Detritivore
Guides
Acritus exiguus
clown beetle
Acritus exiguus is a small clown beetle (family Histeridae) described by Erichson in 1834. It occurs across much of eastern North America from southern Canada to Mexico, with records from the northeastern United States through the Gulf Coast states and west to Colorado and Texas. Like other members of the genus Acritus, it is minute in size and associated with decaying organic matter. The species is documented from museum collections and limited iNaturalist observations, though detailed ecological studies remain sparse.
Acrolophinae
Burrowing Webworm Moths, Tube Moths
Acrolophinae is a subfamily of small moths within the family Tineidae, containing approximately 300 species across five genera. Members are commonly known as burrowing webworm moths or tube moths due to larval habits. The group is restricted to the New World and is considered closely related to other Tineidae. Larvae construct silk tubes or burrows in which they feed and develop.
Acruliopsis tumidula
Acruliopsis tumidula is a small rove beetle (Staphylinidae: Omaliinae) described from the Pacific Northwest of North America. It is one of few species in the genus Acruliopsis, a group of omaliine rove beetles characterized by compact body form and association with forest floor habitats. The species has been recorded from coastal and montane regions of British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and Alaska.
Alphitobius laevigatus
Black Fungus Beetle
Alphitobius laevigatus, commonly known as the black fungus beetle, is a darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae. The species is native to Europe and has been introduced to North America and other regions including the Galápagos Islands. It is commercially bred in large quantities as animal feed, with larvae marketed under the trade name "buffalo worms"—though this name is also used for the related Alphitobius diaperinus, causing potential confusion. Unlike A. diaperinus, A. laevigatus has not been used or discussed for human consumption.
Americorchestia longicornis
Common Atlantic sandhopper
Americorchestia longicornis, the common Atlantic sandhopper, is a beach-dwelling amphipod in the family Talitridae. It inhabits sandy coastal environments along the Atlantic seaboard, where it functions as a detritivore and scavenger. The species is distinguished from similar beach hoppers by its elongated antennae, as reflected in its specific epithet.
Ametropodidae
Ametropodidae is a family of mayflies in the order Ephemeroptera. The family contains at least three genera: Ametropus, Brevitibia, and Palaeometropus. Species within this family are primarily found in large river systems. The family is classified within the superfamily Baetoidea, which includes some of the most primitive living mayfly species.
Amphiporeia
Amphiporeia is a genus of gammaridean amphipods in the family Bathyporeiidae, comprising at least three described species: A. gigantea, A. lawrenciana, and A. virginiana. These small crustaceans are characteristic inhabitants of sandy marine and estuarine substrates along the Atlantic coast of North America, where they exhibit specialized burrowing behavior and tidal swimming activity. The genus is notable for pronounced sexual segregation within the sediment, seasonal population fluctuations, and reproductive strategies involving multiple broods per year. Species within Amphiporeia function as important components of benthic food webs, serving as both detritivores and prey for demersal fish.
Amphiporeia virginiana
Amphiporeia virginiana is a sand-burrowing amphipod crustacean described by Shoemaker in 1933. It is a dominant inhabitant of high-energy sandy beaches along the Atlantic coast of North America, from Nova Scotia to South Carolina. The species exhibits distinctive tidal migration behavior, swimming into the water column during flood tides and burrowing into sediments during ebb tides. Females brood eggs and young in a ventral marsupium.
Anasimyia
swamp flies
Anasimyia is a genus of wetland hoverflies (Syrphidae) characterized by aquatic larval development. The genus was historically treated as a subgenus of Lejops but has been elevated to full generic status based on morphological and molecular evidence. Adults are associated with marshy and aquatic habitats. The genus includes approximately 20 described species distributed primarily across the Holarctic region.
Anisocentropus
Anisocentropus is a cosmopolitan genus of caddisflies (Trichoptera: Calamoceratidae) comprising over 60 described species distributed across Oriental, Australasian, Afrotropical, Neotropical, Nearctic, and East Palearctic regions. Larvae are case-building detritivores that construct portable shelters from leaf pieces or wood fragments, inhabiting both lotic and lentic freshwater environments depending on species. The genus exhibits notable variation in habitat preference, with some species strictly adapted to standing water while others occupy running water or both environments.
Antocha
Antocha is a genus of crane flies (Limoniidae) comprising approximately 161 species across three subgenera. The genus is globally distributed with highest diversity in the Oriental (83 species) and East Palearctic (53 species) regions. Larvae are aquatic and rheophilic, inhabiting fast-flowing streams and rivers where they construct silken tubes on submerged rocks. The genus exhibits notable sensitivity to hydrological disturbances, making it a potential indicator of stream ecosystem health.
Anurida
Anurida is a genus of springtails (Collembola) in the family Neanuridae, established in 1865 by Laboulbène. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution with species occupying diverse habitats including intertidal marine zones, river floodplains, riparian areas, and forest ecosystems. Well-studied species include the intertidal specialist Anurida maritima, which exhibits complex tidal-entrained behaviors, and the terrestrial A. granaria, which has documented mycophagous associations. The genus shows notable morphological diversity in chaetotaxy and eye reduction, with some species groups exhibiting cryptic genetic divergence despite morphological similarity.
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montana
mountain cherry millipede
Apheloria montana is a large flat-backed millipede in the family Xystodesmidae, native to the southern Appalachian Mountains of eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina. It serves as the type species for the genus Apheloria. The species produces hydrogen cyanide and benzaldehyde as chemical defenses, which emit a characteristic cherry or almond odor. Its bright yellow or orange spots function as aposematic coloration warning predators of its toxicity.
Apheloria virginiensis corrugata
Aromatic Cherry Millipede
Apheloria virginiensis corrugata is a subspecies of flat-backed millipede in the family Xystodesmidae, commonly known as the Aromatic Cherry Millipede. Like other members of the genus Apheloria, it produces hydrogen cyanide (HCN) as a chemical defense and displays bright aposematic coloration warning predators of its toxicity. The species exhibits the characteristic flattened body shape of Polydesmida, with lateral expansions of the dorsal segments called paranota. It belongs to a group of xystodesmid millipedes that share warning coloration patterns across related genera including Apheloria, Boraria, and Cherokia.
Apheloria virginiensis reducta
Yellow-and-black millipede, Cyanide millipede
A large, colorful millipede in the family Xystodesmidae, distinguished by its black body with bright yellow or orange wedge-shaped posterolateral markings. Like other members of its genus, it produces hydrogen cyanide as a chemical defense, advertised by its conspicuous aposematic coloration. The subspecies represents a western population of A. virginiensis, with records extending from the Appalachian region through the Ozark Plateau to the Arkansas Delta.
Araeoschizus andrewsi
Araeoschizus andrewsi is a species of darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, described by Papp in 1981. The genus Araeoschizus belongs to the large and diverse family Tenebrionidae, which comprises primarily detritivorous beetles found in arid and semi-arid environments. Very little specific information is documented about this particular species beyond its taxonomic description.
Arenaeus cribrarius
Speckled Swimming Crab
Arenaeus cribrarius, the speckled swimming crab, is a portunid crab distributed throughout the western Atlantic from Massachusetts to Argentina. It inhabits shallow sandy substrates but occurs to depths of 61 m, burying itself in sediment while maintaining respiratory water flow through a maintained gap. The species exhibits nocturnal, solitary behavior and is an opportunistic feeder that ambushes prey from its buried position. It supports commercial fisheries, particularly along the Brazilian coast, and has demonstrated reproductive plasticity in response to population pressures.
Armadillidiidae
pill bugs, roly polies, pill woodlice, slaters, potato bugs, curly bugs, doodle bugs, Butchy-Boys
Armadillidiidae is a family of terrestrial isopod crustaceans distinguished by their ability to roll into a complete ball (conglobation) when disturbed. This defensive behavior, shared with unrelated pill millipedes and some other arthropods, has made them commonly known as pill bugs or roly polies. The family contains approximately 18 recognized genera and shows highest diversity in Mediterranean karstic regions, with some species having achieved widespread global distribution through human activity.
Armadillidium
pill woodlice, leg pebbles, pill bugs, roly-poly, potato bugs
Armadillidium is a genus of terrestrial crustaceans commonly known as pill bugs or roly-polies, distinguished by their ability to roll into a ball when disturbed (conglobation). The genus contains approximately 189 recognized species, most endemic to Mediterranean regions. These detritivores inhabit moist environments and play important roles in decomposition. The most widespread species, A. vulgare, has been introduced globally and serves as a soil bioindicator.
Armadillidium vulgare
common pill-bug, common pill woodlouse, roly-poly, potato bug, doodle bug, carpenter
Armadillidium vulgare is a terrestrial isopod native to Mediterranean Europe that has become one of the most widespread woodlouse species globally through human-mediated dispersal. It is the most extensively studied terrestrial isopod and serves as a model organism for research on mitochondrial genome evolution, desiccation resistance, and conglobation behavior. The species exhibits remarkable morphological plasticity, including numerous color morphs maintained through selective breeding in the pet trade.
Arugisa latiorella
Watson's Arugisa Moth
Arugisa latiorella, known as Watson's Arugisa Moth, is a small erebid moth native to North America. First described by Francis Walker in 1863, it has been recorded across the southeastern and central United States. Adults are active nearly year-round, and the larvae feed on Kentucky bluegrass.
Athetis tarda
Slowpoke Moth
Athetis tarda, commonly known as the slowpoke moth, is a small noctuid moth native to eastern North America. It is strongly associated with oak-dominated habitats. Adults are active during two distinct periods in spring and late summer, while larvae feed on decomposing oak leaf litter.
Atropetae
Atropetae is an infraorder of small insects within the suborder Trogiomorpha of Psocodea, the order containing barklice, booklice, and parasitic lice. It was established by Pearman in 1936. Members of Atropetae are part of the earliest-diverging lineage of Psocodea, retaining primitive characteristics compared to other groups. The infraorder includes families of primarily free-living psocids found in cryptic habitats.
Atropsocus atratus
Atropsocus atratus is a species of barklouse in the family Psocidae, originally described as Psocus atratus by Aaron in 1883. The species is known from the United States and is part of the diverse Psocodea order, which includes booklice, barklice, and parasitic lice. As a member of the Psocidae family, it is likely associated with bark, leaf litter, or other decaying organic matter where these insects commonly feed on microflora. The genus Atropsocus contains multiple species distributed primarily in North America.
Baetisca
armored mayflies
Baetisca is a genus of armored mayflies comprising approximately 12 described species in the family Baetiscidae. Nymphs are distinguished by their construction of protective cases from sand grains and silk. The genus is found in small, cool streams across eastern and central North America, with some species extending into western Canada. Most studied species exhibit univoltine life cycles with winter nymphal growth and spring or early summer adult emergence.
Bittacomorpha clavipes
Eastern Phantom Crane Fly, Phantom Crane Fly
Bittacomorpha clavipes, the eastern phantom crane fly, is a distinctive fly in the family Ptychopteridae. Adults are small-bodied with exceptionally long, delicate black legs marked with white sheaths near the tips. The species is known for its unique flight behavior, using wind currents rather than wing beats for transportation, with legs spread to create air resistance. It inhabits shaded, moist environments near wetlands across eastern North America.
Blapstinus alutaceus
Blapstinus alutaceus is a species of darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, described by Blatchley in 1910. It belongs to a genus of small to medium-sized beetles commonly found in arid and semi-arid regions of North America. The species is part of the tribe Blapstinini, which contains numerous taxonomically challenging species that are often distinguished by subtle morphological characters.
Blaste opposita
common barklouse
Blaste opposita is a species of barklouse in the family Psocidae, described by Banks in 1907. It is one of the more frequently encountered barklouse species in North America. Barklice are small, soft-bodied insects that typically inhabit bark, foliage, and other surfaces where they feed on organic debris, algae, and lichens. The species is considered harmless to humans and plays a role in nutrient cycling in forest and urban ecosystems.
Blastobasidae
Blastobasid Moths
Blastobasidae is a family of small moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea, containing approximately 30 genera and hundreds of species distributed worldwide. Adults are generally slender, reddish-brown moths with wingspans of 12–24 mm, lacking conspicuous markings. Larvae feed on dead organic matter, though some species are pests of stored products or cultivated crops. The family's taxonomy remains unstable, with relationships among genera poorly resolved and various arrangements placing Blastobasidae as a subfamily of Coleophoridae or including Symmocidae within it.
Blattoidea
Typical Cockroaches and Termites
Blattoidea is a superfamily within the order Blattodea encompassing cockroaches and termites. It comprises approximately 17 families and over 4,100 described species. The superfamily includes two major epifamilies: Blattoidae (typical cockroaches), Cryptocercoidae (brown-hooded cockroaches), and Termitoidae (termites). Molecular phylogenetic studies have clarified relationships among major lineages, though subfamilial classifications remain under revision.
Blissus occiduus
Western Chinch Bug
Blissus occiduus, the western chinch bug, is a phloem-feeding true bug (Hemiptera: Blissidae) that is a significant pest of warm-season turfgrasses, particularly buffalograss and zoysiagrass. The species exhibits strong host preference hierarchies, with buffalograss being the most preferred host followed by zoysiagrass, though it can survive and reproduce on a broad range of grasses including agronomic crops. Field studies have documented inconsistent control with neonicotinoid insecticides, with thiamethoxam showing particularly rapid degradation in buffalograss tissues compared to imidacloprid and clothianidin.
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ere-spherecollective-sphere-sphere-spherecommunity-sphere-sphere-spheresocietal-sphere-sphere-sphereglobal-sphere-sphere-spherelocal-sphere-sphere-spherenational-sphere-sphere-sphereregional-sphere-sphere-spherelandscape-sphere-sphere-sphereseascape-sphere-sphere-spherewaterscape-sphere-sphere-sphereairscape-sphere-sphere-spherebiosphere-sphere-sphere-spherenoosphere-sphere-sphere-spheretechnosphere-sphere-sphere-spheresociosphere-sphere-sphere-sphereecosphere-sphere-sphere-spherehydrosphere-sphere-sphere-sphereatmosphere-sphere-sphere-spherelithosphere-sphere-sphere-spherepedosphere-sphere-sphere-spherecryosphere-sphere-sphere-sphereanthroposphere-sphere-sphere-sphereBoraria
Boraria is a genus of flat-backed millipedes in the family Xystodesmidae, established by Chamberlin in 1943. The genus is characterized by the lateral expansion of dorsal segments into paranota, giving individuals a flattened appearance distinct from cylindrical millipedes. Species in this genus, like other xystodesmids, produce hydrogen cyanide as a chemical defense and display bright aposematic coloration—typically black with yellow or orange markings—as warning signals to predators. The genus is part of the diverse Polydesmida order, which represents the culmination of diplosegmentation in millipedes with no external evidence of sutures between fused body somites.
Borkhausenia
Borkhausenia is a genus of concealer moths in the family Oecophoridae, described by Jacob Hübner in 1825. It belongs to the subfamily Oecophorinae and is probably closely related to Hofmannophila (brown house moth). The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution with species recorded from Europe, Australia, South America, North America, Africa, and Asia. Several other oecophorid genera, including Schiffermuelleria and Metalampra, have historically been included in Borkhausenia. The genus contains approximately 50 described species, though taxonomic boundaries have shifted over time.
Caecidotea
Caecidotea is a genus of freshwater isopods in the family Asellidae, containing over 100 described species in North America. Species occupy diverse aquatic habitats including surface waters (ponds, streams) and subterranean environments (caves, aquifers). The genus has been extensively studied for parasite-host interactions, particularly involving acanthocephalan parasites that modify host behavior. Some species exhibit morphological adaptations to subterranean life including reduced eyes and pigmentation.
Cambala annulata
Violet Ridged Millipede
Cambala annulata is a species of millipede in the family Cambalidae, commonly known as the Violet Ridged Millipede. It is native to North America and was first described by Thomas Say in 1821. The species belongs to the order Spirostreptida, a group of large cylindrical millipedes.
Cambala minor
Amber Ridged Millipede
Cambala minor is a species of millipede in the family Cambalidae, described by Bollman in 1888. It is known from North America, where it inhabits forest floor environments. As a member of the order Spirostreptida, it belongs to a group of large-bodied millipedes characterized by cylindrical bodies and numerous segments.
Cassidinidea ovalis
Cassidinidea ovalis is a species of isopod crustacean in the family Sphaeromatidae. Originally described by Thomas Say in 1818 as Naesa ovalis, this species has been reclassified into the genus Cassidinidea. The genus Cassidinidea is part of the sphaeromatid isopods, a group commonly known as pill bugs or sow bugs, though this particular genus tends toward more elongated, less strongly convex body forms than the classic 'pill bug' shape.
Cercyon mendax
Cercyon mendax is a small water scavenger beetle in the family Hydrophilidae. It inhabits moist or aquatic environments in North America, where it contributes to nutrient cycling as a detritivore. The species was described by Smetana in 1978 and remains poorly known in terms of detailed biology.
Cerenopus
Cerenopus is a genus of darkling beetles in the family Tenebrionidae, tribe Cerenopini. The genus was established by John Lawrence LeConte in 1851 and is native to North America. Species in this genus are ground-dwelling beetles associated with arid and semi-arid environments. The genus is moderately well-represented in entomological collections, with over 500 observations documented on iNaturalist.
Ceuthophilus williamsoni
Ozark cave cricket
Ceuthophilus williamsoni, commonly known as the Ozark cave cricket, is a species of camel cricket in the family Rhaphidophoridae. It was described by Hubbell in 1934 and is endemic to the Ozark region of North America. Like other members of its genus, it is adapted to dark, humid cave environments. The species is part of a group of camel crickets that are sometimes mistaken for true grasshoppers due to their similar body plan and jumping ability.
Chaetophiloscia
Chaetophiloscia is a genus of small terrestrial isopods in the family Philosciidae, established by Verhoeff in 1908. The genus is native to the northern Mediterranean region, with at least two species documented: C. sicula, which has become invasive in North America and parts of Europe, and C. elongata, studied in North African coastal habitats. Species in this genus are characterized by their association with moist, anthropogenic, and coastal environments, and their capacity for rapid range expansion through human-mediated transport.
Cherokia georgiana georgiana
Cherokia georgiana georgiana is a millipede subspecies in the family Xystodesmidae, characterized by its black body with yellow wedge-shaped posterolateral markings and a wrinkled dorsal surface. It belongs to the order Polydesmida, a group distinguished by lateral expansions of dorsal segments into "paranota" that give a flattened appearance. Like other members of its genus and related genera, it produces hydrogen cyanide (HCN) as a chemical defense against predators, with its bright coloration serving as aposematic warning signals.
Chironomus plumosus
buzzer midge
Chironomus plumosus, commonly known as the buzzer midge, is a nonbiting midge species distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Adults are known for forming large mating swarms during spring and summer. The species is part of a sibling-species complex that includes C. muratensis and C. nudiventris, which cannot be morphologically distinguished from C. plumosus in adult form. The larvae, often called bloodworms due to their red coloration, are important food sources for fish and other aquatic predators.
Choctella cumminsi
Choctella cumminsi is a species of millipede in the family Choctellidae, described by Chamberlin in 1918. It is a member of the order Spirostreptida, a group of large-bodied millipedes commonly known as giant millipedes. The species is known from North America, with confirmed records from Tennessee. As with other members of its family, it is presumed to be a soil-dwelling detritivore, though specific ecological studies are limited.
Chonaphini
Chonaphini is a tribe of flat-backed millipedes (Polydesmida) within the family Xystodesmidae, established by Verhoeff in 1941. The tribe comprises approximately 6 genera and 19 described species distributed across western North America. Members exhibit the characteristic dorsoventrally flattened body form typical of xystodesmid millipedes.
Coelopa
Bristly Kelp Flies, kelp flies, seaweed flies
Coelopa is a genus of kelp flies comprising approximately 13-14 described species. These flies are obligate associates of stranded seaweed (wrackbeds) in coastal environments, where they complete their entire life cycle. The genus is notable for extensive research on sexual selection, chromosomal inversions, and ecological genetics, particularly in the well-studied species Coelopa frigida. Species within this genus exhibit resource competition and dietary niche partitioning where sympatric.
Comanchelus
Comanchelus is a genus of millipedes in the family Atopetholidae, order Spirobolida. It was described by Hoffman and Orcutt in 1960. The genus belongs to the subfamily Eurelinae and is native to North America, with species documented in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Members of this genus are cylindrical, relatively large-bodied millipedes characteristic of the spirobolid group.
Crangonyx
cave amphipods, spring amphipods
Crangonyx is a genus of freshwater amphipod crustaceans in the family Crangonyctidae. Species inhabit diverse aquatic environments including surface waters (marshes, swamps, lakes, rivers) and subterranean habitats (caves, springs, groundwater systems). The genus includes both native and highly invasive species, with some taxa exhibiting troglobitic adaptations such as reduced eyes and elongated appendages. Several species have been introduced outside their native ranges, notably Crangonyx pseudogracilis and C. floridanus in Europe and Asia, where they interact competitively and predatorily with native amphipods.
Craspedosoma rawlinsii
A small European millipede in the family Craspedosomatidae, notable as the first chordeumatidan species introduced to North America. Adults reach 15–16 mm in length with 30 body segments and distinctive reddish-brown coloration with dark dorsal markings. The species exhibits extreme morphological variability, leading to the description of numerous subspecies and varieties across its range.
Cryptoglossa variolosa
Black Death-feigning Beetle
Cryptoglossa variolosa is a species of darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, commonly known as the Black Death-feigning Beetle. It occurs in arid regions of Mexico and the southwestern United States. The species is notable for its ability to feign death (thanatosis) when disturbed. It is one of several Cryptoglossa species adapted to desert environments.
Cubaris murina
little sea isopod, little sea roly poly, little sea pillbug, little sea pill woodlouse
Cubaris murina is a small terrestrial isopod (woodlouse) in the family Armadillidae, notable for its ability to conglobate—roll into a complete ball when disturbed. The species reaches approximately 11 mm in length and 5 mm in width. It has a remarkably broad geographic distribution spanning tropical and subtropical regions across multiple continents, with populations in the Caribbean, South America, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific. The species has become popular in the exotic pet trade due to its bioactive utility in terrariums and the development of several color morphs through selective breeding.
Cycloptilum trigonipalpum
forest scaly cricket
Cycloptilum trigonipalpum, known as the forest scaly cricket, is a species of scaly cricket in the family Mogoplistidae. It is a small orthopteran insect found in forested habitats across southeastern and midwestern North America. The species was first described by Rehn and Hebard in 1912. It is one of the more frequently observed members of its genus, with over 400 iNaturalist records documenting its presence.
Cylindroiulus caeruleocinctus
Cylindroiulus caeruleocinctus is a julid millipede native to northern Europe that has been introduced to North America and is now widespread there. It reaches up to 30 mm in length and is distinguished by a smooth, flat telson rather than a projecting one. The species is common in urban and semi-natural habitats including parks, gardens, and grasslands. Activity peaks in spring and fall, with reduced presence in summer and winter.
Cylisticus convexus
Curly Woodlouse
Cylisticus convexus, commonly known as the curly woodlouse, is a small terrestrial isopod first described by Charles De Geer in 1778. Native to Europe and Asia, it has been introduced to North Africa, North America, and South America. The species is notable for its ability to conglobate (roll into a ball) while retaining protruding antennae and uropods, and for possessing five pairs of pleopodal lungs—features that distinguish it from similar pillbugs.
Cyphomyrmex
fungus-growing ants
Cyphomyrmex is a genus of small, drab-colored fungus-growing ants in the tribe Attini, found primarily in the Neotropics. These ants cultivate fungi in the tribe Leucocoprineae as their primary food source, with most species growing fungal nodules rather than full mycelial gardens. Colonies are typically monogynous and small, rarely exceeding 500 workers. The genus is divided into two species complexes: the strigatus complex (South America only) and the rimosus complex (southern North America to South America). Cyphomyrmex represents a basal lineage among attine ants and serves as sister group to Mycetophylax.
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bagworm moth
Dahlica is a genus of bagworm moths in the family Psychidae, subfamily Naryciinae. The genus was established by Enderlein in 1912 and includes several described species, most notably Dahlica triquetrella, a small and inconspicuous species often mistaken for debris. Species in this genus construct protective cases from silk and environmental materials, with Dahlica triquetrella building cases that resemble small bits of dirt or wood rather than the prominent plant-covered cases of larger bagworm species. The subgenus Postsolenobia within Dahlica has been the subject of recent taxonomic revision using DNA barcoding, revealing unexpected patterns of genetic diversity among its five validly described taxa.
Daihinibaenetes arizonensis
Arizona giant sand treader cricket
Daihinibaenetes arizonensis is a wingless orthopteran in the family Rhaphidophoridae, endemic to sand dune habitats near Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona. It is among the largest members of its genus, with collected specimens exceeding 2 cm in length. The species exhibits nocturnal activity and specialized fossorial behavior, digging burrows up to 18 inches deep in sand. It is active primarily in spring and is presumed to perish during summer heat.
Dellacasiellus pseudofucosus
Dellacasiellus pseudofucosus is a small scarab beetle in the subfamily Aphodiinae, described by Gordon and Skelley in 2007. The species occurs in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, with records from California and Baja California. As a member of the Aphodiinae, it likely functions as a detritivore associated with mammal dung. The specific epithet 'pseudofucosus' indicates morphological similarity to D. fucosus.
Delphinia picta
Common Picture-winged Fly, Picture-winged Fly
Delphinia picta is a picture-winged fly and the sole member of its monospecific genus. It is frequently mistaken for fruit flies due to its similar size and appearance, but unlike true fruit flies, it does not attack living plant tissue. The species is notable for its distinctively patterned wings and detritivorous feeding habits.
Diplopoda
millipedes
Millipedes (Diplopoda) are a class of myriapod arthropods characterized by having two pairs of jointed legs on most body segments, a result of segmental fusion during their evolutionary history over 400 million years ago. They are primarily detritivores that play critical roles in ecosystem nutrient cycling through decomposition of organic matter. The class contains approximately 12,000 described species across 16 extant orders, with body forms ranging from elongated cylindrical forms to short, pill-like species capable of conglobation (rolling into a defensive ball).
Eleodes
pinacate beetles, desert stink beetles
Eleodes is the largest genus of darkling beetles in North America, comprising approximately 200 species. These beetles are endemic to western North America, ranging from southern Canada to central Mexico, with some species introduced to Colombia. Commonly known as pinacate beetles or desert stink beetles, they are flightless due to fused elytra and vestigial hindwings. All species possess chemical defense glands that produce quinone compounds, and many exhibit distinctive head-standing behavior when threatened. The genus shows remarkable ecological diversity, with species occupying deserts, forests, grasslands, and caves.
Eleodes caudifera
desert stink beetle
Eleodes caudifera is a species of darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, commonly referred to as a desert stink beetle. The species is native to arid regions of western North America and exhibits the defensive head-standing behavior typical of the genus Eleodes. It has been documented in sandy desert habitats, particularly in association with dune systems. The species was described by LeConte in 1858.
Eleodes dentipes
Dentate Stink Beetle
Eleodes dentipes is a medium-sized darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, commonly known as the dentate stink beetle. It measures 16–28 mm in length and is frequently encountered in decaying wood and leaf litter habitats. The species is widely distributed and readily identifiable within the genus Eleodes by its size and habitat preferences.
Eleodes eschscholtzii
desert stink beetle
Eleodes eschscholtzii is a species of darkling beetle (family Tenebrionidae) native to arid regions of western North America. The species is part of the diverse Eleodes genus, commonly known as clown beetles or desert stink beetles, characterized by defensive chemical secretion and a distinctive head-stand posture when threatened. Two subspecies are recognized: E. e. eschscholtzii and E. e. lucae.
Eleodes fuchsii
Eleodes fuchsii is a darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, first described by Blaisdell in 1909. As a member of the genus Eleodes, it belongs to a group commonly known as "clown beetles" or "stink beetles," recognized for their defensive posture of raising the abdomen when disturbed. The species is part of a large North American genus with over 200 described species, many of which inhabit arid and semi-arid regions.
Eleodes hirsuta
Hairy Stink Beetle, Hairy Eleodes
Eleodes hirsuta is a large darkling beetle (Tenebrionidae) native to western North America, recognized by its conspicuously hairy body and defensive chemical-secreting behavior. The species belongs to the 'clown beetle' group, known for their characteristic head-stand posture when threatened. Adults are primarily nocturnal and active during warmer months in arid and semi-arid grassland habitats.
Eleodes obscura
Obscure Darkling Beetle
Eleodes obscura is a large darkling beetle species in the genus Eleodes, native to western North America. Adults measure 23–31 mm in length and are characterized by dull black coloration with grooved elytra. The species occupies a broad geographic range extending from south-central British Columbia to northern Mexico and eastward to the Great Plains. It is primarily nocturnal and has been observed climbing tree trunks at night.
Elipsocus abdominalis
Elipsocus abdominalis is a species of barklouse in the family Elipsocidae. It occurs across much of Europe, with records from Great Britain and Ireland through Scandinavia, central Europe, and the Mediterranean. The species has also been recorded in North America, though these may represent introduced populations. Adults are blackish-orange in coloration and have been observed feeding on a range of deciduous and coniferous trees.
Elipsocus hyalinus
Elipsocus hyalinus is a species of barklouse in the family Elipsocidae, characterized by yellowish-black coloration. It is widely distributed across Europe, with additional records from North America, North Africa, and parts of Asia. The species feeds on diverse plant material including fruits, berries, and foliage of numerous tree and shrub species.
Embidopsocus needhami
Embidopsocus needhami is a small, wingless barklouse in the family Liposcelididae, widely distributed across North America. It belongs to a group of psocids commonly known as booklice or barklice, characterized by reduced or absent wings and flattened bodies adapted for living in tight spaces. The species has been recorded from the United States and Canada.
Epierus regularis
clown beetle
Epierus regularis is a species of clown beetle in the family Histeridae, first described by Palisot de Beauvois in 1818. It is native to North America, with records from eastern Canada and across the eastern and central United States. As a member of the Histeridae, it belongs to a family commonly known as clown beetles or hister beetles, which are typically associated with decaying organic matter and are often found in carrion, dung, and under bark.
Erechthias
fungus moths
Erechthias is a genus of small moths in the family Tineidae, comprising the type genus of subfamily Erechthiinae. The genus encompasses more than 150 species with disputed circumscription, including several previously recognized genera now treated as synonyms. Species occur across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, with some showing pan-global distributions while others are highly endemic.
Euchromius
A genus of grass-veneer moths in the family Crambidae, established by Guenée in 1845. Species are distributed across all continents except South-East Asian islands, with highest diversity in the Palaearctic region, Africa, and the Near and Middle East. Several species are migratory and can establish temporary populations outside their core ranges. Larvae are primarily detritivores, feeding on dead plant material near the base of grasses and other plants.
Eulichadidae
Forest Stream Beetles
Eulichadidae is a small family of beetles within Elateriformia, comprising two extant genera with contrasting distributions: Eulichas (Indomalayan realm, Asia) and Stenocolus (Western North America). Adults are terrestrial, while larvae are obligately aquatic in forest streams. The family exhibits notable ecological divergence between genera in habitat use and adult behavior.
Euryuridae
Euryuridae is a family of flat-backed millipedes in the order Polydesmida. The family includes at least four genera and approximately 14 described species. Members are endemic to the Nearctic region. One well-studied species, Euryurus leachii, has been used to investigate thermal tolerance in detritivorous arthropods.
Euryurus
flat-backed millipede
Euryurus is a genus of flat-backed millipedes in the family Euryuridae, containing approximately 14 described species. These millipedes are endemic to the Nearctic region and are commonly found in forested habitats. The genus has been subject to ecological research, particularly regarding thermal tolerance in Euryurus leachii, which has a critical thermal maximum of approximately 40.5°C.
Euryurus erythropygos
Euryurus erythropygos is a North American millipede species in the family Xystodesmidae, first described by Brandt in 1839. It belongs to a genus characterized by broad, flattened bodies and distinctive coloration patterns. The species name 'erythropygos' refers to its red or reddish posterior (pygidium). Like other xystodesmid millipedes, it likely produces defensive secretions containing benzoquinones when disturbed.
Euryurus evides
Euryurus evides is a North American millipede species in the family Xystodesmidae, order Polydesmida. It belongs to a genus of flat-backed millipedes characterized by their broad, flattened bodies and distinctive color patterns. The species was described by Bollman in 1887 and is part of the tribe Euryurini within the subfamily Rhysodesminae. It is among the more frequently observed millipedes in its range, with substantial occurrence records on community science platforms.
Euryurus leachii
Leach's millipede, Log Lurker
Euryurus leachii is a flat-backed millipede in the family Euryuridae, commonly known as Leach's millipede or the Log Lurker. It is endemic to North America and is frequently encountered in forested habitats, particularly in association with decaying wood. The species has been studied for its thermal physiology, showing a critical thermal maximum of approximately 40.5°C with seasonal plasticity in heat tolerance.
Exaireta spinigera
garden soldier fly, blue soldier fly
Exaireta spinigera is a soldier fly native to Australia that has been introduced to New Zealand, Hawaii, North America, and Europe. The species is recognized by its black body with violet undertones, four yellow-tipped spines on the scutellum, and metallic abdominal sheen. Adults are diurnal and active primarily in autumn and spring, with larvae inhabiting decaying organic matter including residential compost. The species has attracted research interest as a potential bioconverter of food waste due to its ability to process organic material at cooler temperatures than the more commonly studied black soldier fly Hermetia illucens.
Flexamia huroni
Huron River Leafhopper
Flexamia huroni is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, described by Bess & Hamilton in 1999. It belongs to the genus Flexamia, a group of leafhoppers known for their specialized host plant associations with grasses. The species is named after the Huron River in Michigan, where it was first collected. Like other members of the genus, it likely exhibits strong ecological dependence on specific grass host plants.
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Floridoscia is a genus of terrestrial isopods (woodlice) in the family Philosciidae, described in 1984 by Schultz and Johnson. As members of the suborder Oniscidea, these crustaceans are fully adapted to land. The genus is endemic to Florida and contains species restricted to this region.
Gammarus mucronatus
scud
Gammarus mucronatus is a small amphipod crustacean first described in 1818. It is a dominant species in salt marsh and estuarine habitats along the North American Atlantic coast and Gulf of Mexico. The species is multivoltine, producing multiple broods per season with overlapping cohorts. It serves as an important food source for fish and other predators while contributing significantly to energy flow and nutrient cycling in coastal ecosystems.
Geotrupidae
Earth-boring beetles, Earth-boring dung beetles, Dor beetles
Geotrupidae is a family of beetles in the order Coleoptera, commonly called earth-boring dung beetles or dor beetles. Adults excavate burrows in soil to lay eggs, typically provisioning nests with leaf litter (often moldy) rather than dung, though some species are coprophagous. The family contains over 600 species in about 30 genera across two subfamilies: Geotrupinae and Taurocerastinae. Formerly classified as a subfamily of Scarabaeidae, Geotrupidae was elevated to family status based on phylogenetic evidence. Some species communicate via stridulation, and burrows can exceed 2 meters in depth.
Glomeridae
pill millipedes
Glomeridae is a family of pill millipedes in the order Glomerida, comprising over 300 species distributed among approximately 30 genera. Members are characterized by their ability to conglobate (roll into a complete sphere) as a defensive mechanism. The family has a primarily Palearctic distribution with significant diversity in Southeast Asia, and includes both surface-dwelling and cavernicolous species. Many species remain undescribed, particularly in tropical regions.
Glomeroides primus
California Pill Millipede
Glomeroides primus is a pill millipede species in the family Protoglomeridae, native to western North America. It is one of the few pill millipede species found in the Nearctic region, where it occupies a restricted range centered on California. The species was originally described by Silvestri in 1929 under the basionym Apiomeris prima. Like other members of Glomerida, it has the ability to conglobate (roll into a complete ball) as a defensive adaptation. The genus Glomeroides represents an ancient lineage within the Oniscomorpha, the clade containing all pill millipedes.
Glyphopsyche
Glyphopsyche is a genus of northern caddisflies (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) established by Banks in 1904. The genus contains at least three described species: G. irrorata, G. missouri, and G. sequatchie. Glyphopsyche irrorata has been documented with an unusual life history strategy among caddisflies: overwintering as an adult rather than in the larval stage.
Glyphopsyche irrorata
Irrorate Northern Caddisfly
Glyphopsyche irrorata is a northern caddisfly in the family Limnephilidae with an unusual life history strategy. Unlike most caddisflies, it overwinters as an adult rather than in an aquatic larval or pupal stage. This adaptation allows it to inhabit ponds with fluctuating water levels and those experiencing winter drought. The species is known from the Nearctic region, particularly in the northeastern United States.
Gnorimosphaeroma
Gnorimosphaeroma is a genus of marine and estuarine isopod crustaceans in the family Sphaeromatidae. Species in this genus inhabit intertidal and shallow subtidal environments, with documented occurrences in algal beds, sedge marshes, and wood debris habitats. The genus shows behavioral adaptations for humidity detection and orientation, and includes species with annual semelparous life histories.
Gnorimosphaeroma noblei
Gnorimosphaeroma noblei is a marine isopod in the family Sphaeromatidae, described by Menzies in 1954. It is a small crustacean capable of conglobation (rolling into a ball), a defensive behavior common in pill isopods. The species occurs in the temperate North Pacific region. Like other sphaeromatids, it inhabits marine intertidal and shallow subtidal zones.
Hadenoecus
Eastern Cave Crickets, cave crickets
Hadenoecus is a genus of cave crickets endemic to the southeastern United States, comprising five recognized species. These crickets are obligate cave-dwelling insects characterized by elongated antennae and enlarged hind legs adapted for movement in darkness. The genus is ecologically significant as a key component of cave ecosystems, serving as both detritivores and prey for other cave fauna. Hadenoecus subterraneus, the common cave cricket, is particularly well-studied due to its abundance in the Mammoth Cave system of Kentucky.
Hadenoecus subterraneus
Mammoth Cave cricket, common cave cricket
Hadenoecus subterraneus is a troglophilic camel cricket species in the family Rhaphidophoridae, endemic to cave systems of North America. It exhibits metabolic and water economy adaptations to subterranean environments, with physiological traits scaled to body size and temperature. The species serves as an important nutrient vector in cave ecosystems through its guano, eggs, and carcasses, which support diverse communities of cave-dwelling organisms. While primarily cavernicolous, it can survive in surface environments.
Haplophthalmus danicus
Spurred Ridgeback, terrestrial cave isopod
Haplophthalmus danicus is a small woodlouse species in the family Trichoniscidae, commonly known as the spurred ridgeback or terrestrial cave isopod. Native to Europe and parts of Asia, it has been introduced to North America, where it has become well established in terrestrial communities since European settlement. The species comprises seven recognized subspecies across its native range. It is frequently observed in cave and subterranean habitats, reflecting its common name.
Harpaphe haydeniana
yellow-spotted millipede, almond-scented millipede, cyanide millipede
Harpaphe haydeniana is a flat-backed millipede native to the Pacific coast of North America, recognized by its black body with yellow-tipped lateral keels. The species is notable for its chemical defense system, secreting hydrogen cyanide when threatened, which produces a characteristic almond odor. It plays a significant role in forest decomposition, particularly in redwood ecosystems. Despite its common names suggesting uniqueness, both the color pattern and cyanide defense occur in other flat-backed millipedes globally.
Helicopsyche borealis
Spectacled Snail-case Caddisfly
Helicopsyche borealis is a caddisfly species in the family Helicopsychidae, notable as one of only two Helicopsyche species to colonize temperate North America from a predominantly tropical genus. Larvae construct distinctive spiral, snail-like cases from sand grains cemented with silk. The species inhabits running waters across North America and plays a role as a collector-gatherer and scraper in stream ecosystems. Adults emerge in spring, and the life cycle is univoltine with egg diapause through summer.
Hemiphileurus illatus
Lesser Triceratops Beetle
Hemiphileurus illatus is a rhinoceros beetle in the subfamily Dynastinae, known as the lesser triceratops beetle. Adults are black, 19–25 mm long, with a pitted exoskeleton and two cephalic horns—smaller in females. Unlike its congener Phileurus truncatus, it lacks a third horn. The species is native to the southwestern United States and is attracted to UV light.
Herminiinae
Litter Moths
Herminiinae is a subfamily of moths in the family Erebidae, order Lepidoptera. Members are commonly called litter moths due to the feeding habits of their caterpillars. The subfamily was previously treated as a separate family (Herminiidae) or as a subfamily of Noctuidae, but phylogenetic analysis places it within Erebidae, most closely related to Aganainae.
Heterotermes aureus
Desert Subterranean Termite
Heterotermes aureus is a subterranean termite native to the deserts of North America. Colonies are large, with estimates ranging from 45,000 to over 2 million individuals. The species is notable for its ability to forage in drier conditions than other desert subterranean termites and for its distinctive soldier mandible morphology.
Hexagenia
giant mayflies, burrowing mayflies, fishflies
Hexagenia is a genus of large burrowing mayflies in the family Ephemeridae, comprising eight recognized species. Nymphs construct distinctive U-shaped, ventilated burrows in soft aquatic sediments of lakes, streams, and ponds. Adults are notable for their synchronous mass emergences, which can produce swarms dense enough to appear on weather radar. The genus serves as an important bioindicator of water quality due to its intolerance of pollution and anoxia.
Hexagenia bilineata
Emergent Mayfly
Hexagenia bilineata is a burrowing mayfly native to the Upper Mississippi Valley of North America. The aquatic nymphs construct U-shaped burrows in mud and silt, filtering organic detritus for food. Adults emerge synchronously in enormous numbers during summer evenings, creating spectacular swarms that have caused documented traffic hazards and infrastructure damage. The species exhibits mixed voltinism, with some populations completing development in one year while others require two years.
Hexagenia limbata
Giant Mayfly, Golden Mayfly, Big Michigan Mayfly, Great Leadwing Drake, Fishfly
Hexagenia limbata is a large burrowing mayfly native to North America, widely distributed across lakes and slow-moving rivers. Nymphs construct U-shaped burrows in muddy substrates and serve as important prey for fish and other aquatic predators. Adults emerge in synchronized mass events known as "hatches," living only 1–3 days without feeding, solely to mate and reproduce. The species is economically significant to sport fishing and serves as a bioindicator of clean freshwater ecosystems.
Holoverticata
Woodlice and Pillbugs
Holoverticata is an infraorder of isopod crustaceans encompassing the familiar terrestrial woodlice and pillbugs. Members of this group are distinguished by their dorsoventrally flattened bodies, seven pairs of walking legs, and ability to occupy moist terrestrial habitats. The group includes species capable of conglobation (rolling into a ball) as well as those that remain flattened. This infraorder represents the most successful lineage of crustaceans to colonize land.
Hyalella
Hyalella is a genus of freshwater amphipods found in the Americas, with species distributed across North, Central, and South America. The genus contains numerous endemic species, particularly in South America, and includes the widely studied H. azteca, which serves as a standard test organism in aquatic toxicology. Members occupy benthic habitats in lakes, streams, and springs, where they function as important components of freshwater food webs.
Hyalella wellborni
Hyalella wellborni is a freshwater amphipod species in the family Hyalellidae, described in 2015 from the southeastern United States. The genus Hyalella comprises small benthic crustaceans commonly known as scuds or sideswimmers, widespread in lakes, ponds, and streams. H. wellborni represents part of a taxonomically complex group where species delineation has historically relied on morphological and molecular analyses. The species is known from a limited number of observations, reflecting both its relatively recent description and the ongoing challenges in amphipod taxonomy.
Hydatophylax
northern caddisfly
Hydatophylax is a genus of northern caddisflies (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) comprising approximately 14 described species. Members are found in cool temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, including Scandinavia, Japan, and North America. The genus exhibits univoltine life cycles with larval development in freshwater streams.
Hypenula
litter moths
Hypenula is a genus of litter moths in the subfamily Herminiinae, family Erebidae. These moths are associated with forest floor habitats where their larvae feed on decaying plant matter. The genus was established by Grote in 1876 and contains multiple species distributed in North America.
Idia
litter moths, American idia moths
Idia is a genus of litter moths in the family Erebidae, subfamily Herminiinae. These moths are primarily nocturnal and are commonly attracted to light sources. The genus includes the well-known American Idia Moth (Idia americalis) and related species. Members of this genus are found across North America and are frequently documented in citizen science projects such as iNaturalist.
Idia aemula
Common Idia, Powdered Snout, Waved Tabby
A small litter moth in the family Erebidae, recognized by its gray forewings with intricate dark lines and a distinctive pale to orange-brown reniform spot. Adults are nocturnal and active from spring through fall, with multiple generations per year. The larvae feed on dead leaves, contributing to nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. The species is widespread across eastern North America and has been reported in the Palearctic region.
Idia diminuendis
Orange-spotted Idia Moth
Idia diminuendis is a small litter moth in the family Erebidae, first described in 1918. It occurs across eastern and central North America. The species has two generations per year in most of its range and is attracted to light.
Idia forbesii
Forbes' Idia Moth
Idia forbesii is a small litter moth in the family Erebidae, first described by George Hazen French in 1894. The species is widely distributed across eastern North America, with populations exhibiting univoltine life cycles in northern regions and multivoltine cycles in southern regions. Adults are active from late spring through fall depending on latitude.
Idia julia
Julia's Idia Moth, Julia's idia
Idia julia is a small litter moth in the family Erebidae, first described by William Barnes and James Halliday McDunnough in 1918. The species is distributed across eastern North America, ranging from southern Canada to Georgia and Texas. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 17 mm. Larvae feed on detritus, particularly dead leaves.
Idia laurentii
Laurentine Idia, Appalachian Idia
Idia laurentii is a litter moth in the family Erebidae, first described by J. B. Smith in 1893. It is endemic to the Appalachian region of the eastern United States, ranging from central New York south to the mountains of North Carolina. The species has a univoltine life cycle with one generation per year. Larvae have been documented feeding on dead cherry leaves.
Idia rotundalis
Rotund Idia Moth, Chocolate Idia
Idia rotundalis is a small litter moth in the family Erebidae, subfamily Herminiinae. First described by Francis Walker in 1866, it is widespread across eastern North America. The species exhibits latitudinal variation in voltinism, with one generation annually in northern populations and two or more generations in southern populations. Larvae are detritivores that feed on dead leaves and other organic debris.
Idia scobialis
Smoky Idia Moth, smoky idia
Idia scobialis is a small litter moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Grote in 1880. It occurs across eastern North America from southern Canada to the southeastern United States. The species has a wingspan of approximately 20 mm and completes one generation per year. Larvae are detritivores, feeding on dead leaves and other organic debris.
Idoteidae
Common Valvetails
Idoteidae is a family of aquatic isopod crustaceans in the suborder Valvifera, distributed globally in marine and freshwater habitats. The family includes approximately 20 genera and numerous species, with highest diversity in temperate coastal waters. Members range from free-living forms in macroalgae and seagrass beds to commensal species associated with other marine organisms. The family has been extensively studied in Australia, New Zealand, the northeastern Pacific, and the North Atlantic.
Indiopsocus lanceolatus
Indiopsocus lanceolatus is a species of barklouse in the family Psocidae, described by Mockford and Young in 2015. The species belongs to the genus Indiopsocus, which comprises common barklice found in various habitats across North America. As a member of Psocodea, it possesses chewing mouthparts and is typically associated with dead plant material, bark, and leaf litter.
Isopoda
isopods, woodlice, pillbugs, sowbugs, sea slaters, gribbles
Isopoda is an ancient order of crustaceans encompassing over 10,000 described species across marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats. Members are characterized by dorsoventrally flattened bodies, seven pairs of similar walking legs (giving the group its name from Greek iso- "equal" and pod- "foot"), and two pairs of antennae. The order exhibits exceptional morphological diversity, ranging from minute interstitial forms to giant deep-sea species exceeding 30 cm in length. Isopods lack a carapace, instead possessing overlapping dorsal plates that provide flexibility and protection. Females brood eggs in a specialized marsupium formed by oostegites under the thorax.
Jaera
Jaera is a genus of small marine isopods in the family Janiridae, comprising more than 20 described species. The genus is notable for the Jaera albifrons species complex, a group of closely related, sympatric species that exhibit fine-scale habitat partitioning along intertidal shores. These isopods are euryhaline, capable of osmoregulation across wide salinity ranges from freshwater-influenced areas to fully marine conditions. The group has been extensively studied for its ecological differentiation, reproductive isolation, and as a model for understanding speciation processes in marine environments.
Julida
Snake Millipedes
Julida is an order of millipedes commonly known as snake millipedes due to their long, cylindrical body form. Members typically range from 10–120 mm in length and are characterized by having two pairs of legs per body segment, a trait distinguishing them from centipedes. The order exhibits considerable diversity with 593 species recorded from Europe alone, and includes families such as Julidae, Parajulidae, Blaniulidae, and Zosteractinidae. Many species are important decomposers in forest ecosystems.
Julus scandinavius
Julus scandinavius is a millipede species in the family Julidae, described by Latzel in 1884. It is distributed across much of western and central Europe, extending into Scandinavia. The species has been studied for its behavioral preferences regarding leaf litter composition.
Lacinipolia incurva
Lacinipolia incurva is a small owlet moth in the family Noctuidae, described by John B. Smith in 1888. The species is restricted to the southwestern United States and adjacent regions of Mexico, with records from California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Utah, and Colorado. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 25 mm. The larvae are known to feed on dead leaves of Quercus hypoleucoides (silverleaf oak), indicating a detritivorous or saprophagous feeding strategy rather than typical herbivory on living plant tissue.
Lacunicambarus diogenes
devil crayfish, devil crawfish
Lacunicambarus diogenes, commonly known as the devil crayfish or devil crawfish, is a primary burrowing crayfish native to eastern North America. This species constructs and inhabits burrows in wet, muddy terrestrial habitats rather than living in permanent surface water. Its burrowing activities create refugia used by numerous other species, including documented use by eastern cicada killer wasps (Sphecius speciosus) as brooding habitat. The species ranges across the Atlantic Coastal Plain and Piedmont ecoregion from New Jersey to Georgia, with disjunct populations in Louisiana.
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dgeimplicit-knowledgeunconscious-knowledgesubconscious-knowledgeconscious-knowledgeself-aware-knowledgereflexive-knowledgecritical-knowledgeemancipatory-knowledgetransformative-knowledgetransformational-knowledgerevolutionary-knowledgeevolutionary-knowledgedevelopmental-knowledgegrowth-knowledgematuration-knowledgeaging-knowledgesenescence-knowledgedeath-knowledgeextinction-knowledgepersistence-knowledgeresilience-knowledgerecovery-knowledgerestoration-knowledgerenewal-knowledgeregeneration-knowledgerevitalization-knowledgerejuvenation-knowledgerebirth-knowledgerenaissance-knowledgeawakening-knowledgeenlightenment-knowledgeillumination-knowledgeinspiration-knowledgeaspiration-knowledgehope-knowledgeoptimism-knowledgepessimism-knowledgerealism-knowledgeidealism-knowledgepragmatism-knowledgepracticality-knowledgefeasibility-knowledgeviability-knowledgedesirability-knowledgeacceptability-knowledgelegitimacy-knowledgecredibility-knowledgetrust-knowledgeconfidence-knowledgereliability-knowledgevalidity-knowledgerigor-knowledgequality-knowledgeexcellence-knowledgebest-practice-knowledgegood-practice-knowledgelesson-learned-knowledgesuccess-factor-knowledgefailure-factor-knowledgerisk-factor-knowledgeprotective-factor-knowledgedeterminant-knowledgedriver-knowledgepressure-knowledgestate-knowledgeimpact-knowledgeresponse-knowledgeDPSIR-knowledgeSTEEP-knowledgeSWOT-knowledgePESTLE-knowledgescenario-matrix-knowledgemorphological-analysis-knowledgeDelphi-method-knowledgeexpert-elicitation-knowledgestructured-expert-judgment-knowledgecitizen-deliberation-knowledgeparticipatory-modeling-knowledgecompanion-modeling-knowledgeserious-game-knowledgerole-play-knowledgesimulation-knowledgevirtual-reality-knowledgeaugmented-reality-knowledgemixed-reality-knowledgeimmersive-experience-knowledgesensory-experience-knowledgeembodied-experience-knowledgeaffective-experience-knowledgecognitive-experience-knowledgesocial-experience-knowledgecultural-experience-knowledgespiritual-experience-knowledgetranscendent-experience-knowledgetransformative-experience-knowledgelearning-experience-knowledgeeducational-experience-knowledgeresearch-experience-knowledgeprofessional-experience-knowledgepersonal-experience-knowledgelived-experience-knowledgeLeiobunum
harvestmen, daddy long-legs
Leiobunum is a genus of harvestmen (order Opiliones, family Sclerosomatidae) comprising over 100 described species. Members are characterized by exceptionally long legs relative to body size, with the second pair serving as sensory appendages rather than locomotory structures. The genus exhibits pronounced gregarious behavior, with many species forming dense aggregations on vertical surfaces. Leiobunum species are found across North America, Europe, and Asia, with some populations demonstrating rapid invasive spread in Europe.
Lepidostoma
Lepidostoma is a genus of caddisflies in the family Lepidostomatidae comprising over 150 described species. The genus is notable for the distinctive case-building behavior of its larvae, which construct portable cases from plant materials, primarily leaf panels in later instars. Larvae are detritivores that process allochthonous organic matter in freshwater streams. The genus has a broad geographic distribution including North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa.
Lepinotus reticulatus
reticulate-winged trogiid, reticulate-winged booklouse, granary booklouse
Lepinotus reticulatus is a species of granary booklouse in the family Trogiidae. It is one of the most widely distributed psocids, occurring across six continents in association with stored grain and dry organic materials. The species is frequently encountered in anthropogenic environments, particularly granaries, warehouses, and food storage facilities. Its common name refers to the distinctive reticulate wing venation pattern visible in winged morphs.
Lepismatidae
Typical Silverfishes
Lepismatidae is a family of primitive, wingless insects in the order Zygentoma, containing approximately 190-340 described species worldwide. The family includes the two most familiar domestic species: the silverfish (Lepisma saccharina) and the firebrat (Thermobia domestica). These ancient insects represent some of the earliest diverging lineages within Insecta, with origins dating back hundreds of millions of years. Members are characterized by elongated, flattened bodies covered in scales, three caudal filaments, and a complete absence of wings throughout their life cycle.
Leptophlebia
Early brown spinner, Sepia dun, Claret dun
Leptophlebia is a genus of mayflies in the family Leptophlebiidae, comprising approximately 11 described species distributed across the Northern Hemisphere. Nymphs are primarily detritivores that inhabit lentic waters, slow-flowing streams, and floodplain wetlands, with documented movements between river channels and temporary wetland habitats. Several species, including L. vespertina and L. cupida, have been studied as model organisms for understanding life cycle plasticity, acid tolerance, and river-floodplain connectivity in freshwater ecosystems.
Leptophlebia cupida
Early Brown Spinner, Black Quill
Leptophlebia cupida is a pronggilled mayfly species native to North America, commonly known as the early brown spinner or black quill. The species exhibits a univoltine life cycle with egg diapause during summer months. Nymphs develop through approximately 20-34 instars over 10 months, with emergence occurring from late April to mid-May. Adults are short-lived, non-feeding, and mate in swarms near streams.
Ligia oceanica
sea slater, common sea slater, sea roach
Ligia oceanica is a large intertidal isopod reaching up to 35 mm in length, making it the largest species in the suborder Oniscidea. Native to rocky Atlantic coasts of Europe, it has been introduced to eastern North America and Atlantic islands. This semelparous species inhabits the supralittoral zone, hiding in rock crevices by day and emerging nocturnally to feed. Molecular phylogenetics suggests closer affinity to marine isopod suborders Valvifera and Sphaeromatidea than to terrestrial woodlice, challenging traditional classification.
Limnephilus moestus
Limnephilus moestus is a species of northern caddisfly in the family Limnephilidae, described by Nathan Banks in 1908. Like other members of its genus, it is associated with lentic (still water) habitats. The species is recorded from North America with distribution records in the Nearctic region. As with many Limnephilus species, adults are typically active in late summer and fall.
Liogma nodicornis
Liogma nodicornis is a species of cylindrotomid crane fly native to North America. Larvae inhabit wet environments including streams, marshes, and saturated soils beneath alders, where they function as detritivores. The species exhibits an approximately two-year life cycle with adults emerging during summer months.
Lirceus
Flat Waterslaters
Lirceus is a genus of freshwater isopod crustaceans in the family Asellidae, commonly known as flat waterslaters. The genus contains at least 18 described species distributed across southern Canada and the eastern United States, extending westward to the Great Plains. Many species inhabit caves and springs, particularly in the Interior Highlands region (Ozark and Ouachita Mountains), while others occupy surface streams and leaf pack habitats. Two species are listed as endangered or vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.
Lithoseopsis hysteryx
Mystery Caddisfly
Lithoseopsis hysteryx is a species of caddisfly in the family Lepidostomatidae, described by Ross in 1956. The species is known from limited collections in western North America. Adults are small to medium-sized caddisflies with reduced wing venation characteristic of the genus. The larval stage constructs portable cases using mineral particles.
Littorophiloscia richardsonae
Western Saltmarsh Woodlouse
Littorophiloscia richardsonae is a small terrestrial isopod commonly known as the Western Saltmarsh Woodlouse. It belongs to the family Halophilosciidae and has been documented primarily in coastal saltmarsh habitats of western North America. The species was described in 1909 and represents one of the few truly halophilic (salt-tolerant) woodlice in the region.
Machilinae
Machilinae is a subfamily of bristletails within the family Machilidae, comprising one of the two major lineages of the jumping bristletail family. Members are small, wingless insects with the characteristic arched thorax and springing organ (furcula) that enables their distinctive jumping locomotion. The subfamily has been historically distinguished from the other machilid subfamily, Petrobiinae, primarily by subtle differences in abdominal appendage structure and scale patterns. Machilinae species are found across temperate and Mediterranean regions, often occupying rocky, coastal, or urban habitats.
Macrochilo litophora
Brown-lined Owlet, Angulate Fan-foot, Brown-lined Owlet Moth
Macrochilo litophora is a small litter moth in the subfamily Herminiinae, first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1873. It occurs across the eastern and central United States. The species exhibits regional variation in voltinism, with one generation annually in northern populations and two generations in parts of the Midwest. Larvae are detritivores, feeding on dead plant material.
Martyringa xeraula
Himalayan Grain Moth
Martyringa xeraula, known as the Himalayan grain moth, is a small moth in the family Lecithoceridae described by Edward Meyrick in 1910. It has an unusually broad distribution spanning Asia (India, western China, Japan) and North America (southern United States from Louisiana to South Carolina). The species is associated with stored products and detritus-feeding habits. Its transcontinental range suggests either natural dispersal or human-mediated introduction, though the mechanism remains unclear.
Megatoma ampla
carpet beetle
Megatoma ampla is a species of carpet beetle in the family Dermestidae, first described by Casey in 1900. It belongs to a genus of beetles known for infesting stored products and natural history collections. The species is documented from North America, with specific records from British Columbia, Canada. As with other dermestid beetles, it likely has a scavenging or detritivorous lifestyle, though specific ecological details for this species remain poorly documented.
Metylophorus
common barklice
Metylophorus is a genus of barklice in the family Psocidae, established by Pearman in 1932. The genus contains at least 50 described species distributed across multiple continents. As members of Psocidae, these insects are commonly found in association with tree bark and other woody substrates. The genus is taxonomically placed in the tribe Metylophorini within the subfamily Psocinae.
Milesia virginiensis
yellowjacket hover fly, Virginia flower fly, Virginia Giant Hover Fly, News Bee
A large, striking syrphid fly native to eastern North America. Adults are notable mimics of yellowjackets and hornets, complete with yellow, brown, and black coloration and a loud droning buzz. The species is active primarily in mid-summer to early fall, frequenting forest edges and meadows. Larvae develop in decaying wood. The species carries extensive American folklore, commonly known as the "News Bee" for its habit of hovering near people.
Molannidae
Hood Casemaker Caddisflies
Molannidae is a small family of caddisflies (Trichoptera) containing approximately 40 described species across three genera: Molanna, Molannodes, and Indomolannodes. The family occurs in the Holarctic and Oriental biogeographic regions. Adults are commonly known as "hood casemakers" and have a distinctive appearance in repose, resembling short branch segments. Larvae construct portable cases and inhabit lentic and slow lotic environments, primarily on sandy substrates.
Monopis monachella
White-blotched Clothes Moth
Monopis monachella is a small tineid moth with a nearly cosmopolitan distribution spanning Eurasia, Africa, Asia, the Americas, and Oceania. The species is commonly known as the White-blotched Clothes Moth and has been observed feeding on animal remains during its larval stage. Adults are active from spring through late summer in temperate regions.
Montescardia fuscofasciella
Montescardia fuscofasciella is a species of moth in the family Tineidae, described by Chambers in 1875. It belongs to a genus of small moths commonly associated with detritivorous or keratinophagous feeding habits. The species is known from limited records in the eastern United States.
Motyxia
Sierra luminous millipedes, motyxias
Motyxia is a genus of blind, cyanide-producing millipedes endemic to three mountain ranges in California. All 11 species exhibit bioluminescence, making them one of only three known bioluminescent millipede groups worldwide. Adults range 3–4 cm in length with 20 body segments and prominent lateral keels (paranota). The genus was established by Chamberlin in 1941 and belongs to the tribe Xystocheirini within the family Xystodesmidae.
Myriapoda
myriapods
Myriapoda is a subphylum of terrestrial arthropods comprising approximately 13,000–16,000 described species across four extant classes: Chilopoda (centipedes), Diplopoda (millipedes), Pauropoda, and Symphyla. All myriapods are obligate terrestrial, characterized by elongated bodies with numerous segments bearing legs. The group represents one of the earliest arthropod lineages to colonize land, with fossil evidence dating to the Late Silurian–Early Devonian boundary. Myriapods exhibit diverse ecological roles: centipedes are primarily nocturnal predators using venomous forcipules, while millipedes, pauropods, and symphylans function predominantly as detritivores in soil and leaf litter ecosystems.
Nannariini
Nannariini is a tribe of flat-backed millipedes within the family Xystodesmidae, subfamily Rhysodesminae. The tribe was established by Hoffman in 1964 and comprises several genera of small to medium-sized polydesmidan millipedes found primarily in North America. Members of this tribe are characterized by specific gonopodal modifications that distinguish them from related tribes within Rhysodesminae.
Narceus
Narceus is a genus of large cylindrical millipedes in the family Spirobolidae native to eastern North America. The genus includes some of the largest millipedes in the region, with individuals reaching up to 12 cm in length. It comprises three to four recognized species, including two Florida endemics and a widespread species complex (N. americanus/annularis) spanning eastern Canada to the southern United States. These millipedes are significant decomposers in forest ecosystems and serve as intermediate hosts for certain parasites.
Narceus americanus-annularis-complex
A species complex of large North American millipedes comprising two closely related, morphologically similar species: Narceus americanus and Narceus annularis. These are among the largest millipedes in eastern North America, reaching lengths over 100 mm. The two species are difficult to distinguish without detailed examination of gonopod morphology, leading to frequent misidentification and the recognition of this unresolved complex. They are slow-moving detritivores found in moist forest habitats.
Nearctodesmus
Nearctodesmus is a genus of small millipedes in the order Polydesmida, family Nearctodesmidae. These millipedes are characterized by their flattened bodies and reduced segmentation. The genus was established by Silvestri in 1910 and is primarily distributed in the Nearctic region. Members of this genus are part of the diverse soil fauna and contribute to decomposition processes in forest ecosystems.
Nemapogon
Fungus moths
Nemapogon is a genus of small tineid moths in the subfamily Nemapogoninae, comprising approximately 69 described species as of 2007. Species occupy woodland habitats where larvae develop within bracket fungi on dead wood. Some species are attracted to light and may occasionally be captured in pheromone traps intended for clothes moths. The genus includes species with divergent feeding habits: most are fungivores, while at least one species (N. gersimovi) has been intercepted feeding on stored seeds and grains.
Nemapogon variatella
Pale Corn Clothes Moth
Nemapogon variatella is a small tineid moth with a wingspan of approximately 12 mm. Native to Europe, it has been introduced to North America where established populations have been documented. The species is associated with fungal and detrital food sources, with larvae recorded feeding on bracket fungi including Coriolus versicolor, Laetiporus sulphureus, and Polyporus squamosus.
Nemophora bellela
Nemophora bellela is a circumpolar micro-moth in the family Adelidae, notable as the only species of its genus in North America and the sole circumpolar member of Nemophora. Adults have a wingspan of 17–20 mm and are active in June and July in northern Europe. Later instar larvae are case-dwelling and feed on detritus on the ground in peat bog and tundra habitats.
Nemotaulius hostilis
Inimical Northern Caddisfly
Nemotaulius hostilis is a northern caddisfly in the family Limnephilidae, found in North America. It inhabits permanent freshwater pools and exhibits a univoltine life cycle with adults emerging in late May. The species is notable for its use of sex pheromones in mate attraction and a distinctive reproductive phenomenon involving egg mass liquefaction. Larvae build cases using plant material and grow at rates comparable to other detritivorous shredders in permanent waters.
Niambia capensis
African Cape Isopod
Niambia capensis is a species of woodlouse in the family Platyarthridae, first described by Dollfus in 1895. It is native to Africa, with records from South Africa and Namibia, and has been introduced to North America. This terrestrial isopod belongs to the suborder Oniscidea, which contains the familiar pillbugs and sowbugs. The species represents one of the few documented cases of transoceanic dispersal in terrestrial isopods, likely through human-mediated transport.
Nyctoporini
Nyctoporini is a tribe of darkling beetles (family Tenebrionidae, subfamily Pimeliinae) established by Lacordaire in 1859. The tribe includes the genus Nyctoporis, which contains approximately five described species distributed in North America. Members of this tribe are ground-dwelling beetles associated with arid and semi-arid environments.
Odontolytes denominatus
Odontolytes denominatus is a small aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is distributed across the Neotropical and southern Nearctic regions, with records from the Caribbean, Central America, and northern South America, as well as Florida in the United States. As a member of the tribe Eupariini, it is associated with decomposing organic matter.
Oecophorini
Oecophorini is a tribe of small to medium-sized moths within the family Oecophoridae. These concealer moths exhibit considerable diversity in form and coloration. The tribe is part of the subfamily Oecophorinae, which itself has disputed taxonomic boundaries. Members are characterized by their folded wing posture at rest and often intricate wing patterns.
Oniscidea
Woodlice, Pillbugs, Rock Slaters
Oniscidea is the suborder of terrestrial isopod crustaceans commonly known as woodlice, pillbugs, and rock slaters. This diverse group comprises over 5,000 described species that have successfully colonized land from ancestral marine isopod stock. They are characterized by a dorsoventrally flattened, segmented exoskeleton with seven pairs of walking legs, and occupy a wide range of habitats from forests and grasslands to caves and urban environments. Most species are nocturnal detritivores that play important roles in decomposition and nutrient cycling.
Oniscus asellus
common woodlouse, common shiny woodlouse, European sowbug
Oniscus asellus is a large terrestrial isopod native to Western and Northern Europe, and one of the most widespread woodlouse species in the British Isles. It reaches up to 16 mm in length and inhabits diverse moist environments, including rotting wood, gardens, and human structures. The species exhibits biphasic moulting, consuming its shed exoskeleton, and has been documented to fragment weathered polystyrene plastic into microplastics. Two subspecies are recognized: the widespread O. a. asellus and the smaller, more colorful O. a. occidentalis in western France and southeastern Britain.
Opatroides punctulatus
Opatroides punctulatus is a darkling beetle native to the Old World that has established adventive populations in the United States. First detected in the U.S. over 20 years ago, the species is expanding its range in the Pacific Northwest and has been confirmed in southwest Idaho. It is well adapted to Mediterranean climates and functions as a detritivore, with documented populations in stored-product environments in its native range.
Opogona omoscopa
Detritus Moth, Opogona Crown Borer
Opogona omoscopa is a small moth in the family Tineidae with a wingspan of 18–22 mm. It has a broad native distribution spanning western Australia, New Zealand, southeast Asia, Africa, and islands of the Indian Ocean, and has been introduced to Europe, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The species is attracted to ultraviolet light and has been documented at blacklighting events in California.
Orconectes rusticus
Rusty Crayfish
Orconectes rusticus, commonly known as the rusty crayfish, is a freshwater crayfish native to the Ohio River basin in the United States. The species has become a highly successful invasive organism in northern lakes and streams across North America, where it displaces native crayfish through aggressive behavioral dominance. Research has documented its capacity for learned associations involving predator cues, complex social recognition systems using chemical signals, and flexible spatial learning. The species' invasion success stems from a combination of behavioral traits including high aggression, broad habitat tolerance, and efficient resource utilization.
invasive-speciesaggressive-behaviorchemical-communicationfreshwater-crayfishsecond-order-conditioningecosystem-impactrange-expansionbehavioral-ecologyspecies-displacementpredator-learningagonistic-behaviorthermal-ecologydetritivorebenthic-invertebratedecapod-crustaceanGreat-Lakes-invasivebait-introductionurine-communicationself-assessmentspatial-memoryOrtholasma
Ortholasma is a genus of harvestmen (Opiliones) in the family Nemastomatidae, containing five described species. The genus was established by Banks in 1894 and has been revised by Shear (2010). It is the type genus of the subfamily Ortholasmatinae. Species in this genus are small-bodied, short-legged dyspnoan harvestmen found in western North America.
Orthomorpha coarctata
Long-flange Millipede
Orthomorpha coarctata is a widely introduced millipede species in the family Paradoxosomatidae, commonly known as the long-flange millipede. Presumed native to Southeast Asia, it has established populations in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide through human-mediated transport. The species is notable for its distinctive elongated paranota (lateral keels) and unique male gonopod morphology. Some taxonomists have placed it in the monotypic genus Asiomorpha based on these reproductive structures.
Orthoporus
Orthoporus is a genus of spirostreptid millipedes comprising approximately 80 species distributed from the southern United States through Central America to Brazil and Argentina. The genus includes the well-known desert millipede Orthoporus ornatus, which has been studied for its behavioral thermoregulation in arid environments. Members of this genus are characterized by their cylindrical bodies and two pairs of legs per body segment, typical of millipedes. Several species are maintained in educational collections due to their docile nature and distinctive appearance.
Orthoporus flavior
Orthoporus flavior is a large spirostreptid millipede native to the southwestern United States and Mexico. The species is characterized by its cylindrical body form, slow movement, and distinctive yellow-gold banding along the dorsal surface. It belongs to a genus commonly known as desert millipedes, though specific ecological details for this species remain limited in published literature.
Orthoporus ornatus
Desert Millipede, Texas Gold-Banded Millipede
Orthoporus ornatus is a large millipede native to the Chihuahuan and Sonoran deserts of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Adults typically reach 4 inches (10 cm) in length, with exceptional individuals exceeding 9 inches (23 cm). The species exhibits behavioral thermoregulation, spending most of its life in deep, damp soil burrows and emerging primarily after summer rains to feed and reproduce. It is popular in the pet trade and has been introduced to European collections through captive breeding programs.
Orthoporus texicolens
Orthoporus texicolens is a millipede species in the family Spirostreptidae, described by Chamberlin in 1938. It belongs to a genus of large, cylindrical millipedes commonly known as desert millipedes. The species is distributed across Central America and North America. Like other members of its genus, it is likely a detritivore adapted to arid and semi-arid environments.
Ostomopsis neotropicalis
Ostomopsis neotropicalis is a small beetle species in the family Cerylonidae, described by Lawrence & Stephan in 1975. The species is native to the Neotropical and southern Nearctic regions, with records from Middle America and North America. Cerylonidae are generally associated with decaying wood, fungi, or stored organic materials, though specific biology for this species remains poorly documented.
Oxidus gracilis
Greenhouse Millipede, Hothouse Millipede, Short-flange Millipede, Garden Millipede
Oxidus gracilis is a widely introduced millipede species in the family Paradoxosomatidae, native to Asia but established globally including North America, South America, Europe, and Pacific islands. It is commonly known as the greenhouse millipede due to its frequent occurrence in artificial environments. The species exhibits innate congregating behavior toward food resources and demonstrates generalist habitat use with no strong association to specific soil moisture, leaf litter, or rock cover conditions. It has been studied as a potential bioindicator for environmental pollution due to characteristic internal element composition.
Pachybrachis peccans
Pachybrachis peccans is a case-bearing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. Adults feed on living willow leaves and are active from late May through July. Larvae are ground-dwelling and unable to climb plants, feeding instead on dead willow leaves in leaf litter. The species overwinters as a mature larva in a sealed case, with pupation occurring the following spring.
Paeromopus
Paeromopus is a genus of large cylindrical millipedes endemic to California, United States. The genus contains four species, with body lengths ranging from 10 to 16.5 cm, making P. paniculus the longest millipede species in North America. Three species have restricted ranges in the Sierra Nevada mountains, while P. angusticeps has a broad distribution across Northern California and the Central Coast. The genus was established by Ferdinand Karsch in 1881 and belongs to the family Paeromopodidae.
Pagurus acadianus
Acadian hermit crab
Pagurus acadianus is a marine hermit crab species in the family Paguridae, first described by J.E. Benedict in 1901 from specimens in the western Atlantic. It is distinguished from the closely related Pagurus bernhardus by morphological features including larger eyestalks, shorter chelae fingers, and sharper chelipeds. The species inhabits rocky intertidal zones and exhibits seasonal population fluctuations, with peak abundance in June and reduced activity from November through March. It has been documented as the most abundant hermit crab in some Maine localities, though 95.4% of museum records represent preserved specimens rather than living observations.
Pagurus hirsutiusculus
Pacific Hairy Hermit Crab, Hairy Hermit Crab
Pagurus hirsutiusculus is a small marine hermit crab found along the North Pacific coast from Alaska to California and Japan. Adults reach up to 70 mm body length in northern populations, with southern populations being smaller and less hairy. The species is distinguished by dense body hair, white and blue bands on walking legs, and grayish-brown antennae with white bands. It inhabits the intertidal zone to depths of 110 m, commonly occupying empty gastropod shells for protection.
Panorpa ensigera
common scorpionfly
Panorpa ensigera is a species of scorpionfly in the family Panorpidae, described by Bicha in 1983. It is found in North America and belongs to the order Mecoptera, a group of insects commonly known as scorpionflies due to the enlarged, upward-curved claspers of males that resemble a scorpion's stinger. Like other members of its family, this species likely inhabits moist woodland environments.
Panorpodidae
Short-faced Scorpionflies
Panorpodidae is a small family of scorpionflies containing 13 extant species in two genera. Brachypanorpa is restricted to the eastern and central United States, while Panorpodes occurs in East Asia (Japan, Korea) with one species in California. The family is distinguished from its sister group Panorpidae by notably short jaws, among the shortest of all mecopterans. Larvae possess smooth, glabrous mandibles without molar surfaces, indicating a diet distinct from the carrion-feeding larvae of related families.
Paracymus confluens
Paracymus confluens is a species of water scavenger beetle in the family Hydrophilidae, described by Wooldridge in 1966. It is a small aquatic beetle found in freshwater habitats across parts of North America. Like other members of the genus Paracymus, it is associated with aquatic environments and contributes to nutrient cycling as a detritivore.
Paradoxosomatidae
flat-backed millipedes
Paradoxosomatidae is the largest family of flat-backed millipedes, containing nearly 200 genera and approximately 975 species as of 2013. It is the sole family in the suborder Paradoxosomatidea. Members are distinguished by dorsal grooves on most body segments and a dumb-bell shaped gonopod aperture in males. The family includes notable groups such as the dragon millipedes of Southeast Asia and the widely introduced greenhouse millipede Oxidus gracilis.
Pardalosus
Pardalosus is a genus of aphodiine dung beetles described by Gordon & Skelley in 2007. The genus is native to North America, with highest species diversity in western regions. Unlike many aphodiine beetles, most Pardalosus species appear to be detritivores with weak dung associations, though some species have documented relationships with rodents.
Parydra
Parydra is a genus of shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae) comprising at least 70 described species. Species in this genus are associated with wet, muddy habitats, particularly the vegetated margins of ponds, marshes, and slow-moving water bodies. Larval development occurs in saturated substrates where larvae feed on algae and decaying organic matter. Adults are typically found near larval habitats and are most active during warmer months.
Peltodytes festivus
Peltodytes festivus is a species of crawling water beetle in the family Haliplidae. It occurs in North America. Members of this family are semi-aquatic, inhabiting the margins of ponds, lakes, and slow-moving streams where they feed on algae and detritus. The genus Peltodytes is distinguished from other haliplid genera by morphological features of the elytra and hind legs.
Peltoperla
Peltoperla is a genus of stoneflies in the family Peltoperlidae, found in Appalachian headwater streams of eastern North America. Species in this genus have semivoltine life cycles, typically developing over two years with egg diapause periods of approximately six months. Nymphs are strongly associated with leaf pack habitats in small forested streams. The genus exhibits 'leaky' cohort dynamics, where some individuals complete development in one year while others take two years, resulting in overlapping generations and high gene flow among cohorts.
Phalaenophana pyramusalis
Dark-banded Owlet
Phalaenophana pyramusalis, commonly known as the dark-banded owlet, is a small moth in the family Erebidae. First described by Francis Walker in 1859, this species is widespread across eastern and central North America. Adults are active during summer months, with multiple generations per year in most of its range. The larvae are detritivores that feed on decaying leaf litter.
Phalaenostola eumelusalis
Dark Phalaenostola Moth, Punctuated Owlet
Phalaenostola eumelusalis is a noctuid moth in the subfamily Herminiinae, commonly known as the Dark Phalaenostola Moth or Punctuated Owlet. It occurs across eastern and central North America, ranging from southern Canada through the northeastern and north-central United States. The species is moderately well-documented with over 2,000 observations, suggesting it is relatively common within its range. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light.
Phalaenostola larentioides
Black-banded Owlet
A small moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Grote in 1873. Adults have a wingspan of 17–24 mm and are active from May to September, with two or more generations per year. The species is widespread in eastern North America.
Philocasca
Philocasca is a genus of caddisflies (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) established by Ross in 1941, containing species native to western North America. The genus has undergone taxonomic revision, with three species (P. alba, P. thor, and P. antennata) transferred to the new genus Montiphylax based on morphological distinctions in wing patterns, genitalia structure, and larval setae. Remaining Philocasca species include P. banksi, P. demita, P. oron, and P. rivularis. The genus exhibits notable ecological diversity, including both aquatic and terrestrial larval habits.
Pholeomyia
freeloader flies
Pholeomyia is a genus of freeloader flies in the family Milichiidae, comprising more than 30 described species. The genus is notable for its myrmecophilous associations, particularly with leaf-cutting ants. At least one species, P. comans, has been documented as an inquiline in nests of Atta texana, where larvae develop in underground detritus cavities.
Piophila casei
cheese skipper, ham skipper, cheese fly
Piophila casei is a detritivorous fly in the family Piophilidae, commonly known as the cheese skipper or ham skipper. It is a significant pest of cured meat production, particularly Parma ham in Italy, where its larvae infest high-protein substrates and cause substantial economic damage. The species has forensic importance as an indicator for post-mortem interval estimation on human remains. Its mature larvae exhibit a distinctive "skipping" escape behavior, propelling themselves by curling into a U-shape and releasing suddenly. The fly is also a public health concern due to its ability to cause enteric myiasis when larvae are accidentally ingested.
Platorchestia platensis
sand flea
Platorchestia platensis is a talitrid amphipod commonly known as a sand flea, inhabiting sandy beach environments. It is a laterally compressed crustacean adapted for jumping and burrowing in intertidal zones. The species has been documented across Atlantic and Mediterranean coastal regions, including the Azores and Wadden Sea. It plays a role in beach ecosystem dynamics as a detritivore and prey item for shorebirds.
Platydema laevipes
Platydema laevipes is a species of darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, described by Haldeman in 1848. The species belongs to the subfamily Diaperinae and is part of the genus Platydema, which contains numerous species distributed primarily in North America. Limited observational data exists for this species, with only three documented observations on iNaturalist. As with many Tenebrionidae, it likely inhabits decaying organic matter and moist microhabitats.
Pogonomyrmex tenuispinus
Pogonomyrmex tenuispinus is a species of harvester ant in the genus Pogonomyrmex. Like other members of this genus, it is a seed-collecting ant native to arid regions. The species was described by Auguste Forel in 1914. As a harvester ant, it likely participates in seed dispersal and ecosystem engineering through nest construction, though specific ecological studies for this species are limited.
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bristle millipedes, bristly millipedes, pincushion millipedes
Polyxenida is an order of millipedes distinguished by a soft, non-calcified exoskeleton covered in distinctive tufts of bristles. They are the only living members of the subclass Penicillata, which represents the most basal lineage of living millipedes. This order comprises approximately 148 species across four families worldwide. Polyxenida exhibit several unique derived traits including indirect sperm transfer via spermatophores deposited in webs, and a mechanical defense using detachable barbed bristles rather than chemical defenses.
Poratia
Poratia is a genus of minute polydesmidan millipedes in the family Pyrgodesmidae, characterized by obligate parthenogenetic reproduction via thelytoky. The genus includes Poratia salvator, a small species (3.5 mm length, 0.5 mm width, 19 body segments, brownish-yellow coloration) originally described from El Salvador and recorded from Brazil. Populations exhibit ecological plasticity, inhabiting both strictly terrestrial and periodically inundated environments. Reproduction is independent of males, with extremely skewed sex ratios (approximately 1 male:140 females) and flavobacteria-mediated parthenogenesis demonstrated at the genus level.
Porcellio laevis
swift woodlouse, smooth slater
Porcellio laevis is a large terrestrial isopod distinguished by its smooth dorsal surface and rapid escape response when disturbed. Native to North Africa, it has achieved cosmopolitan distribution through human-mediated transport and now occurs across Europe, the Americas, Australia, and Pacific islands. The species exhibits direct development with eggs and juveniles brooded in a fluid-filled marsupium, representing extensive parental care among terrestrial arthropods. It is widely kept in captivity due to ease of maintenance and the availability of selectively bred color morphs.
Porcellio scaber
Common Rough Woodlouse, Rough Woodlouse
Porcellio scaber is a European woodlouse species with a cosmopolitan distribution, now found across North America, South Africa, Australia, and sub-Antarctic islands through human-mediated dispersal. It is one of the most abundant and widespread terrestrial isopods in many regions, including the United Kingdom where it is considered one of the 'big five' woodlouse species. The species is notable for its rough, tuberculate exoskeleton and inability to conglobate (roll into a ball), instead relying on tonic immobility and chemical defenses when threatened. Research has documented individual personality traits in this species, expressed through consistent differences in defensive behavior duration.
Porcellio spinicornis
Brickwork Woodlouse
Porcellio spinicornis is a medium-sized terrestrial isopod in the family Porcellionidae, native to Europe and introduced to North America. It is distinguished by prominent spiny frontal lateral lobes, the feature referenced in its species name. The species is nocturnal and detritivorous, feeding on dead plant material. It exhibits direct development with eggs and juveniles carried in a fluid-filled marsupium until the first juvenile stage.
Porcellionidae
Porcellionid Woodlice
Porcellionidae is a family of terrestrial isopods (woodlice) containing approximately 530 species across 19 genera, distributed on every continent except Antarctica. Members are distinguished by flattened, spear-shaped uropods that extend beyond the terminal exoskeletal plate and slightly flared epimera on the thoracic exoskeleton. Unlike members of Armadillidiidae, porcellionids cannot roll into a defensive ball.
Porcellionides floria
Flowery Blue Isopod
Porcellionides floria is a species of terrestrial isopod (woodlouse) in the family Porcellionidae, first described by Garthwaite and Sassaman in 1985. The species has been recorded in North America and Mexico, with 89 observations documented on iNaturalist as of the source date. Like other members of its family, it is a detritivorous crustacean adapted to life on land.
Porcellionides pruinosus
Powderblues, powder blue woodlouse
Porcellionides pruinosus is a cosmopolitan terrestrial isopod (woodlouse) native to Europe that has achieved global distribution through human-mediated dispersal. The species is detritivorous and occupies diverse terrestrial habitats from agricultural fields to desert margins. It is suspected to represent a cryptic species complex, with ten subspecies currently recognized and significant morphological and reproductive variation documented across populations. The species carries Wolbachia endosymbionts that can induce feminization of males and cytoplasmic incompatibility, affecting population sex ratios. P. pruinosus has become popular in the pet trade, with numerous color morphs selectively bred.
Potamanthidae
Hackle-gilled Burrower Mayflies
Potamanthidae is a family of burrowing mayflies comprising approximately 23 species across three to four genera (Anthopotamus, Potamanthus, Rhoenanthus, and Stygifloris). Larvae are fossorial, inhabiting interstitial spaces in gravel and pebble substrates of streams and rivers, and possess distinctive mandibular tusks used for excavation and defense. Adults are aerial and short-lived. The family has a disjunct distribution spanning North America and East Asia.
Proporcellio vulcanius
Proporcellio vulcanius is a terrestrial isopod in the family Porcellionidae, described by Verhoeff in 1908. The species belongs to a genus characterized by reduced pleopodal lungs and adaptation to drier microhabitats compared to many woodlice. Records indicate presence across parts of Europe and northern Asia. The specific epithet 'vulcanius' suggests possible association with volcanic or warm habitats, though this has not been formally verified.
Psammoecus trimaculatus
Psammoecus trimaculatus is a small silvan flat bark beetle native to the Afro-Oriental region that has been introduced to many parts of the world. Adults measure 2.23–2.96 mm in length and are characterized by a longitudinal sutural spot on the elytra. The species is frequently attracted to light and has been recorded from diverse geographic regions including Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
Pseudochironomus richardsoni
A non-biting midge species in the family Chironomidae, first described by Malloch in 1915. Laboratory studies demonstrate strong phenotypic plasticity in growth and development in response to food quality and thermal conditions. The species exhibits compensatory growth capacity, maintaining development rates under thermal stress when high-quality food is available.
Pseudopolydesmus serratus
Common Pink Flat-back
Pseudopolydesmus serratus is a species of flat-backed millipede in the family Polydesmidae, commonly known as the Common Pink Flat-back. It was first described by Thomas Say in 1821 and is widely distributed across North America. The species has been the subject of recent morphological research using 3D imaging techniques to study its anatomy and genitalia development.
Psychodinae
Moth Flies, Drain Flies, Filter Flies, Sewer Flies
Psychodinae is the nominate subfamily of moth flies (Psychodidae), commonly known as drain flies or filter flies. Adults are small, hairy flies rarely exceeding 5–6 mm in length, with distinctive kidney-shaped eyes connected by an eye-bridge. The subfamily has a cosmopolitan distribution, including subantarctic islands. Larvae are aquatic or semi-terrestrial, developing in diverse moist habitats ranging from natural springs and phytotelmata to artificial environments like drains and sewage systems.
Pteronarcys
Giant Stoneflies, Salmonflies
Pteronarcys is a genus of giant stoneflies in the family Pteronarcyidae, commonly known as salmonflies. The genus comprises approximately 8 described species distributed across North America and Far Eastern Russia. These are among the largest stoneflies, with nymphs reaching substantial sizes in lotic freshwater habitats. Life cycles are notably long, ranging from 1 to 5 years depending on species and thermal conditions, with multiple larval diapause stages and temperature-dependent egg development documented in several species.
Pteronarcys californica
giant salmonfly, salmonfly, California giant stonefly
Pteronarcys californica, commonly called the giant salmonfly, is among the largest stoneflies in North America. The nymphal stage lasts 3–4 years in cold, well-oxygenated rivers, after which adults emerge in synchronized mass events during late spring to early summer. Adults are strikingly colored with bright orange abdomens, leg joints, and thorax segments, and carry egg masses resembling clusters of salmon roe. The species serves as a critical food source for salmonid fishes and is highly valued by fly anglers, making it both ecologically and culturally significant across western North American river systems.
Ptinus raptor
eastern spider beetle
Ptinus raptor, commonly known as the eastern spider beetle, is a species of spider beetle in the family Ptinidae. It belongs to the genus Ptinus, a group of beetles often associated with stored products and dry organic materials. The species was first described by Sturm in 1837. Like other spider beetles, it has a rounded, compact body with long legs that give it a spider-like appearance.
Ptinus variegatus
Ptinus variegatus is a species of spider beetle in the family Ptinidae, first described by Rossi in 1792. It is a stored-product pest with a cosmopolitan distribution, having been introduced to North America from its native Palearctic range. The species is associated with dry organic materials including stored food products, dried plant matter, and animal remains. Like other Ptinidae, it undergoes complete metamorphosis with a cryptic larval stage.
Ptychoptera
phantom crane flies
Ptychoptera is a genus of phantom crane flies comprising at least 70 described species. The genus is characterized by larvae that are aquatic or semi-aquatic detritivores inhabiting freshwater environments. Adults are recognized by their distinctive wing folding behavior, giving rise to the common name "fold-winged crane flies." Species occur across the Holarctic and Oriental regions, with significant diversity in China.
Pugettia
kelp crabs
Pugettia is a genus of marine kelp crabs in the family Epialtidae, distributed across the North Pacific from North America to East Asia. Species inhabit shallow subtidal zones, primarily associated with macroalgal habitats including kelp beds, Sargassum stands, and red algal turfs. Many species exhibit ontogenetic habitat shifts, with juveniles and smaller individuals occupying deeper algal turfs while larger adults migrate to shallower macroalgal beds. The genus includes approximately 25 extant species plus one fossil species, with several species serving as important subjects for studies of crab growth, reproduction, and habitat ecology.
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northern caddisflies
Pycnopsyche is a genus of northern caddisflies comprising approximately 17 described species. Larvae are aquatic shredders inhabiting leaf packs in temperate streams, where they construct portable cases from leaf material. The genus exhibits temporal niche partitioning among sympatric species, with differences in case materials, habitat preferences, and adult flight periods reducing interspecific competition.
Pycnopsyche lepida
northern caddisfly
Pycnopsyche lepida is a species of northern caddisfly in the family Limnephilidae. It is found in North America. Larval ecology has been studied in Michigan streams, where microdistribution is limited by physical habitat factors.
Renia discoloralis
Discolored Renia Moth
Renia discoloralis is a litter moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Achille Guenée in 1854. It occurs in eastern North America from Missouri to southern New England, southward to at least North Carolina. The species has a single annual generation with adults active in mid-summer. Larvae are detritivores that feed on dead leaf material.
Renia flavipunctalis
Yellow-spotted Renia Moth, Yellow-dotted Renia, Even-lined Renia
Renia flavipunctalis is a litter moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Carl Geyer in 1832. It is a medium-sized moth with a wingspan of 26–31 mm, recognized by its yellow spotting pattern. The species occurs across eastern and central North America, from southern Canada to the southern United States. Adults are active during summer months, with northern populations having a single generation per year. Larvae feed on decaying organic matter, particularly dead leaves of deciduous trees.
Renia nemoralis
Chocolate Renia Moth, Tardy Renia
Renia nemoralis is a litter moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Barnes and McDunnough in 1918. It is commonly known as the Chocolate Renia Moth or Tardy Renia. The species occurs across the eastern and central United States, with adults active in late season. Larvae are detritivores, feeding on dead leaves and other organic matter.
Renia salusalis
Dotted Renia Moth, dotted renia
Renia salusalis, commonly known as the Dotted Renia Moth, is a litter moth in the family Erebidae. It was first described by Francis Walker in 1859. The species occurs across the eastern and central United States, where its larvae feed on detritus. Adults are active from late spring through early autumn, with generation timing varying by latitude.
Renia sobrialis
Sober Renia Moth, sober renia
Renia sobrialis, commonly known as the Sober Renia Moth, is a litter moth in the family Erebidae. First described by Francis Walker in 1859, this small moth is widespread in eastern North America. Adults are active from spring through late summer, and the larvae feed on decomposing leaf litter.
Rhinotus purpureus
purple millipede
A small, cosmopolitan millipede species in the family Siphonotidae, native to the Neotropics but widely introduced globally through human commerce. Frequently found in greenhouses and other synanthropic habitats, it has been repeatedly described as new due to its variable appearance, resulting in over a dozen synonyms. First recorded from the Indian subcontinent in 2020.
Rhyscotus texensis
Texas Woodlouse
Rhyscotus texensis is a terrestrial isopod endemic to Texas, commonly known as the Texas Woodlouse. It belongs to the family Rhyscotidae, a small group of woodlice restricted to the Americas. The species was first described by Richardson in 1905. It is one of the few endemic woodlice species with a well-documented restricted range in North America.
Scirtoidea
Scirtoidea is a superfamily of small beetles within the suborder Polyphaga, traditionally comprising four families: Clambidae, Decliniidae, Eucinetidae, and Scirtidae. Molecular phylogenetics has challenged this circumscription, suggesting Clambidae and Eucinetidae belong to a separate superfamily Clamboidea. Scirtoidea and Clamboidea represent the two earliest diverging lineages of extant polyphagan beetles. The superfamily includes two extinct families known from Mesozoic deposits: †Mesocinetidae (Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous, Asia) and †Elodophthalmidae (Lebanese amber, Barremian).
Semijulistus flavipes
Semijulistus flavipes is a flat-backed millipede in the family Xystodesmidae, order Polydesmida. The species was formerly classified under the genus Pleuroloma, and taxonomic revisions have placed it in Semijulistus. Like other xystodesmid millipedes, it produces hydrogen cyanide (HCN) as a chemical defense. The specific epithet "flavipes" refers to yellow leg coloration.
Semionellus placidus
Salmon Cherry Millipede
Semionellus placidus is a species of flat-backed millipede in the family Xystodesmidae, commonly known as the Salmon Cherry Millipede. It is a North American species characterized by its polydesmidan body plan with a flattened dorsal profile. As a member of the Xystodesmidae, it belongs to one of the most diverse families of millipedes in North America. The species was described by Wood in 1864.
Siphlonurus alternatus
Northern Summer Mayfly
Siphlonurus alternatus is a primitive minnow mayfly with a Holarctic distribution spanning North America and Europe. The species is univoltine, overwintering as eggs and emerging as adults between May and August. Larvae inhabit deep pools in rivers, streams, and calcareous lakes, where they feed on fine particulate organic detritus. Adults emerge during daylight hours, with males forming swarms at dawn and dusk.
Soa
Soa is a genus of booklice in the family Lepidopsocidae, order Psocodea. These small, wingless insects inhabit sheltered microhabitats and feed on organic debris. The genus was established by Enderlein in 1904 and is currently accepted in modern classifications.
Sphaeromatidae
seapills, Typical Seapills
Sphaeromatidae is a family of marine isopods commonly known as seapills, containing approximately 100 genera and 619 marine species with about 65 additional species in freshwater. Members are frequently encountered on rocky shores and in shelf waters of temperate zones. Many species exhibit dorsoventrally compressed body shapes, often with vaulted dorsums, though some are strongly flattened and scale-like. The family includes both free-living and symbiotic forms, with some genera associating with sponges or other marine organisms.
Sphaeromatoidea
Seapills
Sphaeromatoidea is a superfamily of isopod crustaceans commonly known as seapills. Members of this group are characterized by their ability to conglobate—roll into a ball when disturbed. The superfamily includes approximately 1,000 described species distributed across multiple families, primarily in marine and estuarine habitats. These isopods are distinguished from related groups by specific morphological features of the pleon and uropods.
Spirostreptida
Spirostreptida is an order of large, cylindrical millipedes containing approximately 1000 described species, making it the third largest order of millipedes. Members are characterized by their elongated bodies with 30 to 90 body rings and generally large size, including the longest known millipedes such as the giant African millipedes of genus Archispirostreptus, which may exceed 30 cm. The order is divided into two suborders, Cambalidea and Spirostreptidea, with most species occurring in tropical and subtropical regions. Spirostreptida are primarily soil-dwelling detritivores, though some species inhabit caves.
Spirostreptidae
Flatplate Millipedes
Spirostreptidae is a family of large millipedes in the order Spirostreptida, commonly known as flatplate millipedes. The family comprises approximately 100 genera distributed across tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, Africa, Madagascar, Seychelles, and the eastern Mediterranean. Members are characterized by their elongated cylindrical bodies and are primarily soil-dwelling detritivores, though some species exhibit arboreal habits. The family includes both synanthropic species that can become urban pests and species with specialized thermoregulatory and social behaviors.
Steleops lichenatus
Steleops lichenatus is a species of barklouse in the family Psocidae, described by Walsh in 1863. It belongs to the genus Steleops, a group of psocids characterized by their association with lichen-covered substrates. The species is known from the United States and represents part of the diverse North American psocid fauna. As with other members of Psocidae, it likely inhabits arboreal or rock-dwelling environments where lichen growth occurs.
Stenelmis
riffle beetle
Stenelmis is the largest and most widespread genus of beetles in the family Elmidae. Members are commonly known as riffle beetles due to their association with fast-flowing stream habitats. The genus contains numerous species distributed across multiple continents, with documented presence in North America, Europe, and the Caucasus region.
Stenocaecilius casarum
lizard barklouse
Stenocaecilius casarum is a species of lizard barklouse in the family Caeciliusidae. It has one of the widest geographic distributions of any barklouse species, occurring across six continents and numerous oceanic islands. The species was first described by Badonnel in 1931. Its common name refers to its lizard-like appearance and movement patterns.
Stenomorpha opaca
Stenomorpha opaca is a darkling beetle (Tenebrionidae) native to North America. The species is moderately well-documented through observational records, with over 700 observations on iNaturalist. As a member of a large and diverse family of beetles, it occupies arid and semi-arid habitats. Specific ecological details remain limited in published literature.
Symphyla
Symphylans, Garden centipedes, Pseudocentipedes
Symphylans are small, cryptic, soil-dwelling myriapods that resemble centipedes but are non-venomous and only distantly related. They range from 2 to 13 mm in length, lack eyes and pigment, and possess 12 pairs of legs as adults. These arthropods are rapid runners that move through soil pores and are found from the surface to depths of about 50 cm. More than 200 species are known worldwide, with populations reaching up to 88 million per acre in favorable conditions.
Synecdoche dimidiata
Synecdoche dimidiata is a planthopper in the family Achilidae, a group of fulgoroid insects associated with fungal associations. This species belongs to a poorly studied group of true bugs that feed on fungal hyphae rather than plant sap. Records indicate presence in eastern North America from New England to the southeastern United States.
Syritta pipiens
Thick-legged Hoverfly, Thick-legged Hover Fly
Syritta pipiens is a common and widespread hoverfly in the family Syrphidae, native to Europe and now distributed across Eurasia and North America. It is distinguished by its enlarged hind femora, which give rise to its common name 'thick-legged hoverfly.' Adults are fast, agile fliers rarely exceeding one meter above ground and are important pollinators of diverse flowering plants. Larvae develop in moist, decaying organic matter including compost, manure, and silage. The species is frequently found in human-modified environments such as gardens, farmland, and urban parks.
Tachinus crotchii
Crotch's Tachinus
Tachinus crotchii is a species of rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, described by George Henry Horn in 1877. It is native to western North America, with documented occurrences in British Columbia, California, Oregon, and Washington. Like other members of the genus Tachinus, it is associated with forest floor habitats and decaying organic matter. The species is named after George Robert Crotch, a British entomologist who collected extensively in North America.
Talitroides alluaudi
Alluaudi's landhopper
A terrestrial amphipod (landhopper) native to the Atlantic forests of southeastern Brazil, now distributed worldwide through synanthropic human-mediated dispersal. Found in leaf litter of tropical and subtropical forests, urban parks, greenhouses, and silviculture areas. Females dominate populations with a strongly female-biased sex ratio observed in field samples. Exhibits highly stereotyped grooming behavior for hygiene maintenance.
Tapinellinae
Tapinellinae is a subfamily of small, wingless insects within the family Pachytroctidae (order Psocodea). These minute hexapods are part of the diverse assemblage of barklice and booklice relatives, though specific biological details remain poorly documented. The subfamily was established by Enderlein in 1908 and contains genera characterized by particular morphological features of the head and mouthparts. Members are found in association with decaying organic matter in forest habitats.
Tenebrionidae
Darkling beetles, Чернотелки
Tenebrionidae is one of the largest families of beetles, with more than 20,000 described species distributed globally. Members are predominantly detritivores, consuming decaying plant matter, fungi, and lichens. The family exhibits remarkable ecological diversity, from desert sand dunes to forest floor habitats. Several species are significant pests of stored products, while others serve as important decomposers and bioindicators of ecosystem health. Notable adaptations include fog-basking behavior in desert-dwelling genera and chemical defense mechanisms in many species.
Tephrochlamys flavipes
Tephrochlamys flavipes is a small fly in the family Heleomyzidae, first described by Zetterstedt in 1838. The species name "flavipes" refers to yellow legs, a characteristic feature of this taxon. It belongs to a family of flies commonly associated with decaying organic matter and fungal habitats. Records indicate presence in Scandinavia including Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Tetanolita floridana
Florida Tetanolita Moth, Florida Owlet
Tetanolita floridana, commonly known as the Florida Tetanolita Moth or Florida Owlet, is a litter moth in the family Erebidae. First described by J. B. Smith in 1895, this small moth has a wingspan of 20–24 mm. It is notable for its broad geographic distribution across the eastern United States, extending from Wisconsin to Long Island and south to Florida and Texas. The species exhibits variable adult activity periods depending on latitude, with year-round flight in the southernmost parts of its range.
Tetrix
ground-hoppers, pygmy grasshoppers
Tetrix is a genus of ground-hoppers (family Tetrigidae) comprising at least 180 described species of minute jumping insects. These pygmy grasshoppers are characterized by their small size (typically around 1 cm), enlarged pronotum that often extends over the abdomen, and association with moist habitats near water. The genus has a Holarctic distribution with particular research focus on European and North American species, though this represents only a small fraction of global diversity. Some Tetrix species exhibit incomplete reproductive isolation where sympatric, with documented heterospecific courtship and mating between closely related species.
Tipula abdominalis
giant crane fly
Tipula abdominalis, commonly known as the giant crane fly, is a large species of crane fly in the family Tipulidae. The larvae are aquatic detritivores found in riparian habitats, where they feed on decomposing leaf litter. Their hindgut harbors a dense, diverse bacterial community that facilitates digestion of lignocellulosic material. The species has been studied for its potential applications in biofuel production due to its efficient natural biorefinery system. Adults are among the largest crane flies in North America but do not feed.
Traskorchestia
beach hoppers
Traskorchestia is a genus of beach hoppers in the family Talitridae, established by Bousfield in 1982. The genus contains at least three described species: T. georgiana, T. ochotensis, and T. traskiana (the Pacific beach hopper). These amphipods inhabit coastal environments and are part of the supralittoral community.
Trichadenotecnum majus
common barklouse
Trichadenotecnum majus is a species of common barklouse in the family Psocidae. It has been recorded across Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. As a member of the barklice, it inhabits environments where it feeds on organic debris such as lichens, algae, and dead plant material on tree bark and rocks.
Trichiini
Bee Beetles and Flower Scarabs
Trichiini is a tribe of scarab beetles within the subfamily Cetoniinae (Scarabaeidae), historically treated as a subfamily (Trichiinae). Members range from 6 to 65 mm and include the conspicuous European bee beetles (genus Trichius). The tribe comprises five subtribes: Cryptodontina, Incaina, Osmodermatina, Platygeniina, and Trichiina. Adults are primarily flower-associated, feeding on sugar-rich plant secretions, while most larvae develop in rotten wood or decaying organic matter.
Trichocera
winter crane flies
Trichocera is a genus of winter crane flies comprising over 140 described species. Adults are among the few insects regularly active during winter months, often appearing at porch lights or forming aerial swarms on sunny days. The genus is distinguished from other crane flies by the presence of three ocelli on the crown of the head. Most North American species belong to this genus, with larvae developing in decaying organic matter including leaf litter, compost, fungi, and manure.
Trichoniscidae
Trichoniscidae is a family of terrestrial isopods (woodlice) notable for containing the most abundant British woodlouse, *Trichoniscus pusillus*. The family exhibits exceptional ecological diversity, with many species occupying subterranean habitats in karst regions across Europe, while others have secondarily adapted to aquatic or amphibious lifestyles. Multiple genera contain troglobiotic (obligate cave-dwelling) species, particularly in the Dinaric Karst, which harbors significant diversity of this family. Some species demonstrate unique morphological adaptations for cave life, including elongated appendages and modified mouthparts.
Tridactylidae
Pygmy Mole Crickets, Pygmy Sand Crickets, Pygmy Mole Grasshoppers
Tridactylidae are a family of minute orthopterans commonly called pygmy mole crickets, though they are not closely related to true mole crickets (Gryllotalpidae). Adults typically measure 5–10 mm, with some species reaching 20 mm. They inhabit moist sandy soils near water bodies, where they construct shallow burrows 2–3 cm deep. The family is distinguished by extraordinary jumping abilities powered by enlarged hind femora, and by unique natatory lamellae on the hind tibiae that function as swimming paddles. Some species can jump from water surfaces and even dive. Despite their common name, they are basal grasshoppers (Caelifera), not crickets.
Tylos
Calloused Beach Pillbugs
Tylos is a genus of terrestrial isopods (woodlice) in the family Tylidae, commonly known as calloused beach pillbugs. These crustaceans are specialized inhabitants of sandy coastal environments, living in the supralittoral zone above the driftline on ocean beaches. They exhibit remarkable adaptations for life in this harsh habitat, including powerful burrowing abilities, strong desiccation resistance, and behavioral synchronization with tidal and diel cycles. Most species are nocturnal, emerging at night to feed on beach-cast organic material such as kelp and other detritus.
Uhlorchestia
beach hoppers
Uhlorchestia is a genus of talitrid amphipods endemic to salt marshes along the Atlantic coast of North America. The genus contains two described species: U. spartinophila and U. uhleri. These amphipods are closely associated with smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) and function as detritivores in salt marsh ecosystems. Population studies indicate high turnover rates and year-round reproduction with seasonal peaks.
Uhlorchestia uhleri
beach hopper, salt marsh amphipod
Uhlorchestia uhleri is a talitrid amphipod endemic to salt marshes along the Atlantic coast of North America. This semi-terrestrial crustacean is tightly associated with salt marsh vegetation, particularly Spartina grasses, and exhibits morphological adaptations for life in intertidal environments including reduced gills and modified pleopods. The species plays a role as a detritivore in salt marsh ecosystems and serves as prey for marsh predators.
Utabaenetes
Tanner's black camel cricket
Utabaenetes is a monotypic genus of camel crickets (Rhaphidophoridae) endemic to the San Rafael Desert and adjacent Colorado Plateau of the western United States. The sole species, U. tanneri, is restricted to areas of loose sand and active dunes where it reaches high local densities. This dune-dwelling species exhibits specialized behavioral and ecological adaptations to arid environments.
Venezillo parvus
Little Pill Woodlouse
Venezillo parvus is a small terrestrial isopod commonly known as the Little Pill Woodlouse. It belongs to the family Armadillidae, a group characterized by their ability to conglobate (roll into a complete ball). The species has been documented in both North America and Europe, with its native range presumed to be European and North American populations representing introduced populations. It is a detritivore that contributes to decomposition processes in terrestrial ecosystems.
Venezillo pisum
Venezillo pisum is a species of terrestrial isopod in the family Armadillidae, first described by Budde-Lund in 1885. The specific epithet 'pisum' (Latin for 'pea') likely refers to some aspect of its appearance or behavior, though the original description's reasoning is not preserved in available sources. As a member of the Oniscidea (woodlice and pill bugs), it is a detritivore inhabiting moist terrestrial environments. The species has been recorded in North America, though it may represent an introduced population given its original description from European material.
Volucella
hover-flies, flower flies
Volucella is a genus of large, broad-bodied hoverflies in the family Syrphidae. These flies are notable for their Batesian mimicry of stinging Hymenoptera—particularly bumble bees and hornets—which provides protection from predators. Adults are regular flower visitors that feed on nectar, while larvae develop as inquilines in the nests of social bees and wasps, functioning as detritivores and predators of host larvae. The genus exhibits strong migratory behavior and males are often territorial.
Xystocheir dissecta taibona
Xystocheir dissecta taibona is a subspecies of flat-backed millipede in the family Xystodesmidae. It is a synonym of Xystocheir taibona and is known from California. Like other members of its genus, it produces cyanide as a chemical defense against predators. The subspecies is documented as prey for the specialized carabid beetle Promecognathus.
Zanclognatha laevigata
Variable Zanclognatha, Variable Fan-foot
Zanclognatha laevigata is a litter moth in the family Erebidae, described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1872. It is widely distributed across eastern North America, from Manitoba to Nova Scotia and south to Florida and Missouri. The species has a wingspan of approximately 30 mm and produces one generation annually. Larvae feed on detritus, particularly dead leaves.
Zanclognatha lituralis
Lettered Zanclognatha, Lettered Fan-foot
Zanclognatha lituralis is a small litter moth in the family Erebidae, commonly known as the Lettered Zanclognatha or Lettered Fan-foot. It was described by Jacob Hübner in 1818. The species is widespread across eastern North America and is notable for its detritivorous larval diet.
Zanclognatha obscuripennis
Dark Zanclognatha, Dark Fan-foot
Zanclognatha obscuripennis is a small litter moth in the family Erebidae, commonly known as the Dark Zanclognatha or Dark Fan-foot. It was described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1872. The species is widely distributed across eastern and central North America. Adults are active primarily in spring and early summer, with two generations per year in most of its range and continuous breeding in Florida.
Zapada
forestflies, spring stoneflies, little brown stoneflies
Zapada is a genus of small spring stoneflies in the family Nemouridae, commonly known as forestflies or little brown stoneflies. The genus contains at least 10 described species distributed across western North America, from Alaska and the Rocky Mountains to California. Adults are 5–8 mm in body length and emerge in early spring, often February through April depending on elevation and species. Nymphs are aquatic shredders that process leaf litter and other organic matter in cold, well-oxygenated streams.