Internal-feeder
Guides
Agromyzidae
leaf-miner flies, leaf miner flies
Agromyzidae is a large family of small flies comprising approximately 2,500 species worldwide. Adults are minute to small (0.9–6.5 mm), with distinctive head sclerotization patterns and reduced wing venation. The family derives its common name from the larval feeding habit: larvae are predominantly leaf miners that feed between the upper and lower epidermis of plant leaves, creating visible mines that are often species-specific in shape. Some species are significant agricultural pests, particularly in the genera Liriomyza, Phytomyza, and Ophiomyia.
Alucitidae
Many-plumed Moths
Alucitidae, or many-plumed moths, are a family of small Lepidoptera distinguished by their unique wing structure. The family contains approximately 200 described species worldwide, primarily in the genera Alucita and Pterotopteryx. Larvae are typically gall-inducers or borers in flowers, fruits, and shoots of dicotyledonous plants, particularly in families Caprifoliaceae, Rubiaceae, and Dipsacaceae. Adults are frequently attracted to light and exhibit varying flight periods, with many species being bivoltine and hibernating as adults.
Atherigona reversura
Bermudagrass Stem Maggot, shoot-fly
Atherigona reversura is a muscid shoot fly commonly known as the bermudagrass stem maggot. Native to Central and Southeast Asia, it has become an invasive agricultural pest in the Americas, causing significant damage to bermudagrass and stargrass forage systems. The species was first detected in Hawaii, then spread to the continental United States beginning in 2009, and has since been reported in South America including Argentina and Uruguay. Larval feeding in grass stems causes death of upper leaves, stunted growth, and reduced forage yields.
Barbara
Barbara is a genus of moths in the family Tortricidae, subfamily Olethreutinae, tribe Eucosmini. The genus was established by Heinrich in 1923. These are small moths, typically with wingspans under 20 mm, belonging to a large family of tortrix or leafroller moths. Members of this genus are found in North America, with records from the northeastern United States including Vermont. The genus is part of a diverse group of microlepidoptera whose larvae often feed internally in plant tissues.
Baris
Baris is a genus of true weevils in the family Curculionidae, first described by Germar in 1817. The genus comprises small to medium-sized weevils characterized by their typical curculionid body plan with an elongated rostrum. Species within Baris are associated with various host plants, with some species documented as pests of agricultural crops including sunflowers. The genus has a primarily Nearctic distribution, with species occurring across North America.
Cactoblastis
Cactoblastis is a genus of snout moths (Pyralidae) described by Émile Louis Ragonot in 1901. The genus contains five described species native to South America, with C. cactorum being the most extensively studied due to its historical role as a biological control agent. Larvae are specialized internal feeders on cactus cladodes, and the genus is notable for complex collective behaviors in neonate caterpillars. C. cactorum was famously introduced to Australia in 1925 to control invasive prickly pear cacti, achieving significant success, though later spreading to threaten native Opuntia species in other regions.
LepidopteraPyralidaebiological-controlOpuntiacactus-mothherbivorysocial-behaviorinvasive-speciesclassical-biological-controlSouth-AmericaAustraliaFloridaneonate-aggregationegg-stickinternal-feedermeristem-feedermandibular-gland-markingtrail-followingcontagious-distributionpopulation-regulationhost-specificityecosystem-impacthistorical-ecologypestconservation-concernCarposina
Carposina is a genus of small moths in the family Carposinidae, containing approximately 100 described species distributed across multiple continents. The genus includes significant agricultural pests, notably Carposina sasakii (peach fruit moth), whose larvae bore into fruits of Rosaceae and Rhamnaceae. Species exhibit internal fruit-feeding habits as larvae and complete metamorphosis with documented digestive tract reconstruction during pupation to accommodate dietary shifts from solid to liquid food.
Cerodontha dorsalis
grass sheathminer, grass sheathminer fly
Cerodontha dorsalis is a leaf miner fly in the family Agromyzidae, commonly known as the grass sheathminer. Larvae bore between the layers of grass blades and leaves of sedges and rushes, creating internal mines. The species exhibits two color forms: a pale eastern form and a dark western form, with intermediate forms where distributions overlap. It has a broad geographic range spanning the Nearctic, Palearctic, and Neotropical regions.
Cerodontha saintandrewsensis
Cerodontha saintandrewsensis is a species of leaf-miner fly in the family Agromyzidae. The genus Cerodontha comprises small flies whose larvae create distinctive feeding patterns by boring between the layers of grass blades and leaves of sedges and rushes. This species was documented during blacklighting surveys in Leavenworth, Kansas, in early spring 2024.
Coenopoeus palmeri
Coenopoeus palmeri is a cactus-associated longhorn beetle (Cerambycidae: Lamiinae) and the sole member of its genus. Described by LeConte in 1873, it is specialized on staghorn cacti (Cylindropuntia spp.), with larvae mining internally within cactus stems and adults feeding externally at night. The species is found in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, with adults active primarily in spring and summer.
Coptotriche
A genus of trumpet leaf-miner moths in the family Tischeriidae, described by Walsingham in 1890. Species in this genus are stenophagous leaf miners with larvae that feed internally within leaves, creating distinctive blotch or trumpet-shaped mines. The genus has been documented across multiple continents including the Neotropics, South America, Madagascar, and East Asia, with host-plant associations spanning several plant families including Sapindaceae, Combretaceae, Asteraceae, Nyssaceae, Staphyleaceae, Symplocaceae, and Theaceae.
Cylas
sweet potato weevils
Cylas is a genus of sweet potato weevils comprising over 20 described species, classified in the monogeneric tribe Cyladini within the subfamily Brentinae. The genus contains major agricultural pests, particularly Cylas formicarius, which is considered the most serious pest of sweet potato worldwide. Several species including C. formicarius, C. brunneus, and C. puncticollis are known to infest sweet potato crops, causing substantial economic losses through damage to storage roots and vines.
Cylindrocopturus quercus
Cylindrocopturus quercus is a species of twig and stem weevil in the tribe Zygopini, family Curculionidae. It is native to North America and associated with oak hosts (Quercus). As a member of the Zygopini, it likely exhibits the typical life history of twig-boring weevils, with larvae developing within woody stems.
Diatraea
sugarcane borer, stalk borer
Diatraea is a genus of moths in the family Crambidae comprising approximately 40 described species. The genus is best known for several economically important stalk-boring pests of grass crops, particularly sugarcane, corn, sorghum, and rice. Larvae tunnel within plant stems, causing reduced yield, lodging, and increased susceptibility to pathogens. Several species have been the focus of extensive biological control programs, notably using parasitoid wasps such as Cotesia flavipes and Trichogramma galloi. The genus is distributed throughout the Americas from the southern United States to Argentina.
Dryophthorinae
Dryophthorinae is a subfamily of weevils (Curculionidae) comprising approximately 1,200 species in 153 genera and ten tribes. The subfamily includes numerous economically significant agricultural pests, particularly of palms, bananas, rice, maize, sugarcane, and bromeliads. Many species are distributed in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, with several having achieved global distributions through international trade in ornamental and agricultural plants. The taxonomic status of Dryophthorinae remains contested; while traditionally treated as a subfamily, at least one major revision has elevated it to family rank as Dryophthoridae.
Etiella zinckenella
pulse pod borer moth, Gold-banded Etiella Moth, limabean pod borer
Etiella zinckenella is a pyralid moth and significant agricultural pest of leguminous crops. Native to southern and eastern Europe, it has spread throughout tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and Asia, with introduced populations in North America and Australia. Larvae feed internally on developing seeds within pods, causing direct damage to economically important crops including soybean, mung bean, cowpea, pigeonpea, and common bean. The species is subject to substantial biological control pressure from multiple hymenopteran parasitoids.
Eucosma awemeana
Eucosma awemeana is a species of tortricid moth in the family Tortricidae, described by William D. Kearfott in 1907. The species belongs to the large genus Eucosma, which contains numerous small moths commonly known as phaneta or eucosma moths. As with most members of Olethreutinae, the larvae are likely internal feeders within plant tissues, though specific host associations for this species remain poorly documented.
Euzophera
snout moths
Euzophera is a genus of snout moths (Pyralidae) established by Philipp Christoph Zeller in 1867. The genus comprises approximately 70 described species distributed across multiple continents, with larvae that typically bore into plant tissues. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests, including stem borers of solanaceous crops and fruit borers of pomegranate. The genus exhibits considerable diversity in host plant associations, ranging from monophagous specialists to oligophagous generalists within particular plant families.
Gelechiidae
twirler moths, gelechiid moths
Gelechiidae is a large family of small moths, commonly known as twirler moths, that serves as the namesake family for the superfamily Gelechioidea. The family contains over 4,500 described species across more than 900 genera, with particularly high diversity in North America. Members are characterized by their small size, narrow fringed wings, and larvae that typically feed internally on host plant tissues. Many species are significant agricultural pests, while others have been employed for biological control of invasive plants.
Geomyza
frit flies
Geomyza is a genus of frit flies in the family Opomyzidae, comprising at least 30 described species. The genus includes economically significant agricultural pests, notably Geomyza tripunctata, whose larvae feed internally on grasses and cereals, killing the central shoot. These flies are distributed across the Holarctic region, with documented occurrences in Europe and North America. Larvae serve as hosts for hymenopterous parasitoids in grassland ecosystems.
Grapholita
Grapholita is a large genus of tortrix moths comprising approximately 126 recognized species. Established by Georg Friedrich Treitschke in 1829, it serves as the type genus for the tribe Grapholitini within subfamily Olethreutinae. The genus includes several economically significant agricultural pests, notably the Oriental fruit moth (G. molesta), plum moth (G. funebrana), and Eurasian hemp borer (G. delineana), which infest fruits and reproductive structures of host plants. Species delimitation between Grapholita and the related genus Cydia remains under investigation.
Hendecaneura
Hendecaneura is a genus of tortricid moths in the subfamily Olethreutinae, established by Walsingham in 1900. The genus contains seven described species distributed primarily in Asia and North America. At least one species, H. shawiana, is a documented agricultural pest of blueberry. Most species were described by Walsingham in 1900 from material collected in Asia.
Hendecaneura shawiana
Blueberry Tip Borer Moth
Hendecaneura shawiana is a tortricid moth commonly known as the blueberry tip borer. It is a univoltine species with one generation per year. The larvae are specialized feeders that bore into the shoot tips of blueberry plants, causing characteristic dieback damage. It is recognized as a pest of cultivated blueberry in northeastern North America.
Isophrictis rudbeckiella
Isophrictis rudbeckiella is a gelechiid moth described by Bottimer in 1926. It is recorded from the south-central and midwestern United States, with a wingspan of 11.5–16 mm. The species is associated with Rudbeckia maxima, on which its larvae develop within flowerheads.
Japanagromyza
Japanagromyza is a genus of leaf-mining flies in the family Agromyzidae, comprising more than 80 described species. Species occur across the Oriental, Afrotropical, Neotropical, and Palaearctic regions. Larvae are internal feeders, with documented habits including leaf-mining and seed-feeding on diverse host plants. Several species are recognized as pests of economically or ecologically significant plants, including orchids and legumes.
Lasioptera
Lasioptera is a genus of gall midges in the family Cecidomyiidae containing at least 140 described species. Species in this genus are primarily known for inducing galls on host plants, with larvae developing inside plant tissues. Some species have established complex relationships with fungi, including ambrosia fungus feeding. Several species are significant agricultural pests, including the Mediterranean tomato gall midge (L. tomaticola) and a stem-boring pest on tomatoes reported from Greece and Turkey. The genus has a wide geographic distribution spanning Europe, Asia, North America, and other regions, with host associations including Rubus (raspberry/blackberry), tomato, Arundo donax (giant reed), Leea indica, and various other plants.
Liriomyza venegasiae
Liriomyza venegasiae is a species of leaf-mining fly in the family Agromyzidae, described by Spencer in 1981. The species is known from California, USA, and is one of numerous Liriomyza species that create feeding tunnels (mines) within leaf tissue. Like other members of the genus, the larvae are internal feeders that mine between the upper and lower epidermis of leaves.
Macroxyelinae
macroxyelid sawflies
Macroxyelinae is a small subfamily of sawflies within the family Xyelidae, one of the most basal lineages of Hymenoptera. The group contains two extant genera, Macroxyela and Megaxyela, with approximately six described species. These insects are characterized by their relatively large body size compared to other xyelid sawflies and their association with specific host plants, primarily hickories and walnuts (Juglandaceae). Macroxyelinae represents an ancient relict lineage with a primarily Holarctic distribution.
Megathymus
giant-skippers
Megathymus is a genus of large skippers in the family Hesperiidae, commonly called giant-skippers. The genus contains approximately 6 recognized species distributed across North America from the southeastern United States to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Members of this genus are notable for their relatively large size among skippers and their specialized association with Yucca plants. The genus was established by Scudder in 1872.
Melitara dentata
Blue Cactus Borer, North American Cactus Moth
A pyralid moth native to western North America, ranging from Alberta to southern Arizona and central Texas, with introduced populations in Hawaii. Adults have a wingspan of 32–50 mm. The species has one generation per year and is specialized on Opuntia cacti as larval hosts.
Mompha bottimeri
Bottimer's Mompha
Mompha bottimeri is a small moth in the family Momphidae, first described by August Busck in 1940. The species is named in honor of T. N. Bottimer, a Texas entomologist who collected the type specimens. It belongs to a genus of moths whose larvae are predominantly internal feeders on plant tissues, particularly stems and fruits. The species has been documented primarily from Texas and neighboring regions in the southern United States.
Moneilema annulatum
cactus beetle, ambulated cactus beetle
Moneilema annulatum is a flightless cactus beetle in the family Cerambycidae, first described by Thomas Say in 1824. Adults are found almost exclusively on opuntioid cacti (prickly pears and chollas), where they feed on plant tissues and flowers. Larvae tunnel within cactus stems, often causing visible damage in the form of hardened black exudate. The species occurs across western North America from the Great Plains to the Pacific coast.
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ambigua
Violet Leafmining Sawfly
Nefusa ambigua, commonly known as the violet leafmining sawfly, is a species of sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae. The larvae are specialized leafminers that feed internally within the leaves of Viola species (violets). This species has been documented across multiple Canadian provinces and is known for its distinctive larval habit of creating mines within violet foliage.
Ophiomyia
Ophiomyia is a genus of leaf-mining flies in the family Agromyzidae, established by Brazhnikov in 1897. The genus contains over 200 described species distributed worldwide, with particularly significant agricultural impact in tropical and subtropical regions. Several species, notably O. phaseoli, O. spencerella, and O. centrosematis, are major pests of leguminous crops, with larvae feeding internally in stems and leaves. The genus exhibits diverse host associations across multiple plant families, though many species show specialization on particular host genera.
Oscinella
frit flies
Oscinella is a genus of small flies in the family Chloropidae, commonly known as frit flies. The genus contains multiple species, several of which are significant agricultural pests of cereal crops and pasture grasses. The most economically important species is O. frit, which attacks oats, wheat, and other cereals. Species within the genus exhibit distinct flight behaviors and host plant preferences, with some being migratory and others sedentary.
Papaipema speciosissima
osmunda borer, regal fern borer
Papaipema speciosissima is a noctuid moth commonly known as the osmunda borer or regal fern borer. The species was described in 1868 and is native to North America. As a member of the genus Papaipema, it is a fern-boring moth whose larvae develop inside fern stems or rhizomes. The specific epithet 'speciosissima' (most beautiful) suggests distinctive appearance among congeners.
Papaipema stenocelis
Chain Fern Borer Moth, chain fern borer
Papaipema stenocelis, known as the chain fern borer moth, is a noctuid moth native to North America. The species is a member of the genus Papaipema, a group of borers that specialize in feeding internally on the stems and roots of ferns and other plants. Its common name references its association with chain ferns (Woodwardia spp.). The species was described by Harrison Gray Dyar in 1907.
Pelochrista nandana
Pelochrista nandana is a species of tortricid moth in the tribe Eucosmini, originally described as Eucosma nandana by Kearfott in 1907. It belongs to a large genus of small moths whose larvae typically feed internally in plant stems, roots, or reproductive structures. The species is rarely documented in scientific literature and appears infrequently in observation databases.
Phtheochroa
Phtheochroa is a genus of tortricid moths in the tribe Cochylini. Species in this genus are generally small to medium-sized with relatively plain forewing patterns. The genus occurs primarily in the Holarctic region, with most species described from the Palearctic. Larval stages are associated with various herbaceous plants and shrubs.
Phymatopus hectoides
Orange-Lined Ghost Moth
Phymatopus hectoides is a small ghost moth in the family Hepialidae, described by Boisduval in 1868. It occurs in the western United States, where adults are active in late spring and summer. The larvae are known to feed on a diverse range of host plants, boring into shoots and roots.
Phytomyza
Phytomyza is a genus of leaf-mining flies in the family Agromyzidae, comprising at least 170 described species. Larvae develop as miners within living plant leaves, creating distinctive serpentine or blotchy galleries between the upper and lower epidermis. Adults are small, typically black or dark-colored flies resembling tiny houseflies. The genus exhibits high host specificity, with individual species often restricted to particular plant genera or families.
Phytomyza aquilegiana
columbine leafminer
Phytomyza aquilegiana, commonly known as the columbine leafminer, is a species of leaf-mining fly in the family Agromyzidae. The species is found in the Southeastern United States, with additional records from Vermont. Like other Phytomyza species, the larvae feed internally within leaf tissue, creating distinctive serpentine mines. The specific host plant associations and detailed biology of this species remain poorly documented compared to its congeners.
Phytomyza nepetae
Phytomyza nepetae is a species of leaf-mining fly in the family Agromyzidae, described by Hendel in 1922. As a member of the genus Phytomyza, it shares the characteristic biology of internal leaf-feeding larvae that create distinctive mines within host plant foliage. The specific epithet 'nepetae' suggests an association with Nepeta (catmint) species, though detailed host records are limited. Distribution records indicate presence in the northeastern United States, including Vermont.
Prodoxus coloradensis
Prodoxus coloradensis is a small yucca moth in the family Prodoxidae, distributed across the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Unlike its pollinating relatives, this species is a commensalist herbivore that feeds on yucca flowering stalks without providing pollination service. The species exhibits host-associated genetic divergence and incipient speciation across its three known host plants, with evidence of female philopatry and sex-biased dispersal.
Prodoxus decipiens
Bogus Yucca Moth
Prodoxus decipiens is a bogus yucca moth (family Prodoxidae) that specializes on Yucca host plants. Unlike mutualistic yucca moths, this species does not pollinate its host but instead lays eggs in flowering stalks where larvae develop internally. Host use is constrained by both ecological availability and intrinsic host plant characteristics; larvae successfully complete development only on specific Yucca species. The species exhibits strong host specialization, with populations typically associated with particular Yucca hosts such as Yucca filamentosa.
Profenusa
oak mining sawflies, birch leafmining sawflies
Profenusa is a genus of leaf-mining sawflies in the family Tenthredinidae. Species in this genus are primarily associated with trees in the genera Quercus (oaks) and Betula (birches), though at least one species, P. japonica, has been documented on Rosa multiflora. Larvae are internal leaf miners that feed on mesophyll tissue, creating blotch mines. Several species are economically significant as forest and urban pests, including the invasive P. pygmaea in Kazakhstan and P. thomsoni in North America.
Proteoteras
boxelder twig borer moth, maple twig borer moth
Proteoteras is a genus of tortricid moths in the subfamily Olethreutinae, commonly known as twig borer moths. The genus includes at least eight described species, several of which are economically significant pests of maple and boxelder trees. Larvae tunnel in twigs, petioles, and seeds, causing terminal dieback and structural damage. The genus was established by Riley in 1881, with P. aesculana as the type species.
Proteoteras aesculana
maple twig borer, maple tip moth, early proteoteras, Maple Twig Borer Moth
Proteoteras aesculana is a small tortricid moth known as the maple twig borer or maple tip moth. It is a significant pest of maple trees in production nurseries, where larval feeding causes tip dieback and kills the central leader. The species has a broad North American distribution spanning from coast to coast in the northern United States and scattered locations across southern Canada.
Recurvaria
Recurvaria is a genus of small moths in the family Gelechiidae, established by Haworth in 1828. The genus contains approximately 40 described species distributed across the Holarctic region. Several species are economically significant as pests of coniferous trees and pistachio, with larvae that mine needles or feed internally within fruits. The genus exhibits diverse life history strategies, including univoltine and bivoltine cycles, with some species requiring two years to complete development.
Retinia albicapitana
Northern Pitch Twig Moth
Retinia albicapitana, the northern pitch twig moth, is a small tortricid moth specialized on Pinus species. It occurs across boreal and northern temperate North America, with a two-year life cycle. The species is notable for its extended larval development and association with coniferous forest ecosystems.