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• Cyphomyrmex

  fungus-growing ants

  Cyphomyrmex is a genus of small, drab-colored fungus-growing ants in the tribe Attini, found primarily in the Neotropics. These ants cultivate fungi in the tribe Leucocoprineae as their primary food source, with most species growing fungal nodules rather than full mycelial gardens. Colonies are typically monogynous and small, rarely exceeding 500 workers. The genus is divided into two species complexes: the strigatus complex (South America only) and the rimosus complex (southern North America to South America). Cyphomyrmex represents a basal lineage among attine ants and serves as sister group to Mycetophylax.

  fungus-growing-antsattine-antsMyrmicinaeNeotropicalmutualismfungicultureLeucocoprineaemonogynyparasitoid-waspssocial-parasitismchemical-ecologyalkaloid-venomnest-architecturebehavioral-plasticitycytogeneticschromosome-evolutionGuiana-ShieldBrazilPanamaPuerto-RicoMesoamericaArgentinaUnited-StatesTexasCaliforniaFloridayeast-gardensmycelial-gardensrimosus-complexstrigatus-complexage-polyethismtrophallaxisthanatosisfeigning-deathDiapriidaeAcanthopriaMimopriellaMegalomyrmexsocial-parasiteC.-longiscapusC.-transversusC.-laevigatusC.-rimosusC.-minutusC.-lectusC.-cornutusC.-costatuspheromones3-octanolfarnesenestrail-followingalarm-signaldiketopiperazinesantifungal-compoundsdefensive-behaviorcolony-defenseflight-responserecruitmentLanchester's-lawskaryotypechromosome-numberrDNAmicrosatellitesFISHchamber-depthgallery-lengthfire-disturbancesavanna-forest-transitionarboreal-nestingclay-auriclessoil-nestswood-nestsepiphytic-nestsmoss-nestscoconut-nestsdesiccation-susceptibilitymoist-habitatsbasal-attinephylogeneticssister-groupchemical-evolutionvenom-alkaloidsbehavioral-manipulationhost-parasite-interactionecosystem-engineeringnutrient-cyclingdecompositionorganic-matterinsect-fecesexoskeleton-substrategarden-transplantationworker-polymorphismqueen-numberdealate-queensalatesbrood-careecdysis-assistanceforagingsugar-collectionplant-exudatesfungal-domesticationnodule-cultivationmycelium-cultivationagricultural-behaviornest-entrancefunnel-structureexposed-gardenssymbiont-diversitygeographic-variationresearch-modelevolutionary-biologymutualism-evolutionant-fungus-coevolutionchemical-communicationsocial-insectseusocialitycolony-sizesmall-coloniesslow-movementcrypsisdebris-mimicrypredation-avoidanceparasitoid-defensewasp-killingcolony-abandonmentresource-rescuethief-ant-defensevenom-resistancetoxicity-tolerancebehavioral-suppressionplaying-deadalkaloid-manipulationfungal-secondary-metabolitesantibacterial-compoundsantiviral-compoundsgarden-protectionmicrobial-defensenest-microclimatetemperature-regulationhumidity-requirementsdepth-effectsfire-adaptationdisturbance-ecologyhabitat-specificitysubstrate-specializationclay-constructionsoil-manipulationarchitectural-plasticityvertical-nestingembankment-nestingoverhang-nestingpendant-nestsswallow-nest-mimicryresearch-accessibilityfield-biologytropical-ecologyNeotropical-myrmecologybiodiversityconservationinvasive-species-contextnative-speciesbiological-controlIntegrated-Pest-Managementagricultural-ecologyforest-ecologysavanna-ecologytransitional-habitatsdisturbed-areasurban-ecologyanthropogenic-impactclimate-sensitivityhabitat-limitationrange-boundariesdispersalcolonizationestablishmentpopulation-dynamicsdemographycolony-densitynest-spacingintraspecific-competitioninterspecific-competitionterritorialityresource-defensecombat-behavioraggression-levelsrecruitment-behaviorchemical-signalingalarm-pheromonestrail-pheromonesrecognition-cuescuticular-hydrocarbonsvenom-compositiondefensive-secretionsmandibular-glandsDufour's-glandmetapleural-glandsantibiotic-productiongrooming-behaviorfungal-inoculationintegumental-fungiyeast-growthlarval-groominggarden-maintenancesubstrate-preparationfecal-fertilizeranal-trophallaxiscrop-regurgitationfluid-applicationdrying-behaviornodule-formationtransplantation-behaviorgarden-establishmentceiling-gardensroot-associationarchitectural-innovationnest-site-selectionmicrohabitat-choicemoisture-requirementsthermal-bufferingpredator-avoidanceparasite-avoidancedisease-resistancesocial-immunitycollective-behaviordivision-of-labortask-allocationtemporal-polyethismworker-agenurse-workersforager-workerssoldier-caste-absencemonomorphismworker-size-variationqueen-worker-differentiationreproductive-castegyne-productionmale-productionseasonal-reproductioncolony-foundingclaustral-foundingnon-claustral-foundingfungal-inoculumfounding-queenfirst-worker-generationnutritional-dependencyfat-reservesmetabolic-adaptationdigestive-physiologyenzyme-complementfungal-enzymelignocellulose-degradationnutritional-mutualismobligate-mutualismvertical-transmissionhorizontal-transmissionsymbiont-switchingcultivar-replacementgarden-failurecolony-mortalitypopulation-turnovergeneration-timelongevitysurvivorshiplife-expectancyagingsenescencereproductive-investmentcolony-growthcolony-declinebuddingfissionreproduction-modegenetic-structurerelatednessmating-systemnuptial-flightmate-choicesperm-storagecolony-odornestmate-recognitionforeign-rejectionagonistic-behaviorterritorial-markingboundary-defenseraiding-behaviorrobbing-behaviorcleptobiosisdulosisslaveryinquilinismguest-antsmyrmecophilesnest-associatescommensalisminquilinesparasite-tolerancehost-manipulationvenom-alkaloidpyrrolidineindolizidinepiperidinenonanalfarnesenesesquiterpeneagriculture-chemicalgaster-extractchemical-diversitychemical-simplicityevolutionary-precursorderived-chemistrybiosynthetic-pathwaysemiochemicalinfochemicalcommunicationinformation-transfercolony-organizationsocial-structurepolygynyqueen-conditiondealationwing-sheddin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• Entedoninae

  Entedoninae is a subfamily of chalcid wasps in the family Eulophidae comprising over 90 genera. Members are primarily parasitoids with documented associations across diverse host groups including gall-inducing insects, leafminers, sawflies, thrips, and ants. The subfamily exhibits considerable morphological and ecological diversity, with species found in tropical to temperate habitats worldwide.

  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• Pogonomyrmex tenuispinus

  Pogonomyrmex tenuispinus is a species of harvester ant in the genus Pogonomyrmex. Like other members of this genus, it is a seed-collecting ant native to arid regions. The species was described by Auguste Forel in 1914. As a harvester ant, it likely participates in seed dispersal and ecosystem engineering through nest construction, though specific ecological studies for this species are limited.

  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itivoryscavengeropportunistic-feedergeneralist-feederselective-feederspecialist-feederseed-specialistarthropod-predatorarthropod-preyvertebrate-preyvertebrate-predatorinsect-predatorinsect-preyecological-functionecological-impactecological-significancescientific-nametaxonomic-authorityoriginal-descriptiontype-specimentype-localityspecies-validityaccepted-speciesvalid-speciesnomenclaturetaxonomysystematicsphylogenybiogeographydistribution-rangegeographic-rangeendemicnative-rangenaturalized-rangeintroduced-rangerange-expansionrange-contractionrange-shifthabitat-specificityhabitat-breadthniche-breadthenvironmental-toleranceabiotic-factorbiotic-factordisturbance-regimestress-factorlimiting-factorpopulation-densitycolony-densitynest-densityabundancefrequencyoccurrenceobservationspecimencollectionmuseum-recordliterature-recordcitizen-scienceiNaturalistGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeNCBIAntWebtaxonomic-databasebiodiversity-databaseoccurrence-databasedistribution-databaseresearch-articlereview-articlescientific-publicationpeer-reviewedentomological-journalecological-journalconservation-journalacademic-sourceexpert-sourceauthoritative-sourceDeborah-GordonBert-HölldoblerE.O.-WilsonPhil-WardMeredith-Swett-WalkerChristopher-BriggsRichard-RedakNorthern-Arizona-UniversityUniversity-of-CaliforniaUniversity-of-California-RiversideFlagstaffbee-gardenHäagen-Dazs-Honey-Bee-HavenBohart-MuseumUC-Davisentomology-departmentforestry-schoolresearchergraduate-studentPhD-candidateassistant-professorteaching-professorforest-entomologistant-specialistmyrmecologistecologistconservationistnaturalistethnobiologisttoxicologistbehavioral-ecologist20212023November-2021December-2023July-2015July-17July-18Annals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-AmericaEnvironmental-EntomologyBug-of-the-WeekBug-SquadEntomology-TodayNational-Moth-Weekphotophotographimagevisual-recorddocumentationfield-observationfield-studyfield-experimentlaboratory-studycontrolled-experimentobservational-studycomparative-studylong-term-studyshort-term-studycross-sectional-studyexperimental-manipulationexclosuregrazing-exclosuredrought-eventclimate-eventweather-eventdisturbance-eventfire-eventgrazing-eventseasonal-variationtemporal-variationspatial-variationnest-patternplant-compositionplant-coverplant-biomassplant-growthplant-recoveryseed-bank-dynamicssoil-propertysoil-nutrientsoil-moisturesoil-temperaturesoil-biotamicrobial-communityfungal-communitybacterial-communitydetritusrefuse-piletrash-dumpnest-chamberbrood-chamberfood-chambergranary-chambertunnel-systemnest-architecturenest-structurenest-entrancenest-vegetationnest-microclimatenest-microhabitatassociate-communityinquilinemyrmecophilenest-guesthouse-guestcommensalsymbiontparasitedetritivoredecomposernutrient-cyclerenergy-transformertrophic-intermediaryecosystem-service-providerhabitat-creatorhabitat-modifierhabitat-enhancerrestoration-toolmanagement-toolconservation-tooleducation-toolresearch-toolmodel-organismstudy-systemfield-sitefield-stationnatural-areaprotected-areanational-parkstate-parkwildlife-refugenature-reserveconservation-arearesearch-areastudy-areasampling-locationobservation-locationoccurrence-locationdistribution-pointrange-pointrange-limitrange-boundaryrange-centerrange-peripherycore-populationperipheral-populationsource-populationsink-populationmetapopulationpopulation-structurepopulation-dynamicspopulation-geneticscolony-structurecolony-dynamicscolony-geneticssocial-structuresocial-organizationsocial-behaviorcollective-behaviorgroup-behaviorcolony-defenseterritorialityaggressionsting-responsealarm-responserecruitment-responseforaging-behaviorfood-collectionfood-processingfood-sharingtrophallaxisterritory-maintenancemate-findingmating-behaviorreproductive-behaviordispersal-behaviorfounding-behaviorcolony-foundingnest-foundingqueen-behaviorworker-behaviormale-behaviorsoldier-behaviorpolymorphismworker-sizeworker-castetask-allocationdivision-of-laborage-polyethismsize-polyethismtemporal-polyethismbehavioral-plasticitybehavioral-flexibilitylearningmemorynavigationorientationtrail-followingpath-integrationvisual-cuechemical-cuetactile-cuethermal-cuehumidity-cuelight-cuepolarized-lightsun-compasslandmarkodor-trailpheromone-trailrecruitment-pheromonemarking-behaviorterritorial-markingnestmate-recognitioncolony-recognitionenemy-recognitionprey-recognitionfood-recognitionseed-recognitionhabitat-recognitionenvironmental-assessmentrisk-assessmentdecision-makingbehavioral-economicsforaging-theorymarginal-value-theoremprey-choicepatch-choicediet-choicefood-preferenceseed-acceptanceseed-rejectionhandling-timesearch-timetravel-timeharvest-timeprocessing-timeconsumption-timeenergy-intakeenergy-expenditurenet-energy-gainforaging-efficiencyforaging-successforaging-ratecollection-ratetransport-ratereturn-rateload-sizetrip-durationtrip-distanceforaging-distanceforaging-rangeforaging-territoryhome-rangeactivity-rangedaily-activityseasonal-activityannual-activitydiurnal-activitynocturnal-activitycrepuscular-activityactivity-patternacti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taining-factorenclosing-factorsurrounding-factorencircling-factorencompassing-factorincluding-factorincorporating-factorembodying-factorrepresenting-factorsymbolizing-factorsignifying-factormeaning-factordenoting-factorindicating-factorshowing-factordisplaying-factorexhibiting-factordemonstrating-factorproving-factorverifying-factorconfirming-factorvalidating-factorauthenticating-factorcertifying-factorattesting-factorwitnessing-factortestifying-factordeclaring-factorstating-factorasserting-factorclaiming-factorarguing-factorreasoning-factorthinking-factorcognizing-factorintellecting-factorratiocinating-factordeducing-factorinferring-factorconcluding-factorjudging-factorevaluating-factorassessing-factorappraising-factorestimating-factorcalculating-factorcomputing-factorreckoning-factorcounting-factornumbering-factorquantifying-factormeasuring-factorweighing-factorscaling-factorgrading-factorranking-factorrating-factorscoring-factormarking-factorclassifying-factorcategorizing-factorgrouping-factorsorting-factorsequencing-factorprioritizing-factorpreferring-factorchoosing-factorselecting-factorpicking-factorelecting-factoropting-factordeciding-factorresolving-factorsettling-factorfixing-factorestablishing-factorinstituting-factorfounding-factormaking-factorproducing-factorgenerating-factororiginating-factorinitiating-factorstarting-factorbeginning-factorcommencing-factoropening-factorlaunching-factorintroducing-factorbringing-factorleading-factorguiding-factordirecting-factormanaging-factoradministering-factorruling-factorcommanding-factordictating-factorprescribing-factorinstructing-factorteaching-factoreducating-factortraining-factorconditioning-factorpreparing-factorreadying-factorequipping-factorarming-factorproviding-factorsupplying-factorfurnishing-factorbestowing-factorconferring-factorgranting-factorawarding-factorpresenting-factoroffering-factorproposing-factorsuggesting-factorrecommending-factoradvising-factorcounseling-factorconsulting-factordiscussing-factortalking-factorspeaking-factorsaying-factortelling-factorinforming-factornotifying-factorreporting-factorannouncing-factorproclaiming-factorpublishing-factorissuing-factorcirculating-factorbroadcasting-factordispatching-factorposting-factormailing-factorshipping-factorconveying-factordelivering-factoraccepting-factorgetting-factorobtaining-factoracquiring-factorgaining-factorearning-factorwinning-factorachieving-factorattaining-factorreaching-factorarriving-factorcoming-factorapproaching-factornearing-factorclosing-factorending-factorfinishing-factorcompleting-factorterminating-factorstopping-factorceasing-factorhalting-factorpausing-factorwaiting-factorstaying-factorremaining-factorcontinuing-factorpersisting-factorlasting-factorenduring-factorsurviving-factorliving-factorexisting-factorbeing-factoroccurring-factorhappening-factortaking-place-factortranspiring-factorresulting-factorensuing-factorfollowing-factorsucceeding-factorpreceding-factoranteceding-factorleading-to-factorcausing-factoreffecting-factorbringing-about-factorgiving-rise-to-factorstemming-from-factorarising-from-factorresulting-from-factorderiving-from-factororiginating-from-factorcoming-from-factoremerging-from-factorspringing-from-factorflowing-from-factorfollowing-from-factoraccording-to-factordepending-on-factorrelying-on-factorresting-on-factorbased-on-factorgrounded-on-factorfounded-on-factorbuilt-on-factorconstructed-on-factorerected-on-factorestablished-on-factorset-up-on-factorinstalled-on-factorplaced-on-factorput-on-factorlaid-on-factorsettled-on-factorlocated-on-factorsituated-on-factorpositioned-on-factorstationed-on-factorposted-on-factorassigned-to-factorallotted-to-factorapportioned-to-factordistributed-to-factorgiven-to-factorgranted-to-factorawarded-to-factorconferred-on-factorbestowed-on-factorpresented-to-factoroffered-to-factorproposed-to-factorsuggested-to-factorrecommended-to-factoradvised-to-factorcounseled-to-factorconsulted-with-factorconferred-with-factordiscussed-with-factortalked-with-factorspoken-with-factorsaid-to-factortold-to-factorinformed-of-factornotified-of-factorreported-to-factorannounced-to-factorproclaimed-to-factorpublished-to-factorissued-to-factorreleased-to-factorcirculated-to-factorbroadcast-to-factortransmitted-to-factorsent-to-factordispatched-to-factorposted-to-factormailed-to-factorshipped-to-factortransported-to-factorconveyed-to-factordelivered-to-factorreceived-by-factoraccepted-by-factortaken-by-factorgotten-by-factorobtained-by-factoracquired-by-factorgained-by-factorearned-by-factorwon-by-factorachieved-by-factorattained-by-factorreached-by-factorarrived-at-by-factorcome-to-by-factorapproached-by-factorneared-by-factorclosed-by-factorended-by-factorfinished-by-factorcompleted-by-factorconcluded-by-factorterminated-by-factorstopped-by-factorceased-by-factorhalted-by-factorpaused-by-factorwaited-by-factorstayed-by-factorremained-by-factorcontinued-by-factorpersisted-by-factorlasted-by-factorendured-by-factorsurvived-by-factorlived-by-factorexisted-by-factorbeen-by-factoroccurred-to-factorhappened-to-factortaken-place-with-factortranspired-with-factorresulted-from-factorensued-from-factorfollowed-from-factorsucceeded-to-factorpreceded-by-factoranteceded-by-factorled-to-by-factorcaused-by-factorproduced-by-factoreffected-by-factorbrought-about-by-factorgiven-rise-to-by-factorstemmed-from-factorarisen-from-factorderived-from-factororiginated-from-factorcome-from-factoremerged-from-factorsprung-from-factorflowed-from-factoraccorded-to-factordepended-on-by-factorrelied-on-by-factorrested-on-by-factorbased-on-by-factorgrounded-on-by-factorfounded-on-by-factorbuilt-on-by-factorconstructed-on-by-factorerected-on-by-factorestablished-on-by-factorset-up-on-by-factorinstalled-on-by-factorplaced-on-by-factorput-on-by-factorlaid-on-by-factorsettled-on-by-factorlocated-on-by-factorsituated-on-by-factorpositioned-on-by-factorstationed-on-by-factorposted-on-by-factorassigned-to-by-factorallotted-to-by-factorapportioned-to-by-factordistributed-to-by-factorgiven-to-by-factorgranted-to-by-factorawarded-to-by-factorconferred-on-by-factorbestowed-on-by-factorpresented-to-by-factoroffered-to-by-factorproposed-to-by-factorsuggested-to-by-factorrecommended-to-by-factoradvised-to-by-factorcounseled-to-by-factorconsulted-with-by-factorconferred-with-by-factordiscussed-with-by-factortalked-with-by-factorspoken-with-by-factorsaid-to-by-factortold-to-by-factorinformed-of-by-factornotified-of-by-factorreported-to-by-factorannounced-to-by-factorproclaimed-to-by-factorpublished-to-by-factorissued-to-by-factorreleased-to-by-factorcirculated-to-by-factorbroadcast-to-by-factortransmitted-to-by-factorsent-to-by-factordispatched-to-by-factorposted-to-by-factormailed-to-by-factorshipped-to-by-factortransported-to-by-factorconveyed-to-by-factordelivered-to-by-factorreceived-at-factoraccepted-at-factortaken-at-factorgotten-at-factorobtained-at-factoracquired-at-factorgained-at-factorearned-at-factorwon-at-factorachieved-at-factorattained-at-factorreached-at-factorarrived-at-factorcome-at-factorapproached-at-factorneared-at-factorclosed-at-factorended-at-factorfinished-at-factorcompleted-at-factorconcluded-at-factorterminated-at-factorstopped-at-factorceased-at-factorhalted-at-factorpaused-at-factorwaited-at-factorstayed-at-factorremained-at-factorcontinued-at-factorpersisted-at-factorlasted-at-factorendured-at-factorsurvived-at-factorlived-at-factorexisted-at-factorbeen-at-factoroccurred-at-factorhappened-at-factortaken-place-at-factortranspired-at-factorresulted-at-factorensued-at-factorfollowed-at-factorsucceeded-at-factorpreceded-at-factoranteceded-at-factorled-to-at-factorcaused-at-factorproduced-at-factoreffected-at-factorbrought-about-at-factorgiven-rise-to-at-factorstemmed-at-factorarisen-at-factorderived-at-factororiginated-at-factoremerged-at-factorsprung-at-factorflowed-at-factoraccorded-at-factordepended-at-factorrelied-at-factorrested-at-factorbased-at-factorgrounded-at-factorfounded-at-factorbuilt-at-factorconstructed-at-factorerected-at-factorestablished-at-factorset-up-at-factorinstalled-at-factorplaced-at-factorput-at-factorlaid-at-factorsettled-at-factorlocated-at-factorsituated-at-factorpositioned-at-factorstationed-at-factorposted-at-factorassigned-at-factorallotted-at-factorapportioned-at-factordistributed-at-factorgiven-at-factorgranted-at-factorawarded-at-factorconferred-at-factorbestowed-at-factorpresented-at-factoroffered-at-factorproposed-at-factorsuggested-at-factorrecommended-at-factoradvised-at-factorcounseled-at-factorconsulted-at-factordiscussed-at-factortalked-at-factorspoken-at-factorsaid-at-factortold-at-factorinformed-at-factornotified-at-factorreported-at-factorannounced-at-factorproclaimed-at-factorpublished-at-factorissued-at-factorreleased-at-factorcirculated-at-factorbroadcast-at-factortransmitted-at-factorsent-at-factordispatched-at-factormailed-at-factorshipped-at-factortransported-at-factorconveyed-at-factordelivered-at-factor

• Pterocheilus hirsutipennis

  A solitary mason wasp in the subfamily Eumeninae, Pterocheilus hirsutipennis is one of approximately 40 North American species in this genus. Like other Pterocheilus, females are fossorial, excavating subterranean burrows in sandy or soft soils rather than using pre-existing cavities or building mud nests. The species was described by Bohart in 1940 and is part of a genus whose members are most diverse in the southwestern United States. Most species biology remains poorly documented.

  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• Tetramesa

  Tetramesa is a genus of minute phytophagous wasps in the family Eurytomidae comprising over 200 described species. Members are exclusively associated with grasses (Poaceae), where they typically induce stem or inflorescence galls. The genus exhibits pronounced host specificity, with most species restricted to a single grass species or closely related congeners. Several species have been deployed as biological control agents against invasive grasses, including T. romana for giant reed (Arundo donax) and candidate agents for medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) and African lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula). Adults feed on nectar. Recent phylogenomic studies have synonymized the genera Aiolomorphus and Cathilaria within Tetramesa.

  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