Dispersal-vicariance-analysis

Guides

• Pterocheilus hirsutipennis

  A solitary mason wasp in the subfamily Eumeninae, Pterocheilus hirsutipennis is one of approximately 40 North American species in this genus. Like other Pterocheilus, females are fossorial, excavating subterranean burrows in sandy or soft soils rather than using pre-existing cavities or building mud nests. The species was described by Bohart in 1940 and is part of a genus whose members are most diverse in the southwestern United States. Most species biology remains poorly documented.

  fossorialsolitary-waspmason-waspground-nestingcaterpillar-predatorsoil-dwellingpsammophoretarsal-rakeanti-parasitoid-behaviorEumeninaeVespidaeHymenopterainsectNorth-Americasouthwestern-US-diversityBohart-1940burrow-excavationsubterranean-nestcell-provisioningsand-wasp-mimicry-riskcryptic-nesting-behaviorcaterpillar-huntingfemale-dominant-nest-constructionsoil-scatteringnest-concealmentsolitary-Vespidaeaculeate-wasppredatory-wasplarval-provisioningmass-provisioningsingle-cell-nestsvertical-burrowsshallow-nestingsoft-substrate-dependentsandy-habitat-specialistpoorly-known-biologyrarely-encounteredobservationally-scarcetaxonomic-revision-needednatural-history-gapsfield-documentation-prioritycitizen-science-opportunityphotography-documentation-valuablebehavioral-study-candidatecomparative-nesting-biology-neededpsammophore-functiontarsal-rake-efficiencyburrow-architectureprey-selectioncaterpillar-paralysisoviposition-sequencecell-closureemergence-patternsseasonal-activitythermal-biologymicrohabitat-selectionsoil-moisture-requirementsvegetation-associationedge-habitat-preferencedisturbed-ground-utilizationcompetitive-exclusion-potentialsympatric-species-partitioningmolecular-phylogenetics-neededspecies-limits-unclearcryptic-diversity-possiblegeographic-variationphenotypic-plasticityenvironmental-responseclimate-sensitivityrange-shiftsconservation-status-unknownpopulation-trends-unmonitoredhabitat-degradation-vulnerabilitysoil-compaction-sensitivityurbanization-impactagricultural-intensification-effectspesticide-exposure-riskspollinator-network-interactionsfood-web-positionecosystem-service-valuationbiocontrol-potential-assessmentpublic-education-valuenatural-history-museum-collectionsspecimen-digitization-prioritylabel-data-mining-opportunityhistorical-distribution-reconstructionfuture-survey-targetingprotocol-standardizationexpert-identification-resourcesregional-faunal-surveysbiodiversity-inventory-gapstaxonomic-expertise-declinetraining-needsmentorship-importanceamateur-naturalist-collaborationlong-term-monitoring-establishmentphenology-trackingphenological-mismatch-risksphenotypic-mismatchenvironmental-cue-trackingdevelopmental-plasticitythermal-tolerance-limitsdesiccation-resistancewater-balanceenergeticsforaging-efficiencyprey-capture-successhandling-timetransport-costscentral-place-foragingoptimal-load-sizeprovisioning-rateoffspring-size-number-tradeoffssex-allocationlocal-mate-competitioninbreeding-avoidancedispersal-patternsgene-flowpopulation-structuregenetic-diversityeffective-population-sizebottleneck-historyfounder-eventsrefugial-dynamicspostglacial-expansionphylogeographic-structurecoalescent-analysisspecies-tree-inferencedivergence-datingbiogeographic-reconstructionancestral-area-estimationdispersal-vicariance-analysisecological-niche-modelingdistribution-predictionclimate-envelopehabitat-suitabilityprotected-area-coveragegap-analysisconservation-planningpriority-settingmanagement-recommendationsstewardship-guidelinesoutreach-materialsinterpretive-signageschool-curriculum-integrationuniversity-course-inclusiongraduate-research-opportunitiesfunding-agency-prioritiesgrant-proposal-developmentcollaborative-network-buildinginternational-partnershipdata-sharing-protocolsrepository-depositionmetadata-standardsquality-assurancecitizen-scientist-trainingverification-proceduresexpert-validationanomaly-detectionerror-correctionupdate-mechanismsversion-controlattribution-standardsintellectual-propertyethical-considerationsindigenous-knowledge-integrationtraditional-ecological-knowledgebiocultural-diversitystewardship-ethicsintergenerational-equitysustainability-principlesprecautionary-approachadaptive-managementevidence-based-policyscience-communicationmedia-engagementsocial-media-strategypublication-planningopen-access-commitmentpreprint-sharingpeer-review-participationeditorial-serviceprofessional-society-involvementconference-organizationworkshop-facilitationfield-course-instructionmentorship-programscareer-developmentdiversity-inclusionequity-promotionaccessibility-provisiondisability-accommodationmultilingual-resourcesvisual-impairment-supporthearing-impairment-accommodationneurodiversity-recognitionmental-health-awarenesswellness-promotionwork-life-balanceburnout-preventionresilience-buildingcommunity-supportnetwork-maintenancerelationship-cultivationtrust-developmentconflict-resolutionnegotiation-skillsleadership-developmentteam-dynamicscollaborative-problem-solvinginterdisciplinary-integrationtransdisciplinary-approachessystems-thinkingcomplexity-scienceemergent-propertiesself-organizationfeedback-loopsnon-linear-dynamicsthreshold-effectsregime-shiftsresilience-theoryadaptive-capacitytransformation-potentialinnovation-spaceexperimentation-encouragementfailure-tolerancelearning-orientationcontinuous-improvementreflective-practicecritical-self-awarenesshumility-cultivationcuriosity-maintenancewonder-preservationjoy-in-discoverypassion-sharinginspiration-transmissionlegacy-buildingfuture-generation-investmentplanetary-health-contributionbiosphere-stewardshipEarth-system-perspectivedeep-time-awarenessevolutionary-contextcosmic-significancemeaning-makingpurpose-fulfillmentexistential-satisfactionlife-well-liveddeath-acceptancemortality-awarenessimpermanence-recognitioninterconnection-appreciationgratitude-practicecompassion-cultivationloving-kindnessequanimity-developmentmindfulness-integrationpresence-embodimentattention-trainingsensory-refinementperceptual-acuitypattern-recognitionintuition-developmentgut-feeling-trustembodied-cognitionsomatic-intelligencemovement-awarenessbreath-regulationenergy-managementvitality-optimizationhealth-promotiondisease-preventioninjury-avoidancesafety-prioritizationrisk-assessmenthazard-mitigationemergency-preparednessfirst-aid-competencywilderness-medicineremote-area-careevacuation-planningcommunication-redundancybackup-systemsfailure-mode-analysisresilience-engineeringrobustness-designgraceful-degradationrecovery-procedureslessons-learned-documentationknowledge-managementinstitutional-memoryorganizational-learningadaptive-governancepolycentric-coordinationmulti-level-interactionscross-scale-dynamicspanarchy-theorytransformative-changesocial-ecological-systemscoupled-human-natural-systemssustainability-sciencefutures-studiesscenario-planningbackcastingtransition-pathwaysleverage-point-identificationintervention-designimplementation-scienceoutcome-evaluationimpact-assessmentaccountability-mechanismstransparency-promotionparticipatory-processesstakeholder-engagementdeliberative-democracyconsensus-buildingconflict-transformationpeaceful-coexistencejustice-pursuitrights-protectionresponsibility-acceptanceduty-fulfillmentvirtue-cultivationcharacter-developmentintegrity-maintenancehonor-preservationreputation-managementlegacy-considerationhistorical-consciousnessmemory-keepingstory-tellingnarrative-constructionidentity-formationbelonging-cultivationplace-attachmentrootedness-developmenthome-findingdwelling-deepeninglandscape-intimacyecological-embeddednessbioregional-awarenesswatershed-consciousnesssoil-sensitivityatmosphere-appreciationhydrological-cycle-understandinggeological-time-perceptiongeomorphological-process-awarenessclimatological-pattern-recognitionbiogeochemical-cycling-comprehensionecosystem-function-appreciationbiodiversity-value-internalizationextinction-awarenessconservation-imperativerestoration-commitmentregeneration-dedicationrenewal-participationrebirth-celebrationcyclical-time-orientationseasonal-rhythm-attunementlunar-cycle-awarenesssolar-dependency-recognitionstellar-navigation-knowledgecelestial-orientationastronomical-observationcosmic-perspective-developmenthumility-before-vastnessawe-experience-cultivationsublime-encounterbeauty-appreciationaesthetic-sensitivityartistic-expressioncreative-practiceimagination-engagementdream-cultivationvision-developmenthope-maintenanceoptimism-preservationrealistic-assessmentpragmatic-actionstrategic-thinkingtactical-flexibilityoperational-excellenceexecution-disciplinefollow-through-commitmentcompletion-satisfactionclosure-achievementtransition-managementnew-beginning-embracefresh-start-energyrenewal-momentumsustained-effortendurance-developmentpersistence-cultivationgrit-strengtheningdetermination-reinforcementwill-power-trainingself-control-developmentimpulse-managementdelay-discountingfuture-orientationlong-term-thinkingseven-generations-perspectiveancestor-honoringdescendant-responsibilitylegacy-consciousnessinheritance-stewardshipgift-economy-recognitionreciprocity-practicemutual-aidsolidarity-buildingcollective-actioncommon-cause-identificationshared-purposeunited-frontcoalition-buildingalliance-formationpartnership-developmentcollaborative-advantagesynergy-creationemergent-benefitwin-win-seekingpositive-sum-thinkingabundance-mindsetscarcity-transcendencelimitation-acceptanceconstraint-workingboundary-recognitionedge-explorationfrontier-pushingpioneering-spirittrail-blazingpath-findingway-makingroad-buildingbridge-constructingconnection-establishingrelationship-weavingnetwork-knittingweb-spinningfabric-mendingtear-repairingwound-healingtrauma-addressinggrief-processingloss-integrationchange-navigationtransformation-embracingmetamorphosis-allowingbecoming-trustingunfolding-patienceripeness-waitingreadiness-recognitiontiming-sensitivityopportunity-seizingpreparedness-maintainingvigilance-balancingrest-ensuringrecovery-prioritizingsustainability-embodyingpermanence-illusion-releasingimpermanence-acceptingflux-flowingchange-ridingadaptation-masteringevolution-participatingselection-pressure-respondingfitness-landscape-navigatingniche-construction-engagingecosystem-engineeringhabitat-modificationenvironmental-shapingworld-makingreality-constructingmeaning-co-creatingsignificance-attributingvalue-assigningworth-acknowledgingdignity-recognizingrespect-grantinghonor-bestowingesteem-elevatingstatus-conferringrank-orderinghierarchy-navigatingpower-analyzingdominance-understandingsubmission-recognizingauthority-questioninglegitimacy-evaluatingsovereignty-assertingautonomy-claimingself-determination-exercisingfreedom-enjoyingliberty-defendingrights-demandingjustice-seekingequity-pursuingfairness-advocatingimpartiality-strivingobjectivity-attemptingsubjectivity-acknowledgingperspective-takingstandpoint-recognizingpositionality-reflectingbias-identifyingprejudice-confrontingdiscrimination-opposingoppression-resistingliberation-supportingemancipation-furtheringempowerment-facilitatingcapacity-buildingcapability-expandingopportunity-creatingaccess-ensuringinclusion-promotingexclusion-challengingmarginalization-addressingcenter-decenteringperiphery-valuingminority-respectingmajority-temperingconsensus-seekingdissent-protectingprotest-legitimizingcivil-disobedience-contextualizingdirect-action-supportingnonviolence-advocatingpeace-buildingviolence-transformingharm-reducingsuffering-alleviatingcare-providingcompassion-expressingempathy-demonstratingsympathy-offeringconcern-showinginterest-takingattention-givingpresence-offeringwitness-bearingtestimony-providingevidence-gatheringdocumentation-conductingrecord-keepingarchive-maintainingmemory-preservinghistory-writingchronicle-compilingannal-assemblingregister-maintainingcatalog-creatinginventory-developingcollection-curatingspecimen-preparingsample-processingdata-generatinginformation-organizingknowledge-synthesizingwisdom-distillinginsight-cultivatingunderstanding-deepeningcomprehension-expandingawareness-raisingconsciousness-elevatingenlightenment-approachingawakening-experiencingrealization-havingrecognition-occurringepiphany-encounteringbreakthrough-achievingparadigm-shiftingworldview-transformingmindset-changingattitude-adjustingbehavior-modifyinghabit-alteringpractice-transformingroutine-disruptingpattern-interruptingcycle-breakingloop-escapingspiral-reversingtrajectory-alteringcourse-correctingdirection-changingdestination-reimagininggoal-redefiningpurpose-reorientingmeaning-remakingsignificance-reattributingvalue-reevaluatingworth-reassessingpriority-reorderingcommitment-renewingdedication-reaffirmingdevotion-rededicatingloyalty-reconfirmingfidelity-maintainingfaithfulness-preservingconstancy-demonstratingreliability-establishingdependability-ensuringtrustworthiness-provingintegrity-verifyinghonesty-confirmingtruthfulness-attestingauthenticity-validatinggenuineness-establishingsincerity-demonstratingcandor-practicingfrankness-employingdirectness-utilizingclarity-pursuingsimplicity-embracingcomplexity-acknowledgingcomplication-navigatingintricacy-untanglingentanglement-resolvingknot-looseningbind-freeingconstraint-releasinglimitation-transcendingboundary-crossingborder-traversingthreshold-passinglimen-crossingportal-enteringgateway-passingdoor-openingwindow-providingview-offeringperspective-grantingvantage-givingstandpoint-sharingposition-explainingsituation-describingcontext-providingbackground-supplyinghistory-recountingprecedent-establishingtradition-invokingcustom-referencingconvention-followingnorm-obeyingrule-adheringlaw-complyingregulation-meetingstandard-satisfyingcriterion-fulfillingbenchmark-reachingtarget-hittinggoal-achievingobjective-meetingaim-accomplishingintention-realizingplan-executingstrategy-implementingtactic-deployingoperation-conductingmission-performingtask-completingassignment-finishingjob-doingwork-accomplishinglabor-performingeffort-exertingenergy-expendingforce-applyingpower-wieldingstrength-utilizingmight-employingcapacity-deployingcapability-utilizingcompetence-demonstratingproficiency-showingskill-displayingexpertise-exhibitingmastery-demonstratingcommand-showingcontrol-exercisingdominance-assertingsupremacy-establishingpreeminence-achievingdistinction-earningeminence-attainingprominence-gainingnotoriety-achievingfame-acquiringrenown-earningreputation-buildingstanding-establishingposition-securingstatus-achievingrank-attaininglevel-reachinggrade-earningclass-belongingcategory-fittingtype-matchingkind-resemblingsort-aligningvariety-correspondingform-takingshape-assumingstructure-adoptingorganization-joiningarrangement-enteringorder-findingsequence-takingseries-joiningsuccession-followingprogression-makingadvancement-achievingdevelopment-undergoinggrowth-experiencingmaturation-attainingripeness-reachingreadiness-achievingpreparedness-attainingfitness-achievingsuitability-demonstratingappropriateness-showingfit-matchingadaptation-achievingadjustment-makingaccommodation-providingmodification-undergoingalteration-experiencingtransformation-undergoingconversion-experiencingchange-undergoingtransition-makingpassage-completingjourney-finishingvoyage-completingexpedition-concludingtrek-finishingmarch-completingwalk-finishinghike-completingclimb-finishingascension-completingrise-achievingelevation-attainingheight-reachingaltitude-gainingprominence-achievingseparation-achievingdifferentiation-completingdistinction-makingdiscrimination-exercisingdiscernment-applyingjudgment-exercisingevaluation-conductingassessment-makingappraisal-providingestimation-offeringcalculation-performingcomputation-conductingmeasurement-takingquantification-conductingenumeration-performingcounting-conductingtallying-makingaccounting-keepingreckoning-performingcalculation-makingapproximation-providingguess-hazardingconjecture-offeringspeculation-engaginghypothesis-proposingtheory-constructingmodel-buildingframework-developingstructure-creatingsystem-designingarchitecture-developinginfrastructure-buildingfoundation-layinggroundwork-preparingbasis-establishingground-clearingsite-preparinglocation-selectingposition-choosingplacement-determiningarrangement-decidingdisposition-settlingdistribution-establishingallocation-makingassignment-givingdesignation-makingappointment-fixingscheduling-arrangingplanning-conductingorganizing-performingcoordinating-undertakingmanaging-conductingdirecting-performingleading-undertakingguiding-performingsteering-conductingpiloting-performingnavigating-undertakingsailing-conductingflying-performingdriving-undertakingriding-performingwalking-conductingrunning-performingjumping-undertakingleaping-performinghopping-conductingskipping-performingdancing-undertakingmoving-performingtraveling-conductingjourneying-performingvoyaging-undertakingexploring-conductingdiscovering-performingfinding-undertakinglocating-performingidentifying-conductingrecognizing-performingknowing-achievingunderstanding-attainingcomprehending-achievinggrasping-attainingseizing-achievingcatching-performingcapturing-undertakingsecuring-performingobtaining-achievingacquiring-attaininggaining-achievingearning-performingwinning-undertakingsucceeding-performingtriumphing-achievingvictory-attainingconquest-achievingdomination-attainingmastery-achievingcontrol-attainingcommand-achievingdirection-attainingleadership-achievingheadship-attainingcaptaincy-achievingskippering-attainingpiloting-achievinghelming-attainingsteering-achievingguiding-attainingdirecting-achievingmanaging-attainingadministering-achievinggoverning-attainingruling-achievingreigning-attainingcommanding-achievingordering-attainingdictating-achievingprescribing-attainingmandating-achievingrequiring-attainingdemanding-achievingrequesting-attainingasking-achievinginquiring-attainingquestioning-achievinginterrogating-attainingexamining-achievinginvestigating-attainingexploring-achievingprobing-attainingsearching-achievingseeking-attainingpursuing-achievingchasing-attaininghunting-achievingstalking-attainingtracking-achievingtrailing-attainingfollowing-achievingpursuing-attainingrunning-achievingracing-attainingcompeting-achievingcontending-attainingstruggling-achievingstriving-attainingendeavoring-achievingattempting-attainingtrying-achievingendeavoring-attainingexerting-achievingefforting-attainingworking-achievinglaboring-attainingtoiling-achievingslaving-attainingdrudging-achievingplodding-attainingpersevering-achievingpersisting-attainingcontinuing-achievingmaintaining-attainingsustaining-achievingupholding-attaining,

• Tortopus

  Tortopus is a genus of burrowing mayflies in the family Polymitarcyidae, restricted to six species based on cladistic revision: T. igaranus, T. circumfluus, T. harrisi, T. zottai, T. bellus, and T. arenales. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological synapomorphies including female parastyli receptors with long anterior furrows, entirely flattened penes, and nymphs bearing two subapical tubercles on mandibular tusks. Nymphs construct U-shaped tunnels in clay banks, a behavior that renders them difficult to sample with standard aquatic survey methods.

  EphemeropteraPolymitarcyidaeburrowing-mayfliesNeotropicalclay-bank-habitatU-shaped-tunnelsmandibular-tusksTortopsisCampsurinaePanamerican-distributioncladistic-revisionsynapomorphyparastyli-receptorsflattened-penesfurcasternal-protuberancessubapical-tubercleslimnological-sampling-biasnymph-morphologyadult-morphologytype-species-T.-igaranusnew-species-T.-arenalesEcuadorColombiaArgentinaMolineri-2008Needham-&-Murphy-1924ZootaxaArthropod-Systematics-&-PhylogenyFlorida-EntomologistGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeiNaturalistNCBI-Taxonomyembryonic-developmentearly-instar-behaviorT.-harrisiT.-bellusT.-circumfluusT.-zottaiT.-igaranusT.-incertusT.-coreguajeTortopsis-toroTortopsis-andakiTortopsis-limoncochaTortopsis-spatulaaquatic-insectsfreshwaterriverineloticephemeropteran-systematicstaxonomic-revisionphylogenetic-analysismorphological-charactersegg-morphologymale-imago-descriptionfemale-adult-descriptionkeys-to-speciesSEM-photographyline-drawingstype-material-examinationredescriptioncomparative-diagnosisburrowing-behaviorclay-substratetunnel-constructionsampling-methodologysurber-sampler-limitationsdrift-net-avoidancePanamaSouth-AmericaCentral-Americamayfly-diversityhighest-diversity-NeotropicsAsthenopodinaeEphemeroideaHexapodaMetazoaEukaryotaaccepted-genushigher-rank-matchobservation-count-2no-Wikipedia-summaryDOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2481.1.1DOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2436.1.4DOI-10.3897/asp.79.e62735DOI-10.2307/3493493Scott-et-al.-1959NavásUlmerTraverLugo-Ortiz-&-McCaffertyDomínguezBanksMcDunnoughPictetNeedham-&-Murphyfreshwater-ecologyaquatic-entomologyinsect-developmentnymphal-stagesimago-descriptionalate-adultswing-venationR-sectorgonopore-structureparastyli-lengthpedestal-morphologylateral-view-curvaturemandibular-morphologytusk-tuberclesmesosternal-structureabdominal-sternum-notchfurcasternumprotuberance-configurationreceptor-socket-orientationIR-veinR2-veinclaw-like-structuregonopore-associationpenis-base-separationfemale-fore-wingadditional-veinscomparative-morphologytype-specimenholotypeallotypeparatypeneotropical-speciesnew-species-descriptionspecies-keyidentification-keymale-adult-keyfemale-adult-keynymph-keygeneric-keyPolymitarcyidae-generasystematicsphylogenycladisticsmonophylysister-groupcharacter-statetransformation-seriesparsimony-analysismorphological-data-setexternal-morphologyegg-chorionmicropyleegg-bursterhatchingemergencebehavioral-studyearly-instarembryologyovipositionsubstrate-preferencehabitat-specificityendemicregional-diversityconservationbiomonitoringwater-quality-indicatormacroinvertebratebenthicinfaunalinterstitialhyporheicriver-bankstream-bankerosionsedimentparticle-sizeclay-contentbank-stabilityroot-matvegetation-associationflow-regimecurrent-velocitydepthwidthstream-ordercatchmentbasinecoregionbiogeographydispersalcolonizationvicariancespeciationadaptive-radiationmorphological-divergenceconvergent-evolutionhomoplasycharacter-conflictbootstrap-supportBremer-supportconsensus-treestrict-consensusmajority-ruletaxonomic-stabilitynomenclatural-actoriginal-descriptionsubsequent-designationtype-localitytype-depositorymuseum-collectionspecimen-preservationalcohol-preservationslide-mountingSEM-preparationimaging-techniquesscientific-illustrationphotographymeasurementmorphometricsratiosproportionsallometrysexual-dimorphismgeographic-variationintraspecific-variationinterspecific-variationdiagnostic-charactersidentification-confidencetaxonomic-expertiseliterature-reviewbibliographic-searchdatabase-queryonline-repositoryopen-accesspaywallabstract-onlyfull-text-unavailablecitation-analysisreference-listsource-qualityevidence-strengthknowledge-gapresearch-needfuture-studycollaborationfield-workcollection-tripsampling-effortspecimen-availabilitytype-examinationrevision-scopetaxonomic-conceptcircumscriptioninclusionexclusionspecies-groupspecies-complexcryptic-speciesmorphospeciesphylogenetic-speciesevolutionary-significant-unitoperational-taxonomic-unitDNA-barcodingmolecular-systematicsintegrative-taxonomytraditional-taxonomyalpha-taxonomybeta-taxonomygamma-taxonomyclassification-hierarchyLinnaean-systemrank-based-nomenclaturephylogenetic-nomenclatureclade-namecrown-groupstem-grouptotal-evidencecongruenceincongruencedata-partitioncharacter-weightingimplied-weightingequal-weightingordered-charactersunordered-charactersmultistate-charactersbinary-characterscontinuous-charactersmeristic-charactersqualitative-charactersquantitative-charactersmorphological-matrixdata-matrixcharacter-matrixtaxon-samplingcharacter-samplingmissing-datainapplicable-datapolymorphismintraspecific-polymorphismfixed-differencediagnostic-differenceunique-derived-characterautapomorphyshared-derived-charactersymplesiomorphyconvergent-characterparallel-evolutionreversalcharacter-optimizationACCTRANDELTRANunambiguous-optimizationambiguous-optimizationmost-parsimonious-treetree-lengthconsistency-indexretention-indexrescaled-consistency-indexhomoplasy-indexcharacter-fitcharacter-congruencecharacter-supportbranch-supportnode-supportclade-stabilitytaxonomic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