Rice-pest

Guides

Acentropini
China-mark moths
Acentropini is a tribe of aquatic moths within the family Crambidae, commonly known as china-mark moths. Adults are small to medium-sized moths with wingspans typically ranging from 15–35 mm. The tribe is distinguished by larvae that are fully aquatic, breathing through gills and feeding on submerged aquatic plants. These moths are found across temperate and tropical regions worldwide, with highest diversity in the Old World tropics.
aquatic freshwater herbivore rice-pest wetland-indicator
Anagrus
fairyflies
Anagrus is a genus of fairyflies (Mymaridae) comprising over 90 described species, many of which are important biological control agents of agricultural pests. Adults are minute parasitoids, typically 1-2 mm in length, with coloration ranging from brown and orange to black and pale. The genus is divided into three subgenera—Anagrella, Anagrus, and Paranagrus—for taxonomic purposes. Species in this genus are specialized egg parasitoids, primarily attacking Hemiptera (leafhoppers and planthoppers), with some species also recorded from Odonata eggs. Their role in regulating populations of economically significant pests like the brown planthopper and glassy-winged sharpshooter has made them valuable in integrated pest management programs worldwide.
egg-parasitoid biological-control leafhopper-parasite planthopper-parasite Mymaridae fairyfly agricultural-pest-management rice-pest vineyard-pest citrus-pest
Ancyloxypha numitor
Least Skipper
Ancyloxypha numitor, commonly known as the least skipper, is a small North American butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It is distinguished by rounded wings, a slender body, and checkered antennae lacking hooks. The species exhibits weak, fluttering flight reminiscent of Satyrinae butterflies. It completes multiple broods annually and overwinters as a larva.
skipper grassland wetland North-America rice-pest multiple-broods overwintering-larva
Apsilops
Apsilops is a genus of ichneumonid wasps in the subfamily Cryptinae, containing approximately nine described species. Members are parasitoids of lepidopteran larvae, with documented associations including aquatic crambid moths and rice pests. The genus includes both aquatic and terrestrial species, reflecting diverse habitat specializations among its members.
parasitoid ichneumonidae cryptinae aquatic rice-pest biological-control
Balclutha
Balclutha is a large genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, with over 100 species and a cosmopolitan distribution. The genus is named after Balclutha, Scotland. These small insects are primarily associated with grasses and sedges (Poaceae), and several species have become economically significant as pests of cereal crops, particularly rice. Some species are known vectors of plant pathogens, including phytoplasmas affecting grapevine and other crops. The genus includes both native and introduced species, with several documented cases of recent range expansion through international trade.
leafhopper grass-feeder agricultural-pest phytoplasma-vector rice-pest introduced-species
Balclutha incisa
leafhopper
Balclutha incisa is a small leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, widespread in tropical and temperate regions. It is notably abundant in grasses and rice fields, where it feeds on host plants including rice (Oryza sativa) and various grasses. The species has been documented as a vector for 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' associated with grapevine disease 'bois noir'. Research has characterized its complex acoustic communication system, with males producing six distinct signal types and females engaging in precise duetting behavior. The species serves as host for multiple novel viruses including members of Aliusviridae, Iflaviridae, and Totiviridae families.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Deltocephalinae rice-pest acoustic-communication phytoplasma-vector virome grassland-insect agricultural-pest
Beskia aelops
Beskia aelops is a tachinid fly (Diptera: Tachinidae) studied for its potential as a biological control agent against the rice stink bug Oebalus poecilus, a pest of rice crops. Its distribution patterns are closely tied to those of its host. The species was originally described by Walker in 1849 under the name Tachina aelops.
biocontrol parasitoid agricultural-pest-management rice-pest
Chilo plejadellus
Rice Stalk Borer Moth
Chilo plejadellus, commonly known as the rice stalk borer moth, is a crambid moth described by Zincken in 1821. It is a significant agricultural pest whose larvae tunnel into rice stalks. The species has been studied for its sex pheromone chemistry, with (Z)-13-octadecenal identified as the primary female-produced attractant. Field applications of synthetic pheromone have proven effective for population monitoring.
agricultural-pest rice-pest pheromone Crambidae stalk-borer
Chlorops
grass flies, frit flies
Chlorops is a genus of small flies in the family Chloropidae, commonly known as grass flies or frit flies. Several species are significant agricultural pests of cereal crops. Chlorops oryzae (rice stem maggot) is a major pest of rice in Asia, causing 20-50% yield losses by larval feeding on developing leaves and young panicles. Chlorops taeniopus (gout fly) and related species damage barley and wheat in Europe. The genus exhibits geographic variation in voltinism, with some populations producing 2-5 generations annually depending on latitude and diapause patterns.
agricultural-pest stem-borer cereal-pest rice-pest barley-pest diapause voltinism endophytic-feeder
Crambidae
Crambid Snout Moths, grass moths
Crambidae is a large family of Lepidoptera comprising over 10,000 species in more than 1,000 genera across 15 subfamilies. The family includes economically significant agricultural pests such as the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis), sod webworms (Crambus spp.), and the invasive box tree moth (Cydalima perspectalis). Historically treated as a subfamily of Pyralidae, Crambidae was elevated to full family status based on the presence of a praecinctorium—a structure joining two tympanic membranes absent in Pyralidae. Members exhibit diverse morphologies: Crambinae (grass moths) are slender with wings folded tightly around the body at rest, while other subfamilies display bright coloration and rest with wings spread.
grass-moth snout-moth agricultural-pest stem-borer biocontrol aquatic-moth invasive-species corn-pest rice-pest sugarcane-pest
Delphacidae
Delphacid Planthoppers, Planthoppers
Delphacidae is a large family of planthoppers in the order Hemiptera, comprising approximately 2000 species distributed worldwide. Members are distinguished from other "hoppers" by a prominent spur on the tibia of the hindleg—a diagnostic morphological feature unique to this family. All species are phytophagous, with many species occurring on grasses and several serving as significant agricultural pests and vectors of cereal pathogens. Notable pest species include the rice brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens), the white-backed planthopper (Sogatella furcifera), and the sugarcane planthopper (Perkinsiella saccharicida).
planthopper agricultural-pest rice-pest vector grass-feeder Auchenorrhyncha Fulgoromorpha biological-control-target
Delphacoidea
planthopper superfamily, delphacid planthoppers
Delphacoidea is a superfamily of planthoppers within the infraorder Fulgoromorpha, comprising approximately 2,000 described species across two families: Delphacidae (the largest family of planthoppers) and the smaller Achilixiidae. Members are characterized by a movable spur on the hind tibia, a feature unique among planthoppers. The superfamily has a global distribution and includes numerous economically significant agricultural pests, particularly rice planthoppers in the genus *Nilaparvata*.
planthopper agricultural-pest rice-pest grass-feeder Auchenorrhyncha Fulgoromorpha phloem-feeder vector economic-pest hemipteran
Dicondylus
Dicondylus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Dryinidae. Members of this genus are known to attack planthoppers (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), including agricultural pests such as the Rice Brown Planthopper. The genus has been subject to taxonomic revision, with some authorities treating it as a synonym of Gonatopus.
parasitoid Dryinidae biological-control rice-pest planthopper Hymenoptera
Diopsidae
Stalk-eyed Flies
Stalk-eyed flies are a family of true flies distinguished by their most conspicuous feature: eyes mounted at the ends of long lateral projections called eyestalks. This unique morphology is directly linked to their mating behavior, with males typically possessing longer eyestalks than females and using them in visual displays during courtship. The family occurs primarily in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and Asia, with some species extending into the Arabian Peninsula and other areas. Several species are known agricultural pests, particularly as stem-borers in rice and other Poaceae.
sexual-selection eyestalks sexual-dimorphism stem-borer rice-pest Wolbachia Afrotropical Oriental behavioral-ecology
Entedoninae
Entedoninae is a subfamily of chalcid wasps in the family Eulophidae comprising over 90 genera. Members are primarily parasitoids with documented associations across diverse host groups including gall-inducing insects, leafminers, sawflies, thrips, and ants. The subfamily exhibits considerable morphological and ecological diversity, with species found in tropical to temperate habitats worldwide.
parasitoid biological-control gall-associated leafminer-parasitoid Chalcidoidea Hymenoptera Eulophidae Entedoninae tropical-forest agricultural-pest-control sawfly-parasitoid thrips-parasitoid ant-associated rice-pest Cecidomyiidae Tenthredinidae Pontania Closterocerus Ceranisus Afronympha Ametallon Chrysonotomyia Omphale-genus-group canopy understorey ecological-plasticity Bangladesh Panama Africa New-Zealand Europe Senegal South-Africa Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo Uganda endoparasitoid larval-parasitoid egg-parasitoid host-specificity forest-habitat degraded-habitat mid-altitude-rainforest lowland-rainforest tropical-America classical-biological-control augmentative-biological-control integrated-pest-management rice-hispa Dicladispa-armigera gall-wasp sawfly-gall leafminer ant-symbiosis Formicidae Khaya-senegalensis Ochna-pulchra morphological-taxonomy molecular-taxonomy 28S-rDNA COI CytB new-species-description generic-revision host-range parasitoid-complex food-web ecosystem-service natural-enemy pest-management entomophagous hyperparasitoid inquiline curculionid Apion-minimum Phyllocolpa-leucosticta Chrysocharis Entedon Asecodes Pleurotroppopsis Afrotroppopsis Zaommomentedon Apleurotropis Kratoysma Platocharis Schizocharis Parahorismenus Atullya Tropicharis Chrysochuris cruy mirabilis oryzamyntor eminpashai carinatum dussiae longicaudata machaeriae unimaculata claviger gorgonaense auripunctata galbina laeviscuta phenacapsia cecvora elongata pontaniae heyeri risbeci milletiae newbyi Förster-1856 Chalcidoidea-phylogeny biodiversity species-richness cryptic-species molecular-diagnostics host-plant-association habitat-specificity canopy-fauna understorey-fauna forest-stratification tropical-biodiversity Afrotropical Neotropical Palaearctic Nearctic Oriental Australasian Pacific Holarctic biogeography taxonomic-revision annotated-key catalogue type-specimen museum-collection slide-mounted-specimens morphometrics genitalia wing-venation antennae 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Eoreuma loftini
Mexican rice borer, Mexican Rice-borer Moth
Eoreuma loftini, the Mexican rice borer, is a small moth in the family Crambidae described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1917. It is a significant agricultural pest of sugarcane, rice, corn, sorghum, and lemongrass in the southern United States and Mexico. The species is invasive in the U.S. and is expanding its range northward at approximately 15 miles per year, having spread from Texas into Louisiana and Florida since 1980. Larval feeding inside plant stems causes characteristic damage including 'deadhearting' and 'whiteheading' in rice, and stem rot in lemongrass, resulting in substantial yield losses.
agricultural-pest invasive-species stalk-borer sugarcane-pest rice-pest corn-pest sorghum-pest lemongrass-pest biological-control-target range-expanding Crambidae Lepidoptera
Hexacladia
Hexacladia is a genus of gregarious endoparasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae, subfamily Encyrtinae. Species develop as endoparasitoids within adult heteropteran bugs, primarily in the family Pentatomidae (stink bugs), with some records from Coreidae and Scutelleridae. Multiple parasitoid individuals typically emerge from a single host. The genus has been documented as a biological control agent of agricultural pest stink bugs in South America, including species that attack soybean and rice crops. Seven species are recorded from South America, with H. smithii being the most widely reported.
parasitoid gregarious biological-control stink-bug soybean-pest rice-pest Pentatomidae endoparasitoid South-America agricultural-ecosystem
Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus
Rice Water Weevil
Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, the rice water weevil, is a major agricultural pest of rice and the most destructive invertebrate pest of California rice. Native to the southeastern United States, it has spread invasively to Asia since 1976 and Europe since 2004, with populations establishing in California for over 50 years. The species exhibits a unique reproductive strategy: most populations reproduce sexually, but a small percentage in the native range reproduces by triploid parthenogenesis, facilitating rapid range expansion. Adults feed on rice leaves and sheaths, while aquatic larvae feed on roots, causing yield losses up to 25-30% in severe infestations.
pest agricultural-pest rice-pest invasive-species aquatic-insect parthenogenesis root-feeder
Marasmia
Marasmia is a genus of moths in the family Crambidae, subfamily Spilomelinae. It was established by Julius Lederer in 1863 and is currently treated as a synonym of Cnaphalocrocis in most modern taxonomic databases, though it remains in use in some literature. The genus includes species that are significant agricultural pests, particularly of rice crops. The best-known species, Marasmia ruralis (also known as Cnaphalocrocis medinalis or the rice leaf roller), causes substantial damage to global rice production by folding leaves for feeding and shelter.
agricultural-pest rice-pest leaf-roller taxonomic-synonym Crambidae Spilomelinae induced-resistance sustainable-agriculture
Mythimna
Armyworm moths
Mythimna is a genus of moths in the family Noctuidae, commonly known as armyworm moths. Several species are significant agricultural pests, with larvae that feed on cereal crops, corn, rice, and other grasses. The genus has a global distribution spanning Europe, Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Australasia. Notable species include M. unipuncta (true armyworm), M. separata (Oriental armyworm), and M. loreyi, all of which cause economic damage to major food crops. Adult moths have been documented as nocturnal pollinators of apple flowers and other crops.
armyworm agricultural-pest nocturnal-pollinator Noctuidae cereal-pest corn-pest rice-pest
Nymphulini
Nymphulini is a tribe of small moths in the subfamily Acentropinae (Crambidae), characterized by aquatic or semi-aquatic larval habits. The group includes numerous species whose larvae feed on submerged or emergent aquatic plants, making them among the few truly aquatic Lepidoptera. Adults are generally small with narrow wings and reduced mouthparts. The tribe is most diverse in tropical and subtropical regions, with some species extending into temperate zones.
aquatic wetland rice-pest case-builder freshwater
Oebalus
rice stink bug
Oebalus is a genus of stink bugs (Pentatomidae) containing several species that are significant agricultural pests, particularly of rice and sorghum. The most extensively studied species, Oebalus pugnax (rice stink bug), is a serious pest of rice in the southeastern United States and Caribbean. Other species including O. insularis, O. ornatus, and O. poecilus also develop on rice and are distributed across the Americas. All life stages feed on developing grain kernels, causing direct damage and facilitating fungal infection.
Pentatomidae rice-pest sorghum-pest agricultural-pest Hemiptera grain-feeding-bug North-America Caribbean South-America integrated-pest-management
Oebalus pugnax
Rice Stink Bug
Oebalus pugnax, the rice stink bug, is a shield bug in the family Pentatomidae native to North America and a major agricultural pest in the Southern United States. First described by Fabricius in 1775, this species attacks cereal crops with small seeds, particularly rice, wheat, and sorghum. Adults are highly mobile and migrate en masse between wild grass hosts and cultivated fields. The species is distinguished from similar stink bugs by its narrower profile and lighter straw coloration.
agricultural-pest rice-pest pentatomidae true-bug grain-pest southern-united-states migratory pecky-rice
Oxya
Rice Grasshoppers
Oxya is a genus of grasshoppers in the family Acrididae, distributed across Africa and Asia. Several species, including O. chinensis and O. japonica, are significant agricultural pests of rice and other cereal crops, earning the group the common name "rice grasshoppers." The genus is taxonomically placed in the subfamily Oxyinae and tribe Oxyini. Some species have been introduced to Pacific islands and Australia.
agricultural-pest rice-pest grasshopper Asia Africa introduced-species
Paromius
dirt-colored seed bugs
Paromius is a genus of seed bugs in the family Rhyparochromidae containing approximately 15 described species. Members are elongate, parallel-sided bugs with glabrous integument and distinctive pronotal structure. The genus has broad geographic distribution spanning the Afrotropical region and subtropical Eurasia, with at least one species extending into temperate Europe. Some species are associated with grasses (Poaceae) and can be agricultural pests, while others occupy dry, xerothermic habitats.
seed-bug grass-associated agricultural-pest climate-change-indicator univoltine multivoltine overwintering-adult Poaceae rice-pest range-expansion
Schoenobiinae
Schoenobiinae is a subfamily of grass moths (Crambidae) established by Duponchel in 1846. The group comprises approximately 30 genera including Schoenobius, Scirpophaga, Donacaula, and Catagela. Many species are stem borers of monocot plants, with larvae feeding internally in stems of grasses, sedges, and rushes. Some genera contain significant agricultural pests, particularly of rice and other cultivated cereals.
stem-borer rice-pest grass-moth wetland Crambidae monocot-feeder internal-feeder
Sogatella
white-backed planthopper (for S. furcifera)
Sogatella is a genus of delphacid planthoppers in the family Delphacidae, comprising more than 20 described species. The genus was established by Fennah in 1956. The best-studied species, Sogatella furcifera (white-backed planthopper), is a major agricultural pest of rice across Asia. Members of this genus are characterized by their association with rice and grass hosts, with S. furcifera serving as a vector for plant viruses including southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus.
planthopper rice-pest agricultural-pest vector migration Asia Delphacidae Hemiptera phloem-feeder virus-vector
Stenocoris
rice bugs
Stenocoris is a genus of true bugs in the family Alydidae, commonly known as rice bugs. The genus contains more than 20 described species distributed across Africa and the Americas. Several species are significant agricultural pests of rice, feeding on developing grains and causing yield loss and quality reduction. The genus is characterized by slender body form typical of the Alydidae family.
rice-pest agricultural-pest West-Africa Hemiptera Alydidae
Stenocoris tipuloides
neotropical rice bug
Stenocoris tipuloides, commonly known as the neotropical rice bug, is a broad-headed bug in the family Alydidae. The species occurs in the Americas, with records from South America, Florida, and Texas. It belongs to a genus of true bugs associated with rice and other graminaceous crops.
Alydidae broad-headed-bug rice-pest Hemiptera agricultural-pest
Stenocranus
delphacid planthoppers
Stenocranus is a genus of delphacid planthoppers in the family Delphacidae, containing more than 70 described species. Species within this genus exhibit wing polymorphism, with macropterous (long-winged) and sub-macropterous forms occurring in at least some species. Several species are documented crop pests, particularly of corn, rice, and sugarcane. The genus has a broad distribution with records from Europe, North America, and Asia, though individual species vary in their geographic ranges. Some species have shown invasive potential, with range expansions into new regions documented in recent decades.
Delphacidae planthopper crop-pest wing-polymorphism macroptery sub-macroptery grass-feeder corn-pest rice-pest sugarcane-pest invasive-species phloem-feeder S.-pacificus S.-minutus Philippines Indonesia Japan Europe North-America parasitoid-host Cephalops-curtifrons
Stenotus
plant bug
Stenotus is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae, comprising species that are primarily associated with grasses and cereal crops. The genus includes notable agricultural pests, particularly Stenotus rubrovittatus (sorghum plant bug or pecky rice bug), which causes significant damage to rice and other Poaceae. Species in this genus exhibit specialized host plant relationships and distinct reproductive behaviors tied to plant phenology.
plant-bug Miridae agricultural-pest rice-pest grassland Poaceae pecky-rice oviposition-behavior mating-behavior
Tagosodes
sogata
Tagosodes is a genus of delphacid planthoppers native to the Americas. The genus contains at least three described species, including Tagosodes orizicolus, a major agricultural pest of rice in Latin America. This species transmits rice hoja blanca virus (RHBV) and causes direct feeding damage to rice plants. The genus was established by Asche & Wilson in 1990.
agricultural-pest rice-pest virus-vector Delphacidae planthopper Latin-America
Tagosodes orizicolus
Rice Delphacid, sogata
Tagosodes orizicolus is a planthopper species in the family Delphacidae and a major pest of rice throughout Latin America. It is the sole vector of Rice Hoja Blanca virus (RHBV), a pathogen that causes significant yield losses in rice cultivation. The species also causes direct mechanical damage to rice plants through feeding and oviposition, reducing plant vigor independent of viral transmission. Its economic importance stems from this dual damage mechanism, making it a target of intensive resistance breeding programs.
agricultural-pest rice-pest plant-virus-vector phloem-feeder Latin-America
Trigonotylus
rice leaf bug
Trigonotylus is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae, tribe Stenodemini, containing approximately 18 described species. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution with species in North America, Europe, Asia, and Hawaii. Several species are associated with grasses (Poaceae), with T. caelestialium being a significant agricultural pest of rice in Japan. The genus exhibits variation in host plant use, oviposition behavior, and seasonal life history strategies.
grass-feeder agricultural-pest multivoltine egg-diapause olfactory-orientation Japan rice-pest Poaceae Stenodemini bet-hedging
Trigonotylus caelestialium
Rice Leaf Bug
Trigonotylus caelestialium is a mirid plant bug known as the rice leaf bug, native to Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. It is a multivoltine pest of rice in Japan, where it causes pecky-rice damage by feeding on developing grains. The species has a broad host range within Poaceae, utilizing various grasses as alternative hosts before invading rice paddies during the flowering stage.
agricultural-pest rice-pest multivoltine diapause olfactory-orientation Poaceae Japan endophyte-resistance bet-hedging-strategy
Triops
tadpole shrimp, shield shrimp
Triops is a genus of small branchiopod crustaceans in the order Notostraca, commonly known as tadpole shrimp or shield shrimp. The genus is distinguished by having only a pair of long, thin caudal extensions on the telson, unlike the related genus Lepidurus which bears an additional central platelike process. Some species are frequently sold as aquarium pets in dried egg kits, hatching upon contact with fresh water. In agricultural settings, particularly California rice cultivation, certain species function as early-season pests that damage germinating seedlings.
Branchiopoda Notostraca tadpole-shrimp living-fossil desiccation-resistance agricultural-pest rice-pest vernal-pool temporary-pool aquarium-pet diapause hypoxia-adaptation Gondwanan-distribution early-season-pest biological-control integrated-pest-management
Triops longicaudatus
Longtail Tadpole Shrimp, American Tadpole Shrimp, Rice Tadpole Shrimp
Triops longicaudatus is a freshwater branchiopod crustacean commonly known as the longtail tadpole shrimp or rice tadpole shrimp. It inhabits ephemeral ponds and pools across western North America, South America, Japan, South Korea, and Pacific Islands. The species is notable for its ancient lineage—morphologically unchanged for over 170 million years—and its remarkable desiccation-resistant eggs that can survive decades in dry sediment before hatching upon rehydration. It displays multiple reproductive strategies including parthenogenesis, hermaphroditism, and sexual reproduction. In California agriculture, it is a significant early-season pest of rice, damaging germinating seeds in flooded fields.
tadpole-shrimp rice-pest living-fossil cryptic-species parthenogenesis desiccation-resistant-eggs ephemeral-pool-inhabitant biological-control ecotoxicology-model California-agriculture