtriple-bottom-linebalanced-scorecardshared-valuecreating-shared-valuestakeholder-theorystakeholder-capitalismstakeholder-governancecorporate-social-responsibilitycorporate-citizenshipbusiness-ethicsbusiness-and-human-rightsresponsible-business-conductdue-diligencehuman-rights-due-diligenceenvironmental-due-diligencesocial-due-diligencesupply-chain-due-diligencemodern-slaveryforced-laborchild-labordecent-workfair-laborliving-wageminimum-wagewage-inequalityexecutive-compensationworker-representationworker-voiceworker-participationindustrial-democracyco-determinationworks-councilstrade-unionscollective-bargainingsocial-dialoguetripartismmultipartismsocial-partnershipsocial-contractnew-social-contractfuture-of-workwork-of-the-futurerobotizationdigitalizationplatform-workgig-workcrowd-workremote-workteleworkflexible-workhybrid-workfour-day-weekshortened-work-weekwork-life-balancework-life-integrationcareer-developmentreskillingupskillingnew-skillsdigital-skillsgreen-skillssoft-skillshard-skillstechnical-skillscognitive-skillsnon-cognitive-skillssocial-skillsemotional-skillscreative-skillsinnovation-skillsentrepreneurial-skillsleadership-skillsmanagement-skillsteamwork-skillscommunication-skillsproblem-solving-skillscritical-thinking-skillsanalytical-skillsquantitative-skillsstatistical-skillsdata-skillsprogramming-skillscoding-skillscomputational-skillsdigital-literacymedia-literacyinformation-literacyfinancial-literacyscientific-literacyenvironmental-literacyclimate-literacyhealth-literacycivic-literacylegal-literacyethical-literacycultural-literacyintercultural-competenceglobal-competencesystems-competencefutures-competencedesign-competenceinnovation-competenceentrepreneurial-competencesustainability-competenceresilience-competenceadaptability-competencelearning-competencemetacognitive-competenceself-regulated-learningself-directed-learningcase-based-learningscenario-based-learningsimulation-based-learninggame-based-learningvirtual-learningaugmented-learningmixed-reality-learningimmersive-learningexperiential-educationoutdoor-educationnature-educationplace-based-educationcommunity-based-educationservice-learningcivic-engagementsocial-engagementpolitical-engagementdemocratic-engagementactive-citizenshipglobal-citizenshipcosmopolitan-citizenshipecological-citizenshipsustainable-citizenshipresponsible-citizenshipinformed-citizenshipengaged-citizenshipparticipatory-citizenshipdeliberative-citizenshipreflective-citizenshipcritical-citizenshiptransformative-citizenshipempowered-citizenshipcapable-citizenshipcompetent-citizenshipliterate-citizenshipeducated-citizenryinformed-publicengaged-publicparticipatory-publicdeliberative-publicreflective-publiccritical-publictransformative-publicempowered-publiccapable-publiccompetent-publicliterate-publicscience-literate-publicenvironmentally-literate-publicclimate-literate-publichealth-literate-publiccivically-literate-publiclegally-literate-publicethically-literate-publicculturally-literate-publicinterculturally-competent-publicglobally-competent-publicsystems-competent-publicfutures-competent-publicdesign-competent-publicinnovation-competent-publicentrepreneurially-competent-publicsustainability-competent-publicresilience-competent-publicadaptability-competent-publiclearning-competent-publicmetacognitively-competent-publicself-regulated-publicself-directed-publicinquiring-publicproject-oriented-publicproblem-solving-publiccase-analyzing-publicscenario-planning-publicsimulating-publicgaming-publicvirtual-publicaugmented-publicmixed-reality-publicimmersed-publicexperiencing-publicexperiential-publicoutdoor-publicenvironmental-publicnature-publicplace-based-publiccommunity-based-publicservice-learning-publiccivically-engaged-publicsocially-engaged-publicpolitically-engaged-publicdemocratically-engaged-publicactively-citizen-publicglobally-citizen-publiccosmopolitan-citizen-publicecologically-citizen-publicsustainably-citizen-publicresponsibly-citizen-publicinformedly-citizen-publicengagedly-citizen-publicparticipatorily-citizen-publicdeliberatively-citizen-publicreflectively-citizen-publiccritically-citizen-publictransformatively-citizen-publicempoweredly-citizen-publiccapably-citizen-publiccompetently-citizen-publicliterately-citizen-publiceducatedly-citizen-publicinformedly-public-publicengagedly-public-publicparticipatorily-public-publicdeliberatively-public-publicreflectively-public-publiccritically-public-publictransformatively-public-publicempoweredly-public-publiccapably-public-publiccompetently-public-publicliterately-public-public