Riverine
Guides
Aeshna persephone
Persephone's Darner
Aeshna persephone, known as Persephone's Darner, is a species of dragonfly in the family Aeshnidae. It inhabits river systems in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. The species was described by Donnelly in 1961 and is named after Persephone, the Greek goddess associated with the underworld.
Ametropodidae
Ametropodidae is a family of mayflies in the order Ephemeroptera. The family contains at least three genera: Ametropus, Brevitibia, and Palaeometropus. Species within this family are primarily found in large river systems. The family is classified within the superfamily Baetoidea, which includes some of the most primitive living mayfly species.
Analetris
Analetris is a genus of sand-dwelling mayflies in the family Acanthametropodidae, established by Edmunds in 1972. The genus contains at least two species: the extant Analetris eximia and the extinct †Analetris secundus. Members of this genus are specialized inhabitants of riverine environments with unstable silty substrates. The best-studied species, A. eximia, is considered endangered due to habitat destruction from reservoir construction.
Anartia fatima
Banded Peacock, Fatima
Anartia fatima, the banded peacock, is a brush-footed butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It occurs from southern Texas through Mexico and Central America to Panama, inhabiting subtropical open areas and disturbed habitats such as second-growth woodlands. Males defend territories around host plants to secure mating opportunities, a behavior documented in both this species and its congener Anartia jatrophae. The species exhibits wing color polymorphism, with individuals bearing either white or yellow median bands.
Argia apicalis
Blue-fronted Dancer
Argia apicalis, commonly known as the Blue-fronted Dancer, is a species of damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae native to North America. First described by Thomas Say in 1840, it is a common and widespread species assessed as Least Concern by the IUCN. The species exhibits notable color polymorphism, with males occurring in bright blue and gray-black phases and females in brown, turquoise, and gray-black phases. Color changes are multi-directional and not tied to age or mating status. Males use thoracic color patterns for sex recognition, with brown females eliciting the strongest sexual response. The species shows distinctive geographical variation in thoracic stripe patterns, with broad-striped forms in the southeastern United States and typical forms elsewhere.
Attaneuria
Enigmatic Stone
Attaneuria is a monotypic genus of stoneflies in the family Perlidae, containing only the species Attaneuria ruralis. The genus was established by Ricker in 1954. The single species, commonly known as the Enigmatic Stone, has not been collected in Ohio for 50–60 years despite historical records from larger rivers in that state. Like other Perlidae, members are aquatic as immatures and terrestrial as adults.
Attaneuria ruralis
Giant Stone, Enigmatic Stone
Attaneuria ruralis, commonly known as the Giant Stone or Enigmatic Stone, is a stonefly species in the family Perlidae. It was historically documented from larger rivers in Ohio but has not been collected in the last 50-60 years, raising concerns about local extinction. The species possesses a long life cycle of 1-2 years, which increases its vulnerability to population loss. Its distribution extends across the southeastern and midwestern United States.
Brasiella
Brasiella is a genus of small to very small tiger beetles (Cicindelidae) containing more than 50 described species. Formerly treated as a subgenus of Cicindela, it is now recognized as a distinct genus based on morphological and behavioral differences. The genus is predominantly Neotropical in distribution, with species occurring from Panama and the West Indies south to Peru and Argentina. Most species are cursorial (running) beetles adapted to open, sandy or muddy habitats. Brasiella argentata is among the most common and widespread species, though it appears to represent a species complex distinguishable primarily by male genitalic characters.
Calopterygidae
broad-winged damselflies, demoiselles, jewelwings
Calopterygidae is a family of damselflies in the suborder Zygoptera, containing approximately 150 species. Members are relatively large for damselflies, with wingspans of 50–80 mm, and are characterized by broad wings with wide bases, metallic coloration, and a distinctive flight pattern described as jerky and fluttering. The family is distributed across all continents except Antarctica, primarily associated with running water habitats.
Cicindela columbica
Columbia River tiger beetle
Cicindela columbica is a tiger beetle endemic to Idaho, United States, known as the Columbia River tiger beetle. The species is critically endangered, with its range now restricted to the Lower Salmon River system following extirpation from Oregon and Washington due to dam construction on the Columbia River. It inhabits sand bars and river beaches where it hunts smaller arthropods.
Cicindela hirticollis
hairy-necked tiger beetle, moustached tiger beetle
Cicindela hirticollis is a medium-sized tiger beetle (2–14 mm) found on sand bars and sandy beaches across North America. It is distinguished by dark brown dorsal surfaces with very light cream or white elytral markings. The species is active in summer and exhibits distinctive thermoregulatory behaviors. Populations are currently in decline.
Cicindela hirticollis siuslawensis
Siuslaw Hairy-necked Tiger Beetle
Cicindela hirticollis siuslawensis is a subspecies of hairy-necked tiger beetle described by Graves in 1988. As a member of the Cicindela hirticollis species complex, it shares the general ecology of other subspecies: association with wet sandy habitats along large rivers. The specific distinguishing characteristics and precise geographic range of this subspecies relative to other C. hirticollis subspecies are not well documented in available sources.
Cicindelidia marginipennis
Cobblestone Tiger Beetle
Cicindelidia marginipennis is a North American riparian specialist tiger beetle restricted to sandy cobblestone banks and bars along rivers. The species has a highly disjunct distribution spanning from southern Alabama and Mississippi through a northern corridor to New Brunswick, Canada, with a significant gap across the southeastern United States. It is state-listed as threatened or endangered throughout its U.S. range and has been periodically considered for federal listing since 1984 due to habitat decline from dam construction, channelization, and development. The species exhibits potential geographic population structure based on mitochondrial DNA, with Alabama populations possessing unique haplotypes that may represent a cryptic species.
Cyrnellus
Cyrnellus is a genus of caddisflies in the family Polycentropodidae. Larvae of at least one species, C. fraternus, are specialized inhabitants of submerged wood (snags) in river systems, where they construct retreats. The genus was established by Nathan Banks in 1913. Species within this genus appear to exhibit specific microhabitat preferences related to flow conditions and substrate stability.
Ellipsoptera cuprascens
Coppery Tiger Beetle
Ellipsoptera cuprascens is a tiger beetle species found in North America, particularly associated with sandy riverine habitats along large rivers such as the Missouri and Mississippi. The species exhibits distinctive coppery coloration and is known for its nocturnal activity and attraction to ultraviolet light, a trait that distinguishes it from many diurnal tiger beetles. It is closely related to E. macra, with which it shares habitat preferences and geographic range in some areas.
Ephoron leukon
white fly
Ephoron leukon, commonly known as the white fly, is a species of pale burrower mayfly in the family Polymitarcyidae. Nymphs are burrowing and inhabit tubular burrows associated with stones in river rapids, particularly in fine silt deposits. The species undergoes dramatic morphological changes during early nymphal development, including specialized mouthpart modifications for filter feeding and progressive elaboration of abdominal gills.
Erpetogomphus lampropeltis
Serpent Ringtail
Erpetogomphus lampropeltis, commonly known as the Serpent Ringtail, is a dragonfly species in the family Gomphidae (clubtails). It is distinguished by a turquoise thorax and is found in the southwestern United States and Mexico. The species prefers riverine habitats where adults perch on mid-stream objects or overhanging vegetation. Like other clubtails, it has eyes that are widely separated rather than touching at the top of the head.
Gomphurus externus
Plains Clubtail
Gomphurus externus, commonly known as the plains clubtail, is a medium to large dragonfly in the clubtail family Gomphidae. Adults range 52–60 mm in length and are distinguished by yellow facial markings, striped thorax, and a clubbed abdomen tip. The species inhabits rivers and large streams across central North America, with peak flight activity in mid-summer. Nymphs are burrowers in muddy substrates and exhibit unusual daytime emergence behavior.
Gomphurus modestus
Gulf Coast Clubtail
Gomphurus modestus, commonly known as the Gulf Coast Clubtail, is a dragonfly species in the family Gomphidae. It was transferred from the genus Gomphus to Gomphurus in 2017 when the latter was elevated from subgenus to full genus status. The species is endemic to the southeastern United States, where it inhabits medium to large slow-flowing rivers. The IUCN lists it as Least Concern with a stable population.
Hagenius
dragonhunter
Hagenius is a monotypic genus of clubtail dragonflies (family Gomphidae) containing the single species Hagenius brevistylus, commonly known as the dragonhunter. This large, aggressive dragonfly inhabits riverine systems of eastern North America and is notable for its exceptional predatory behavior, including the habit of capturing and consuming other dragonflies and damselflies. The genus name honors Hermann August Hagen, a prominent 19th-century entomologist specializing in Odonata.
Hetaerina americana
American rubyspot
A damselfly species in the family Calopterygidae, commonly known as the American rubyspot. Males exhibit a lustrous red head and thorax with a brilliant green abdomen; females have a green abdomen with either green or copper thoracic markings. The species occupies riverine habitats in arid and semi-arid regions and demonstrates strong site fidelity, with adults rarely dispersing more than 100 meters from emergence sites. Research indicates sensitivity to urbanization, with documented declines in abundance, body condition, and reproductive success correlated with reduced riparian vegetation and increased wastewater discharge.
Hydropsyche morosa
A net-spinning caddisfly species found in summer-warm rivers of southern Ontario. Has been observed to be bivoltine in lower river reaches where summer water temperatures exceed 24°C for extended periods. Larger-bodied than the sympatric Hydropsyche bronta, with which it shares habitat in the Credit and Humber river systems.
Hylogomphus adelphus
Mustached Clubtail
Hylogomphus adelphus, commonly known as the Mustached Clubtail, is a dragonfly species in the family Gomphidae. It is a member of the clubtail group, characterized by expanded terminal abdominal segments. The species is native to eastern North America and is associated with riverine habitats.
Hylogomphus apomyius
Banner Clubtail
Hylogomphus apomyius, commonly known as the Banner Clubtail, is a dragonfly species in the family Gomphidae. It is one of several small clubtail species within the genus Hylogomphus, characterized by relatively modest abdominal clubbing compared to larger gomphids. The species was described by Donnelly in 1966 and occurs in eastern North America. It is associated with riverine habitats and is considered uncommon throughout its range.
Hylogomphus parvidens
Piedmont Clubtail
Hylogomphus parvidens, the Piedmont Clubtail, is a species of clubtail dragonfly endemic to the southeastern United States. It was transferred from the genus Gomphus to Hylogomphus in 2017 when Hylogomphus was elevated from subgenus to full genus rank. The species inhabits river systems and holds a stable population with no immediate conservation concerns.
Lestes disjunctus
Northern Spreadwing
Lestes disjunctus, commonly known as the Northern Spreadwing, is a damselfly species in the family Lestidae. It is widely distributed across North America and inhabits a variety of freshwater habitats including riverine wetlands, ponds, and marshes. The species exhibits a univoltine life cycle with egg diapause, requiring overwintering before hatching. Adults emerge in late June through July and remain active until late August. Larvae are predatory, feeding primarily on zooplankton and small aquatic invertebrates. The species holds its wings at approximately 45 degrees to the body when at rest, a characteristic posture of spreadwing damselflies.
Macromia
River Cruisers
Macromia is a genus of large dragonflies in the family Macromiidae, commonly known as river cruisers. Species are characterized by their habit of flying long distances along river corridors. The genus has a broad but disjunct distribution, with the majority of species occurring in tropical Australasia, one species in Europe (Macromia splendens), and a few species in North America. Nine species have been documented from the Western Ghats of India, including six endemics.
Macromia annulata
Bronzed River Cruiser
Macromia annulata, commonly known as the bronzed river cruiser, is a species of dragonfly in the family Macromiidae. It is native to parts of Mexico and the southern United States, specifically New Mexico and Texas. The species is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN, with a stable population and no immediate threats to its survival. As a member of the cruiser dragonflies, it is typically associated with riverine habitats.
Neoneura amelia
Amelia's Threadtail
Neoneura amelia, commonly known as Amelia's threadtail, is a small damselfly species distributed from southern Texas through Central America to Panama. Males display striking scarlet and reddish-orange coloration, while females are drab tan with dark markings. The species inhabits backwaters of large rivers, stream edges, and pond margins, including muddy locations. It is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN due to its wide range and stable population.
Neurocordulia alabamensis
Alabama Shadowdragon
Neurocordulia alabamensis, the Alabama Shadowdragon, is a dragonfly species in the family Corduliidae described in 1955. It belongs to a genus of shadowdragons known for crepuscular flight activity. The species is endemic to the southeastern United States, with documented populations in Alabama and adjacent regions. Like other Neurocordulia species, it is associated with riverine habitats and exhibits distinctive flight behavior during low-light conditions.
Neurocordulia michaeli
Broad-tailed Shadowdragon
Neurocordulia michaeli, commonly known as the broad-tailed shadowdragon, is a dragonfly species in the family Corduliidae. It was described by Brunelle in 2000. The species is found in rivers across parts of Canada and the United States. It is one of several shadowdragon species in the genus Neurocordulia, which are known for their crepuscular flight habits.
Ophiogomphus anomalus
Extra-striped Snaketail
Ophiogomphus anomalus, commonly known as the extra-striped snaketail, is a dragonfly species in the family Gomphidae. It inhabits intermittent rivers across Canada and the United States. The species is one of several North American snaketails characterized by their distinctive thoracic patterning and riverine habitat preferences.
Ophiogomphus arizonicus
Arizona Snaketail
Ophiogomphus arizonicus, the Arizona snaketail, is a dragonfly species in the clubtail family Gomphidae. It is found in North America, particularly in the southwestern United States. The species is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN, with a stable population and no immediate threats to its survival.
Ophiogomphus edmundo
Edmund's Snaketail
Ophiogomphus edmundo, commonly known as Edmund's Snaketail, is a dragonfly species in the family Gomphidae. It is endemic to the United States. The species inhabits river systems and is currently threatened by habitat loss. Specific details regarding its distribution within the United States, population status, and ecological requirements remain limited in available sources.
Ophiogomphus howei
Pygmy Snaketail
Ophiogomphus howei, commonly known as the pygmy snaketail, is the smallest species in its genus in North America. This rare gomphid dragonfly is endemic to the United States and exhibits a highly disjunct distribution pattern across two main regions: the Great Lakes area and the Appalachian Mountains. Recent discoveries in southern Michigan suggest the species may be more adaptable to disturbed habitats than previously thought.
Ophiogomphus incurvatus
Appalachian snaketail
Ophiogomphus incurvatus, commonly known as the Appalachian snaketail, is a dragonfly species in the family Gomphidae. It is endemic to the United States. The species inhabits intermittent rivers and is one of several snaketail dragonflies in the genus Ophiogomphus.
Palingeniidae
spiny-headed burrowing mayflies
Palingeniidae is a family of large mayflies commonly known as spiny-headed burrowing mayflies. Adults are characterized by having more than four longitudinal cross-veins on their wings, with males possessing short, wide pronota and well-developed legs in both sexes. Female cerci are shorter than the body. Nymphs are burrowers in muddy substrates of large rivers. The family includes notable species such as Palingenia longicauda, the largest European mayfly at up to 12 cm in length.
Pentagenia vittigera
riverbed burrower mayfly
Pentagenia vittigera is a riverbed burrower mayfly in the family Palingeniidae. The species was described by Walsh in 1862 and is native to North America. It is characterized by its burrowing lifestyle in riverbed substrates. The genus Pentagenia is distinguished from related mayflies by specific morphological features of the wing venation and genitalia.
Phanogomphus cavillaris brimleyi
Brimley's Clubtail
Brimley's Clubtail is a subspecies of clubtail dragonfly in the family Gomphidae. It is distinguished by specific morphological traits separating it from the nominate subspecies Phanogomphus cavillaris cavillaris. The subspecies is associated with particular riverine habitats in the southeastern United States. It is relatively poorly documented compared to other clubtails, with limited observational records.
Phyllogomphoides
leaftails
Phyllogomphoides is a genus of dragonflies in the family Gomphidae, commonly known as leaftails. It is the second most diverse genus within neotropical Gomphidae, comprising 46 species. The genus was established by Belle in 1970. Mexican species are distinguished primarily by male accessory genitalia, cerci, and epiproct morphology, as color patterns are often similar across species.
Platyprosopus
Platyprosopus is a genus of rove beetles (Staphylinidae: Staphylininae) comprising the monotypic tribe Platyprosopini. Species exhibit a nearly worldwide distribution and are consistently associated with humid environments near rivers. The genus is notable for possessing a distinctive set of three abdominal openings at the base of tergites and sternites, associated with a reinforced muscular system and presumed glandular cells, though the biological function of these structures remains unknown.
Pseudiron
crabwalker mayflies
Pseudiron is a monotypic genus of mayflies containing a single described species, Pseudiron centralis. The genus is notable for its specialized psammophilous (sand-dwelling) ecology and predatory lifestyle, which is uncommon among mayflies. Larvae are active epibenthic predators that inhabit sandy substrates in river systems.
Pseudironidae
crabwalker mayflies
Pseudironidae is a monotypic family of mayflies containing a single genus, Pseudiron, with one described species, Pseudiron centralis. These insects are commonly referred to as crabwalker mayflies, a name reflecting their distinctive locomotion. The family represents a rare example of extreme taxonomic reduction in Ephemeroptera, with its entire diversity contained within one species.
Pseudomethoca sanbornii
Pseudomethoca sanbornii is a species of velvet ant in the family Mutillidae, a group of solitary wasps known for their aposematic coloration and powerful sting. Females are wingless and ant-like in appearance, while males possess wings. The species occurs across much of the eastern and central United States. Like other mutillids, females are reportedly capable of delivering a painful sting, though they are not aggressive and sting only in defense.
Scaritinae
Pedunculate Ground Beetles
Scaritinae is a large, cosmopolitan subfamily of ground beetles (Carabidae) containing over 2,400 species in more than 140 genera. Members exhibit considerable ecological diversity, with many species adapted to specialized habitats including caves, riverbanks, and deep soil layers. The subfamily includes tribes such as Scaritini, Clivinini, and Salcediini. Several genera show disjunct distributions that have contributed to biogeographic understanding of continental drift and faunal exchange.
Somatochlora margarita
Texas emerald
Somatochlora margarita, the Texas emerald, is a dragonfly endemic to the United States with a highly restricted range in eastern Texas and western Louisiana. It inhabits river systems and is rarely observed due to its habit of perching in forest canopies. The species was described by Donnelly in 1962 and is considered one of the more poorly known North American emeralds.
Stenogomphurus consanguis
Cherokee Clubtail
Stenogomphurus consanguis, commonly known as the Cherokee clubtail, is a species of clubtail dragonfly endemic to the southeastern United States. It inhabits small rivers and streams. The species is currently listed as Least Concern by the IUCN, though it has experienced significant shifts in conservation status over recent decades, previously being assessed as endangered in 2007. Approximately 30 known populations exist, most with fewer than 50 adults.
Stylurus amnicola
Riverine Clubtail
Stylurus amnicola, commonly known as the riverine clubtail, is a species of dragonfly in the family Gomphidae. It is found in North America. The species has been assessed by the IUCN as Least Concern (LC) with a stable population and no immediate threats to its survival.
Stylurus townesi
Townes' Clubtail, Townes's Clubtail
Stylurus townesi is a species of clubtail dragonfly endemic to the United States. It is a member of the family Gomphidae, a group characterized by their distinctive clubbed abdomens. The species is associated with riverine habitats, where it completes its life cycle. Like other members of the genus Stylurus, it is presumed to have aquatic nymphal stages and aerial adult stages typical of dragonflies.
Tortopus
Tortopus is a genus of burrowing mayflies in the family Polymitarcyidae, restricted to six species based on cladistic revision: T. igaranus, T. circumfluus, T. harrisi, T. zottai, T. bellus, and T. arenales. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological synapomorphies including female parastyli receptors with long anterior furrows, entirely flattened penes, and nymphs bearing two subapical tubercles on mandibular tusks. Nymphs construct U-shaped tunnels in clay banks, a behavior that renders them difficult to sample with standard aquatic survey methods.
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