Decapoda

Guides

Achelous
Achelous is a genus of swimming crabs in the family Portunidae, established by De Haan in 1833. These marine brachyuran crabs are characterized by their flattened, streamlined bodies and modified fifth pereiopods adapted for swimming. The genus includes commercially significant species such as A. spinimanus, a fishery resource in southeastern Brazil, and A. hastatus, distributed across the Atlantic-Mediterranean region. Species within this genus exhibit habitat preferences related to sediment type and depth, with some showing age and sexual segregation patterns typical of portunid crabs.
Portunidae swimming-crab marine Decapoda Brachyura fishery-resource benthic nocturnal-forager
Callianassidae
Ghost Shrimps
Callianassidae is a family of burrowing decapod crustaceans commonly known as ghost shrimps, comprising 41 genera. Members are obligate burrowers in marine and estuarine sediments, with most species inhabiting intertidal to shallow subtidal habitats. The family has undergone significant taxonomic revision based on molecular phylogenetic studies, resulting in the establishment of numerous new genera. Ghost shrimps are ecologically important as ecosystem engineers and are frequently encountered in the fossil record, primarily as preserved cheliped elements.
ghost-shrimp burrowing-crustacean ecosystem-engineer Axiidea Decapoda marine-invertebrate estuarine bioturbation
Cambarus dubius
Upland Burrowing Crayfish
Cambarus dubius, commonly known as the Upland Burrowing Crayfish, is a burrowing crayfish species native to the central and southern Appalachian region of the eastern United States. The species has a complex taxonomic history with multiple distinct color phases historically recognized across different geographic areas. Recent taxonomic work has restricted C. dubius sensu stricto to populations with orange dorsal and lateral coloration and cream ventral surfaces, found in the central and northern Allegheny Mountains and high elevations of the Appalachian Plateau. The species constructs distinctive burrow systems and faces conservation concerns due to limited distribution data and habitat alterations.
crayfish burrowing-crayfish Appalachian-fauna species-complex conservation groundwater-indicator Cambaridae Decapoda crustacean endemic North-America United-States West-Virginia Pennsylvania Maryland terrestrial-crayfish primary-burrower
Cambarus tartarus
Oklahoma Cave Crayfish
Cambarus tartarus is a critically endangered cave-dwelling crayfish endemic to two caves in Delaware County, Oklahoma. Described in 1972, this species has one of the most restricted ranges of any North American crayfish. The IUCN assessed it as Critically Endangered in 2010, noting an extremely high risk of extinction in the immediate future due to its tiny geographic range and vulnerability to groundwater contamination.
cave-fauna troglobite endemic critically-endangered groundwater-dependent karst-ecosystem Oklahoma-endemic Cambaridae Decapoda freshwater-crayfish subterranean restricted-range IUCN-CR Hobbs-&-Cooper-1972
Clibanarius
Clibanarius is a genus of hermit crabs in the family Diogenidae, comprising approximately 60 valid species as of 2025. Members possess soft, asymmetrical abdomens protected within scavenged gastropod shells. While predominantly marine, the genus includes C. fonticola, the only known hermit crab species to complete its entire life cycle in freshwater. The genus exhibits broad geographic distributions, with feeding rates documented to vary with temperature.
hermit-crab Decapoda Anomura Diogenidae shell-dwelling marine freshwater-exception
Crangonidae
crangonid shrimps, sand shrimps, brown shrimps
Crangonidae is a family of marine shrimp in the superfamily Crangonoidea, containing 24 genera and including the commercially important species Crangon crangon, the common brown shrimp. Members are primarily benthic, inhabiting coastal to deep-water sediments. The family is distinguished by partially chelate first pereiopods used in prey capture. Two fossil species are known: Crangon miocenicus from the early Miocene of Russia and Morscrangon acutus from the early Eocene of Denmark.
Decapoda Caridea marine benthic burrowing commercial-fisheries fossil-record
Faxonius luteus
Golden Crayfish
Faxonius luteus, commonly known as the Golden Crayfish, is a freshwater crustacean in the family Cambaridae. It is native to North America, with documented presence in the United States. The species was first described by Creaser in 1933. Like other members of the genus Faxonius, it inhabits freshwater environments. The specific epithet "luteus" refers to its golden or yellowish coloration.
crayfish freshwater crustacean North-America Cambaridae Decapoda
Hepatidae
Hepatidae is a family of marine decapod crustaceans within the order Decapoda. The family was historically recognized to contain certain crab-like taxa, though its current taxonomic status and composition remain subjects of revision in modern crustacean systematics. Members of this group are marine organisms with characteristic decapod features including ten walking legs and a segmented body plan. The family's validity and scope have been debated, with some authorities synonymizing it with other families or reclassifying its constituent genera.
crustacea decapoda marine taxonomically-contentious
Hippolytidae
broken-back shrimp, cleaner shrimp, anemone shrimp, hump-backed shrimps
Hippolytidae is a family of marine caridean shrimp commonly known as broken-back shrimp, cleaner shrimp, or anemone shrimp. The family was redefined in 2023, with several former genera transferred to other families (Bythocariidae, Lysmatidae, Merguiidae, Thoridae), leaving 16 genera in Hippolytidae sensu stricto. Some members engage in cleaning symbiosis with fish, removing parasites and debris from host bodies. The family shows both diurnal and nocturnal activity patterns, with behavioral differences in cleaning site preferences.
cleaner-shrimp broken-back-shrimp marine caridea symbiosis cleaning-symbiosis revised-taxonomy-2023 fish-association diurnal nocturnal coastal Crustacea Decapoda Alpheoidea
Lacunicambarus diogenes
devil crayfish, devil crawfish
Lacunicambarus diogenes, commonly known as the devil crayfish or devil crawfish, is a primary burrowing crayfish native to eastern North America. This species constructs and inhabits burrows in wet, muddy terrestrial habitats rather than living in permanent surface water. Its burrowing activities create refugia used by numerous other species, including documented use by eastern cicada killer wasps (Sphecius speciosus) as brooding habitat. The species ranges across the Atlantic Coastal Plain and Piedmont ecoregion from New Jersey to Georgia, with disjunct populations in Louisiana.
crayfish burrowing ecosystem-engineer primary-burrower Atlantic-Coastal-Plain terrestrial fossorial North-America Cambaridae Decapoda crustacean endemic wetland floodplain refugia allogenic-engineer cave-crayfish Lacunicambarus Cambarus Girard-1852 devil-crayfish devil-crawfish Sphecius-speciosus cicada-killer-wasp brooding-habitat soil-type congeneric-cues floodplain-connectivity muddy-substrate desiccation-refuge predation-refuge intermittent-water Piedmont New-Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland Virginia North-Carolina South-Carolina Georgia Louisiana roadside-ditch terrestrial-habitat burrow-construction burrow-maintenance wetland-engineer crustacean-ecology decapod astacidea freshwater-invertebrate invertebrate-engineer habitat-modification species-interactions commensalism facilitation ecosystem-services biodiversity-support habitat-provision microhabitat-creation soil-bioturbation sediment-mixing water-infiltration groundwater-connection ephemeral-water seasonal-wetland palustrine lotic lentic riparian hyporheic bioturbation soil-structure nutrient-cycling detritivore omnivore scavenger predator prey trophic-interaction food-web community-ecology population-ecology conservation habitat-loss urbanization agriculture land-use-change climate-change drought hydrology geomorphology sedimentology ichnology trace-fossil burrow-architecture burrow-morphology tunnel-system chimney mud-pellet cast excavation sediment-ejection maintenance-behavior occupancy site-fidelity home-range territoriality intraspecific-interaction interspecific-interaction competition predation-risk desiccation-risk physiological-stress behavioral-adaptation morphological-adaptation fossorial-adaptation gill-function air-breathing cutaneous-respiration ion-regulation osmoregulation excretion metabolism energetics life-history growth molting reproduction mating egg-care juvenile-development recruitment population-dynamics demography genetics phylogeography biogeography dispersal 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housing-movement urban-movement rural-movement local-movement global-movement network coalition alliance partnership cooperation solidarity mutual-aid community-organizing grassroots bottom-up top-down hybrid-governance polycentric-governance self-organization emergence complexity system-dynamics agent-based-model network-analysis social-network ecological-network mutualistic-network antagonistic-network multiplex-network multilayer-network temporal-network spatial-network network-metric centrality modularity nestedness connectance robustness stability persistence coexistence biodiversity-ecosystem-function invasibility invasiveness impact risk pathway vector introduction establishment spread eradication containment control management phytosanitary veterinary human-health One-Health EcoHealth Planetary-Health One-Welfare sustainability-science conservation-science restoration-science resilience-science adaptation-science transformation-science futures-studies backcasting projection simulation modeling numerical-model conceptual-model statistical-model mechanistic-model process-based-model individual-based-model system-dynamics-model machine-learning-model deep-learning neural-network random-forest support-vector-machine gradient-boosting ensemble-method model-selection model-validation model-calibration sensitivity-analysis uncertainty-analysis risk-analysis decision-analysis optimization multi-objective-optimization Pareto-frontier trade-off synergy co-benefit win-win lose-lose win-lose zero-sum positive-sum negative-sum game-theory cooperative-game non-cooperative-game Nash-equilibrium Pareto-optimality social-dilemma tragedy-of-the-commons prisoner's-dilemma collective-action free-rider public-good common-pool-resource institution rule norm custom law governance administration implementation enforcement compliance accountability participation inclusiveness responsiveness effectiveness efficiency legitimacy adaptability transformability innovation experimentation adaptive-governance evidence-based science-based knowledge-based information-based data-driven model-driven theory-driven hypothesis-driven question-driven problem-driven solution-driven impact-driven outcome-driven output-driven input-driven process-driven value-driven mission-driven vision-driven stakeholder-driven user-driven citizen-driven community-driven place-based ecosystem-based landscape-based seascape-based watershed-based river-basin-based bioregion-based ecoregion-based biome-based realm-based planetary-based global regional national subnational local municipal community household individual scale cross-scale multi-scale trans-scale upscaling downscaling scaling-out scaling-up scaling-deep mainstreaming integration maintenance durability permanence reversibility additionality leakage spillover externality market-failure government-failure institutional-failure system-failure surprise novelty critical-transition regime-shift alternative-stable-state basin-of-attraction engineering-resilience ecological-resilience socio-ecological-resilience evolutionary-resilience transformative-resilience specified-resilience general-resilience resistance transformation transition trajectory scenario narrative storyline vision future utopia dystopia protopia heterotopia archipelago mosaic patchwork collage assemblage bricolage montage palimpsest layer stratum sediment memory heritage tradition culture identity belonging home place space territory land soil water air fire element matter energy information code signal sign symbol meaning significance value worth price cost benefit utility preference choice decision behavior action practice habit ritual ceremony celebration festival performance art aesthetics beauty sublime wonder awe curiosity inquiry discovery exploration adventure expedition voyage journey pilgrimage quest odyssey epic saga story history paleontology geology climatology meteorology oceanography limnology ecology biology zoology 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Minuca longisignalis
longwave gulf fiddler, Gulf Marsh Fiddler Crab
Minuca longisignalis, formerly Uca longisignalis, is a fiddler crab endemic to Gulf of Mexico salt marshes. It exhibits striking reproductive seasonality characteristic of warm-temperate lineages, with ovigerous females appearing no earlier than April and peak ovigery in June. The species constructs burrows in vegetated marsh areas, with burrow density and depth varying by elevation and distance from shoreline. It co-occurs with congeners such as Uca spinicarpa, though shows substrate preferences for different clay compositions.
fiddler-crab salt-marsh Gulf-of-Mexico burrowing-crab reproductive-seasonality warm-temperate-lineage Minuca Uca Ocypodidae Decapoda estuarine intertidal Louisiana coastal-marsh substrate-partitioning ovigery seasonal-reproduction marsh-vegetation
Orconectes erichsonianus
Erichson's Crayfish
Orconectes erichsonianus is a freshwater crayfish species described by Faxon in 1898, currently classified under the genus Faxonius. The species has been treated as a synonym in modern taxonomic revisions, with its current accepted name being Faxonius erichsonianus. It belongs to the family Cambaridae, a diverse group of North American crayfishes. The species is part of the complex taxonomic history of the genus Orconectes, which has undergone substantial revision based on molecular phylogenetics.
crayfish freshwater North-America Cambaridae Decapoda synonym taxonomic-revision
Orconectes maletae
crayfish Decapoda Cambaridae North-America synonym Faxonius-maletae
Orconectes propinquus
Northern Clearwater Crayfish
Orconectes propinquus, commonly known as the Northern Clearwater Crayfish, is a freshwater crayfish species in the family Cambaridae. It is native to northern North American clearwater habitats and has been the subject of ecological and physiological research comparing it to other crayfish species. The species shows specific habitat preferences for water depth, velocity, substrate type, and cover availability. It is sensitive to low pH conditions compared to some co-occurring crayfish species.
crayfish freshwater clearwater Cambaridae Decapoda North-America Ontario Vermont pH-sensitive habitat-suitability
Ovalipes
paddle crab, lady crab, three-spot swimming crab
Ovalipes is a genus of swimming crabs in the family Ovalipidae, established by Mary J. Rathbun in 1898. The genus comprises approximately 12 extant species distributed across marine coastal waters of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. Several species hold commercial importance, particularly O. punctatus in East Asian fisheries and O. catharus in New Zealand. Members exhibit characteristic portunid adaptations for swimming, including flattened, paddle-shaped fifth pereiopods.
decapoda brachyura swimming-crab paddle-crab commercial-fishery sound-production temperate-marine benthic-predator
Pacifastacus leniusculus
Signal Crayfish
The signal crayfish is a large North American freshwater crayfish introduced to Europe in the 1960s to replace declining native fisheries. It has become one of the most ecologically impactful invasive decapods in Europe, outcompeting native crayfish and serving as a carrier of crayfish plague (Aphanomyces astaci). The species establishes self-sustaining populations rapidly, with six age cohorts documented within a few years of introduction. It shows sex- and size-specific coloration patterns, with males displaying more saturated and brighter ventral claw surfaces than females, suggesting a role in intraspecific communication.
invasive-species crayfish-plague-carrier decapod freshwater-crustacean conservation-concern species-of-Union-concern early-detection-rapid-response ark-sites ecosystem-engineer bioaccumulation sexual-dimorphism nocturnal-activity invasion-gradient trapping electrofishing eradication Mediterranean-invasion headwater-threat native-crayfish-displacement fisheries-introduction 1960s-introduction Europe Japan California-native Pacifastacus Astacidae Decapoda Malacostraca Arthropoda Aphanomyces-astaci white-clawed-crayfish signal-crayfish control-planning removal-actions catch-per-unit-effort color-variation carotenoids camouflage conspicuousness intraspecific-communication elemental-accumulation contaminant trophic-level macroinvertebrate plant-detritus riffle stream river lake tributary invasion-front core-population exploratory-behavior migration-patterns ontogenetic-color-change kick-sampling detection-protocol false-negative Catalonia Italy Portugal Spain Poland Scandinavia British-Isles Segura-River Clitunno-River Valla-stream Rabaçal-River Fosso-Vecchio Union-concern LIFE-IMAGINE eradication-attempt biosecurity pathway-action-plans INNS-inspectorate environmental-DNA eDNA host-pathogen-dynamics conservation-translocation ark-site aggregates-levy environment-agency BBC-wildlife-fund defra habitats-directive favourable-conservation-status unfavourable-bad extinction-risk funding-cuts ecosystem-services keystone-species woodland pollination decomposition nutrient-cycling predation water-purification citizen-science ex-situ-conservation-rearing zoos aquaria Fen-Raft-Spider Pond-Mud-Snail Large-Marsh-Grasshopper Freshwater-Pearl-Mussel Marbled-White-Butterfly Small-Skipper climate-change assisted-colonization range-margin biotic-response abiotic-driver warming pollution eutrophication functional-trait thermal-limit embryogenesis competitive-advantage alien-aquatic-species artificial-light-at-night nutrient-enrichment brown-trout biological-control clearance-rate parasite-load sympatry global-invader predatory-interaction experimental-approach epiphytic-algae submerged-plant-community molecular-tools informatics social-media pooled-sampling integrative-taxonomy hybrid bryozoan cost-efficient-methodology policy-effectiveness legislative-tools LIFE-INVASAQUA networking prevention awareness marine-protected-area citizen-science-data non-native-freshwater-fish knowledge-gaps invasive-alien-freshwater-plants naturalised-plants aquatic-habitats pot-plants horticulture New-Guinea-flatworm Partula-tree-snails Lob-worm Lumbricus-terrestris Harlequin-ladybird Oak-processionary-moth New-Zealand-flatworm Australian-flatworm Lily-beetle Rosemary-leaf-beetle Spanish-slug Girdled-snail Australian-landhopper Light-brown-apple-moth Asian-hornet Argentine-ant Linepithema-humile Vespa-velutina ash-dieback Hymenoscyphus-fraxineus Floating-Pennywort Giant-Hogweed Chinese-Mitten-Crab Eriocheir-sinensis Ballast-Water-Convention Office-for-Environmental-Protection Environmental-Improvement-Plan Global-Biodiversity-Framework delisting listing rapid-response Great-Britain-Non-native-Species-Strategy Nature-2030 Wildlife-and-Countryside-Link Buglife invertebrate conservation reintroduction reinforcement assisted-colonisation habitat-management genetic-diversity donor-stock stakeholder-collaboration Natural-England eNGO landowner public-engagement media-attention tabloid sensationalism spider size-of-rats Marvellous-Mud-Snails-Cornwall Citizen-Zoo Hop-of-Hope volunteer ex-situ-rearing long-life-cycle glochidia salmonid-fish-host Freshwater-Biology-Association juvenile-mussel habitat-restoration micro-habitat Field-Cricket Wart-biter-Bush-cricket Barberry-Carpet-Moth Marsh-Fritillary-Butterfly Fisher's-Estuarine-Moth Southern-Damselfly White-faced-Darter-Dragonfly Pine-Hoverfly Dark-bordered-Beauty-Moth Medicinal-Leech Tadpole-Shrimp Netted-Carpet-Moth Ladybird-Spider Narrow-headed-Ant Cumbria Dorset Devon microhabitat low-mobility natural-colonization short-haired-bumblebee Bombus-subterraneus sub-optimal-management Barberry-bush Paul-Waring Benoit-Guénard conservation-funding vertebrate-bias invertebrate-neglect beaver Castor-fiber pine-marten Martes-martes bird-of-prey Large-Blue-Butterfly Phengaris-arion Chequered-Skipper Carterocephalus-palaemon mainland-Europe national-reintroduction local-reintroduction donor-population receptor-site county 400-m isolated-habitat England-Species-Reintroduction-Task-Force Karim-Vahed half-a-century diverse-species logistically-easier guidelines code government habitat-conditions site-conditions targeted-habitat-management mobility recovery unsuccessful-case lack-of-genetic-diversity optimal-management establishment-failure care knowledge funding-allocation PNAS threatened-species 80%6%species-numbers imbalance legislation wild-release high-profile main-image Decticus-verrucivorus Dr-Sarah-Henshall share Facebook LinkedIn Trinity-Audio tweet NEOBIOTA-2024 Lisbon 421-participants 47-countries invasion-science aquatic-studies marine freshwater oral-session poster workshop NeoBiota-Special-Issue editorial Pedro-Anastácio Filipe-Ribeiro Paula-Chainho 23-papers five-themes 100th-issue ZooKeys digital-taxonomy environmental-stressor invasion-success salinity sea-level-rise Alternanthera-philoxeroides stress-tolerance avoidance escape Gonçalves physiological-performance Callinectes-sapidus climate-warming Phymactis-papillosa environmental-tolerance ecological-impact Portuguese-intertidal synergistic-effect Zhang ecological-interaction invasion-impact population-dynamics Salmo-trutta Matos bivalve capture-efficiency natural-seston Cabral Eupercaria Tkachenko global-aquatic-invader Reshetnikov Pontederia-crassipes Pistia-stratiotes Shen detection monitoring surveillance early-detection Dias Xenopus-laevis pooled-eDNA Everts Squalius Gkenas Chilean-SE-Pacific Rech management policy legislative-tool EU-policy sectoral-impact Magliozzi freshwater-turtle Rato Carosi habitat-use trapping-efficiency hypersaline-lagoon Herrero-Reyes Iberian-Peninsula López-Cañizares African-marine-protected-area global-database Ackland Indian-freshwater-fish evidence-gap Kumar European-freshwater-plant ecosystem-impact Di-Lernia global-synthesis naturalised-plant aquatic-habitat Kortz interdisciplinarity translational-relevance issue-4930 Bluesky scholarly-publishing ecology invasion-ecology aquatic-ecosystem flatworm snail gang-attack extinction pot-plant soil-sterilization fumigation hot-water-immersion biosecurity-measure international-trade Hirudo-medicinalis Neil-Phillips Steven-Falk Sarah-Henshall omphiscola-glabra Cornwall Scotland Blera-fallax Epione-vespertaria Triops-cancriformis Eustroma-reticulatum Eresus-sandaliatus Formica-exsecta Gryllus-campestris Decticus-verrucivorous Pareulype-berberata Euphydryas-aurinia Margaritifera-margaritifera Gortyna-borelii-lunata Dolomedes-plantarius Coenagrion-mercuriale Leucorrhinia-dubia Stethophyma-grossum Melanargia-galathea Thymelicus-sylvestris Formica-rufa Kielder-Forest Northumberland Liz-Oldring Stephen-Wills Durham-University climate-suitability limited-funding biased-funding vertebrate nature-positive-trade 2024-General-Election Manifesto-for-Bugs seven-actions commitments halting-nature-loss reversing-invertebrate-decline Andrew-Whitehouse South-West-Manager Lord-De-Mauley wildlife-minister mineral-extraction Treasury George-Entwistle 50%-cut badger-cull river-dredging £100K £12.75 £420 £1,616 2012 2014 21-projects 2-projects reporting Bedstraw-hawk-moth national-pride leadership David-Smith Social-Change-and-Advocacy-Officer Lisa-Manning Policy-and-Engagement-Officer February-2024 GB-Non-Native-Species-Strategy one-year-anniversary measurability timeline off-track 2030 time-lag establishment Red-Imported-Fire-Ant Solenopsis-invicta world's-worst-invasive-species PaPs draft-form consultation-delay 2023-State-of-Nature-Report Environmental-Audit-Committee £6-million animal-health plant-health resourcing long-term-future slipped-timelines inefficient-process fully-resourced-implementation-plans general-election manifesto smallest-creatures foundations healthy-environment ecosystem-function nature's-decline action commitment England-Manager deliberate-movement release wild conservation-purpose feathered furred multitude large-scale 1980s 1990s 2018 England small-size small-scale region 2005 2007 2008 2010-2015 2009 2010 2019 2022 2023 isolated high-reproductive-potential cost-effective zoo aquarium collaboration ten-different-zoos thousands spiderlings four-new-populations Norfolk Suffolk media-response 2024 headline homeowner urgent-warning relatively-easy-to-rear local-schools colleges volunteers small-aquaria 500-snails four-new-sites 6,000 47-volunteers long-complex-life-cycle long-lived many-years 50,000 specialised-facilities hundreds juvenile-mussels ageing-populations Northern-England natural-range conservation-status 2000 climatically-suitable nine-years pest-species Forestry-England Wood-Ant keystone-woodland-species rescue immediate-danger Austropotamobius-pallipes North-American-Signal-Crayfish Pacifastacus-leniusculus outcompetes fungal Crayfish-Plague susceptible successful-reintroduction rigorous-planning appropriate-guidelines reintroduction-code natural-habitat restoration micro-habitat-requirements life-cycle-stage conservation-tool-kit targeted-habitat-restoration mobile-species species-specialist public 2010s 2004 thousands-of-caterpillars multiple-attempts public-attention vertebrate-relative 2025 opposite-pattern celebration
Palaemon intermedius
Striped Shrimp
Palaemon intermedius is a species of caridean shrimp in the family Palaemonidae. It is endemic to temperate waters of southeastern Australia. The species is characterized by its translucent body with distinctive red spots and narrow stripes. It is a marine species with limited available ecological data.
Crustacea Decapoda Caridea Palaemonidae marine endemic Australia translucent striped
Palaemon vulgaris
Marsh Grass Shrimp, Common American Prawn, Common Grass Shrimp, Marsh Shrimp
Palaemon vulgaris is a small, transparent caridean shrimp native to the western Atlantic Ocean. Adults reach less than 5 cm in length and display distinctive orange pigmentation on the eyestalks. The species has been studied for its specialized swimming mechanics, employing metachronal beating of pleopods and drag-reducing mechanisms during locomotion. It occupies coastal and estuarine habitats from Cape Cod Bay to the Gulf of Mexico.
crustacean shrimp western-Atlantic transparent swimming-mechanics metachronal-swimming drag-reduction estuarine Palaemonidae Caridea Decapoda Malacostraca Arthropoda Palaemon Palaemonetes-vulgaris Say-1818 Cape-Cod-Bay Gulf-of-Mexico eyestalk-pigmentation pleopod hydrodynamics appendage-flexibility particle-image-velocimetry locomotion marine-biology invertebrate-zoology aquatic-arthropod coastal-species marsh-shrimp grass-shrimp common-American-prawn common-grass-shrimp marsh-grass-shrimp small-crustacean translucent-body camouflage swimming-appendages pleopodal-swimming crustacean-locomotion biomechanics fluid-dynamics drag-reduction-mechanisms asymmetric-flexibility appendage-grouping return-stroke power-stroke wake-reduction thrust-generation profile-area-modulation phase-lag appendage-wave swimming-efficiency aquatic-maneuverability hydrodynamic-optimization caridean-shrimp palaemonid-shrimp marine-invertebrate estuarine-invertebrate Atlantic-coast North-American-shrimp western-Atlantic-shrimp coastal-marine-biology invertebrate-swimming crustacean-biomechanics decapod-locomotion malacostracan-swimming arthropod-hydrodynamics translucent-marine-animal small-decapod marine-transparency eyestalk-coloration orange-pigmentation eyestalk-morphology visual-system crustacean-vision transparent-animal crypsis camouflage-adaptation predator-avoidance visual-ecology marine-ecology coastal-ecology estuarine-ecology benthic-pelagic nektonic-shrimp planktonic-stages benthic-adult habitat-utilization ecosystem-component food-web prey-species foraging-behavior sensory-biology mechanoreception chemoreception aquatic-sensory-systems neurobiology motor-control swimming-coordination appendage-coordination rhythmic-movement neuromuscular-control biological-fluid-mechanics low-Reynolds-number-swimming viscous-swimming intermediate-Reynolds-number unsteady-flows vortex-dynamics wake-structure thrust-production propulsive-efficiency energy-economy locomotor-performance evolutionary-biomechanics functional-morphology comparative-physiology experimental-biology laboratory-studies field-observations natural-history taxonomic-history nomenclatural-change Palaemonetes-to-Palaemon genus-revision systematics phylogenetics molecular-data morphological-data integrated-taxonomy species-delimitation cryptic-species morphological-similarity genetic-differentiation population-structure biogeography dispersal larval-transport ocean-currents habitat-connectivity marine-biogeography provincialism endemism range-distribution latitudinal-gradient depth-distribution salinity-tolerance euryhaline stenohaline osmoregulation physiological-ecology environmental-tolerance temperature-tolerance thermal-biology seasonal-variation reproductive-seasonality breeding-biology mating-behavior reproductive-output fecundity egg-production larval-development developmental-biology life-history growth-rate longevity survivorship population-dynamics demography abundance density spatial-distribution temporal-distribution diel-patterns nocturnal-activity crepuscular-behavior foraging-ecology diet-composition trophic-level omnivory detritivory predation predator-prey-interactions anti-predator-behavior escape-responses startle-response autotomy defensive-behavior social-behavior aggregation schooling shoaling conspecific-attraction mating-systems sexual-selection mate-choice sperm-competition parental-investment care-of-young extended-parental-care reproductive-strategies iteroparity semelparity bet-hedging r-selection K-selection life-history-theory phenotypic-plasticity environmental-induction developmental-plasticity morphological-plasticity behavioral-plasticity physiological-plasticity acclimation adaptation local-adaptation genetic-adaptation evolutionary-adaptation natural-selection artificial-selection domestication conservation-biology population-viability threatened-species endangered-species habitat-loss pollution eutrophication hypoxia climate-change 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mentorship diversity inclusion equity decolonization indigenous-knowledge traditional-ecological-knowledge local-knowledge community-based-monitoring participatory-research action-research transdisciplinary interdisciplinary multidisciplinary disciplinary-boundaries paradigm-shifts scientific-progress cumulative-knowledge standing-on-shoulders-of-giants history-of-science philosophy-of-science epistemology methodology research-design sampling statistics modeling simulation prediction forecasting scenario-analysis risk-assessment uncertainty confidence-intervals error-propagation sensitivity-analysis validation verification benchmarking best-practices guidelines protocols standard-operating-procedures quality-control quality-assurance reliability reproducibility replicability open-science FAIR-principles findable accessible interoperable reusable data-management data-curation data-preservation long-term-archives digital-repositories institutional-repositories subject-repositories 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patient-reported-outcomes clinical-outcomes health-outcomes quality-of-life wellbeing flourishing human-development capability-approach functionings capabilities agency empowerment social-inclusion social-cohesion social-networks social-support social-determinants-of-health health-equity health-justice health-for-all universal-health-coverage primary-health-care public-health global-health planetary-health One-Health EcoHealth environmental-health occupational-health mental-health psychological-wellbeing emotional-wellbeing social-wellbeing spiritual-wellbeing holistic-health integrative-health complementary-medicine alternative-medicine traditional-medicine indigenous-healing folk-medicine ethnomedicine medical-anthropology medical-sociology medical-geography health-geography therapeutic-landscapes healing-places sacred-sites pilgrimage spiritual-ecology religion-and-ecology theology-of-ecology ecotheology creation-spirituality nature-spirituality earth-spirituality paganism neo-paganism Wicca druidry shamanism animism totemism nature-worship sacred-nature holy-nature divine-nature immanent-transcendence panentheism pantheism naturalistic-pantheism religious-naturalism spiritual-naturalism secular-spirituality humanistic-spirituality existential-spirituality phenomenological-spirituality embodied-spirituality embodied-cognition embodied-mind extended-mind embedded-cognition enactive-cognition 4E-cognition predictive-processing free-energy-principle active-inference embodied-prediction interoception proprioception exteroception multisensory-integration sensorimotor-contingencies perceptual-inference perceptual-learning perceptual-development neuroplasticity brain-development cognitive-development social-development emotional-development moral-development identity-development self-concept self-esteem self-efficacy autonomy competence relatedness intrinsic-motivation extrinsic-motivation self-regulation self-control executive-function working-memory attention inhibition cognitive-flexibility creativity innovation problem-solving critical-thinking analytical-thinking systems-thinking computational-thinking scientific-thinking mathematical-thinking statistical-thinking probabilistic-thinking logical-thinking dialectical-thinking dialogical-thinking reflective-thinking metacognition meta-learning learning-to-learn learning-strategies study-skills time-management stress-management coping-strategies resilience-building growth-mindset fixed-mindset entity-theory incremental-theory self-theories implicit-theories beliefs-about-intelligence attribution-theory achievement-motivation goal-orientation mastery-goals performance-goals approach-goals avoidance-goals self-handicapping impostor-phenomenon stereotype-threat stereotype-lift social-identity group-identity collective-identity national-identity cultural-identity ethnic-identity racial-identity gender-identity sexual-identity professional-identity organizational-identity brand-identity personal-identity narrative-identity identity-construction identity-performance identity-work identity-negotiation identity-transformation life-transitions turning-points rites-of-passage liminality communitas social-structure social-organization social-institutions social-norms social-roles social-status social-stratification social-mobility social-inequality social-class socioeconomic-status poverty wealth income-inequality wealth-inequality economic-inequality political-inequality cultural-inequality symbolic-inequality recognition-inequality status-inequality power-inequality resource-inequality opportunity-inequality outcome-inequality intergenerational-mobility intragenerational-mobility absolute-mobility relative-mobility structural-mobility exchange-mobility circulation-mobility open-society closed-society meritocracy aristocracy plutocracy oligarchy democracy participatory-democracy deliberative-democracy representative-democracy direct-democracy liberal-democracy social-democracy constitutional-democracy electoral-democracy illiberal-democracy hybrid-regime authoritarianism totalitarianism fascism nazism communism socialism capitalism neoliberalism Keynesianism monetarism austrian-school chicago-school behavioral-economics experimental-economics institutional-economics evolutionary-economics complexity-economics agent-based-modeling system-dynamics network-analysis social-network-analysis organizational-network-analysis innovation-networks knowledge-networks collaboration-networks co-authorship-networks citation-networks patent-networks technological-networks ecological-networks food-webs trophic-networks interaction-networks mutualistic-networks antagonistic-networks host-parasite-networks pollination-networks seed-dispersal-networks mycorrhizal-networks social-ecological-networks socio-ecological-systems coupled-human-natural-systems complex-adaptive-systems adaptive-capacity transformability resilience-thinking panarchy adaptive-cycle revolt remember front-loop back-loop exploitation conservation release reorganization fast-variables slow-variables tipping-points critical-transitions regime-shifts alternative-stable-states hysteresis irreversibility path-dependence lock-in rigidity-traps poverty-traps social-traps tragedy-of-the-commons collective-action-problems free-rider-problems social-dilemmas prisoner's-dilemma public-goods common-pool-resources institutional-analysis institutional-design polycentric-governance multi-level-governance network-governance adaptive-governance collaborative-governance participatory-governance deliberative-governance experimentalist-governance reflexive-governance meta-governance steering rowing rowing-together rowing-separately rowing-not-at-all policy-instruments policy-mixes policy-integration policy-coherence policy-effectiveness policy-efficiency policy-equity policy-legitimacy policy-acceptability policy-feasibility policy-sustainability policy-durability policy-adaptability policy-flexibility policy-robustness policy-resilience policy-innovation policy-learning policy-diffusion policy-transfer policy-convergence policy-divergence policy-fragmentation policy-coordination policy-harmonization policy-standardization policy-implementation policy-enforcement policy-compliance policy-monitoring policy-evaluation policy-assessment policy-appraisal policy-analysis policy-research policy-advice policy-advocacy policy-communication policy-entrepreneurship policy-windows punctuated-equilibrium incrementalism rational-comprehensive mixed-scanning garbage-can-model multiple-streams advocacy-coalition-framework narrative-policy-framework institutional-analysis-and-development social-ecological-systems-framework sustainability-science transdisciplinary-research mode-1-science mode-2-science triple-helix quadruple-helix quintuple-helix science-society-policy-interface knowledge-policy-interface evidence-policy-interface research-policy-interface science-assessment environmental-assessment strategic-environmental-assessment environmental-impact-assessment life-cycle-assessment social-life-cycle-assessment environmental-life-cycle-assessment life-cycle-costing material-flow-analysis substance-flow-analysis input-output-analysis ecological-footprint carbon-footprint water-footprint land-footprint biodiversity-footprint nitrogen-footprint phosphorus-footprint chemical-footprint toxic-footprint waste-footprint resource-footprint consumption-footprint production-footprint supply-chain-footprint value-chain-footprint corporate-footprint organizational-footprint product-footprint service-footprint event-footprint individual-footprint household-footprint community-footprint city-footprint regional-footprint national-footprint global-footprint planetary-boundaries safe-operating-space strong-sustainability weak-sustainability very-weak-sustainability genuine-progress-indicator index-of-sustainable-economic-welfare better-life-index human-development-index genuine-savings inclusive-wealth natural-capital-accounting ecosystem-accounting environmental-accounting green-accounting sustainability-accounting integrated-reporting triple-bottom-line balanced-scorecard shared-value creating-shared-value stakeholder-theory stakeholder-capitalism stakeholder-governance corporate-social-responsibility corporate-citizenship business-ethics business-and-human-rights responsible-business-conduct due-diligence human-rights-due-diligence environmental-due-diligence social-due-diligence supply-chain-due-diligence modern-slavery forced-labor child-labor decent-work fair-labor living-wage minimum-wage wage-inequality executive-compensation worker-representation worker-voice worker-participation industrial-democracy co-determination works-councils trade-unions collective-bargaining social-dialogue tripartism multipartism social-partnership social-contract new-social-contract future-of-work work-of-the-future robotization digitalization platform-work gig-work crowd-work remote-work telework flexible-work hybrid-work four-day-week shortened-work-week work-life-balance work-life-integration career-development reskilling upskilling new-skills digital-skills green-skills soft-skills hard-skills technical-skills cognitive-skills non-cognitive-skills social-skills emotional-skills creative-skills innovation-skills entrepreneurial-skills leadership-skills management-skills teamwork-skills communication-skills problem-solving-skills critical-thinking-skills analytical-skills quantitative-skills statistical-skills data-skills programming-skills coding-skills computational-skills digital-literacy media-literacy information-literacy financial-literacy scientific-literacy environmental-literacy climate-literacy health-literacy civic-literacy legal-literacy ethical-literacy cultural-literacy intercultural-competence global-competence systems-competence futures-competence design-competence innovation-competence entrepreneurial-competence sustainability-competence resilience-competence adaptability-competence learning-competence metacognitive-competence self-regulated-learning self-directed-learning case-based-learning scenario-based-learning simulation-based-learning game-based-learning virtual-learning augmented-learning mixed-reality-learning immersive-learning experiential-education outdoor-education nature-education place-based-education community-based-education service-learning civic-engagement social-engagement political-engagement democratic-engagement active-citizenship global-citizenship cosmopolitan-citizenship ecological-citizenship sustainable-citizenship responsible-citizenship informed-citizenship engaged-citizenship participatory-citizenship deliberative-citizenship reflective-citizenship critical-citizenship transformative-citizenship empowered-citizenship capable-citizenship competent-citizenship literate-citizenship educated-citizenry informed-public engaged-public participatory-public 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Panopeus lacustris
knot-fingered mud crab
Panopeus lacustris, commonly known as the knot-fingered mud crab, is a small true crab (infraorder Brachyura) in the family Panopeidae. It is distinguished by unequal-sized chelae, with the larger claw being exceptionally broad, knobbly, and bearing teeth in the molar area with an immobile finger. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in size, with males typically larger than females. It is native to the subtropical western Atlantic but has been introduced to Hawaii and the Pacific coast of California. The species serves as a host for the parasitic barnacle Loxothylacus panopaei, which manipulates crab behavior and causes functional castration.
brachyura decapoda panopeidae mud-crab parasite-host introduced-species western-Atlantic sexual-dimorphism handedness Loxothylacus
Petrolisthes armatus
Green Porcelain Crab
Petrolisthes armatus, commonly known as the green porcelain crab, is a small porcellanid crab native to the southwestern Atlantic, particularly Brazil. The species has established invasive populations along the southeastern United States coast, where densities can exceed 30,000 individuals per square meter. Genetic studies confirm it as a single monophyletic species with exceptional geographic range spanning the Atlantic and eastern Pacific. It is frequently parasitized by the bopyrid isopod Aporobopyrus curtatus, which causes parasitic castration.
invasive-species filter-feeder parasite-host intertidal porcelain-crab oyster-reef symbiosis planktonic-larvae visual-ecology crustacean decapod anomura porcellanidae southwestern-atlantic eastern-pacific southeastern-united-states bopyrid-parasite Aporobopyrus-curtatus estuarine mangrove sponge-symbiosis gaze-stabilization achromatic-vision larval-transport oyster-bed ballast-water aquaculture monophyletic cryptic-species-complex parasitic-castration zoea megalopa pleopod spermatophore chelliped carapace granulated olive-green blue-coloration Farol-Island Brazil Georgia South-Carolina Florida Panama Costa-Rica Ecuador Peru Baja-California Caribbean Gulf-of-Mexico West-Indies Ascension-Island Bermuda Bahamas West-Africa rock-rubble soft-sediment shallow-subtidal lower-intertidal density-30000-per-square-meter 6-8-mm 0.5-g orange-spot four-segmented-cheliped antennae-outside-eyes vestigial-fourth-leg-pair feathery-mouthparts zooplankton scavenger pheromone-settlement-cue 3-mm-sexual-maturity 17%-parasite-prevalence branchial-chamber-parasite synchronous-growth-parasite-host castration visual-noise caustic-flicker polarization-sensitivity optomotor-assay tidal-creek spectrally-narrow-environment mitochondrial-DNA genetic-variability exceptional-range pre-Canal-Panama 1859 1930s-Florida lineage warm-temperate-Atlantic species-complex half-crab squat-lobster-relative true-crab false-crab Decapoda Malacostraca Arthropoda Crustacea Gibbes-1850 Porcellana-armata green-porcelain-crab Petrolisthes-armatus
Pilumnus sayi
Spineback Hairy Crab
Pilumnus sayi is a species of true crab in the family Pilumnidae, described by Mary J. Rathbun in 1897. It is commonly known as the Spineback Hairy Crab. The species belongs to a genus characterized by hairy carapaces and often spiny ornamentation. As with many pilumnid crabs, detailed biological and ecological information remains limited in published literature.
Pilumnidae Brachyura Decapoda crustacean true-crab marine-invertebrate hairy-crab
Portunidae
Swimming Crabs
Portunidae is a family of true crabs distinguished by their swimming ability, conferred by flattened fifth pereiopods modified into paddles. The family includes economically significant species such as the blue crab (*Callinectes sapidus*) and the velvet crab (*Necora puber*). Members are typically fast, aggressive predators with strong, sharp claws. Several species have become invasive outside their native ranges, particularly in the Mediterranean Sea via Lessepsian migration through the Suez Canal.
swimming-crabs invasive-species Lessepsian-migration commercial-fisheries paddle-legs decapoda brachyura
Randallia
Randallia is a genus of true crabs in the family Leucosiidae, established by Stimpson in 1857. The genus comprises approximately 17 described species. These crabs belong to the diverse brachyuran crab fauna and are classified within the subfamily Ebaliinae. Members of this genus are marine decapod crustaceans.
crabs marine decapoda leucosiidae brachyura ebaliinae true-crabs crustacea malacostraca heterotremata leucosioidea eubrachyura pleocyemata genus stimpson-1857 17-species accepted animalia arthropoda
Stenopodidae
Coral Shrimps, Boxer Shrimp
Stenopodidae is a family of marine decapod crustaceans comprising approximately 6 genera and more than 30 described extant species. The family has a fossil record extending to the Devonian period. Members are commonly known as coral shrimps or boxer shrimp and are distinguished from true shrimp and prawns by morphological and phylogenetic affinities closer to reptant decapods such as lobsters and crabs. The family exhibits diverse ecological associations including fish cleaning symbioses, commensalism with deep-water corals, and obligate associations with hexactinellid sponges.
Decapoda marine cleaner-shrimp coral-shrimp symbiosis deep-sea Devonian-fossil
Trophithauma rostrata
Trophithauma rostrata is a spider crab species in the family Inachidae, formerly classified under the genus Macropodia. Molecular genetic analysis (COI barcode) demonstrated that Macropodia parva should be synonymised with T. rostrata, while M. longipes was determined to be a synonym of M. tenuirostris. The species occurs in the Atlantic and Mediterranean regions. Like other inachid crabs, it exhibits epibiosis, carrying algae and other sessile organisms on its carapace.
Crustacea Decapoda Brachyura Inachidae spider-crab marine epibiosis Atlantic Mediterranean molecular-taxonomy COI-barcode synonymy Trophithauma Macropodia
Xanthidae
mud crabs, pebble crabs, rubble crabs, gorilla crabs, round crabs
Xanthidae is a large family of true crabs commonly known as mud crabs, pebble crabs, rubble crabs, or gorilla crabs. Members of this family are frequently brightly colored and many species are highly poisonous, containing potent neurotoxins similar to tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin that are not destroyed by cooking. The family represents one of the most species-rich crab families, though many former members have been reclassified to other families. Some species exhibit distinctive behaviors such as anemone-carrying, which originated in the Eocene epoch approximately 40 million years ago.
crabs brachyura decapoda toxicity tetrodotoxin anemone-carrying mutualism coral-reefs intertidal estuarine polydectine Vibrio-symbiosis food-safety Eocene-origin Gothus-teemo