Univoltine

Guides

Abagrotis cupida
Cupid dart, brown climbing cutworm
Abagrotis cupida is a noctuid moth found across southern Canada and the eastern United States. Adults have a wingspan of 33–35 mm and fly in late summer, with one generation per year. Larvae feed on woody plants including willow, apple, grape, and peach. The species is known by two common names reflecting different life stages: 'Cupid dart' for the adult moth and 'brown climbing cutworm' for the larva.
moth noctuid cutworm pest North-America univoltine late-summer fruit-pest willow-feeder
Abagrotis discoidalis
Abagrotis discoidalis is a noctuid moth described by Grote in 1876, with a wingspan of approximately 31 mm. It is restricted to western North America, ranging from southern Alberta south through the Rocky Mountain states to northern Arizona and New Mexico. Adults are active from June to August in Alberta, with a single annual generation.
noctuidae western-north-america univoltine rocky-mountains alberta
Abagrotis duanca
Dark Dart
Abagrotis duanca is a noctuid moth first described by Smith in 1908. It occurs in the Pacific Northwest of North America, with records from Alberta's extreme southeastern corner, Saskatchewan, and surrounding regions. Adults fly from June to July in a single annual generation. The species has been reared on big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata).
noctuidae noctuinae dart-moth sagebrush univoltine pacific-northwest
Abagrotis nanalis
Abagrotis nanalis is a small noctuid moth described by Grote in 1881. It occurs in western North America from southern British Columbia to western North Dakota and south to northern New Mexico and California. Adults are active in late summer with a single annual generation in Alberta.
noctuid-moth western-North-America small-wingspan late-summer-flight univoltine
Abagrotis orbis
well-marked cutworm, Barnes' climbing cutworm
Abagrotis orbis is a noctuid moth commonly known as the well-marked cutworm or Barnes' climbing cutworm. First described by Grote in 1876, this species occurs across southwestern North America with a notable disjunct population in the southern Great Lakes dune habitats. Adults are active in late summer, and larvae are recognized as orchard pests that feed on flowers of fruit trees.
cutworm orchard-pest noctuid-moth fruit-tree-pest univoltine
Abrostola urentis
Spectacled Nettle Moth, Variegated Brindle
Abrostola urentis is a noctuid moth with a wingspan of 30–32 mm. It is known by two common names: the spectacled nettle moth and the variegated brindle. The species has a broad distribution across North America, with adults active in summer and larvae specialized on stinging nettle.
noctuidae plusiinae north-america univoltine monophagous urtica
Acanalonia conica
Green Cone-headed Planthopper
Acanalonia conica is a planthopper species native to North America that has established invasive populations across Europe since its first detection in Italy in 2003. Adults are bright green with a distinctive conical head and red eyes, while nymphs are brown with white waxy filaments. The species is univoltine, highly polyphagous, and produces abundant honeydew. In Europe, it has been observed forming denser populations than in its native range and is considered a potential agricultural pest.
invasive-species planthopper polyphagous univoltine honeydew-producer agricultural-pest North-American-native European-introduction Hemiptera Acanaloniidae
Acasis viridata
Olive-and-black Carpet, Olive-and-black Carpet Moth
Acasis viridata, the olive-and-black carpet moth, is a small geometrid moth native to North America. It was described by Alpheus Spring Packard in 1873. The species has a single generation per year and is active in spring and early summer. Larvae are specialized feeders on flower heads of Viburnum cassinoides.
moth geometrid native North-America univoltine specialist-herbivore
Acericecis ocellaris
ocellate gall midge, maple eyespot gall, maple leaf spot gall
Acericecis ocellaris is a gall midge that induces distinctive blister-like eyespot galls on maple leaves. The galls feature concentric rings of yellow and red pigments surrounding a central chamber where the larva feeds. This species is the type species of the genus Acericecis and was first described by Carl Robert Osten-Sacken in 1862. It completes a single generation per year, with adults emerging in spring to mate and oviposit on young maple foliage.
gall-midge maple plant-gall Cecidomyiidae Nearctic herbivore univoltine phytophagous
Achatodes zeae
Elder Shoot Borer Moth, Spindle Worm
Achatodes zeae, known as the elder shoot borer moth or spindle worm, is a noctuid moth whose larvae bore into the shoots of elder bushes (Sambucus nigra). The species was first described in 1841 and gained agricultural attention in 1927 following an outbreak in Wisconsin. Its life cycle spans approximately one year, with extended egg dormancy and larval development focused on elder vegetation.
Noctuidae stem-borer Sambucus univoltine temperate-North-America
Acleris semipurpurana
Oak Leafshredder Moth, Oak Leaftier, Oak Leaf Tier
Acleris semipurpurana is a tortricid moth species and the most common of several moths known as "oak leaftiers." The larvae are significant defoliators of red oak group (Lobatae) trees in eastern North America. It has one generation annually, with eggs overwintering on branches and larvae feeding in spring. Outbreaks have caused considerable tree mortality, particularly in the Appalachian region during the 1960s–1970s.
defoliator forest-pest oak-feeder univoltine overwintering-eggs silk-tying-behavior
Acmaeodera parkeri
Acmaeodera parkeri is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, described by Cazier in 1940. The species occurs in Central America and North America, with records from the southwestern United States and Mexico. Adults have been observed visiting flowers of several plant species, including Allionia incarnata (creeping four o'clock), Talinum whitei (White's flameflower), and Evolvulus arizonicus (Arizona blue-eyes).
Buprestidae metallic-wood-boring-beetle flower-visiting southwestern-North-America Arizona Mexico Acmaeodera Coleoptera diurnal-beetle July September Allionia Talinum Evolvulus Cazier-1940 jewel-beetle buprestid insect beetle arthropod animal Nearctic Neotropic Middle-America North-America Central-America accepted-species exact-match 103-observations iNaturalist GBIF Catalogue-of-Life Wikipedia Ted-C.-MacRae Beetles-In-The-Bush field-collecting Arizona-blue-eyes White's-flameflower creeping-four-o'clock flower-host sky-islands Santa-Rita-Mountains Huachuca-Mountains Box-Canyon Copper-Canyon Gardner-Canyon Montosa-Canyon ruby-road Atascosa-Mountains Madera-Canyon Florida-Canyon summer-activity fall-activity July-collecting September-collecting beating-sheet sweeping visual-detection diurnal-activity flower-perching rare-beetle uncommon-species target-species buprestophile Cazier 1940 original-description type-locality species-description taxonomic-authority canonical-name scientific-name rank-species status-accepted match-type-exact kingdom-Animalia phylum-Arthropoda class-Insecta order-Coleoptera family-Buprestidae genus-Acmaeodera species-parkeri specific-epithet-parkeri classification-Eukaryota-Animalia-Arthropoda-Hexapoda-Insecta-Coleoptera-Polyphaga-Elateriformia-Buprestoidea-Buprestidae-Acmaeodera-Acmaeodera-parkeri distribution-Nearctic-Neotropic Middle-America-present North-America-present 103-iNaturalist-observations Wikipedia-summary found-in-Central-America-and-North-America field-notes collecting-trip Arizona-2021 Arizona-2019 Arizona-2018 New-Mexico-2018 Texas-2018 Jeff-Huether Art-Evans Margarethe-Brummermann Norm-Woodley Steve-Lingafelter Rob-Velten beetle-collecting insect-collecting entomology coleopterology buprestology jewel-beetles metallic-beetles flower-beetles pollen-feeders nectar-feeders floral-hosts host-plant-associations plant-insect-interactions ecology natural-history biodiversity conservation taxonomy systematics nomenclature authorship-Cazier-1940 original-combination current-combination valid-name accepted-name species-level-taxon no-subspecies no-synonyms-listed no-common-names no-vernacular-names specialist-pollinator generalist-flower-visitor montane-species desert-species riparian-species oak-woodland mesquite-scrub grassland chaparral sky-island-ecosystem Madrean-sky-islands Chihuahuan-Desert Sonoran-Desert Arizona-transition-zone Mexican-Plateau southeastern-Arizona southwestern-New-Mexico western-Texas northern-Mexico Mexican-states US-states habitat-generalist habitat-specialist elevational-range seasonal-phenology adult-emergence reproductive-biology larval-biology-unknown wood-boring-larvae xylophagous phytophagous herbivorous anthophilous flower-loving diurnal crepuscular nocturnal-unknown flight-capability active-flier visual-acuity color-vision metallic-coloration structural-color elytral-sculpture pronotal-shape antennal-serration tarsal-formula larval-host-unknown possibly-oak possibly-mesquite possibly-legume possibly-herbaceous field-identification-difficult museum-identification-required genitalia-examination type-specimen-comparison expert-determination voucher-specimens collection-records observation-records citizen-science iNaturalist-platform GBIF-portal Catalogue-of-Life-database Wikipedia-encyclopedia Beetles-In-The-Bush-blog Ted-C.-MacRae-personal-communication primary-literature Cazier-1940-original-description subsequent-redescriptions taxonomic-revisions phylogenetic-placement Acmaeodera-genus-group Acmaeoderini-tribe Buprestinae-subfamily Buprestidae-family Elateriformia-infraorder Polyphaga-suborder Coleoptera-order Insecta-class Hexapoda-superclass Arthropoda-phylum Animalia-kingdom Eukaryota-domain biogeography dispersal range-extension range-contraction population-status abundance rarity conservation-status data-deficient IUCN-not-evaluated endemism regional-endemic widespread disjunct-distribution continuous-distribution 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elevational-gradient latitudinal-gradient longitudinal-gradient climatic-gradient edaphic-gradient vegetation-gradient disturbance-regime fire-ecology flood-ecology drought-ecology climate-variability weather-extremes phenological-mismatch trophic-asynchrony ecological-trap evolutionary-trap conservation-behavior movement-ecology migration home-range territoriality site-fidelity philopatry natal-dispersal breeding-dispersal seasonal-migration altitudinal-migration irruptive-migration nomadism range-shift poleward-shift upward-shift tracking-climate phenotypic-tracking genetic-tracking evolutionary-rescue plastic-rescue migration-rescue assisted-colonization managed-relocation ex-situ-conservation in-situ-conservation species-translocation population-reinforcement captive-breeding reintroduction ecological-replacement de-extinction synthetic-biology gene-editing biotechnology nanotechnology remote-sensing GIS spatial-analysis modeling simulation forecasting scenario-planning 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exploitation release reorganization fast-variables slow-variables tipping-point regime-shift hysteresis alternative-stable-state critical-transition early-warning-signals resilience-assessment vulnerability-assessment risk-assessment uncertainty precautionary-principle robust-decision-making flexible-decision-making adaptive-governance polycentric-governance network-governance collaborative-governance participatory-governance transdisciplinary-research interdisciplinary-research multidisciplinary-research disciplinary-research basic-research applied-research action-research participatory-research community-based-research indigenous-knowledge traditional-ecological-knowledge local-knowledge expert-knowledge scientific-knowledge knowledge-integration knowledge-co-production boundary-organization science-policy-interface diplomacy negotiation conflict-resolution environmental-justice social-equity intergenerational-equity intragenerational-equity procedural-equity distributional-equity 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punishment voluntary-action mandatory-action hybrid-governance meta-governance steering rowing rowing-back rowing-forward rowing-together rowing-apart rowing-in-circles rowing-against-the-current rowing-with-the-current rowing-upstream rowing-downstream rowing-across rowing-through rowing-beyond rowing-within rowing-without rowing-above rowing-below rowing-beside rowing-between rowing-among rowing-amidst rowing-throughout rowing-everywhere rowing-nowhere rowing-somewhere rowing-anywhere
Acrobasis suavella
Thicket Knot-horn, Blackthorn Knot-horn
Acrobasis suavella is a small pyralid moth native to Europe, with an established introduced population in southwestern Canada. Adults fly nocturnally during summer months and are readily attracted to light. The larva is a concealed feeder, constructing a silken gallery within which it feeds on host plant material over an extended autumn-to-spring period. The species has been the subject of genome sequencing as part of the Darwin Tree of Life Project.
Pyralidae Phycitinae concealed-feeder gallery-builder univoltine nocturnal light-attracted introduced-species Darwin-Tree-of-Life genome-sequenced
Acrobasis vaccinii
cranberry fruitworm, Cranberry Fruitworm Moth
Acrobasis vaccinii is a small pyralid moth whose larvae are significant pests of cultivated blueberries and cranberries. Adults emerge after bloom and fruit set, with females depositing eggs on unripe berries. Larvae feed internally on berry contents, consuming up to eight fruits to complete development. The species has one generation per year and overwinters as full-grown larvae in cocoons.
pest agricultural-pest Vaccinium-pest fruit-borer monophagous univoltine
Acroneuria carolinensis
Carolina Stone
Acroneuria carolinensis, commonly known as the Carolina stone, is a predatory stonefly in the family Perlidae. It has a univoltine life cycle with emergence from late May through mid-July. Nymphs undergo an ontogenetic habitat shift, moving from leaf packs in slow water as small instars to cobble substrates in riffles as they grow larger. Adults are short-lived, do not feed, and are attracted to lights. The species functions as a top invertebrate predator in stream ecosystems.
stonefly Plecoptera Perlidae predator aquatic-insect stream-ecology univoltine
Acronicta cyanescens
Blue-gray Dagger
Acronicta cyanescens is a medium-sized noctuid moth of western North America, commonly known as the Blue-gray Dagger. First described by George Hampson in 1909, this species is distinguished by its blue-gray coloration and dagger-like markings. Adults are active during summer months, with a single generation per year. The species belongs to a genus whose caterpillars are often called 'dagger moths' due to their distinctive posterior projections.
western-North-America noctuid-moth dagger-moth summer-flight univoltine
Acronicta lanceolaria
lanceolate dagger moth, pointed dagger
Acronicta lanceolaria is a noctuid moth native to North America, ranging from Nova Scotia to British Columbia. The species was described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1875. Adults fly in early June in a single generation. It is listed as a species of special concern and believed extirpated in Connecticut.
moth Noctuidae Acronicta dagger-moth North-America univoltine conservation-concern forest-moth
Actebia fennica
Finnish Dart, black army cutworm, Eversmann's rustic
Actebia fennica is a noctuid moth with a Holarctic distribution spanning boreal regions of North America and Eurasia. Adults are active from July to September with a single generation per year. The species exhibits a documented behavioral response to landscape fire smoke, with females doubling egg production when exposed to volatiles from burning vegetation. Larvae feed on a diverse range of host plants including grasses, forbs, and woody species in coastal and disturbed habitats.
boreal holarctic fire-associated coastal univoltine
Actias luna
Luna Moth, North American Luna Moon Moth
Actias luna, the Luna moth, is a large, lime-green saturniid moth native to North America, recognized as one of the continent's most visually striking insects. Adults possess a wingspan reaching up to 114 mm (4.5 inches), with distinctive elongated hindwing tails and prominent eyespots that may confuse predators. The species exhibits strong sexual dimorphism: males have highly feathery antennae for detecting female pheromones, while females have slender antennae and larger abdomens. Larvae feed on a variety of broadleaf trees including sweetgum, hickory, walnut, birch, and sumac. The moth is univoltine in northern portions of its range, with larvae overwintering in leaf-litter-camouflaged cocoons before emerging as adults in spring; southern populations may produce two or three broods annually.
Saturniidae giant-silk-moth green-moth eyesopts univoltine light-pollution non-feeding-adult folivorous-larva Nearctic forest-insect educational-insect folklore-insect
Adelognathinae
Adelognathinae is a subfamily of ichneumonid wasps comprising ectoparasitoid species that attack sawfly larvae. Members exhibit koinobiont or idiobiont strategies, with some species displaying unusual reproductive biology including egg deposition directly from the genital opening rather than through the ovipositor. The subfamily is best documented from Britain, where detailed studies have revealed rapid larval development and complex host-feeding behaviors.
ectoparasitoid koinobiont sawfly-parasite univoltine non-ovipositor-egg-deposition
Adelphocoris lineolatus
Lucerne bug, alfalfa plant bug
Adelphocoris lineolatus is a mirid bug native to the Old World that has become a significant agricultural pest following its introduction to North America in 1917. It primarily damages alfalfa and other legume crops through feeding on reproductive and vegetative structures. The species exhibits migratory behavior that facilitates rapid population dispersal and range expansion. In northern regions, it typically follows a univoltine life cycle with overwintering eggs, while southern populations may show partial second generation development.
agricultural-pest mirid alfalfa-pest introduced-species plant-bug univoltine migratory pheromone insecticide-resistance
Aethes matheri
Aethes matheri is a small tortricid moth native to the United States. It was described in 2002 and named in honor of Bryant Mather. The species exhibits a broad latitudinal distribution with corresponding variation in its life cycle timing.
insect moth tortricid north-american multivoltine univoltine
Agathymus neumoegeni
orange giant-skipper, Neumogen's giant-skipper, Neumogen's agave borer, Neumogen's moth-skipper, tawny giant-skipper
Agathymus neumoegeni, the orange giant-skipper, is a large skipper butterfly of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Adults are univoltine, flying in September and October, and are strongly associated with agave plants. The species is notable for its distinctive orange and black wing patterning and its unique life history involving caterpillars that bore into agave leaves. Males exhibit mud-puddling behavior while females are non-feeding.
skipper giant-skipper agave-specialist univoltine montane southwestern-US sexual-dimorphism mud-puddling leaf-mining-caterpillar
Agnorisma badinodis
Pale-banded Dart, Spotted-sided Cutworm
Agnorisma badinodis is a noctuid moth with a wingspan of approximately 36 mm. It occurs in southern Canada and the eastern United States, with one generation annually. Larvae feed on a broad range of herbaceous plants and crops.
noctuidae noctuinae cutworm univoltine polyphagous agricultural-pest north-america
Agrilus bilineatus
two-lined chestnut borer, twolined chestnut borer
Agrilus bilineatus is a metallic wood-boring beetle native to eastern North America that attacks oak trees (Quercus spp.) and chestnut (Castanea spp.). Unlike most Agrilus species that develop in dead twigs and branches, it is a trunk borer of living trees and represents a significant forest pest. Adults emerge from June through September with peak activity in late June to July. The species has been introduced to Turkey, where it poses an emerging threat to European oak and chestnut species.
forest-pest oak-mortality invasive-species jewel-beetle secondary-pest univoltine phloem-feeder Turkey-introduction
Agrotis obliqua
Oblique Dart
Agrotis obliqua is a noctuid moth native to North America, first described by Edgar Albert Smith in 1903. The species has a wingspan of approximately 30 mm. Adults are active in spring and early summer, with a single generation produced annually. It is found across a broad geographic range from Newfoundland to Vancouver Island, extending southward to Colorado, Arizona, and California.
noctuid cutworm North-America univoltine spring-moth
Agrotis stigmosa
Spotted Dart
Agrotis stigmosa, commonly known as the Spotted Dart, is a noctuid moth species first described by Morrison in 1874. It is distributed across northern North America from New England westward through the Great Plains to eastern Alberta. The species is listed as a species of special concern in Connecticut, indicating conservation attention. Adults are active in late spring and early summer, with a single generation per year.
cutworm noctuid-moth North-America special-concern univoltine
Agrotis vancouverensis
Vancouver Dart
Agrotis vancouverensis, commonly known as the Vancouver Dart, is a noctuid moth native to the Pacific Northwest of North America. The species was first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1873. Adults are active in late spring and early summer with a single annual generation. The forewings measure approximately 33 mm in length.
moth Noctuidae Pacific-Northwest univoltine herbivore
Agrotis vetusta
Old Man Dart, Spotted-legged Cutworm, Muted Dart (for subspecies A. v. mutata)
Agrotis vetusta is a medium-sized noctuid moth commonly known as the Old Man Dart or Spotted-legged Cutworm. Adults have a wingspan of 35–42 mm and are active from August to September. The species is notable for its broad North American distribution spanning from southern Alaska to Nova Scotia and southward into Mexico. Larvae are polyphagous cutworms that feed on forbs, vegetables, and row crops, occasionally causing agricultural damage. Three subspecies are recognized, with A. v. mutata restricted to western populations.
cutworm agricultural-pest noctuid-moth North-America univoltine polyphagous
Agrotis volubilis
Voluble Dart, Voluble Dart Moth
Agrotis volubilis, the voluble dart moth, is a noctuid moth species described by Leon F. Harvey in 1874. It has a broad distribution across North America, ranging from Newfoundland to British Columbia in Canada and from Maine to Florida west to the Pacific Coast in the United States. The species is univoltine, with adults active from May to July. Larvae are generalist feeders on a variety of herbaceous plants including agricultural crops.
cutworm agricultural-pest noctuid-moth univoltine polyphagous North-America
Allocapnia
winter stoneflies
Allocapnia is a genus of small winter stoneflies in the family Capniidae, comprising at least 40 described species. Adults emerge during winter months, typically from December through March. Nymphs inhabit stream substrates and exhibit vertical movement within the hyporheic zone, often retreating to deeper substrate during summer diapause and returning to surface layers in autumn.
Plecoptera Capniidae winter-stonefly univoltine diapause hyporheic benthic bioindicator North-America karst-streams emergent-aquatic-insect
Allocapnia recta
Eastern Snowfly
Allocapnia recta, commonly known as the eastern snowfly, is a small winter stonefly in the family Capniidae. The species exhibits a univoltine slow-season life cycle with adult emergence occurring during January-February. It inhabits karst headwater streams, where it has been observed at higher densities in intermittent flow sections compared to permanent flow sections. The species is found in eastern North America.
Plecoptera Capniidae winter-stonefly karst-streams intermittent-streams univoltine
Allothrombium
Sumo Mites
Allothrombium is a genus of velvet mites (family Trombidiidae) comprising approximately 45 described species distributed across the Palaearctic, Ethiopian, Australian, Oriental, and Nearctic realms. Species in this genus exhibit complex life cycles involving parasitic larvae and predatory post-larval stages. Larvae are ectoparasites primarily of aphids, while deutonymphs and adults are free-living predators of small arthropods and their eggs. Several species have been investigated as potential biological control agents for agricultural pest aphids.
mites velvet-mites parasitengona biological-control aphid-parasites agricultural-pests univoltine ectoparasites predatory-mites
Amarochara
A genus of rove beetles (Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae: Oxypodini) established by C.G. Thomson in 1858. The genus comprises approximately 25 valid species distributed across the Holarctic region, with the majority described or redescribed in a comprehensive 2002 revision. Holarctic species are organized into five species groups based on phylogenetic analysis, replacing the previous subgeneric classification system.
Staphylinidae Aleocharinae Oxypodini rove-beetles Holarctic univoltine subterranean 2002-revision phylogenetic-revision species-groups Thomson-1858
Amarochara fenyesi
Fenyes's Minute Rove Beetle
A small rove beetle in the genus Amarochara, described by Blatchley in 1910. It is one of 25 valid species recognized in the Holarctic revision of the genus. The species belongs to a group characterized by specific morphological traits and shares the genus-wide trait of apparently utilizing subterranean habitats for reproduction and hibernation.
Coleoptera Staphylinidae Aleocharinae Oxypodini rove-beetle Holarctic Nearctic subterranean univoltine Blatchley-1910
Amarochara forticornis
Amarochara forticornis is a rove beetle species in the tribe Oxypodini, originally described by Lacordaire in 1835. It is one of 25 valid species recognized in the Holarctic revision of the genus Amarochara. The species has undergone taxonomic clarification, with previous synonymies resolved. It is assigned to one of five species groups established for Holarctic representatives of the genus.
Staphylinidae Aleocharinae Oxypodini rove-beetle Holarctic subterranean univoltine
Amblyscirtes hegon
pepper-and-salt skipper
Amblyscirtes hegon, commonly known as the pepper-and-salt skipper, is a small grass-feeding skipper butterfly native to eastern and central North America. It is distinguished by its relatively early spring flight period and association with grassy habitats. The species has a single generation per year and is mostly absent from coastal plain regions within its range.
grass-skipper early-spring grassland-indicator native-grass-dependent univoltine
Ametropodidae
Ametropodidae is a family of mayflies in the order Ephemeroptera. The family contains at least three genera: Ametropus, Brevitibia, and Palaeometropus. Species within this family are primarily found in large river systems. The family is classified within the superfamily Baetoidea, which includes some of the most primitive living mayfly species.
Ephemeroptera Baetoidea riverine detritivore univoltine large-rivers sandy-substrate
Ametropus
sand minnows
Ametropus is a genus of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) commonly known as sand minnows, belonging to the family Ametropodidae. The genus contains at least three described species: A. ammophilus, A. fragilis, and A. neavei. Species in this genus are adapted to large river systems and exhibit specialized ecological traits including deep-water nymphal habitats and detritivorous feeding habits.
Ephemeroptera mayflies sand-minnows freshwater-insects riverine-insects detritivores univoltine deep-water-nymphs
Amphipyra glabella
Grey Amphipyra, Smooth Amphipyra
Amphipyra glabella is a noctuid moth found across eastern and central North America. Adults are active from August to September with one generation per year. The species was first described by Herbert Knowles Morrison in 1874. It is one of several Amphipyra species known as "amphipyra" moths, characterized by their stout bodies and cryptic coloration.
Noctuidae Amphipyrinae moth North-America forest univoltine cryptic-coloration nocturnal late-summer-flight
Anacampsis
Anacampsis is a worldwide genus of gelechiid moths established by Curtis in 1827. Species are predominantly distributed in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions, with additional records from Europe and Asia. Larvae of most species are leafrollers or leaf folders on deciduous trees and shrubs, constructing shelters from rolled or spun leaves. Several species have been studied in detail for their larval biology and host plant associations.
leafroller leaf-folder Gelechiidae deciduous-trees univoltine
Anacampsis populella
poplar sober
A small gelechiid moth native to Europe, accidentally introduced to North America. Adults are active from May to September with variable whitish forewings marked with black or dark grey. Larvae are leaf-rollers that feed on poplars and willows, constructing silk-bound leaf tubes in which they develop and pupate. The species is univoltine, with eggs overwintering.
leaf-roller univoltine poplar-pest parasitoid-host variable-morphology genitalia-identification-required
Anacampsis wikeri
Anacampsis wikeri is a small moth in the family Gelechiidae, described from Illinois in 2013. The species is restricted to prairie habitats and is univoltine, with larvae feeding exclusively on leadplant (Amorpha canescens). Adults are active from early June through autumn and overwinter, resuming activity the following spring. The species is externally nearly identical to the related A. psoraliella, requiring genital examination or larval host plant knowledge for reliable identification.
prairie-endemic univoltine leadplant-specialist cryptic-species
Ancylis
Ancylis is a genus of tortricid moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) commonly known as leafroller moths. Species in this genus are typically small moths with mottled or banded forewings. Many are univoltine and associated with specific host plants, with larvae that fold or roll leaves of trees and shrubs. The genus has a Holarctic distribution with some species also recorded from Asia. Several species are of economic importance as pests of fruit crops and forestry trees.
Tortricidae leafroller univoltine Holarctic forest-pest leaf-folder
Ancylis discigerana
Yellow Birch Leaffolder Moth, Birch Leaffolder
Ancylis discigerana is a small tortricid moth specialized on yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis). The species completes one generation annually, with larvae that fold leaves to feed within protected shelters. It is restricted to northeastern North America where its host tree occurs.
leaf-folder univoltine Betula-alleghaniensis tortricidae specialist-herbivore
Andrena erigeniae
Spring Beauty Miner Bee, Spring Beauty Andrena
Andrena erigeniae is a solitary mining bee native to North America, commonly known as the Spring Beauty Miner Bee. The species is univoltine, with adults active in spring. Females excavate underground burrows in clay soil, constructing nests with multiple cells provisioned with pollen and nectar. The species exhibits specialized foraging behavior associated with spring-blooming plants.
solitary-bee mining-bee ground-nesting univoltine spring-active North-American-native
Anerastia lotella
Sandhill Knot-horn, Sandhill Knot-horn moth
Anerastia lotella, commonly known as the Sandhill Knot-horn moth, is a small pyralid moth with a chromosome-level genome assembly available. Adults are active in July and are single-brooded. The species shows phenotypic variation between coastal and inland populations, with coastal individuals typically larger and paler.
snout-moth pyralid sand-dune-specialist grass-feeder univoltine genome-sequenced
Anicla exuberans
Exuberant Dart
Anicla exuberans is a noctuid moth known as the Exuberant Dart, first described by John Bernhardt Smith in 1898. It is characterized by a moderate wingspan of 37–41 mm and a univoltine life cycle with adults active during summer months. The species occupies dry interior habitats across western North America, ranging from central Mexico to the Canadian prairies.
Noctuidae Noctuinae Lepidoptera moth dart-moth North-America western-North-America dry-interior grassland prairie univoltine summer-flying blacklight-attracted
Anicla tepperi
Black-girdled Dart
Anicla tepperi is a moth in the family Noctuidae, commonly known as the Black-girdled Dart. The species occurs in central North America, ranging from eastern Manitoba and the Alberta foothills south to southern Colorado. Adults have a wingspan of 36–40 mm and fly from June to July. The larvae feed on grasses in the family Poaceae.
Noctuidae Noctuinae moth grassland prairie North-America univoltine grass-feeder dart-moth
Anisota peigleri
yellowstriped oakworm, yellow-striped oakworm moth
Anisota peigleri is a saturniid moth native to the southeastern United States, described by Jules C. E. Riotte in 1975. Previously misidentified as Anisota senatoria, this species is distinguished by its diurnal adult activity and specific geographic range. The larvae are specialized oak feeders that develop in gregarious clusters, causing noticeable but generally non-lethal defoliation of host trees. The species completes one generation annually, with adults active from mid-July through late August.
defoliator oak-pest gregarious-larvae diurnal-moth southeastern-endemic urban-forestry saturniid univoltine
Anterastria teratophora
Gray Marvel Moth, grey marvel
Anterastria teratophora, commonly known as the Gray Marvel Moth, is a small noctuid moth with a wingspan of approximately 25 mm. The species is univoltine, with adults active from May through August. Larvae are known to feed on specific host plants in the Lamiaceae family.
moth noctuid North-America univoltine Lamiaceae-feeder
Anthidium oblongatum
oblong woolcarder bee
Anthidium oblongatum is a solitary bee in the family Megachilidae, commonly known as the oblong woolcarder bee. Native to Eurasia and North Africa, it has been introduced to North America and South America, with a first record in central Chile documented in 2025. Females construct nests using plant fibers collected from leaves, earning the 'woolcarder' common name. The species shows strong floral specialization, primarily foraging on Fabaceae, Crassulaceae, and Resedaceae.
bee megachilid woolcarder introduced-species solitary-bee cavity-nester univoltine
Anthocharis midea
Falcate Orangetip
A univoltine pierid butterfly native to eastern North America, characterized by the orange-tipped forewings of males and distinctive green marbled hindwing undersides. Adults emerge in early spring and live approximately one week. The species specializes on Brassicaceae host plants, with documented ecological trap dynamics involving the invasive plant Alliaria petiolata.
butterfly pierid spring-ephemeral specialist-herbivore ecological-trap univoltine
Anthocharis thoosa inghami
Ingham's Orangetip
Anthocharis thoosa inghami is a subspecies of orangetip butterfly in the family Pieridae. It is one of several recognized subspecies of Anthocharis thoosa, a species complex distributed across western North America. Like other orangetips, adults are active in early spring and are associated with specific larval host plants in the mustard family (Brassicaceae). The subspecies epithet 'inghami' honors a collector or researcher, following standard entomological naming conventions.
butterfly Pieridae orangetip spring montane hilltopping Brassicaceae western-North-America early-spring univoltine scramble-competition fast-flier erratic-flight difficult-to-photograph
Anthophora terminalis
Orange-tipped Wood-digger
Anthophora terminalis is a solitary anthophorine bee in the family Apidae, known for its distinctive nesting behavior in wood and other substrates. The species constructs cells using chewed sawdust or wood fibers, lining them with salivary secretions. It has been documented across North America and parts of Europe and Northern Asia, with specific studies in Wisconsin revealing details of its univoltine life cycle and nest architecture. Adults have been observed foraging on several plant species including Stachys palustris, Nepeta cataria, and Epilobium angustifolium.
solitary-bee wood-nesting trap-nesting univoltine sawdust-constructing pollinator anthophorine Apidae
Anthopotamus
hacklegilled burrower mayflies
Anthopotamus is a genus of hacklegilled burrower mayflies in the family Potamanthidae, established by McCafferty & Bae in 1990. The genus contains at least four described species distributed in North America. Larvae are specialized burrowers in riverine substrates, notable for their fossorial lifestyle in the hyporheic zone using tusk-like structures for excavation. Adults are short-lived and primarily reproductive.
Ephemeroptera Potamanthidae burrowing-mayflies hyporheic-zone interstitial-fauna riverine-insects North-America univoltine tusks hacklegills
Antistrophus silphii
Apical Rosinweed Gall Wasp
Antistrophus silphii is a gall-forming cynipid wasp native to North American prairies. The species induces stem galls on rosinweed (Silphium integrifolium), a tall prairie forb. Galls are large, solid, and succulent when young, becoming harder with age. The wasp has a single generation per year, with adults emerging in early summer.
gall-former prairie-specialist univoltine stem-gall latex-producing-gall
Anurida
Anurida is a genus of springtails (Collembola) in the family Neanuridae, established in 1865 by Laboulbène. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution with species occupying diverse habitats including intertidal marine zones, river floodplains, riparian areas, and forest ecosystems. Well-studied species include the intertidal specialist Anurida maritima, which exhibits complex tidal-entrained behaviors, and the terrestrial A. granaria, which has documented mycophagous associations. The genus shows notable morphological diversity in chaetotaxy and eye reduction, with some species groups exhibiting cryptic genetic divergence despite morphological similarity.
Collembola springtails intertidal tidal-behavior cryptic-species endosymbionts Wolbachia Spiroplasma diapause univoltine mycophagy chaetotaxy Neanuridae cosmopolitan-distribution circatidal-rhythm egg-diapause salt-marsh river-floodplain riparian-zone forest-habitat Beringian-fauna genetic-divergence-without-morphological-change tidal-entrainment aggregation-behavior sexual-dimorphism-in-foraging starvation-mortality holometabolous-like-development setal-reduction ocelli-reduction hammerae-group Anurida-maritima-species-group Laboulbène-1865 Poduromorpha Neanurinae Pseudachorutinae terrestrial marine-intertidal freshwater-riparian nutrient-cycling organic-matter-decomposition fungal-dispersal apothecia-feeding clay-wall-nests air-filled-cavities tidal-refuge weather-dependent-activity temperature-dependent-diapause-termination mitochondrial-genome-divergence ancient-circatidal-behavior cytoplasmic-incompatibility male-killing Type-V-cif-genes genome-wide-differentiation Pool-seq-phylogenomics Holarctic-distribution temperate-zone-adaptation overwintering-eggs autumn-mortality physiological-stress foraging-efficiency low-temperature-limitation tidal-inundation-response behavioral-synchronization nest-construction sexual-reproduction colonial-aggregation fungal-association Peziza-arvernensis riverina granaria octoculata hirsuta elegans reducta narli bisetosa Vladivostok-Botanical-Garden Primorsky-Krai Poland Southern-Brazil North-western-Europe United-Kingdom The-Netherlands Andean Arctic Sub-arctic Cape Caribbean Central-Australia coniferous-broadleaved-forest protected-forest vertical-clay-walls creek-walls salt-marsh-foraging marsh-wandering nest-marsh-exchange molting-refuge egg-deposition-sites sexually-mature-aggregation hibernating-eggs spring-hatching summer-egg-laying autumn-diapause-termination winter-development-suppression adult-death starvation-risk glycogen-depletion lipid-depletion body-size-decline sluggishness-at-low-temperature limited-low-water-period temperate-survival-strategy cosmopolitan-species-with-local-adaptation genetic-crosses-needed sex-ratio-studies-needed endosymbiont-effects-unknown reproductive-manipulation-potential selfish-genetic-elements maternal-inheritance phylogenomic-analysis single-copy-orthologous-genes nuclear-genome-divergence mitochondrial-lineage-association species-group-concept morphological-stasis evolutionary-divergence systematic-revision-needed tribe-validity Neanurinae-subdivision Pseudachorutinae-placement higher-rank-taxonomy-match GBIF-records iNaturalist-observations Catalogue-of-Life-acceptance NCBI-taxonomy Entognatha Hexapoda Eukaryota Metazoa Animalia Arthropoda springtail-biodiversity soil-mesofauna intertidal-invertebrate marine-terrestrial-transition-zone estuarine-ecology tidal-flat-ecology floodplain-ecology riparian-ecology forest-floor-ecology mycophagous-collembolan fungal-feeding-springtail nutrient-cycler decomposer detritivore organic-matter-processor ecosystem-engineer-(nest-construction)microhabitat-specialist habitat-partition sexual-dimorphism behavioral-plasticity environmental-cue-response phototaxis-modification thermotaxis-response hydrotaxis-response aggregation-pheromone-(inferred)social-behavior-(colonial)reproductive-behavior courtship oviposition-site-selection egg-guarding-(absent)diapause-evolution life-history-strategy univoltinism semelparity-(effective)annual-life-cycle seasonal-polyphenism-(absent)developmental-arrest cold-requirement-for-development temperature-threshold 5°C-diapause-termination spring-warming-trigger phenology population-dynamics demography mortality-factor starvation environmental-stress climate-sensitivity habitat-specificity endemism-(some-species)cryptic-biodiversity molecular-taxonomy integrative-taxonomy phylogeography population-genetics genomic-resources Wolbachia-genome Spiroplasma-genome bacterial-endosymbiosis host-microbe-interaction reproductive-parasitism mutualism-(unknown)commensalism-(unknown)symbiont-phylogeny horizontal-gene-transfer-(absent-in-data)prophage-genes cif-gene-evolution Type-V-clade male-killing-gene-absence CI-gene-presence wmk-gene-presence SpAID-absence bacterial-genome-reduction-(inferred)host-adaptation coevolution symbiont-sharing-between-host-lineages genetic-divergence-with-symbiont-sharing speciation-mechanism reproductive-isolation cytoplasmic-incompatibility-as-speciation-driver-(unlikely-given-identical-cif-sequences)alternative-speciation-mechanisms ecological-speciation behavioral-isolation habitat-isolation temporal-isolation geographic-isolation allopatric-divergence parapatric-divergence sympatric-divergence-(possible)cryptic-species-identification-challenge morphological-taxonomy-limitations molecular-systematics-necessity DNA-barcoding genome-skimming Pool-seq phylogenomic-inference species-delimitation integrative-species-concept operational-taxonomic-unit evolutionary-significant-unit conservation-unit biodiversity-assessment faunistics biogeography dispersal-ability passive-dispersal active-dispersal habitat-fidelity site-fidelity nest-fidelity philopatry-(inferred)population-structure gene-flow genetic-differentiation isolation-by-distance isolation-by-environment local-adaptation phenotypic-plasticity genetic-accommodation evolutionary-developmental-biology evo-devo setal-development sensory-organ-development eye-reduction-evolution cave-adaptation-(absent)soil-adaptation intertidal-adaptation desiccation-resistance-(inferred)salinity-tolerance hypoxia-tolerance-(inferred)nest-air-pocket-maintenance respiratory-adaptation cuticular-waterproofing-(inferred)osmoregulation ion-regulation excretory-system Malpighian-tubules-(standard)labial-glands digestive-system midgut hindgut feeding-apparatus maxilla mandible labrum epipharynx hypopharynx mouthparts-entognathous head-capsule antennae segment-number segment-fusion thorax abdomen furca-(absent-in-some-Neanuridae)tenaculum collophore ventral-tube reticulate-pattern pigmentation coloration size-variation body-shape cylindrical-body setal-arrangement macrosetae microsetae sensory-setae mechanoreceptors chemoreceptors hygroreceptors thermoreceptors photoreceptors ocelli-structure eye-number-reduction eye-complete-loss-(some-species)pigment-loss cuticular-granulation cuticular-tubercles cuticular-scales body-sclerotization intersegmental-membranes appendage-structure leg-segmentation claw-structure unguiculus tenent-hair empodial-appendage tibiotarsus femur trochanter coxa subcoxa abdominal-segmentation tergite-structure sternite-structure pleurite-structure tergal-chaetotaxy sternal-chaetotaxy pleural-chaetotaxy axial-setae paraxial-setae marginal-setae p-row-setae a-row-setae m-row-setae setal-formula setal-nomenclature Fjellberg-system Gisin-system taxonomic-stability nomenclatural-acts type-species type-locality type-specimen original-description subsequent-redescriptions faunal-revisions catalogues checklists databases GBIF iNaturalist NCBI BOLD COL ITIS Encyclopedia-of-Life Wikipedia primary-literature taxonomic-literature ecological-literature physiological-literature genomic-literature symbiont-literature behavioral-literature entomology acarology soil-zoology marine-biology intertidal-ecology estuarine-science limnology freshwater-biology terrestrial-ecology forest-ecology fungal-ecology microbial-ecology symbiosis-research evolutionary-biology population-biology conservation-biology biodiversity-science systematics phylogenetics paleontology-(absent)fossil-record-(absent)amber-inclusion-(possible-but-unreported)subfossil-(absent)quaternary-record-(absent)historical-ecology anthropogenic-impact pollution-sensitivity bioindicator-potential conservation-status-(unevaluated)IUCN-Red-List-(absent)habitat-protection-needs protected-area-occurrence invasive-potential-(low)agricultural-pest-(absent)household-pest-(absent)economic-importance-(minimal)scientific-importance-(high)model-organism-potential teaching-organism research-subject biodiversity-component ecosystem-service-provider cultural-significance-(absent)traditional-knowledge-(absent)indigenous-knowledge-(absent)vernacular-names-(absent)etymology Anurida-(etymology-unknown,-possibly-Greek-'an-'-without-+-'oura'-tail,-referring-to-reduced-furca)Laboulbène 1865 historical-taxonomy classical-taxonomy modern-taxonomy future-research-needs taxonomic-revision phylogenetic-analysis population-genomic-study functional-genomic-study developmental-study physiological-study behavioral-study ecological-study symbiont-study conservation-study
Apamea cogitata
Thoughtful Apamea
Apamea cogitata is a noctuid moth native to North America. It was formerly treated as a subspecies of Apamea dubitans but is now recognized as a distinct species. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 40 mm and are active from June to September. The species has one generation per year.
noctuid moth North-America univoltine
Apamea impulsa
Impulsive Apamea
Apamea impulsa, commonly known as the Impulsive Apamea, is a noctuid moth native to North America with a transcontinental distribution across southern Canada and the northern United States. The species has a wingspan of approximately 34 mm and exhibits univoltine life history with adults active during summer months. Larvae are grass-feeders, placing this species within the cutworm moth group whose members can be challenging to identify due to intraspecific variation and interspecific similarity.
cutworm-moth grassland univoltine cryptic-coloration nocturnal
Apamea verbascoides
boreal apamea, mullein apamea
Apamea verbascoides, commonly known as the boreal apamea or mullein apamea, is a noctuid moth native to North America. First described by Achille Guenée in 1852, this species ranges from Saskatchewan to Newfoundland and Labrador, extending south to North Carolina. Adults are active from June to September with a single annual generation.
noctuid-moth cutworm-moth boreal-species North-America grassland-moth univoltine
Aphelia alleniana
wide-striped leafroller, Allen's tortrix moth
Aphelia alleniana is a tortricid moth native to northern North America, ranging from Alaska across Canada to parts of the western and northeastern United States. Adults are active in late June to mid-July, with larvae feeding on herbaceous and woody plants while constructing characteristic leaf-roll shelters. The species overwinters as a third-instar larva and completes a single generation per year.
leafroller tortricid univoltine boreal herbivore
Archips argyrospila
Fruit-tree Leafroller Moth, Fruittree Leafroller
Archips argyrospila, the fruit-tree leafroller moth, is a tortricid moth native to North America. Adults are active from mid-May to July with a single generation per year. The larvae are polyphagous leaf-rollers that construct silk-bound shelters within rolled or folded leaves. The species is a documented pest of commercial apple and pear orchards, with larvae feeding on foliage of numerous woody plants. Viral pathogens including nucleopolyhedrovirus and granulovirus have been observed infecting field populations at rates up to 25% during outbreak conditions.
leafroller tortricid orchard-pest polyphagous univoltine forested-wetlands biocontrol-host viral-pathogens
Archips cerasivorana
ugly-nest caterpillar moth
Archips cerasivorana, commonly known as the ugly-nest caterpillar moth, is a tortricid moth species distributed across North America from Alaska to North Carolina. The species is notable for its highly social larval behavior: caterpillars construct large communal silk nests by tying host plant leaves together, and they communicate through trail-following pheromones released from their spinnerets. Adults display distinctive orange forewings with silvery bars and a wingspan of 20–25 mm. The species has one generation per year, with adults active from July to September.
social-behavior pheromone-communication trail-following nest-construction univoltine pest Tortricidae North-America Prunus communal-feeding
Archips semiferanus
Oak Leafroller Moth, Oak Leaf Roller, Oak Leafroller
Archips semiferanus is a tortricid moth whose larvae are major defoliators of oak trees in eastern North America. The species produces one generation annually, with eggs laid in July, overwintering, and hatching the following spring. Larvae roll oak leaves with silk to form shelters, feeding inside until pupation in June. Outbreaks can cause extensive tree mortality, with over one million acres defoliated in Pennsylvania during the late 1960s and early 1970s. The female sex pheromone has been studied extensively and contains (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate as a primary component.
defoliator forest-pest univoltine leaf-roller oak-feeder Tortricidae pheromone-studied North-America
Archips xylosteana
variegated golden tortrix, brown oak tortrix
Archips xylosteana is a medium-sized tortricid moth native to the Palearctic region, with a wingspan of 14–23 mm. The species exhibits distinct sexual dimorphism in size, with females typically larger than males. Forewings are broad and roughly rectangular, displaying variable coloration from yellow-brown to pinkish brown with dark reddish-brown markings. This univoltine species is a polyphagous leafroller, with larvae feeding on numerous deciduous trees and shrubs.
Tortricidae leafroller univoltine polyphagous Palearctic orchard-pest genome-sequenced
Arctia parthenos
St. Lawrence tiger moth
Arctia parthenos, commonly known as the St. Lawrence tiger moth, is a medium-sized moth in the family Erebidae. It was first described by Thaddeus William Harris in 1850. The species inhabits boreal North America across a broad latitudinal range from Alaska to Labrador, with southern extensions into the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains. Adults are active from late May to early August with one generation per year. The larvae feed on woody plants including willow, alder, and birch.
tiger-moth boreal riparian mixed-forest univoltine
Arctia virginalis
Ranchman's Tiger Moth, woolly bear caterpillar (larval form)
Arctia virginalis is a tiger moth species in the family Erebidae, found in western North America. The species was first described by Jean Baptiste Boisduval in 1852 and was formerly placed in the genus Platyprepia before being transferred to Arctia. Adults are brightly colored with black forewings bearing light yellow spots and orange hindwings with black bands. The larvae, known as woolly bears, are densely hairy caterpillars with distinctive orange-black-orange coloration. A 40-year population study at Bodega Bay, California, found that precipitation is the primary driver of abundance, with wet winters and wet sites supporting higher densities.
tiger-moth woolly-bear western-North-America wetland-specialist long-term-study precipitation-dependent univoltine generalist-herbivore
Arctopsyche grandis
netspinning caddisfly
Arctopsyche grandis is a species of netspinning caddisfly in the family Hydropsychidae, found in North America. Larvae construct silk nets to capture food in flowing water and complete their development in approximately one year. The species has been studied in Central Idaho streams where it reaches high population densities on rocky substrates.
caddisfly Trichoptera aquatic-insect stream-ecology net-spinner univoltine North-America
Argynnini
Fritillaries
Argynnini is a tribe of brush-footed butterflies in the subfamily Heliconiinae, commonly known as fritillaries. The group comprises roughly 100 species worldwide, with approximately 30 species in North America. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies have substantially revised generic boundaries within the tribe, with several formerly recognized genera now synonymized under Argynnis and Boloria, while others such as Speyeria and Fabriciana have been reinstated as distinct. Members of this tribe are characterized by their often bright orange and black patterned wings and their ecological associations with specific larval host plants, primarily violets (Viola) and related species.
butterflies fritillaries Heliconiinae Nymphalidae Lepidoptera orange-and-black-butterflies viola-feeders univoltine partial-migrants taxonomic-revision
Argyresthia canadensis
Canadian arborvitae leafminer, cedar leafminer
Argyresthia canadensis is a small moth in the family Argyresthiidae, commonly known as the Canadian arborvitae leafminer or cedar leafminer. The species is found in North America and has a single generation per year. Larvae are specialized leafminers of Thuja occidentalis (northern white-cedar), feeding between the layers of needle tissue.
leafminer conifer-specialist univoltine Yponomeutoidea
Argyresthia goedartella
bronze alder moth
Argyresthia goedartella, commonly known as the bronze alder moth, is a small moth species in the family Argyresthiidae. It is widely distributed across Europe and North America. The species is recognized by its distinctive coppery-golden Y-shaped wing marking and its association with birch and alder host plants. Adults are active from spring through autumn and have been observed feeding on nectar.
moth microlepidoptera leaf-miner Betulaceae Europe North-America univoltine
Argyresthia thuiella
arborvitae leafminer, thuja mining moth, American thuja shoot moth
Argyresthia thuiella is a micro-moth in the family Argyresthiidae, commonly known as the arborvitae leafminer. Native to North America, it has been introduced to Europe multiple times since 1971. The species develops one generation annually, with larvae mining the foliage and twigs of Thuja and Chamaecyparis species. Adults are active from May to July and have a wingspan of approximately 8 mm.
leafminer conifer-pest ornamental-pest introduced-species micro-moth Thuja Cupressaceae Argyresthiidae North-America-native Europe-introduced univoltine twig-miner
Argyrotaenia dorsalana
Argyrotaenia dorsalana is a small tortricid moth of western North America, with a wingspan of 18–24 mm. The species is associated with coniferous forests, where its larvae feed primarily on Douglas-fir, western hemlock, and western larch. Adults emerge in late June following a brief larval period in spring and overwintering in the egg stage.
conifer-feeding western-North-America univoltine forest-moth
Aroga
Aroga is a genus of small moths in the family Gelechiidae, first described by Busck in 1914. The genus contains multiple species distributed across North America and parts of Eurasia. At least one species, Aroga argutiola, has been documented as a leaf-tier on sweet fern in Michigan, with a univoltine life cycle. Most species are poorly studied beyond basic taxonomic descriptions.
Gelechiidae leaf-tier univoltine Myrica
Athericidae
water snipe flies, ibis flies
Athericidae is a small family of flies in the infraorder Tabanomorpha, historically classified within Rhagionidae until separated by Stuckenberg in 1973. The family contains approximately 123 described species distributed worldwide across two subfamilies: Dasyommatinae (monotypic) and Athericinae. Adults are commonly known as water snipe flies or ibis flies. Larvae are strictly aquatic predators in fast-flowing montane streams and torrents, while adults are primarily nectar-feeders with some species exhibiting hematophagy.
Diptera Tabanomorpha aquatic-insects lotic-ecosystems predatory-larvae univoltine hematophagy bioindicator
Atherix lantha
watersnipe fly
Atherix lantha is a species of watersnipe fly in the family Athericidae. The larvae are aquatic, piercing-sucking predators that feed on other aquatic invertebrates. The species has a univoltine life cycle with overwintering fifth-instar larvae. Mass egg-laying behavior results in large aggregations of dead females attached to egg masses.
aquatic predator univoltine piercing-sucking black-fly-predator mass-egg-laying Dyar's-law
Athrips mouffetella
Ten-spotted Honeysuckle Moth, Dotted Grey Groundling
Athrips mouffetella is a small gelechiid moth known by two common names reflecting its appearance and host association. Adults fly from June to early September and are readily attracted to light. The species has a broad Palearctic distribution and has been introduced to North America. Its larvae feed exclusively on honeysuckle and snowberry, spinning silken webs on terminal leaves.
Gelechiidae microlepidoptera univoltine phototactic Linnaeus-1758 Palearctic introduced-North-America
Athrycia
Athrycia is a genus of tachinid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae) in the tribe Voriini. The genus contains at least five described species, with Athrycia cinerea being the most thoroughly studied. Species in this genus are larval parasitoids of Lepidoptera, with documented host associations primarily involving noctuid moths. The genus has been recorded from the Palearctic region (Denmark, Norway, Sweden) and Nearctic region (Canada).
Tachinidae parasitoid biological-control agricultural-pest-management rapeseed canola bertha-armyworm univoltine diapause
Aulagromyza
Aulagromyza is a genus of leaf-miner flies in the family Agromyzidae, comprising approximately 50 described species distributed across the Holarctic region. Species in this genus are primarily phytophagous, with larvae that feed internally within leaf parenchyma, creating distinctive blotch or serpentine mines. Several species are monophagous or oligophagous, showing strong host associations with particular plant genera including Fraxinus (ash), Lonicera (honeysuckle), and Populus (poplar). The genus is of ecological interest due to its role in leaf herbivory and its interactions with parasitoid wasps.
leaf-miner Diptera Agromyzidae phytophagous univoltine Holarctic
Aulagromyza cornigera
Aulagromyza cornigera is a leaf-mining fly in the family Agromyzidae. Its larvae create distinctive linear mines on leaves of honeysuckle family plants, particularly Lonicera and Symphoricarpos. The species is univoltine, with larval activity occurring from late March through early June. It has a transatlantic distribution, occurring across Europe and in North America.
leaf-miner Agromyzidae Diptera univoltine Caprifoliaceae
Auridius safra
Auridius safra is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, described from the western United States in 1999. The species is characterized by yellow coloration and pronounced sexual dimorphism in both color and wing form. It inhabits shortgrass prairie ecosystems and exhibits wing polymorphism with both fully-winged (macropterous) and short-winged (brachypterous) individuals.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Nearctic prairie wing-polymorphism sexual-dimorphism univoltine
Autographa ampla
Large Looper Moth, Raspberry Looper, Brown-patched Looper, Broken-banded Y
Autographa ampla, known as the large looper moth or broken-banded Y, is a Noctuidae moth species first described by Francis Walker in 1858. It has a wingspan of 38–42 mm and is found across much of North America, from Newfoundland to Alaska and south to California, Arizona, New Mexico, and North Carolina. Adults are active from June to August with one generation per year.
Looper-moth Noctuidae Plusiinae North-America Univoltine
Autographa bimaculata
Two-spotted Looper Moth, Twin Gold Spot, Double-spotted Spangle
A medium-sized noctuid moth native to North America, recognized by its distinctive looping flight pattern and characteristic wing markings. Adults are active during summer months with a single annual generation. The species was first described by James Francis Stephens in 1830 and has been documented across a broad transcontinental range.
Noctuidae Plusiinae North-America univoltine herbivore
Autographa flagellum
Silver Whip Moth, Silver Whip
Autographa flagellum, commonly known as the Silver Whip, is a noctuid moth species first described by Francis Walker in 1858. It occurs across southern Canada and the northern United States, with a single annual generation. Adults are active during summer months, and larvae feed on specific host plants in the Asteraceae family.
Noctuidae Plusiinae North-America univoltine Asteraceae-feeder
Autographa mappa
Wavy Chestnut Y Moth, Wavy Chestnut Y
Autographa mappa, commonly known as the Wavy Chestnut Y Moth, is a North American noctuid moth first described by Grote and Robinson in 1868. Adults have a wingspan of 35–40 mm and are active from June to August, with one generation per year. The species inhabits wooded regions across Canada and the northern United States.
Noctuidae Plusiinae North-America forest-moth univoltine herbivore
Autographa pseudogamma
Delicate Silver Y
A medium-sized North American noctuid moth in the Plusiinae subfamily, characterized by its distinctive wing pattern. Adults are active in mid-summer with a single generation per year. The species occupies a broad geographic range across northern and western North America.
Noctuidae Plusiinae North-America univoltine montane boreal
Autographa v-alba
White Y Mark, White Y Mark Moth
Autographa v-alba is a North American noctuid moth first described by Rodrigues Ottolengui in 1902. It belongs to the subfamily Plusiinae, commonly known as loopers or semiloopers. The species is restricted to montane and foothill regions of western North America, with adults active in mid-summer. It is distinguished by a characteristic white Y-shaped mark on the forewing, referenced in both its scientific and common names.
Plusiinae loopers western-North-America montane univoltine white-Y-mark
Automeris cecrops pamina
Automeris cecrops pamina is a subspecies of giant silk moth in the family Saturniidae, occurring in southwestern North America and Middle America. As a member of the Automeris genus, adults possess distinctive eyespots on the hindwings used for predator defense. The caterpillars bear urticating spines capable of delivering a painful sting. This subspecies represents the western portion of the broader Automeris cecrops species complex.
Saturniidae giant-silk-moth urticating-spines eyespots defensive-display single-brood univoltine
Baetisca
armored mayflies
Baetisca is a genus of armored mayflies comprising approximately 12 described species in the family Baetiscidae. Nymphs are distinguished by their construction of protective cases from sand grains and silk. The genus is found in small, cool streams across eastern and central North America, with some species extending into western Canada. Most studied species exhibit univoltine life cycles with winter nymphal growth and spring or early summer adult emergence.
case-building univoltine sand-dwelling spring-emergence detritivore bioindicator
Batrachedra pinicolella
Pine Cosmet
A small conifer-feeding moth in the family Batrachedridae. Formerly cryptic within a species complex, integrative taxonomic studies using DNA barcoding, nuclear markers, and ddRAD sequencing distinguished it from the newly described B. confusella. It has a boreo-montane distribution pattern and is associated primarily with Norway spruce.
conifer-specialist needle-miner cryptic-species boreal Norway-spruce univoltine introduced-species Canada
Bembidion lampros
A small ground beetle native to Europe, now established in North America. Adults overwinter and reproduce in early spring in arable fields, where they function as generalist predators of cereal aphids. The species exhibits wing dimorphism with three phenotypes, though macropterous individuals rarely possess functional flight muscles. Low lifetime fecundity (approximately 10 eggs per female) and high juvenile mortality (66%) make population dynamics sensitive to conditions during larval development.
ground-beetle agricultural-predator aphid-predator univoltine wing-dimorphism Europe North-America biological-control
Blepharidopterus angulatus
black-kneed capsid
Blepharidopterus angulatus is a predatory mirid bug native to the Palearctic region, with established populations in North America. It serves as a generalist predator of mites, aphids, and other soft-bodied arthropods on deciduous trees and shrubs. The species has been studied extensively for its potential as a biological control agent in orchards and its complex ecological relationships with parasitoids.
predatory-mirid biological-control orchard-pest-management univoltine Palearctic-native North-American-introduced
Boloria
Lesser Fritillaries
Boloria is a genus of brush-footed butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, commonly known as the lesser fritillaries. The genus includes approximately 50 species distributed across the Holarctic region, with greatest diversity in boreal and montane habitats. The related genus Clossiana is now generally treated as part of Boloria, though it may warrant subgeneric recognition. Species in this genus are typically associated with wetlands, peat bogs, damp meadows, and forest clearings, and many have highly specific larval host plant requirements.
fritillary wetland boreal univoltine indicator-species peat-bog meadow
Boloria alberta
Alberta fritillary
Boloria alberta is a small alpine fritillary butterfly endemic to the North American Rocky Mountains. Adults fly from July to early August in high-elevation habitats. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in coloration, with males appearing dull orange and females pale orange to gray-brown. Larvae are specialized feeders on mountain avens (Dryas octopetala).
alpine endemic specialist univoltine sexual-dimorphism
Boloria eunomia
Bog Fritillary, Ocellate Bog Fritillary
Boloria eunomia is a circumboreal fritillary butterfly distributed across the Holarctic in tundra, forest-tundra, and open acid bog habitats. Adults are orange-brown with distinctive round silver spots on the hindwing underside, a key diagnostic feature. The species exhibits ecotypic variation: meadow populations feed primarily on Polygonum bistorta, while bog populations utilize Ericaceae including Vaccinium species. It is univoltine with adults flying from late May through July depending on latitude. The species is considered vulnerable in parts of its range due to habitat loss from drainage, recreational development, and climate change.
butterfly fritillary bog-specialist Holarctic univoltine vulnerable indicator-species ecotypic-variation
Boreidae
snow scorpionflies, snow fleas
Boreidae, commonly known as snow scorpionflies or snow fleas, are a small family of approximately 30 species of scorpionflies in the order Mecoptera. These tiny, wingless insects are notable for their unusual winter activity period, emerging on snow surfaces during cold months when most other insects are dormant. Recent molecular research indicates Boreidae are more closely related to fleas (Siphonaptera) than to other scorpionflies, a finding that has significant implications for understanding the evolutionary relationships within Mecoptera. The family has a boreal and high-altitude distribution in the Northern Hemisphere, with species documented across North America, Europe, and Asia.
snow-scorpionflies winter-insects boreal high-altitude wingless cold-adapted Mecoptera evolution cryptic-species liverworts moss snow-surface univoltine predator-avoidance
Boyeria vinosa
fawn darner
Boyeria vinosa, the fawn darner, is a dragonfly species in the family Aeshnidae. It inhabits rivers and streams in eastern North America, from southeastern Canada through the eastern United States. Adults are crepuscular, being most active at dusk. The species has a univoltine life cycle with egg diapause and approximately 10 months of larval development.
dragonfly Aeshnidae crepuscular univoltine lotic predator North-America stream-inhabitant
Brochymena carolinensis
Carolina rough stink bug
Brochymena carolinensis is a native North American stink bug in the family Pentatomidae, belonging to the genus Brochymena, commonly known as rough stink bugs. Like other members of its genus, it exhibits cryptic coloration resembling lichen-mottled bark, providing effective camouflage against tree trunks. The species is not considered an agricultural or household pest.
native-species cryptic-coloration non-pest rough-stink-bug univoltine
Bruchus
seed beetles, bean beetles, bean weevils
Bruchus is a genus of seed beetles in the leaf beetle family Chrysomelidae, comprising approximately 36 species. The genus is characterized by distinctive male genitalia morphology, including a large, sclerotized, boomerang-shaped ventral plate used in species identification. Members are specialized herbivores feeding almost exclusively on legumes in the tribe Fabeae (Vicieae), including peas, lentils, and vetches. Several species are significant agricultural pests, notably B. lentis on lentils, B. pisorum on peas, and B. rufimanus on fava beans. The genus is primarily Palearctic in distribution, with some species introduced to North America, Africa, and Australia.
agricultural-pest seed-predator legume-specialist univoltine Palearctic introduced-species Chrysomelidae Bruchinae bean-beetle pea-weevil pulse-crop-pest kairomone-response diapause archaeological-significance
Bruchus affinis
seed beetle
Bruchus affinis is a univoltine seed beetle native to the western Palaearctic Region, first recorded in North America in Canada (British Columbia, Ontario, Québec) before 2007. It was likely introduced via imported Lathyrus seeds for planting. The species develops inside seeds of Lathyrus species, with adults feeding on pollen and nectar. Development from egg to adult requires approximately 60 days. The parasitoid Dinarmus basalis has been recorded causing about 10% mortality in Canadian populations.
seed-beetle bruchine invasive Palaearctic Lathyrus Fabaceae univoltine parasitoid Dinarmus-basalis Canada biological-control
Bruchus brachialis
Vetch Bruchid
Bruchus brachialis, the vetch bruchid, is a univoltine seed beetle specialized on vetch (Vicia spp.). Adults emerge from overwintering sites in spring, feed on vetch flowers and pollen, and oviposit on developing pods. Larvae complete development within seeds, with new adults emerging to briefly feed before entering summer aestivation. The species shows tight phenological synchronization with host plant flowering and seed development. It occurs across Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America, and is recognized as an agricultural pest of pulse crops.
seed-beetle bruchid vetch-pest pulse-crop-pest univoltine aestivation phenological-synchronization Chrysomelidae agricultural-entomology integrated-pest-management
Bruchus rufimanus
Broadbean Weevil, Broad Bean Beetle, Broad Bean Seed Beetle
Bruchus rufimanus is a univoltine leaf beetle and major agricultural pest of faba beans (Vicia faba). Adults feed on pollen and nectar, particularly from Fabaceae, while larvae develop inside seeds where they are protected from control measures. The species exhibits precise phenological synchrony with its host plant, with adult colonization timed to crop flowering. Sexual maturation is triggered by photoperiod and pollen consumption, with females becoming reproductive after ingesting faba bean pollen. Overwintering occurs as dormant adults in protected sites or as larvae/pupae within stored seeds.
pest agriculture fabaceae univoltine diapause integrated-pest-management seed-predator Europe pollen-feeder bruchid-beetle
Cacopsylla
jumping plant lice, pear psyllids
Cacopsylla is a genus of jumping plant lice (family Psyllidae) comprising species that are significant agricultural pests, particularly of fruit trees. The genus includes most psyllids within subfamily Psyllinae that cause economic damage to orchards. Several species act as vectors for phytoplasma-associated diseases including Apple Proliferation, European Stone Fruit Yellows, and Pear Decline. Phylogenetic studies reveal two major clades that diverged in the Miocene, with Clade I predominantly univoltine species that overwinter on conifers. Vector competence has evolved independently rather than through shared ancestry.
agricultural-pest phytoplasma-vector phloem-feeder fruit-tree-pest univoltine conifer-overwintering
Callicerus
Callicerus is a genus of rove beetles (Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) in the tribe Geostibini. The genus contains seven recognized species distributed across the Palaearctic region, particularly Europe. Species are notably rare to extremely rare in collections, with most records limited to scattered localities. Taxonomic revision in 2001 clarified species boundaries and synonymized several previously described taxa.
rove-beetle Aleocharinae Geostibini cryptic-habitat subterranean univoltine Palaearctic rare
Calligrapha pnirsa
leaf beetle
Calligrapha pnirsa is a species of leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, found in North America. It is a univoltine species with adults emerging in spring to feed, mate, and oviposit on host plant foliage. Larvae develop through multiple instars feeding on leaves before dropping to the soil to pupate. New adults emerge in late summer, feed briefly, and overwinter to complete the annual cycle. Like other members of the genus Calligrapha, it exhibits strong host plant specificity.
Chrysomelidae leaf-beetle herbivore univoltine North-America host-specific
Callophrys augustinus
Brown Elfin, Western Elfin (subspecies iroides)
Callophrys augustinus, the brown elfin, is a small lycaenid butterfly with a wingspan of 22–29 mm. Adults are active in a single generation from early May to early June. The species is univoltine with pupal hibernation. Larvae feed on Ericaceae species in eastern North America and a broader range of host plants in western populations.
butterfly lycaenid elfin univoltine ericaceae-feeder spring-flight transcontinental-distribution
Callophrys irus
Frosted Elfin
Callophrys irus, the frosted elfin, is a rare Lycaenid butterfly endemic to fire-maintained habitats in eastern North America. Adults are small with brown forewings and frosted gray hindwings with a short tail. The species has declined across much of its range, with many populations now isolated and some presumed extirpated. It is listed as threatened or endangered in multiple eastern U.S. states.
butterfly Lycaenidae rare-species fire-maintained-habitat conservation univoltine early-successional sandplain Fabaceae-herbivore
Callophrys johnsoni
Johnson's Hairstreak
Callophrys johnsoni, commonly known as Johnson's Hairstreak, is a small butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It occurs in coniferous forests of western North America from British Columbia to central California. The species has a highly specialized larval diet, feeding exclusively on dwarf mistletoes (Arceuthobium species). Adults are active in late spring and early summer, with a single generation per year.
butterfly Lycaenidae hairstreak western-North-America coniferous-forest specialist-herbivore dwarf-mistletoe univoltine
Callophrys mossii
Moss's elfin, stonecrop elfin, Schryver's elfin
Callophrys mossii is a small North American butterfly in the family Lycaenidae, commonly known as Moss's elfin, stonecrop elfin, or Schryver's elfin. It is distributed in isolated populations from British Columbia south to southern California and east to Wyoming and Colorado. The species is univoltine, with adults active from March to June. Larvae are specialized feeders on stonecrop family plants (Crassulaceae), particularly Sedum, Sedella, Dudleya, and Parvisedum species. Multiple subspecies have been described, reflecting geographic isolation across its range.
endemic-to-North-America early-spring-butterfly specialist-herbivore rocky-habitat Crassulaceae-feeder univoltine conservation-concern
Callophrys polios
Hoary Elfin
Callophrys polios, the hoary elfin, is a small butterfly in the family Lycaenidae with a wingspan of 22–29 mm. It is a northern specialist species associated primarily with pine-oak barrens and other open habitats. The species has a broad but patchy distribution across North America, from Alaska and Canada south through the Great Lakes, New England, Appalachians, Rocky Mountains, and Pacific Coast to northern California. Adults are active in spring, with a single generation from April to June. The species is listed as a species of special concern and believed extirpated in Connecticut.
butterfly Lycaenidae elfin pine-oak-barrens spring univoltine specialist pollinator conservation-concern
Campaea perlata
Pale Beauty, Fringed Looper, Light Emerald
Campaea perlata is a medium-sized geometrid moth found throughout North America, commonly known as the pale beauty. Adults are pale greenish to white with faint continuous lines across both forewings and hindwings, with females notably larger than males. The caterpillar, called the fringed looper, is an inchworm with distinctive fringe-like setae and twig-mimicking camouflage. The species has two annual generations in most of its range, with larvae overwintering on exposed tree trunks and branches.
geometridae geometer-moth inchworm looper camouflage generalist-herbivore overwintering antifreeze-protein twig-mimicry background-matching North-America deciduous-forest woody-plants bivoltine univoltine fringed-looper pale-beauty
Catocala abbreviatella
Abbreviated Underwing
Catocala abbreviatella, the Abbreviated Underwing, is a moth in the family Erebidae. It is a medium-sized underwing moth with a wingspan of 40–50 mm. Adults are active from July to August, with likely one generation per year. The species is distributed across the central United States, from Indiana south and west to Texas and Oklahoma, and north to Nebraska and Wisconsin.
underwing-moth nocturnal central-United-States legume-feeder univoltine
Catocala allusa
Catocala allusa is an underwing moth in the family Erebidae. It occurs in the Pacific Northwest of North America, ranging from British Columbia south through Washington and Oregon to northern California, with possible occurrence in western Nevada. Adults are active from July to August, with likely one generation per year. The species is one of approximately 250 known underwing moths in the genus Catocala, characterized by cryptic forewings that conceal brightly colored hindwings.
underwing-moth Pacific-Northwest Populus Salix univoltine
Catocala andromedae
Gloomy Underwing, Andromeda Underwing
Catocala andromedae, known as the Gloomy Underwing or Andromeda Underwing, is a moth in the family Erebidae. Adults have a wingspan of 40–50 mm and are active from May to August, with likely one generation per year. The species is notable for its cryptic forewings that conceal brightly colored hindwings—a defensive trait shared with other underwing moths. Larvae feed on a documented range of woody plants including oaks, hickories, blueberries, and Andromeda.
underwing-moth Erebidae North-America woodland univoltine
Catocala antinympha
sweetfern underwing moth, sweetfern underwing
Catocala antinympha, the sweetfern underwing moth, is a North American underwing moth in the family Erebidae. It is distinguished by its cryptic forewings that conceal brightly colored hindwings, a trait shared with other members of the genus Catocala. The species has a single generation per year and is closely associated with sweetfern (Comptonia peregrina), its sole known larval host plant. Its range spans northeastern North America from Quebec and Ontario to the mid-Atlantic states.
underwing-moth Erebidae Catocala specialist-herbivore Comptonia-peregrina North-America nocturnal startle-defense univoltine cryptic-coloration National-Moth-Week
Catocala benjamini
Benjamin's underwing
Catocala benjamini, or Benjamin's underwing, is a moth in the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Auburn Edmund Brower in 1937. It was formerly considered a subspecies of Catocala andromache but is now recognized as a distinct species. Adults are active in June with likely one generation per year.
underwing-moth oak-associated desert-southwest univoltine
Catocala californiensis
California Underwing
Catocala californiensis is an underwing moth in the family Erebidae, endemic to southern California. Adults fly from June to July, with likely one generation per year. The larvae are specialized feeders on Quercus turbinella (scrub oak).
underwing-moth endemic oak-specialist univoltine southern-California Catocala Erebidae Lepidoptera scrub-oak Quercus-turbinella June July Brower-1976
Catocala consors
Consort Underwing
Catocala consors, the consort underwing, is a North American moth in the family Erebidae. It is one of approximately 250 species in the genus Catocala, commonly known as underwing moths due to their brightly colored hindwings concealed beneath cryptic forewings. The species occurs in the eastern and central United States, with adults active in spring and early summer. Larvae feed on specific host plants including Amorpha fructicosa and Carya species.
underwing-moth Erebidae North-America spring-flying univoltine Amorpha Carya
Catocala gracilis
Graceful Underwing
Catocala gracilis, the Graceful Underwing, is a moth in the family Erebidae. Adults have a wingspan of 40–45 mm and are active from July to September. The species has one generation per year. Larvae feed on Leucothoe, Vaccinium pallidum, and possibly Quercus.
underwing-moth nocturnal forest North-America univoltine
Catocala grotiana
Grote's Underwing Moth, Grote's Underwing
Catocala grotiana is a large underwing moth in the family Erebidae, first described by James S. Bailey in 1879. The species is characterized by its cryptic forewings and brightly colored hindwings, a defensive trait common to the genus Catocala. It occurs in the western United States, with documented records from Arizona, Utah, Colorado, Washington, and areas north and east of California. Adults are active in late summer, with larvae feeding on Populus and Salix species.
underwing-moth western-US-endemic riparian-habitat Populus-feeder Salix-feeder late-summer-emergence cryptic-coloration startle-defense nocturnal univoltine
Catocala irene
Irene's underwing
Catocala irene, known as Irene's underwing, is a moth in the family Erebidae first described by Hans Hermann Behr in 1870. It is found in the western United States, specifically in Utah, California, and Nevada. The species has a wingspan of 65–75 mm and adults are active from July to September, with likely one generation per year. The larvae feed on Populus and Salix species.
underwing-moth western-United-States riparian Populus Salix univoltine
Catocala miranda
Miranda underwing
Catocala miranda is a moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Henry Edwards in 1881. It is commonly known as the Miranda underwing, a name reflecting the genus's characteristic hidden hindwing patterns. The species occurs in the eastern and southeastern United States, with adults active in late spring. The larvae feed on hawthorns (Crataegus).
underwing-moth hawthorn-feeder eastern-North-America spring-emergence univoltine
Catocala sordida
Sordid Underwing
Catocala sordida, the sordid underwing, is a moth species in the family Erebidae described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1877. It is characterized by cryptic forewings that conceal brightly colored hindwings, a trait shared with other members of the genus Catocala. The species occurs across eastern and central North America, with larvae feeding on hackberry (Celtis) and blueberry (Vaccinium). Adults are active from May through September.
underwing-moth cryptic-coloration univoltine North-America
Catocala texanae
Texan Underwing
Catocala texanae, the Texan Underwing, is a moth in the family Erebidae described by George Hazen French in 1902. It is endemic to Texas, with adults active from May to June. Like other underwing moths, it likely exhibits the characteristic resting posture with cryptic forewings concealing brightly patterned hindwings.
endemic underwing Texas Erebidae Catocala moth Lepidoptera univoltine May-June
Catocala ulalume
Ulalume Underwing
Catocala ulalume, the Ulalume Underwing, is a North American moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Herman Strecker in 1878. It is one of approximately 250 species in the genus Catocala, commonly known as underwing moths for their habit of concealing brightly patterned hindwings beneath cryptic forewings when at rest. The species is distributed across the southeastern and south-central United States, with adults active during summer months and larvae specializing on hickory host plants.
underwing-moth hickory-feeder southeastern-US nocturnal cryptic-coloration startle-display univoltine Erebidae Catocala
Catocala vidua
widow underwing
Catocala vidua, commonly known as the widow underwing, is a moth in the family Erebidae. The species was first described by James Edward Smith in 1797. It is a medium-large underwing moth with a wingspan of 70–80 mm. Adults are active from August to October, with one generation per year. The larvae feed on several tree species including hickories, walnuts, oaks, black locust, and willow.
underwing-moth nocturnal cryptic-coloration startle-display univoltine hardwood-forest
Catocala violenta
Catocala violenta is a nocturnal moth in the family Erebidae, part of the diverse underwing moth genus Catocala. Adults fly during mid-summer with a single annual generation. The species occupies a restricted geographic range in the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico, where larvae feed specifically on Gambel's oak.
moth underwing nocturnal oak-feeding southwestern-US univoltine
Cauchas
Cauchas is a genus of fairy longhorn moths (Adelidae) in the subfamily Adelinae, established by Zeller in 1839 and elevated to genus status in 1980. It contains approximately 17 described species distributed across Europe and Asia. The genus is characterized by small size, reduced sexual dimorphism in antennae length, and specific host plant associations with Veronica species.
fairy-longhorn-moth Adelidae univoltine Veronica genome-sequenced
Caurinus
snow scorpionflies
Caurinus is a genus of snow scorpionflies in the family Boreidae, containing two described species: Caurinus dectes from Washington and Oregon, and Caurinus tlagu from Alaska. These tiny, flea-like insects are among the most unusual members of Mecoptera, with a fossil lineage dating back over 145 million years to the Jurassic. They are non-parasitic and feed on leafy liverworts in coastal forest habitats.
Mecoptera Boreidae snow-scorpionfly liverwort-feeder wingless Pacific-Northwest Alaska Jurassic-relict univoltine winter-active
Caurinus dectes
snow scorpionfly
Caurinus dectes is a species of snow scorpionfly in the family Boreidae, endemic to western North America. It is one of only two species in the genus Caurinus, distinguished by its extremely small size (approximately 2 mm), reduced wings, and flea-like appearance. The species is univoltine, with a life cycle adapted to cool, moist coastal forest environments where it feeds on leafy liverworts.
snow-scorpionfly bryophyte-feeder Pacific-Northwest-endemic univoltine flea-like reduced-wings liverwort-specialist
Cephidae
Stem Sawflies
Cephidae is a family of stem sawflies in the order Hymenoptera, comprising approximately 27 genera and over 160 described species. Most species occur in the Northern Hemisphere, particularly in Eurasia. Larvae are endophagous stem borers in various plants, especially grasses and cereal grains, with several species being significant agricultural pests including Cephus cinctus on wheat and Janus rufiventris on corn. Adults are exceptionally slender for symphytans and often resemble other insects.
stem-sawflies agricultural-pests cereal-pests wheat-pests corn-pests poppy-pests stem-borers endophagous-larvae Symphyta Northern-Hemisphere Eurasia integrated-pest-management host-plant-resistance parasitoids univoltine soil-cocoons
Ceranemota tearlei
Ceranemota tearlei is a moth in the family Drepanidae, first described by Henry Edwards in 1888. It occurs in western North America from British Columbia and Alberta south to California, Utah, and Colorado. Adults are active from late August to October, with one generation per year. The larvae feed on specific woody plants including serviceberry, mountain-ash, and willow species.
moth Drepanidae western-North-America montane-forest riparian univoltine late-season-flight
Ceratomia sonorensis
Sonoran sphinx
Ceratomia sonorensis, known as the Sonoran sphinx, is a hawkmoth in the family Sphingidae. The species inhabits high-elevation Madrean woodland in Sonora, Mexico and southeastern Arizona. Adults are active during summer months, with larvae feeding on Fraxinus (ash) species. The species was described by Ronald Hodges in 1971.
hawkmoth sphingid Madrean-woodland sky-island Fraxinus-specialist univoltine
Cercyonis oetus
Small Wood-Nymph, Dark Wood-Nymph
Cercyonis oetus is a brush-footed butterfly of western North America, commonly known as the Small Wood-Nymph or Dark Wood-Nymph. It is a medium-sized satyrine with a wingspan of 32–45 mm. Adults fly in a single generation from June to August. The species has four recognized subspecies distributed across its range.
butterfly satyr wood-nymph western-North-America grassland univoltine
Ceutorhynchus obstrictus
Cabbage seedpod weevil
Ceutorhynchus obstrictus is a small weevil native to Europe and Asia that has become an invasive agricultural pest in North America. Adults feed on Brassicaceae leaves, while larvae develop inside seed pods and destroy developing seeds. The species causes significant economic damage to canola (Brassica napus) and other crucifer crops, with yield losses estimated at 5–30% in heavily infested fields. It completes one generation per year, with adults overwintering in soil or ground litter.
agricultural-pest invasive-species Brassicaceae-specialist canola-pest biological-control-target univoltine
Chaoborus astictopus
Clear Lake gnat
Chaoborus astictopus is a phantom midge (family Chaoboridae) commonly known as the Clear Lake gnat. The species has a univoltine life cycle with adults emerging in spring. Older larvae exhibit diel vertical migration, occupying deep profundal zones during daylight hours and moving to open waters at night, indicating negative phototaxis. The species has been studied as a target for insecticide control and is known to host microsporidian and fungal pathogens.
phantom-midge aquatic-insect diel-vertical-migration univoltine lentic
Cheumatopsyche
Little Sister Sedges
Cheumatopsyche is a large genus of net-spinning caddisflies comprising at least 240 described species. Larvae construct silk capture nets to filter food from flowing water and are important components of freshwater benthic communities. Species exhibit variable life histories including univoltine and multivoltine cycles, with some populations capable of producing additional generations when thermal conditions permit. The genus is widely distributed across multiple continents and serves as a significant bioindicator for water quality assessment.
net-spinning-caddisfly bioindicator freshwater benthic multivoltine univoltine secondary-production water-quality thermal-plasticity
Chlosyne palla
Northern Checkerspot
Chlosyne palla, the northern checkerspot, is a North American butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. Adults have a wingspan of 30–48 mm and display a distinctive checkered pattern of dark brown, light orange, and tan on the upperside, with alternating red and yellow cells on the underside. The species has one flight period annually, occurring from April to July depending on elevation and latitude. Caterpillars feed on goldenrod, rabbitbrush, and asters.
butterfly checkerspot North-America western univoltine
Chlosyne whitneyi
rockslide checkerspot, Sierra Nevada checkerspot
Chlosyne whitneyi is a small checkerspot butterfly native to mountainous regions of western North America. Adults are active from July to August in a single annual generation. The species is tightly associated with alpine rockslide and scree slope habitats. Larvae feed on Erigeron and Solidago species in the sunflower family.
alpine-specialist univoltine rockslide-habitat western-North-America
Choristoneura fumiferana
eastern spruce budworm, spruce budworm
Choristoneura fumiferana, the eastern spruce budworm, is a tortricid moth native to eastern North America and the most destructive forest insect in the region's spruce-fir forests. The species exhibits dramatic population oscillations with outbreaks occurring approximately every 30–40 years, during which larvae defoliate millions of hectares of host trees. These cycles have been documented since at least the 16th century through tree-ring studies. The species serves as a critical food source for specialized avian predators during outbreak phases and has been the subject of extensive research into population dynamics and forest pest management.
forest-pest population-cycles defoliator boreal-forest Tortricidae univoltine diapause outbreak-dynamics integrated-pest-management
Choristoneura houstonana
Juniper Budworm Moth
Choristoneura houstonana is a tortricid moth commonly known as the Juniper Budworm Moth. It is a specialist pest of Juniperus (juniper) species. The species has a single generation per year, with eggs laid in July and larvae that construct shelters by rolling or webbing juniper leaves together. It is closely related to other Choristoneura species including the spruce budworm, but differs in host specificity and geographic distribution.
leafroller tortricid juniper-pest univoltine leaf-miner solitary-larva
Choristoneura lambertiana
sugar pine tortrix, sugar pine tortrix moth
Choristoneura lambertiana, commonly known as the sugar pine tortrix, is a tortricid moth native to western North America. The species exhibits pronounced host-specific variation across its range, with three recognized subspecies each associated with different pine hosts: C. l. lambertiana on sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana), C. l. ponderosana on ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa) and limber pine (P. flexilis), and C. l. subretiniana on lodgepole pine (P. contorta) and Jeffrey pine (P. jeffreyi). Populations have been documented as outbreak defoliators of lodgepole pine in Idaho and Montana during the mid-to-late 1960s.
Tortricidae Choristoneura pine-pest defoliator western-North-America univoltine hibernaculum host-race subspecies forest-entomology
Chortophaga viridifasciata viridifasciata
Greenstriped Grasshopper, Northern Green-striped Locust
The greenstriped grasshopper is a medium-sized bandwinged species widely distributed across North America, extending into Central America. Northern populations are univoltine, overwintering as late-instar nymphs and maturing in early spring, while southern populations may produce two or more generations annually. Adults exhibit strong sexual dimorphism in coloration: most females are green, most males are brown. The species is a strong flier with long wings extending beyond the abdomen, and males produce crepitation during flight. Though abundant in the eastern United States, populations remain patchy in western regions where the species is restricted to moist microhabitats.
grasshopper bandwinged sexual-dimorphism univoltine multivoltine strong-flier moist-habitat-specialist spring-adult crepitation Oedipodinae North-America Central-America Kentucky-bluegrass western-wheatgrass research-model-organism
Chrysoclista linneella
Linnaeus's spangle-wing, linden bark borer, cosmet
Chrysoclista linneella is a small moth with a wingspan of 10–13 mm, recognized by its distinctive orange forewings with three silvery spots and blackish-brown margins. The species is closely associated with linden trees (Tilia), where larvae tunnel beneath bark. Adults are active from May to September and are frequently encountered in urban areas with linden avenues, though rarely observed in natural habitats.
bark-borer Tilia-specialist urban-moth univoltine European-native
Chrysolina fastuosa
Chrysolina fastuosa is a small (5.0–6.0 mm), univoltine leaf beetle native to the Palearctic Region, ranging from eastern Siberia to western Europe. First North American records document established populations in Nova Scotia, Canada and Vermont, USA, separated by over 900 km. The species is distinguished by bright metallic green coloration with blue at the elytral suture and often orange median longitudinal areas on the elytra. It feeds on Lamiaceae, particularly Galeopsis species, and has the potential to spread across the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada.
leaf-beetle Chrysomelidae Lamiaceae-feeder adventive-species invasive-potential biological-control metallic-coloration univoltine Palearctic-native North-America-introduction
Chrysolina quadrigemina
greater St. John's wort beetle, St. John's wort beetle
Chrysolina quadrigemina is a leaf beetle introduced to North America as a biological control agent for the invasive weed Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort). Native to Europe and North Africa, this beetle has established populations across western North America and has been introduced to Australia. Adults and larvae feed exclusively on Hypericum species, with documented spillover onto native congeners such as H. punctatum in the eastern United States. The beetle exhibits a univoltine life cycle with adults active in summer, and shows evidence of post-colonization adaptation to colder climates in northern populations.
biological-control invasive-species Hypericum leaf-beetle Chrysomelidae classical-biocontrol non-target-effects post-colonization-adaptation univoltine aestivation vector plant-pathogen
Chrysomela crotchi
aspen leaf beetle
Chrysomela crotchi, the aspen leaf beetle, is a univoltine leaf beetle species in the family Chrysomelidae that feeds exclusively on trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides). Adults are notable for their exceptional longevity, capable of overwintering two successive years. The species has been studied extensively in northwestern Ontario and at the Aspen FACE site in northern Wisconsin, where research has examined how host plant genotype and atmospheric conditions affect beetle performance. Populations are subject to regulation primarily through predation on immature stages and overwintering mortality.
leaf-beetle aspen-specialist univoltine long-lived-adults
Chrysoteuchia topiarius
Topiary Grass-veneer, Subterranean Sod Webworm, Cranberry Girdler
Chrysoteuchia topiarius is a small crambid moth with a wingspan of 17–20 mm, distributed across most of North America. Adults are active from late June to early August in a single annual generation. The species is known by multiple common names reflecting its larval habits: subterranean sod webworm refers to its grass-feeding larvae that live in silk-lined tunnels, while cranberry girdler indicates damage to cranberry plants. The species was first described by Philipp Christoph Zeller in 1866.
grass-feeding turf-pest cranberry-pest subterranean-larva univoltine nocturnal
Cimbex
Elm sawflies, Birch sawflies, Almond leaf wasps
Cimbex is a genus of large, robust sawflies in the family Cimbicidae, distributed across North America, Europe, and Asia. Adults are among the largest sawflies, with body lengths reaching 20-25 mm, and are frequently mistaken for bees or wasps due to their plump appearance and yellow-and-black coloration. The genus includes notable species such as C. americanus (elm sawfly), C. femoratus (birch sawfly), and C. quadrimaculatus (almond leaf wasp), some of which are significant defoliators of trees. Larvae are caterpillar-like, with seven pairs of prolegs distinguishing them from lepidopteran caterpillars, and possess chemical defense glands. The genus has a fossil record extending from the Eocene to the Miocene.
sawfly Hymenoptera defoliator cimbicid non-stinging caterpillar-like-larvae fossil-genus pest parasitoid-host territorial-males chemical-defense univoltine sap-feeding-adults
Cimbex americanus
elm sawfly, North American Elm Sawfly
Cimbex americanus, commonly known as the elm sawfly, is a large, non-stinging sawfly in the family Cimbicidae. Adults measure approximately 20–30 mm in body length and are among the largest sawflies in North America. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in coloration: males have yellow-orange abdomens, while females display black abdomens with yellow transverse bands. Larvae feed on foliage of various broadleaf trees, particularly elm and willow, and can reach 50 mm in length. The species has a single generation per year, with larvae overwintering in soil cocoons before pupating in spring.
sawfly non-stinging folivore univoltine sexually-dimorphic cimbicid defensive-buzzing bark-stripping cocoon-overwintering parasitoid-host
Cissusa indiscreta
Indiscreet Cissusa Moth, Indiscrete Cissusa Moth
Cissusa indiscreta is a moth species in the family Erebidae, distributed across western North America from British Columbia to central Colorado. Adults are active in spring with a single annual generation. Larvae are specialized feeders on Quercus species.
oak-specialist western-North-America spring-moth univoltine
Citheronia regalis
Regal Moth, Royal Walnut Moth
Citheronia regalis is a large North American saturniid moth known as the regal moth or royal walnut moth. Its larval stage, the hickory horned devil, is one of the largest caterpillars in North America north of Mexico and is notable for its striking appearance with prominent red and black horns. Adults have vestigial mouthparts and do not feed, living only about a week to mate and lay eggs. The species has a single generation per year throughout most of its range.
saturniidae giant-silk-moth caterpillar hickory walnut univoltine defensive-mimicry hornworm forest-lepidoptera
Citheronia sepulcralis
pine-devil moth
Citheronia sepulcralis, commonly known as the pine-devil moth, is a giant silk moth in the family Saturniidae. Adults are blackish-brown in color and lack functional mouthparts. The species occurs across the eastern and southeastern United States, with larvae feeding exclusively on pine species. Multiple broods occur in southern regions, while northern populations are univoltine.
Saturniidae Ceratocampinae giant-silk-moth pine Nearctic univoltine multivoltine non-feeding-adult
Cleora sublunaria
double-lined gray moth, Double-lined Gray
Cleora sublunaria, known as the double-lined gray moth, is a geometrid moth species native to North America. Adults are active primarily from February to June with a single annual generation. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in forewing length, with males measuring 13–17 mm and females 14–17 mm. Larvae feed on oak (Quercus) and sweetfern (Comptonia) species.
moth geometrid North-America oak-feeder univoltine
Clinocerinae
aquatic dance flies
Clinocerinae is a subfamily of dance flies (Empididae) comprising 16 recognized genera including Clinocera, Wiedemannia, Dolichocephala, Trichoclinocera, and Kowarzia. Members are commonly known as aquatic dance flies due to their strong association with freshwater habitats. The subfamily has a global distribution with particularly diverse faunas in the Palaearctic and Oriental regions. Multiple generic revisions and species-level revisions have been published for Nearctic, Palaearctic, and Oriental faunas.
aquatic lotic dance-flies Empididae freshwater univoltine global-distribution
Coenonympha tullia ochracea
Large Heath, Ochraceous Ringlet
Coenonympha tullia ochracea is a subspecies of the Large Heath butterfly, a satyrine nymphalid found in peatland and bog habitats across northern Europe and North America. This subspecies exhibits the characteristic orange-ochre coloration that distinguishes it from other C. tullia forms. The species is notable for its association with intact blanket bog ecosystems, where it serves as an indicator of healthy peatland conditions. Like other Coenonympha species, it faces threats from habitat degradation, drainage, and wildfire.
bog-specialist peatland-indicator satyrine univoltine conservation-concern
Colaspis brunnea
grape colaspis
Colaspis brunnea, commonly known as the grape colaspis, is a small leaf beetle native to eastern North America. Adults are brown in color and approximately 5 mm in length, with elytra bearing parallel rows of puncture marks. The species is univoltine, overwintering as larvae in the soil. While it has been observed feeding on crops including corn and soybeans, documented economic damage remains limited.
leaf-beetle agricultural-pest univoltine soil-dwelling-larvae North-America Chrysomelidae
Colaspis crinicornis
Colaspis crinicornis is a leaf beetle species in the family Chrysomelidae, native to the Great Plains of the United States. It was described by Schaeffer in 1933. Historically not considered a pest, its populations have increased substantially in corn and soybean fields in southeastern Nebraska over the past decade. The species has a univoltine life cycle, overwintering as larvae in soil and emerging as adults in summer. Adults feed on above-ground foliage while larvae feed on below-ground plant portions.
leaf-beetle agricultural-pest corn-pest soybean-pest Great-Plains Nebraska soil-dwelling-larvae univoltine
Coleophora badiipennella
Pale Elm Case-bearer
Coleophora badiipennella is a small case-bearing moth in the family Coleophoridae, first described by Duponchel in 1843. It is widely distributed across Europe and has been introduced to North America. The species is associated with several deciduous tree genera, particularly elms. Adults are active in early summer.
moth case-bearer leaf-miner elm-associated Palearctic Nearctic-introduced univoltine silken-case
Coleotechnites apicitripunctella
Green Hemlock Needleminer, Hemlock Leaf Miner, Baldcypress Webworm
A small gelechiid moth whose larvae mine needles of eastern hemlock and bald cypress. The species has one generation annually and occurs in eastern North America. Larvae are distinctive with yellowish-green bodies, orange-brown heads, and dark green spots.
needle-miner conifer-specialist univoltine eastern-North-America
Coleotechnites atrupictella
Spruce Micromoth
A small gelechiid moth with a wingspan of 9–10 mm, recognized by its distinctive blackish forewing fasciae. The larvae are folivores on conifers, feeding on spruce, pine, hemlock, Douglas-fir, and subalpine fir. The species is univoltine, with adults active from April to September and larvae present in June and July. It overwinters as an egg.
micromoth conifer-feeder univoltine North-American
Coleotechnites laricis
orange larch tubemaker
Coleotechnites laricis, the orange larch tubemaker, is a small gelechiid moth with a wingspan of 10.5–13 mm. It is found in eastern Canada and the north-eastern United States, where its larvae are specialized feeders on eastern larch. The species has one generation per year.
moth Gelechiidae larch-specialist univoltine North-America
Coleotechnites macleodi
brown hemlock needleminer
A small gelechiid moth known for its specialized relationship with eastern hemlock. The common name refers to its larval habit of mining within hemlock needles. It completes one generation annually in its northern range.
needle-miner conifer-specialist univoltine Tsuga
Coleotechnites thujaella
brown arborvitae leafminer, brown cedar leafminer
Coleotechnites thujaella is a small gelechiid moth commonly known as the brown arborvitae leafminer or brown cedar leafminer. It occurs in northeastern North America, where its larvae feed internally on Thuja foliage. The species is recognized by its distinctive wing pattern of black triangular costal patches and paired black dots on cream-white forewings. Adults have a wingspan of 9–10 mm and are active in a single annual generation.
leafminer pest Thuja arborvitae cedar univoltine Gelechiidae Lepidoptera North-America ornamental-pest
Colias interior
pink-edged sulphur
Colias interior, commonly known as the pink-edged sulphur, is a North American butterfly in the family Pieridae. It is the state butterfly of Maine. The species is univoltine, with adults active from June through August. Females lay eggs on blueberry plants (Vaccinium species), and larvae feed primarily on Vaccinium myrtilloides. The species enters diapause as larvae and is known to hybridize with the multivoltine Colias philodice, with hybrids exhibiting abnormal diapause dynamics.
butterfly Pieridae North-America univoltine diapause hybridization state-symbol Vaccinium-feeder
Colias palaeno
Moorland Clouded Yellow, Palaeno Sulphur, Pale Arctic Clouded Yellow
Colias palaeno is a Holarctic butterfly species in the family Pieridae, occurring across northern Eurasia and North America. It inhabits moorlands, bogs, and open coniferous forests, with southern populations restricted to high alpine zones above 1,500 meters. The species has experienced significant declines in parts of its European range, particularly in Bavaria, where larval survival depends critically on microclimatic conditions associated with Sphagnum moss. It is univoltine, with adults flying from June to August.
butterfly Pieridae Holarctic moorland bog alpine univoltine Vaccinium Sphagnum climate-sensitive conservation-concern
Colias pelidne
Pelidne Sulphur, Blueberry Sulphur
Colias pelidne is a small sulphur butterfly in the family Pieridae found in North America. It inhabits high-elevation tundra and mountain environments, with a flight period restricted to late June through early August. The species has a broad geographic range spanning from British Columbia across Canada to Newfoundland, with southern extensions into Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. Both larval and adult stages have documented feeding associations with specific plant taxa.
alpine subalpine univoltine ericaceous-host-plants North-American-endemic
Compsidolon salicellum
Compsidolon salicellum is a plant bug in the family Miridae native to the Palearctic region, with established adventive populations in North America. It inhabits sunny forest edges and isolated bushes, showing a preference for common hazel (Corylus avellana) while occasionally utilizing other deciduous shrubs. The species exhibits zoophytophagous feeding behavior and has a single annual generation with adults active from mid-July through late September.
zoophytophagous univoltine adventive mirid plant-bug
Conotrachelus schoofi
Pecan Shoot Curculio
Conotrachelus schoofi is a weevil species in the family Curculionidae that feeds on pecans. Adults cause premature nut drop by feeding on pecan nutlets. Larvae develop within the nuts, completing their growth inside the shuck. The species has one generation per year, with adults emerging in spring and overwintering in diapause.
pest agriculture Coleoptera Curculionidae pecan univoltine diapause North-America
Copablepharon grandis
pale yellow dune moth
Copablepharon grandis, the pale yellow dune moth, is a noctuid moth species described by Strecker in 1878. It is distributed across western and central North America, inhabiting dune ecosystems. Adults are active in mid-summer with a single annual generation. The species is closely associated with sandy habitats, reflecting its common name.
dune-specialist Noctuidae North-America univoltine pale-yellow-dune-moth
Corydalus cornutus
Eastern Dobsonfly, Hellgrammite (larval form), Go-devil, Grampus
Corydalus cornutus, the eastern dobsonfly, is among the largest insects in eastern North America, with adults reaching 140 mm in length and wingspans up to 130 mm. The species exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism: males possess elongated, sickle-shaped mandibles up to 40 mm long used in combat with rivals, while females have shorter, powerful mandibles capable of delivering a painful bite. The aquatic larval stage, known as hellgrammites, are apex invertebrate predators in fast-flowing streams, feeding on other aquatic insects for one to three years before emerging to pupate in terrestrial soil chambers. Adults are short-lived, non-predatory, and primarily nocturnal, attracted to lights near waterways.
Megaloptera aquatic-insect stream-ecology sexual-dimorphism indicator-species angler-bait thermoregulation univoltine riffle-habitat hellgrammite
Corythucha juglandis
Walnut Lace Bug
Corythucha juglandis, the walnut lace bug, is a univoltine or bivoltine lace bug (Hemiptera: Tingidae) native to North America and specialized on walnut (Juglans) host plants. Adults overwinter in leaf litter and become active in April or May, synchronizing with host leaf phenology. The species aggregates on the undersides of leaflets for feeding and reproduction. Both adults and nymphs are gregarious. It has been studied in Ontario, Québec, Canada, and southern Illinois, USA, with some geographic variation in voltinism reported.
Tingidae lace-bug walnut Juglans univoltine bivoltine gregarious leaf-litter phloem-feeder North-America Ontario Québec Illinois overwintering aggregation host-specific Corythucha Hemiptera Heteroptera
Crambus tutillus
sod webworm
Crambus tutillus is a sod webworm moth in the family Crambidae, described by McDunnough in 1921. It is univoltine with a life cycle tightly regulated by photoperiod and temperature. Larvae develop through nine instars, overwintering as diapausing eighth instars, with adults emerging in mid-May and reproducing through June and July. The species exhibits an unusual adaptive response where early instar growth rates increase as daylength decreases, synchronizing development with seasonal food availability.
sod-webworm turfgrass-pest univoltine photoperiod-adaptation Pacific-Northwest diapause Crambidae Lepidoptera pest-management grassland-ecology
Culiseta alaskaensis
Alaskan winter mosquito
Culiseta alaskaensis, the Alaskan winter mosquito, is a Holarctic mosquito species adapted to cold subarctic and arctic environments. It has a univoltine life cycle with larvae overwintering and adults emerging in late summer. Females exhibit a distinctive reproductive strategy: they are autogenous for their first egg batch, producing eggs without a blood meal, but require blood for subsequent batches. Adults enter hibernation shortly after emergence without mating or feeding, with mating deferred until spring.
mosquito vector subarctic cold-adapted autogeny univoltine Holarctic
Cyclocephala lurida
Southern Masked Chafer
Cyclocephala lurida, commonly known as the southern masked chafer, is a scarab beetle native to the southeastern United States. Adults are small brown beetles with distinctive black facial markings, measuring 10–14 mm in length. The species is univoltine, with adults active primarily in June and July. While adults do not feed on plants and cause no damage, the subterranean larvae—known as white grubs—are significant turfgrass pests that feed on grass roots and can cause extensive lawn damage under dry conditions.
Scarabaeidae Dynastinae turfgrass-pest white-grub univoltine pheromone-communication southeastern-United-States root-feeder integrated-pest-management biological-control milky-spore Paenibacillus-popilliae
Dactylotum bicolor
Rainbow grasshopper, Painted grasshopper, Barber pole grasshopper
Dactylotum bicolor is a small, flightless grasshopper known for its striking aposematic coloration of black with red, yellow, and green markings. Native to shortgrass prairie and desert grasslands of western North America, it exhibits a complex life cycle with nymphs showing specialized feeding behavior on Wright's false willow (Baccharis wrightii) in parts of its range. The species demonstrates active thermoregulation through behavioral positioning relative to host plants and sunlight. Its bright warning coloration has been experimentally validated as effective aposematism against vertebrate predators.
aposematic wingless univoltine thermoregulation host-specific-nymphs Great-Plains-endemic
Dasychira vagans
Variable Tussock Moth
Dasychira vagans is a moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Barnes and McDunnough in 1913. The species exhibits notable sexual dimorphism in forewing length, with males measuring 14–18 mm and females 22–24 mm. Adults are active from June to August with a single generation per year. The larvae feed on a broad range of woody plants across multiple families, with a documented preference for Quercus (oak) species. Two subspecies are recognized: D. v. vagans in eastern North America and D. v. grisea ranging from southern Manitoba to the Pacific Northwest.
moth tussock-moth forest oak North-America sexual-dimorphism univoltine
Datana ministra
yellownecked caterpillar, Yellow-necked Caterpillar Moth
Datana ministra is a moth in the family Notodontidae, commonly known as the yellownecked caterpillar. The species is distributed across southern Canada and the eastern United States, extending west to California. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 42 mm and produce one generation per year. The larvae are notable defoliators of various hardwood trees.
defoliator hardwood-pest univoltine notodontid caterpillar
Dendroctonus adjunctus
roundheaded pine beetle
Dendroctonus adjunctus, commonly known as the roundheaded pine beetle, is a bark beetle native to North America that infests and kills pine trees. Adults are 5–6 mm long with shiny, dark brown to black exoskeletons covered in hairs. The species has a one-year life cycle, with adults colonizing weakened pine trees in autumn, constructing extensive egg galleries in the cambium and phloem. Outbreaks can be devastating, killing up to 50% of pines in pure stands. The beetle is distributed across the southwestern United States and Mexico, and is considered a serious pest of commercial and wild pine stocks.
bark-beetle forest-pest pine-mortality acoustic-communication semiochemicals phloem-feeder Dendroctonus Scolytinae Curculionidae Mexican-forestry southwestern-US climate-change aggregation-pheromone mycangium fungal-associates stridulation univoltine outbreak-dynamics integrated-pest-management
Depressaria
Depressaria is a genus of moths in the family Depressariidae (subfamily Depressariinae), previously treated as part of Oecophoridae or as a distinct family. The genus contains approximately 80+ described species, with new species continuing to be discovered. Most species are specialists on Apiaceae (umbellifers), feeding on reproductive structures, though some species utilize Salicaceae (willows). Several species are economically significant agricultural pests or invasive species in North America, including D. depressana (purple carrot-seed moth) and D. radiella (parsnip webworm). The type species, D. heraclei (parsnip moth), has a confused taxonomic history dating to Linnaeus.
moths Gelechioidea Apiaceae-specialist invasive-species agricultural-pest furanocoumarin-detoxification silk-webbing stem-borer floral-herbivore Holarctic univoltine multivoltine cytochrome-P450 coevolution
Depressaria radiella
parsnip moth, parsnip webworm
Depressaria radiella is a Eurasian moth introduced to North America in 1862 (Ontario) and New Zealand in 2004. It is a 'superspecialist' herbivore effectively restricted to two closely related apiaceous genera (Heracleum and Pastinaca) throughout its native and introduced ranges. The species is univoltine, with adults active from August through May after overwintering. It has undergone slow westward expansion across North America over 160+ years, reaching the West Coast only after more than 50 years. The species exhibits lower genetic diversity than its congener D. depressana, possibly reflecting its narrow host specialization.
specialist-herbivore invasive-species univoltine furanocoumarin-metabolism coevolution agricultural-pest biological-control taxonomic-confusion slow-range-expansion superspecialist
Deraeocoris ruber
red-spotted plant bug, Mirid Bug
Deraeocoris ruber, commonly known as the red-spotted plant bug, is a medium-sized predatory mirid bug native to Europe that has been introduced to the Nearctic and Neotropical realms. Adults measure 6–8 mm and display variable coloration from light brown or orange to black, with a diagnostic red cuneus. The species is univoltine, with adults active from July to September. It is an important biological control agent, feeding primarily on aphids and other small insects.
predator aphid-predator biological-control forest-edge-species univoltine variable-coloration
Desmona bethula
amphibious caddisfly
Desmona bethula, commonly known as the amphibious caddisfly, is a species of northern caddisfly in the family Limnephilidae. It is notable for its unusual terrestrial feeding migration behavior, in which fifth-instar larvae leave streams at night to feed on semiaquatic plants before returning to the water. This species is univoltine with autumn emergence and has been proposed as a potential evolutionary link between aquatic and secondarily terrestrial caddisfly lineages.
Trichoptera Limnephilidae caddisfly terrestrial-migration amphibious stream-insect univoltine
Dichomeris ligulella
palmerworm, Palmerworm Moth
Dichomeris ligulella, commonly known as the palmerworm, is a small gelechiid moth native to eastern North America. Adults are active from spring through fall with a single generation per year. The species is economically notable as a foliar feeder on several hardwood trees and orchard crops.
Gelechiidae eastern-North-America foliar-feeder orchard-pest univoltine hardwood-feeder
Dichrorampha aeratana
Obscure Drill
Dichrorampha aeratana is a small tortricid moth native to Europe, first described in 1915. The species has gained scientific attention as a potential biological control agent for the invasive weed oxeye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare) in North America and Australia. Adults are active in spring, with larvae feeding internally on host plant roots and rhizomes. The moth exhibits strong host specificity, with larval survival negatively associated with increasing ploidy levels in host plants.
biological-control weed-biocontrol root-feeding univoltine host-specificity Leucanthemum Tortricidae Europe North-America Australia
Dichrorampha sedatana
Dingy Drill
Dichrorampha sedatana is a small tortricid moth with a wingspan of 12–16 mm. Adults are active from April to June, with one generation per year. The larvae are root feeders, specializing on Asteraceae hosts including Tanacetum vulgare and related species. The species is widespread across Europe and occupies rough meadows and wayside habitats.
Tortricidae Olethreutinae root-borer Asteraceae-feeder European-fauna meadow-species univoltine
Dictyla echii
Bugloss Lace Bug
A lace bug (Hemiptera: Tingidae) native to the Palearctic and introduced to North America. In Canada, it is univoltine and overwinters as adults in soil near host plant rosettes in reproductive diapause. In the Mediterranean region, it produces at least 2–3 generations annually. Associated primarily with Boraginaceae, especially Echium species. Tested as a biological control agent for Echium plantagineum (Paterson's curse) in Australia but rejected due to insufficient host specificity.
lace-bug Tingidae Boraginaceae Echium biological-control univoltine diapause host-specificity invasive-species-management Canada Mediterranean
Dioryctria albovittella
pinyon tip moth
Dioryctria albovittella, commonly known as the pinyon tip moth, is a pyralid moth native to North America. The species is a specialist herbivore whose larvae feed within shoots and cones of pinyon pine (Pinus edulis), causing damage that can alter tree form and reduce cone production. Adults are active in mid-summer with a single annual generation. Taxonomic uncertainty exists, as specimens historically identified as D. albovittella across a broad geographic range may represent a species complex.
coneworm-moth pinyon-pine-pest forest-entomology univoltine cryptic-feeder species-complex-uncertainty
Dioryctria resinosella
red pine shoot moth
Dioryctria resinosella is a conifer-feeding moth in the family Pyralidae, described in 1982. The larvae are specialized shoot borers of red pine (Pinus resinosa), attacking new shoots and cones. This species exhibits localized infestation patterns within plantations and has a univoltine life cycle with discrete seasonal activity. It is known from Ontario and the northern United States, with detailed bionomics studied in Wisconsin sand plain plantations.
Pyralidae coneworm-moth red-pine Pinus-resinosa shoot-borer forest-pest Wisconsin Ontario parasitoid Hyssopus-rhyacioniae plantation-pest univoltine sand-plains
Dioryctria zimmermani
Zimmerman pine moth
Dioryctria zimmermani, the Zimmerman pine moth, is a conifer-feeding moth in the family Pyralidae. It is a significant pest of pine trees in the midwestern and northeastern United States and southern Canada. The species has one generation per year, with adults emerging in late August and eggs hatching through mid-September. Larvae bore into pine bark and cones, causing damage to host trees.
pest conifer-pest bark-borer cone-feeder monophagous-on-Pinus univoltine
Diploperla
springflies
Diploperla is a genus of springflies (family Perlodidae) comprising five described species found in eastern North America. These stoneflies inhabit stream environments where their nymphs develop as predators in leaf packs and riffle areas. The genus exhibits univoltine life cycles with adult emergence occurring in spring.
stonefly aquatic-insect predator univoltine spring-emergence eastern-North-America
Disholcaspis prehensa
clasping twig gall wasp
Disholcaspis prehensa is a gall-inducing cynipid wasp native to California that induces distinctive galls on scrub oak and leather oak. The species exhibits heterogony, alternating between sexual and asexual generations that produce two morphologically different gall types. The asexual generation forms conspicuous mushroom-shaped twig galls with clasping bases, while the sexual generation produces small, hidden bud galls.
gall-wasp cynipid heterogony parthenogenesis oak-gall California-endemic ant-mutualism Disholcaspis Cynipidae Hymenoptera Quercus induced-plant-structure phloem-sap-exudation biological-mutualism seasonal-dimorphism sexual-dimorphism gall-dimorphism agamic-generation sexual-generation clasping-twig-gall bud-gall twig-gall native-California-species scrub-oak leather-oak parasitoid-defense ant-plant-interaction insect-plant-interaction plant-manipulation evolution-of-asexuality Weld-1957 Zootaxa-4859 molecular-systematics host-plant-specificity Cynipini oak-woodland chaparral insect-gall gall-morphology gall-coloration sun-exposure-effects larval-chamber emergence-timing spring-emergence late-winter-emergence gall-development oviposition-behavior egg-laying-in-buds egg-laying-in-twigs female-only-generation wingless-female winged-sexual-generation gall-size-dimorphism gall-shape-dimorphism hidden-gall exposed-gall gall-wasp-life-cycle cynipid-biology gall-wasp-taxonomy 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biochemistry physiology ethology behavioral-ecology population-biology population-dynamics seasonality phenology climate-effects microhabitat niche-specialization conservation-biology imperiled-habitat oak-woodland-conservation chaparral-conservation fire-ecology succession disturbance habitat-fragmentation urbanization agricultural-conversion invasive-species climate-change range-shift phenological-shift citizen-science iNaturalist observation-data species-distribution occurrence-records biodiversity-informatics taxonomic-revision species-description type-specimen molecular-data DNA-barcoding phylogenetics systematics evolutionary-history biogeography dispersal vicariance speciation species-concepts cryptic-species species-complex morphological-variation geographic-variation phenotypic-plasticity genetic-variation population-genetics conservation-genetics restoration-ecology habitat-restoration managed-relocation assisted-migration ex-situ-conservation in-situ-conservation 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Diura
Diura is a genus of stoneflies (Plecoptera) in the family Perlodidae, comprising approximately seven described species distributed across Europe and North America. Species such as Diura nanseni are univoltine, completing their life cycle in one year with nymphal growth primarily during spring months. Nymphs are typically associated with lotic environments and exhibit predatory or grazing feeding habits depending on species.
Plecoptera Perlodidae stonefly aquatic-insect lotic univoltine Europe North-America
Dryocosmus minusculus
Pumpkin Gall Wasp
Dryocosmus minusculus is an abundant cynipid wasp endemic to California. The species induces small, round galls on oak leaves, commonly called pumpkin galls. Adults emerge in spring after overwintering as larvae within galls. The species is strictly associated with three oak species in the region.
cynipid gall-wasp oak-gall California-endemic univoltine herbivore
Eacles imperialis
Imperial Moth
Eacles imperialis is a large saturniid moth with the widest geographic range in its genus, extending from southern Canada to Argentina. Adults display substantial color variation, with yellow base coloration and variable red, brown, and purple markings. The species has experienced regional decline in the northeastern United States, with some New England populations extirpated, while remaining common in the Mid-Atlantic, Appalachia, and Deep South.
Saturniidae giant-silk-moth polyphagous univoltine soil-pupating declining sexual-dimorphism color-polymorphism
Ectobius
wood cockroaches, field cockroaches
Ectobius is a genus of small, cool-adapted cockroaches in the family Ectobiidae. Adults measure 6–12 mm in length with brown to yellowish coloration and pale margins. The genus has a complex biogeographic history: fossil evidence from the 49-million-year-old Green River Formation in Colorado indicates Ectobius originated in North America, despite its long absence from the continent until recent reintroductions. Species are primarily distributed across Europe, Africa, the eastern Palearctic, and the Near East. Several species have been introduced to northeastern North America within the last 65 years, where Ectobius lapponicus has become synanthropic.
cockroach Ectobiidae field-cockroach wood-cockroach palearctic invasive fossil Eocene Green-River-Formation parthenogenesis univoltine ootheca parental-care biogeography relict-distribution
Einfeldia
non-biting midges
Einfeldia is a genus of non-biting midges in the subfamily Chironominae, tribe Chironomini, within the bloodworm family Chironomidae. The genus was established by Kieffer in 1924 and contains approximately 11 described species distributed across Europe, North America, and other regions. At least one species, E. synchrona, has been studied in detail and exhibits univoltine life history with synchronized adult emergence.
chironomid non-biting-midge bloodworm-family freshwater benthic univoltine
Elaphria alapallida
Pale-winged Midget
Elaphria alapallida is a small owlet moth in the family Noctuidae, described in 2003 when it was split from the similar E. festivoides. It occurs across southern Canada and the northern United States. Adults fly from May to July and are attracted to light sources.
Noctuidae Elaphriini univoltine blacklight-attracted Nearctic
Elaphrus viridis
Delta Green Ground Beetle
Elaphrus viridis is a small, metallic-green ground beetle endemic to a restricted region in Solano County, California. It is closely associated with vernal pool habitats, where its life cycle is tied to seasonal flooding and drying patterns. The species is federally listed as threatened and IUCN Critically Endangered due to its extremely limited range and habitat loss. Adults are active during the wet season, emerging in January and becoming dormant by May when pools dry.
endemic threatened vernal-pool California ground-beetle wetland-dependent univoltine
Elasmostethus interstinctus
Birch Shield Bug
Elasmostethus interstinctus, commonly known as the birch shield bug, is a shield bug in the family Acanthosomatidae with a Holarctic distribution across Europe, Northern Asia, and North America. Adults measure 8–11.5 mm and display distinctive bright yellow-green and red coloration. The species is univoltine, with adults overwintering in leaf litter and emerging in spring to reproduce on birch and other host plants.
shield-bug stink-bug birch Holarctic univoltine asocial gregarious-nymphs
Enargia infumata
Smoked Sallow, Lesser Eyed Sallow
Enargia infumata is a noctuid moth known by the common names Smoked Sallow and Lesser Eyed Sallow. It occurs across northern and western North America, with populations extending from Alaska and eastern Canada south to California and Utah. The species has a single annual generation, with adults active during summer months. Larvae feed on leaves of Populus and potentially other woody plants in the willow family.
Noctuidae moth North-America univoltine Populus-feeder
Endelomyia
roseslug sawfly
Endelomyia is a genus of sawflies in the family Tenthredinidae, containing at least two described species. The genus is best known for Endelomyia aethiops, commonly called the roseslug sawfly, a significant pest of cultivated roses. Larvae feed on rose foliage, producing characteristic skeletonization damage by removing soft tissue between leaf veins. The genus can be distinguished from the related slugworm genus Caliroa by antennal characters and wing venation.
sawfly rose-pest skeletonization garden-insect Tenthredinidae univoltine
Endothenia hebesana
Verbena Bud Moth
Endothenia hebesana is a small tortricid moth commonly known as the verbena bud moth. The species has a broad North American distribution spanning from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific. Larvae develop inside the flower stalks and seed heads of numerous plant species, particularly in the genera Verbena and Penstemon. Fourth and fifth instars overwinter within host plant stems, with pupation occurring in late spring.
Lepidoptera Tortricidae North-America seed-predator bog-habitat multivoltine univoltine overwintering-larvae broad-host-range
Ennomos alniaria
Canary-shouldered Thorn
Ennomos alniaria, commonly known as the canary-shouldered thorn, is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is distinguished from related species by its bright yellow thorax. The species is widespread across Europe and has been introduced to British Columbia. Adults are active from July to October and are attracted to light.
moth geometrid univoltine deciduous-forest dead-twig-mimicry light-attracted
Ennomos magnaria
Maple Spanworm Moth, Notched Wing Moth, Notched-wing Geometer, Notch-wing Moth
A medium-sized geometrid moth with distinctive autumn leaf-like camouflage. Adults are active from July through early November, with a single generation per year. The species is notable for its notched wing margins and nocturnal habits, often resting on buildings during daylight hours.
cryptic-coloration univoltine folivorous-larva nocturnal autumn-activity
Ephemerella aurivillii
spiny crawler mayfly
Ephemerella aurivillii is a spiny crawler mayfly in the family Ephemerellidae with a strict one-year life cycle. The species occurs across northern regions of the Northern Hemisphere, including Europe, northern Asia, and North America. Research in Norway demonstrated that its distribution and growth rates are strongly temperature-dependent, with populations expanding following hydropower-induced warming of previously cold streams.
mayfly Ephemeroptera Ephemerellidae freshwater univoltine bioindicator hydropower-impact palearctic nearctic northern-distribution
Ephemerellidae
Spiny Crawler Mayflies
Ephemerellidae, commonly known as spiny crawler mayflies, is a family of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) comprising approximately 90 species across 8-14 genera. The family is distributed throughout North America and the UK, with additional records from Europe and Asia. Nymphs inhabit lotic-erosional environments including flowing streams of all sizes, lake shores, and beaches with wave action. They are primarily collector-gatherers and serve as important indicators of water quality due to their sensitivity to pollution.
mayfly spiny-crawler lotic bioindicator collector-gatherer univoltine Ephemeroptera freshwater stream fly-fishing
Epinotia meritana
white-fir needle miner
Epinotia meritana is a small tortricid moth whose larvae are specialized miners of fir needles. The species completes one generation annually, with adults active in mid-summer and larvae feeding internally on white fir foliage before overwintering within mined needles. It occurs in western North American conifer forests where its host trees grow.
Tortricidae Olethreutinae needle-miner Abies white-fir conifer-pest univoltine endophagous western-North-America
Epinotia nanana
European spruce needleminer, green spruce leaf miner, green spruce needle miner
Epinotia nanana is a small tortricid moth whose larvae are specialized needle miners of spruce trees. Native to Europe and Asia, it has been introduced to North America where it has become a pest of ornamental and forest spruce. The species has a univoltine life cycle with larvae overwintering in mined needles and completing development the following spring. Larval feeding creates distinctive silken webbing that secures mined needles to twigs.
needle-miner spruce-pest Tortricidae univoltine introduced-species ornamental-pest silken-webbing contagious-distribution
Epinotia solandriana
Birch Leafroller Moth
Epinotia solandriana is a small tortricid moth with a wingspan of 16–21 mm, distributed across Europe, Asia (China, Korea, Japan, Russia), and North America. Adults fly from July to September and show considerable variation in forewing coloration and pattern. Larvae are specialized leaf rollers on birch, hazel, and willow, folding leaves to create shelters while feeding.
leaf-roller birch tortricidae univoltine palearctic nearctic
Eriocraniella platyptera
Eriocraniella platyptera is a small primitive moth in the family Eriocraniidae. Adults are active in May with a single annual generation. Larvae are leaf miners that feed on oak species, particularly Quercus ilicifolia. The species was described by Donald R. Davis in 1978 and is known from the northeastern and southern United States.
leaf-miner oak-associated primitive-moth univoltine metallic-iridescence
Erynnis persius
Persius Duskywing
Erynnis persius, the Persius duskywing, is a butterfly species in the family Hesperiidae native to North America. The species exhibits a single annual generation with larvae hibernating and pupating in spring. The eastern subspecies E. p. persius is of particular conservation concern, being rare and in severe decline due to habitat loss and decline of its obligate host plant, wild blue lupine (Lupinus perennis). Adults are difficult to distinguish from other duskywing skippers without close examination.
butterfly skipper conservation threatened endangered specialist univoltine hibernation legume-feeder North-America
Estigmene
Ermine Moths
Estigmene is a genus of tiger moths in the family Erebidae, erected by Jacob Hübner in 1820. Species in this genus are native to North and Central America. The genus has undergone taxonomic revision, with many African and Asian species formerly included now separated into different genera. The most well-known species is Estigmene acrea, commonly called the saltmarsh caterpillar or woollybear, which is a widespread generalist herbivore and occasional agricultural pest.
tiger-moth woollybear generalist-herbivore agricultural-pest pheromone-biology lek-behavior food-aversion-learning North-America Central-America Erebidae Arctiinae saltmarsh-caterpillar univoltine overwintering-larva parasitoid-host chemical-ecology Jacob-Hübner-1820 E.-acrea E.-albida E.-congrua E.-prima
Euaresta bella
Common Ragweed Fruit Fly
Euaresta bella is a tephritid fruit fly species commonly known as the Common Ragweed Fruit Fly. It is specialized on Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed) as its sole known larval host plant. The species has a univoltine life cycle, producing one generation annually. It occurs in North America with documented records from the United States including Vermont.
fruit-fly tephritid monophagous ragweed univoltine
Eucopina tocullionana
white pine cone borer, White Pine Coneborer Moth
A small tortricid moth specialized on pine cones. Adults are active in spring and summer, with larvae developing within cones of white pine and Virginia pine. The species is restricted to eastern North America, primarily in Appalachian and Great Lakes regions.
cone-borer pine-specialist monophagous forest-pest Appalachian-endemic univoltine
Eucosma cana
Hoary Bell
Eucosma cana, commonly known as the hoary bell, is a small tortricid moth with a wingspan of 16–23 mm. It is widespread across Europe, parts of Asia including China and Japan, and Central Asia. The species is univoltine, with adults active from June to August. Larvae develop within the flowerheads of thistles and related plants, feeding on Cirsium, Carduus, and Centaurea nigra.
tortricidae moth thistle-feeder palearctic univoltine flowerhead-borer Olethreutinae Eucosmini
Eulia ministrana
Ferruginous Eulia Moth
Eulia ministrana is a tortricid moth with a broad Palearctic and Nearctic distribution. Adults are active in late spring and early summer, with a single annual generation. Larvae develop as leaf-rollers on various deciduous trees and shrubs. The species has been studied for its population response to industrial pollution, showing that abundance decline may occur without detectable morphological stress indicators.
leafroller univoltine pollution-indicator Tortricidae Palearctic Nearctic
Euphilotes battoides
square-spotted blue, buckwheat blue
Euphilotes battoides is a small butterfly in the family Lycaenidae, commonly known as the square-spotted blue or buckwheat blue. It is native to western North America and exhibits strong ecological dependence on Eriogonum (buckwheat) species. The species comprises multiple recognized subspecies with restricted geographic ranges. Adults are active from spring through summer and feed primarily on buckwheat flower nectar.
butterfly Lycaenidae western-North-America Eriogonum-specialist univoltine square-spotted-blue
Euphilotes rita
Rita's Blue, rita blue, desert buckwheat blue
Euphilotes rita is a small lycaenid butterfly native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Adults are active from July through late September, with a single generation per year. The species exhibits strong ecological specialization on wild buckwheat (Eriogonum species) throughout its life cycle. Larvae are tended by ants, a characteristic mutualism within the Polyommatinae.
butterfly Lycaenidae Polyommatinae Eriogonum ant-tended specialist univoltine southwestern-US Mexico desert woodland grassland
Euphydryas editha
Edith's Checkerspot
Euphydryas editha is a checkerspot butterfly native to western North America, notable for extensive phenotypic variation across its range including differences in coloration, wing length, and body size. The species has been intensively studied for over 40 years as a model organism for metapopulation ecology, population dynamics, and conservation biology. Many populations are monophagous, relying on specific host plants for larval development. The species exhibits complex population dynamics with frequent local extinctions and recolonizations, and has experienced significant range-wide declines linked to climate change.
checkerspot metapopulation climate-change-indicator conservation-biology-model univoltine philopatry puddling-behavior western-North-America
Euphyes conspicua
Black Dash
Euphyes conspicua, commonly known as the Black Dash, is a skipper butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It occurs in the upper Midwest and central Atlantic regions of North America, specializing in shrubby wetland habitats. The species has a single annual generation, with adults active from June through August. Larval development depends on sedges in the genus Carex.
skipper wetland-specialist sedge-feeder univoltine North-American-endemic
Euphyes vestris
Dun Skipper, Sedge Witch, Dun Sedge Skipper
Euphyes vestris is a skipper butterfly (family Hesperiidae) found across much of North America. Adults have a single annual generation in July and are associated with sedge-dominated habitats. The species shows notable geographic variation with several described subspecies, including disjunct populations in western mountain and coastal regions. Larval development depends on sedges (Cyperaceae), while adults visit diverse flowering plants for nectar.
skipper sedge-dependent univoltine North-American-endemic
Eupithecia gelidata
Frosted Pug
Eupithecia gelidata is a small geometrid moth with a wingspan of 17–22 mm, distributed across northern boreal and arctic regions. Adults are active from June to mid-July, with one generation per year. Larval host plant associations vary geographically: South Bohemian populations are obligatorily associated with Ledum palustre, while subarctic and boreal populations use Salix spp. as alternative hosts. The species has been documented visiting apple flowers, contributing to nocturnal pollination services.
geometridae pug-moth boreal arctic bog-habitat host-plant-specialization nocturnal-pollinator univoltine
Eupithecia satyrata
Satyr Pug
Eupithecia satyrata, commonly known as the satyr pug, is a small geometrid moth with a broad distribution spanning northern and central Europe, Russia, central Asia, Tibet, North Africa, and North America. Adults exhibit considerable variation in wing pattern, with ground colors ranging from ash to grey or brownish. The species is univoltine, with adults active from March through September. Larvae feed on the flowers of diverse plant genera including Achillea, Scabiosa, Solidago, Senecio, and Erica tetralix. The species has been documented as a nocturnal visitor to apple flowers, contributing to pollination services.
moth Geometridae pug-moth pollinator nocturnal variable-pattern univoltine
Euproctis chrysorrhoea
Brown-tail Moth
Euproctis chrysorrhoea, the brown-tail moth, is a univoltine forest pest with a highly polyphagous larval stage. Populations exhibit phenological plasticity, with larval diapause timing and winter feeding behavior varying based on host plant foliage persistence. The species demonstrates sequential host plant utilization during mass outbreaks and shows evidence of host-associated genetic divergence. Larvae possess urticating setae that pose human health risks.
pest defoliator urticating-hairs univoltine polyphagous forest-pest outbreak-species host-race phenological-plasticity
Euproserpinus phaeton
Phaeton primrose sphinx moth, Phaeton Primrose Sphinx
Euproserpinus phaeton is a medium-sized sphinx moth (Sphingidae) native to arid regions of southwestern North America. Adults are diurnal nectar-feeders, flying rapidly close to ground level over desert washes and flats during early spring. The species has a single annual generation and is dependent on Onagraceae plants for larval development. Its restricted activity period and specific habitat requirements make it a notable component of spring desert ecosystems.
sphinx-moth diurnal-moth desert-specialist univoltine spring-emergence Onagraceae-feeder
Euschistus variolarius
one-spotted stink bug, onespotted stink bug
Euschistus variolarius, commonly known as the one-spotted stink bug, is a Nearctic species of shield bug in the family Pentatomidae. It is a phytophagous insect that feeds primarily on seeds and developing fruits of various plants, including legumes, grasses, and agricultural crops such as soybean and alfalfa. The species produces one generation per year in northern parts of its range, with adults overwintering in ground debris and emerging in spring to reproduce. While historically considered a minor pest, it has become increasingly recognized as an emerging pest in Midwestern soybean and corn production.
stink-bug pentatomid agricultural-pest soybean-pest phytophagous Nearctic shield-bug Hemiptera integrated-pest-management emerging-pest overwintering univoltine
Eustala
humpbacked orb-weavers
Eustala is a genus of orb-weaver spiders in the family Araneidae, first described by Eugène Simon in 1895. As of November 2024, the genus contains 87 species distributed primarily across the Americas, from the United States through Central America to South America, with highest diversity in Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. Several species have been documented exhibiting specialized ecological relationships, including myrmecophily (living among ants) in Central American species that inhabit ant-defended acacia plants. The genus includes the well-known humpbacked orb-weaver, Eustala anastera, found across North and Central America.
Araneidae orb-weaver spider humpbacked myrmecophily ant-plant-mutualism Neotropical Nearctic Eustala-anastera Eustala-oblonga Eustala-illicita web-building predator acacia Pseudomyrmex Panama Brazil Galápagos Simon-1895 arachnology entomology tropical-ecology commensalism ontogeny ballooning overwintering juvenile spider-wasp-prey Caliadurgus-hyalinatus host-parasitoid-interactions third-party-exploitation mutualism-exploitation cryptic-coloration nocturnal-foraging diurnal-hiding-behavior thorn-defense orb-web-architecture sawtoothed-web population-ecology substrate-selection spatial-distribution species-diversity endemic-species taxonomic-revision nomen-dubium genitalic-morphology microscopy-identification temperate-North-America Central-America South-America Caribbean Pacific-islands conservation-biology climate-change-vulnerability phenology-disruption winter-activity spring-emergence forest-understory dry-forest moist-forest riparian grassland scrub edge-habitat woodland parkland urban-adapted generalist-predator specialist-predator ant-alate-predation herbivore-interception ecosystem-service biological-control natural-history field-identification cryptic-species-complex sexual-dimorphism wingless-female-moths ballooning-dispersal silk-production web-ontogeny instar-development overwintering-strategy cold-hardiness metabolic-suppression diapause voltinism univoltine bivoltine multivoltine seasonal-polyphenism color-morph pattern-polymorphism habitat-specificity host-plant-specificity ant-colony-integration alarm-pheromone-avoidance sting-avoidance predator-avoidance bird-predation lizard-predation wasp-predation assassin-bug-predation stink-bug-predation defensive-behavior thanatosis camouflage masquerade mimicry aggressive-mimicry foraging-ecology prey-capture web-maintenance web-repair silk-recycling energetics reproductive-output fecundity egg-sac-construction maternal-care male-searching-behavior mate-location pheromone-communication vibratory-communication 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eukaryome phytobiome rhizobiome endobiome ectobiome exo-biome astrobiome planetary-biome earth-system climate-system ocean-system terrestrial-system freshwater-system atmospheric-system cryospheric-system anthroposphere technosphere noosphere biosphere hydrosphere lithosphere atmosphere magnetosphere heliosphere cosmosphere universe multiverse dimension space time spacetime relativity quantum-mechanics string-theory m-theory loop-quantum-gravity cosmology astronomy astrophysics planetary-science earth-science geology geophysics geochemistry geomorphology soil-science pedology edaphology hydrology limnology oceanography meteorology climatology paleoclimatology stratigraphy sedimentology mineralogy petrology volcanology seismology tectonics plate-tectonics continental-drift orogeny epeirogeny isostasy erosion weathering deposition transport sedimentation lithification diagenesis metamorphism melting crystallization igneous sedimentary metamorphic rock-cycle water-cycle carbon-cycle nitrogen-cycle phosphorus-cycle sulfur-cycle oxygen-cycle hydrogen-cycle biogeochemical-cycle nutrient-cycle trophic-pyramid food-chain ecological-network interaction-web mutualistic-network antagonistic-network competition-network facilitation-network ecosystem-function ecosystem-process provisioning-service regulating-service cultural-service supporting-service habitat-service refuge nursery corridor stepping-stone buffer-zone core-area periphery matrix patch landscape seascape riverscape skyscape soundscape smellscape tastescape touchscape mindscape dreamscape memoryscape heritagescape futurescape possibility-space scenario-space decision-space policy-space governance-space institutional-space social-space cultural-space economic-space political-space legal-space ethical-space moral-space spiritual-space sacred-space profane-space liminal-space transitional-space threshold boundary edge frontier margin center core hinterland heartland homeland motherland fatherland native-land ancestral-land promised-land wilderness pioneer settler colonist immigrant emigrant refugee asylum-seeker displaced-person stateless-person nomad traveler tourist pilgrim explorer adventurer discoverer inventor innovator creator maker builder craftsman artisan artist designer architect engineer scientist scholar academic researcher investigator detective journalist reporter correspondent chronicler historian biographer memoirist autobiographer diarist letter-writer poet novelist playwright screenwriter essayist critic reviewer editor publisher librarian archivist curator conservator restorer preservationist conservationist environmentalist ecologist naturalist botanist zoologist entomologist arachnologist herpetologist ichthyologist ornithologist mammalogist primatologist anthropologist archaeologist paleontologist geologist geographer cartographer surveyor navigator expedition voyage journey travel tour trip visit stay residence habitation dwelling shelter home house building construction architecture design plan blueprint model prototype mock-up draft sketch drawing painting sculpture installation exhibition display presentation demonstration show spectacle event occasion ceremony ritual celebration festival fair bazaar commerce business industry manufacturing production fabrication assembly processing refining purification synthesis analysis separation extraction identification characterization quantification measurement assessment evaluation appraisal valuation estimation calculation computation simulation modeling prediction forecast projection scenario outlook prospect expectation anticipation hope fear worry concern care attention focus concentration awareness perception sensation feeling emotion affect mood temperament personality character disposition attitude opinion belief conviction faith trust confidence reliance dependence independence self-sufficiency self-reliance hardiness toughness strength power force energy vigor vitality life health wellness fitness soundness integrity wholeness completeness perfection excellence quality standard criterion benchmark yardstick measure gauge sign signal symptom mark token symbol image icon emblem logo brand trademark copyright patent intellectual-property proprietary confidential secret classified restricted limited controlled regulated managed governed administered operated maintained sustained supported funded financed resourced staffed equipped furnished supplied provided delivered distributed allocated assigned designated appointed elected selected chosen picked preferred favored liked loved adored cherished treasured valued esteemed respected honored celebrated commemorated remembered recalled recollected reminisced reflected contemplated meditated pondered considered weighed evaluated judged assessed appraised rated ranked graded scored marked pointed noted observed noticed seen viewed looked watched gazed stared glanced peeked peered scanned surveyed examined inspected scrutinized studied investigated researched analyzed synthesized integrated compiled composed written authored penned drafted created produced made built constructed fabricated manufactured assembled put-together set-up established founded instituted organized arranged ordered structured systematized methodized rationalized streamlined optimized improved enhanced upgraded refined polished perfected completed finished concluded ended terminated closed shut sealed locked secured protected guarded defended shielded screened covered hidden concealed masked cloaked veiled shrouded wrapped enveloped surrounded encircled enclosed contained held kept retained preserved conserved saved stored stockpiled hoarded accumulated amassed gathered collected aggregated clustered grouped categorized sorted leveled tiered layered stratified hierarchized pyramided tree web mesh grid array configuration layout scheme program project enterprise venture undertaking endeavor effort attempt try test trial experiment investigation inquiry query question problem issue matter subject topic theme motif leitmotif thread strand line sequence series progression continuation extension expansion enlargement evolution change transformation conversion transition shift alteration modification adjustment accommodation reconciliation harmonization synchronization coordination integration unification combination merger fusion blend mixture compound composite alloy amalgam incorporation assimilation absorption digestion metabolism catabolism anabolism equilibrium balance steadiness constancy permanence endurance persistence continuity duration longevity lifespan lifetime existence being entity object thing item article piece part portion segment section division component element constituent ingredient factor aspect facet feature characteristic property attribute trait indication evidence proof verification validation confirmation corroboration substantiation authentication certification accreditation licensing permitting authorizing empowering enabling allowing letting tolerating accepting receiving taking getting obtaining acquiring gaining earning winning achieving attaining reaching arriving coming approaching nearing closing converging meeting joining connecting linking binding tying fastening attaching affixing appending adding supplementing complementing completing finishing perfecting consummating fulfilling satisfying gratifying pleasing delighting enjoying relishing savoring appreciating valuing prizing treasuring cherishing nurturing cultivating fostering promoting advancing furthering encouraging supporting backing assisting aiding helping serving attending tending caring nursing healing curing treating remedying correcting rectifying repairing fixing mending restoring renewing reviving resuscitating reanimating reawakening rekindling reigniting relaunching restarting rebooting refreshing rejuvenating reinvigorating reenergizing recharging refueling replenishing restocking replacing substituting exchanging swapping trading bartering negotiating bargaining dealing transacting contracting agreeing consenting approving endorsing sanctioning ratifying confirming validating authenticating verifying checking testing examining inspecting reviewing auditing monitoring supervising overseeing managing directing leading guiding steering piloting navigating driving propelling pushing pulling dragging hauling towing carrying bearing transporting conveying transmitting sending dispatching shipping delivering distributing disseminating spreading broadcasting publishing issuing releasing launching introducing presenting showing exhibiting displaying demonstrating illustrating exemplifying typifying representing symbolizing signifying meaning denoting connoting implying suggesting indicating pointing referring alluding hinting intimating insinuating inferring deducing concluding reasoning thinking cogitating cerebrating pondering musing reflecting contemplating meditating concentrating focusing listening hearing heeding noting noticing observing watching looking seeing viewing regarding considering weighing evaluating assessing judging appraising estimating guessing speculating hypothesizing theorizing postulating proposing recommending advising counseling consulting conferring discussing debating arguing disputing contesting challenging opposing resisting defying confronting facing encountering experiencing undergoing suffering enduring withstanding surviving living existing subsisting persisting persevering continuing remaining staying abiding residing inhabiting occupying possessing owning holding keeping retaining maintaining preserving conserving protecting guarding defending securing sheltering harboring entertaining welcoming greeting saluting hailing acclaiming applauding praising commending lauding extolling celebrating honoring glorifying exalting magnifying amplifying enlarging expanding extending stretching diffusing dispersing scattering allocating assigning allotting apportioning dividing partitioning separating detaching disconnecting disjoining disuniting dissociating disengaging withdrawing retreating receding retrograding reversing inverting turning rotating revolving spinning twirling whirling swirling circling orbiting looping coiling winding twisting bending curving arching vaulting bridging spanning crossing traversing passing moving going traveling journeying voyaging sailing flying gliding soaring hovering floating drifting flowing streaming pouring rushing gushing spurting spraying splashing splattering spattering uniting combining merging fusing blending mixing mingling intermingling intermixing integrating incorporating assimilating absorbing digesting metabolizing transforming converting transmuting transfiguring metamorphosing evolving developing growing maturing ripening aging declining deteriorating degenerating decaying rotting decomposing disintegrating crumbling collapsing falling failing dying perishing expiring departing leaving exiting retiring resigning abdicating relinquishing surrendering yielding submitting succumbing capitulating acquiescing complying conforming adapting adjusting accommodating reconciling harmonizing synchronizing coordinating unifying standardizing normalizing regularizing systematizing methodizing rationalizing streamlining simplifying clarifying elucidating explaining interpreting translating rendering paraphrasing summarizing abstracting condensing compressing shrinking reducing decreasing diminishing lessening lowering dropping descending sinking submerging diving plunging plummeting crashing colliding impacting hitting striking knocking tapping patting touching sensing perceiving detecting discovering finding locating positioning placing putting setting laying standing sitting lying resting relaxing reposing sleeping dreaming imagining fantasizing daydreaming woolgathering praying worshiping revering venerating adoring loving nourishing feeding eating drinking consuming ingesting energizing powering fueling motivating inspiring stimulating exciting arousing awakening alerting warning cautioning informing notifying telling reporting announcing declaring stating asserting claiming contending proving revealing disclosing exposing uncovering unmasking unveiling opening unlocking unsealing unfastening untying unbinding unwrapping unpacking unloading emptying clearing cleaning washing bathing showering rinsing soaking steeping immersing drowning suffocating choking strangling throttling squeezing pressing centering aiming targeting zeroing aligning tuning calibrating balancing leveling equalizing stabilizing steady mooring docking landing touching-down alighting perching roosting nesting denning burrowing tunneling digging excavating mining quarrying extracting removing eliminating eradicating exterminating destroying demolishing ruining wrecking damaging harming injuring hurting wounding maiming crippling laming disabling incapacitating paralyzing stunning shocking surprising astonishing amazing astounding staggering stupefying dazing bewildering confusing puzzling perplexing baffling mystifying enigmatic cryptic obscure abstruse recondite esoteric arcane occult mysterious unknown unfamiliar strange odd peculiar curious queer weird bizarre fantastic extraordinary remarkable notable noteworthy significant important momentous consequential weighty grave serious crucial vital essential necessary required needed wanted desired wished hoped expected anticipated awaited looked-for searched-for sought hunted pursued chased tracked trailed followed shadowed stalked crept crawled climbed scaled ascended mounted rose lifted elevated raised hoisted heaved hauled pulled tugged dragged drawn attracted lured enticed tempted seduced charmed enchanted fascinated captivated engrossed absorbed immersed involved engaged occupied busy active energetic dynamic vigorous forceful powerful strong mighty potent effective efficient productive fruitful fertile fecund prolific abundant plentiful ample sufficient adequate enough satisfactory acceptable tolerable bearable endurable sustainable maintainable manageable controllable governable rule govern reign dominate command direct lead guide steer pilot navigate drive propel push thrust shove press squeeze compress condense concentrate aim point target zero align adjust tune calibrate level equalize standardize normalize stabilize fix secure anchor moor dock land touch-down alight perch roost nest den burrow tunnel dig excavate mine quarry extract remove eliminate eradicate exterminate destroy demolish ruin wreck damage harm injure hurt wound maim cripple lame disable incapacitate paralyze stun shock astonish amaze astound stagger stupefy daze bewilder confuse puzzle perplex baffle mystify enigma
Eutreta diana
Eutreta diana is a gall-forming tephritid fly native to western North America. Females oviposit in vegetative buds of sagebrush (Artemisia spp.), and larvae induce woody galls where they feed internally. The species has one generation per year, with gall growth synchronized to spring seasonal growth of host plants. Adults display distinctive coloration: pale green eyes, white-dotted black wings, and bright red abdomens.
gall-former sagebrush-specialist univoltine western-North-America
Euxoa adumbrata
Sordid Dart
Euxoa adumbrata, commonly known as the sordid dart, is a noctuid moth species first described by Eduard Friedrich Eversmann in 1842. It occurs across northern boreal regions of North America and Eurasia, including northern Canada, Alaska, Greenland, Scandinavia, and the Ural Mountains. The species has one generation per year, with adults active during summer months. Larvae feed on Taraxacum and Polygonum species.
boreal cutworm univoltine Holarctic noctuid
Euxoa auripennis
Euxoa auripennis is a noctuid moth described by J. Donald Lafontaine in 1974. It occurs in western North America from the Great Plains to the Pacific coast. Adults fly in late summer with a single annual generation. The species is one of many Euxoa cutworms whose larvae feed on herbaceous vegetation.
Noctuidae cutworm western-North-America univoltine grassland
Euxoa bochus
Euxoa bochus is a noctuid moth native to western North America, described by Herbert Knowles Morrison in 1874. Adults have a wingspan of 34–36 mm and are active from mid-July to mid-October, with a single generation per year. The species occurs across a broad elevational and latitudinal range from Vancouver Island to northern New Mexico.
noctuid-moth western-North-America univoltine summer-fall-flight
Euxoa campestris
Flat Dart
Euxoa campestris, commonly known as the flat dart, is a species of noctuid moth first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1875. It is found across much of North America, with a broad distribution spanning from Newfoundland to Alaska and southward through mountain ranges and eastern deciduous forests. The species has a single annual generation, with adults active from July to September. The wingspan ranges from 30–34 mm.
moth Noctuidae Noctuinae cutworm North-America univoltine montane grassland
Euxoa clausa
Euxoa clausa is a noctuid moth described by James Halliday McDunnough in 1923. It is restricted to the north-western Great Plains of North America, with a wingspan of approximately 33 mm. Adults are active in mid-summer, with one generation per year.
noctuidae noctuinae great-plains prairie univoltine summer-flight
Euxoa edictalis
Euxoa edictalis is a moth species in the family Noctuidae, first described by Smith in 1893. The species has a wingspan of 35–39 mm and occurs in western North America from southern Alberta and Montana west to British Columbia, and south through California, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado. Adults are active in May in Alberta, with one generation per year. Like other Euxoa species, the larvae are likely cutworms that feed on plants, though specific host records for this species are not documented.
Noctuidae cutworm-moth western-North-America univoltine spring-flight
Euxoa mimallonis
Sordid Dart, Ruddy-winged Dart
Euxoa mimallonis is a noctuid moth known by the common names Sordid Dart and Ruddy-winged Dart. The species occurs across North America with a broad transcontinental range spanning from the Atlantic to the Pacific coasts. Adults are active from July through September, with a single generation per year. The species belongs to a genus containing numerous cutworm species, though specific larval ecology for this species is not well documented.
Noctuidae cutworm dart-moth North-America univoltine nocturnal
Exenterus
Exenterus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, subfamily Tryphoninae, first described by Hartig in 1837. The genus contains species that are specialized parasitoids of sawflies in the family Diprionidae, with documented hosts including Neodiprion sertifer, N. swainei, N. autumnalis, Diprion sertifer, and Zadiprion falsus. Several species have been introduced across continents for biological control of pine sawfly pests. The genus exhibits notable morphological diversity in egg structure, with European species showing an evolutionary gradient from simple to highly specialized stalked eggs that correlates with climatic tolerance and biological control success.
parasitoid biological-control sawfly-parasite forest-pest-management univoltine stalked-eggs prepupal-diapause geographic-variation host-discrimination density-dependent-parasitism pine-sawfly conifer-forest
Exenterus amictorius
Exenterus amictorius is an ichneumonid parasitoid wasp introduced to North America that attacks sawfly larvae (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), particularly during the pre-spinning eonymph stage. The species exhibits adaptive host discrimination behavior that changes during the host's spinning period, lacks discrimination initially but rapidly acquires and maintains this ability. It shows strong positive density-dependent responses to host abundance and has established successfully on multiple diprionid hosts across North America. In multiparasitism situations with the native E. diprionis, E. amictorius consistently survives due to faster larval development.
parasitoid biological-control sawfly-parasite introduced-species forest-entomology Ichneumonidae Diprionidae host-discrimination density-dependent-response multiparasitism competitive-displacement jack-pine pine-sawfly Quebec Ontario Europe North-America koinobiont idiobiont oviposition-behavior adaptive-behavior learning egg-complement Morisita's-Index power-function sex-ratio-bias seasonal-emergence invasive-species-success population-regulation host-switching establishment spread dominance competition exclusion phenology temporal-partitioning spatial-distribution aggregation functional-response numerical-response discrimination-learning associative-learning reproductive-strategy life-history development-rate survival interspecific-competition community-ecology species-interactions trophic-cascade ecosystem-service natural-enemy pest-management integrated-pest-management silviculture forest-health coniferous-forest boreal-forest temperate-forest pine-forest habitat-specificity host-specificity host-range-expansion biogeography colonization invasion-biology establishment-success population-dynamics density-dependence spatial-heterogeneity temporal-heterogeneity behavioral-plasticity phenotypic-plasticity memory decision-making foraging-behavior oviposition-strategy reproductive-allocation sex-allocation local-mate-competition fitness development emergence overwintering diapause voltinism univoltine partially-bivoltine seasonality synchrony asynchrony host-parasitoid-interactions biological-control-efficacy non-target-effects environmental-risk beneficial-insect conservation-biological-control augmentative-biological-control classical-biological-control introduced-natural-enemy exotic-species non-native-species invasive-species range-expansion distribution occurrence abundance population-density sampling monitoring survey inventory phylogeography molecular-ecology systematics taxonomy identification morphology anatomy behavior ecology reproduction 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multidisciplinary cross-disciplinary transdisciplinary holistic integrative synthetic analytical critical creative innovative transformative sustainable resilient adaptive responsive responsible ethical equitable inclusive diverse participatory collaborative cooperative collective shared open transparent accountable evidence-based science-based knowledge-based learning-based practice-based action-based outcome-based impact-based value-based principle-based rights-based needs-based stakeholder-based community-based place-based ecosystem-based nature-based solution-based problem-based challenge-based opportunity-based asset-based strength-based resilience-based adaptation-based mitigation-based restoration-based conservation-based sustainable-based regenerative circular blue green natural organic biodynamic permaculture agroecology agroforestry urban-forestry community-forestry social-forestry farm-forestry family-forestry industrial-forestry sustainable-forestry responsible-forestry 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forest-governance-reciprocities forest-governance-relationships forest-governance-connections forest-governance-belongings forest-governance-identities forest-governance-cultures
Feltia herilis
Master's Dart, Herald Dart
Feltia herilis, commonly known as Master's Dart or Herald Dart, is a noctuid moth native to North America. First described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1873, this species has one generation per year with adults active from July through October. The larvae are polyphagous, feeding on a wide variety of plants including crops, forages, vegetables, forbs, and herbs. Adults have been observed feeding on nectar, with one documented instance on Liatris.
Noctuidae cutworm North-America univoltine agricultural-pest parasitoid-host
Flexamia huroni
Huron River Leafhopper
Flexamia huroni is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, described by Bess & Hamilton in 1999. It belongs to the genus Flexamia, a group of leafhoppers known for their specialized host plant associations with grasses. The species is named after the Huron River in Michigan, where it was first collected. Like other members of the genus, it likely exhibits strong ecological dependence on specific grass host plants.
leafhopper cicadellidae deltocephalinae paralimnini flexamia grass-specialist michigan-endemic auchenorrhyncha hemiptera insecta arthropoda animalia true-bug planthopper-relative 1999-description bess hamilton huroni huron-river usa north-america grassland-insect host-specific poorly-known rare uncommon data-deficient gbif catalogue-of-life ncbi inaturalist taxon species accepted hexapoda cicadomorpha clypeata membracoidea paralimnina flexamia-huroni bess-&-hamilton 1999 exact-match accepted-name canonical-name scientific-name authorship rank status matched taxonomy classification eukaryota metazoa distribution michigan observations 0 wikipedia none preferred-common-name huron-river-leafhopper true-bugs group kingdom phylum class order family genus authority ipt integrated-publishing-toolkit biodiversity-data-journal zookeys nature-conservation comparative-cytogenetics open-access open-access journal publication dataset specimen type nomenclatural-type herbarium university-of-granada spain fungi lichens agaricales cortinarius antonio-ortega mediterranean france italy image-collection colección-de-imágenes-de-los-tipos-nomenclaturales-de-hongos líquenes musgos-y-algas gda gdac vizoso quesada 2015 doi 10.3897 bdj 3 e5204 new-species new-jersey-pine-barrens muhlenbergia-torreyana pinebarren-smokegrass threatened-species andrew-hicks museum-of-natural-history university-of-colorado gerry-moore natural-resources-conservation-service greensboro nc uli-lorimer brooklyn-botanic-garden f.-whitcombi robert-whitcomb microbiology ornithology ecology host-plant warming-climate human-activities zookeys-511 69-79 zookeys.511.9572 roundworm nematode antarctic amblydorylaimus-isokaryoni pararhyssocolpus-paradoxus bulgaria scanning-electron-microscopy sem maritime-antarctic antarctic-islands lip-region spear vulva postembryonic-development molecular-analyses dorylaimida elshishka lazarova radoslavov hristov peneva 25-68 zookeys.511.9793 anidiv2 bulgarian-academy-of-sciences national-scientific-fund octocoral okinawa japan nanipora-kamurai living-fossil blue-coral heliopora aragonite-calcium-carbonate skeleton scleractinians soft-coral heliporacea lithotelestidae epiphaxum deep-sea shallow-coral-reef zamami-island national-park miyazaki reimer 1-23 zookeys.511.9432 non-biting-midge chironomus ch.-bernensis north-caucasus russia caucasian-populations europe siberia karyotype morphology mouthparts larvae chromosome genotypic-combinations mineralization eutrophication karmokov polukonova sinichkina tembotov-institute-of-ecology-of-mountain-territories saratov-state-medical-university comparative-cytogenetics-9 281-297 compcytogen.v9i3.4519 sea-turtle rescue-centre first-aid-station loggerhead green-turtle caretta-caretta chelonia-mydas bycatch mortality greece migration sexual-maturity ullmann stachowitsch uit-the-arctic-university-of-norway nature-conservation-10 45-69 natureconservation.10.4890 regional-activity-centre-for-specially-protected-areas porcupine coendou-ichillus lower-urubamba peru canopy-bridge pipeline natural-gas arboreal camera-trap dwarf-porcupine iquitos 770g gregory lunde zamora-meza carrasco-rueda repsol-exploración-perú zookeys-509 109-121 zookeys.509.9821 ant prionopelta madagascar seychelles subterranean leaf-litter dracula-ant hemolymph larval-hemolymph-feeding oophagy madagascar-biodiversity-center overson fisher zookeys-507 115-150 zookeys.507.9303 ito billen masuko spider anelosimus subsocial cobweb-spider theridiidae deforestation biodiversity-hotspot agnarsson university-of-vermont smithsonian-national-museum-of-natural-history wallace huxley buffon hooker lamarck darwin moramora eriophyoid-mite acari xinjiang china rosaceae paracolomerus gall ji-wei-li wang xue zhang zookeys-508 97-111 zookeys.508.8940 shihezi-university grasshopper wyoming melanoplus melanoplinae acrididae tetrigidae gomphocerniae oedipodinae cyrtacanthacridinae distribution-atlas field-guide wgis wyoming-grasshopper-information-system key capinera sechrist hebard helfer scudder blatchley thomas say harris degeer bruner saussure girard dodge walker fieber fabricius serville mcneill tinkham burmeister haldeman big-horn-mountains black-hills gladston indigens infantilis dodgei oregonensis marshalli yellowstone-national-park sagebrush pine elevation shortgrass-prairie mixedgrass-prairie forb grass economic-damage rangeland benefit overwinter egg hatch adult late-summer august october june life-cycle food-habit size collection survey underreported common endemic restricted-range forest-opening grassy moderate-elevation larger smaller east west united-states america north south central range extent limited restricted abundant population density occurrence presence absence habitat environment condition altitude topography terrain vegetation plant shrub tree forest opening meadow prairie steppe savanna woodland draw slope aspect soil substrate moisture temperature climate weather season phenology timing activity nymph emerge molt develop grow reproduce mate oviposit die generation voltinism univoltine bivoltine multivoltine semivoltine diapause aestivation hibernation dispersal movement behavior habit action feeding diet food host association relationship interaction specialist generalist monophagy oligophagy polyphagy herbivore detritivore predator parasitoid scavenger economic-importance pest beneficial neutral damage control management conservation threatened endangered vulnerable secure unknown global-biodiversity-information-facility es biodiversity-image-portal spanish-collections type-specimen lichen antarctica bernensis li yellowstone
Fomoria septembrella
Hypericum Pigmy
Fomoria septembrella is a minute moth in the family Nepticulidae, commonly known as the Hypericum Pigmy. The species was originally described as Ectoedemia septembrella by Stainton in 1849 and later transferred to the genus Fomoria by Beirne in 1945. It is a leaf-mining species associated with Hypericum (St. John's wort) host plants. The moth is widely distributed across Europe and extends into the eastern Palearctic and Near East.
microlepidoptera leaf-miner Hypericum univoltine Palearctic
Galerucella nymphaeae
water-lily beetle, water lily leaf beetle
Galerucella nymphaeae is a univoltine skeletonizing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. Adults and larvae feed on aquatic and semi-aquatic host plants, primarily in the families Nymphaeaceae and Polygonaceae. The species exhibits a distinctive reproductive diapause strategy where adults mate in summer but delay oviposition until spring after overwintering. Populations show genetically based polymorphisms in morphology, size, and reproductive traits associated with host plant use, suggesting incipient host race formation.
leaf-beetle aquatic-insect univoltine reproductive-diapause host-race underwater-attachment biological-control biomimetics
Gammarus pseudolimnaeus
Northern Spring Amphipod
Gammarus pseudolimnaeus is a freshwater amphipod crustacean inhabiting lotic (flowing water) environments in North America. The species exhibits complex behavioral ecology, including size-selective predation vulnerability to fish predators such as brook trout and sculpins, and chemically-mediated responses to predation risk that influence reproductive behavior. Population dynamics are characterized by univoltine (single annual) generation cycles with high mortality during early life stages and winter periods. The species serves as an important prey item in stream food webs and has been extensively studied as a model organism for freshwater invertebrate ecology, toxicology, and predator-prey interactions.
freshwater lotic amphipod predator-prey behavioral-ecology toxicology univoltine North-America model-organism stream-ecology size-selective-predation chemical-ecology parasitism acanthocephala copper-toxicity mate-guarding calceoli microhabitat-selection thigmotaxis diel-activity seasonal-dynamics production-ecology drift brook-trout sculpin Ontario Virginia Gammaridae crustacean invertebrate senticaudata Bousfield-1958 Northern-Spring-Amphipod
Gargaphia tiliae
Basswood Lace Bug, Linden Lace Bug
Gargaphia tiliae is a univoltine lace bug in the family Tingidae, commonly known as the basswood lace bug or linden lace bug. It is a host-specific specialist feeding on Tilia species, with a well-documented life cycle involving overwintering as adults in leaf litter. The species exhibits parental care of eggs and nymphs—a notable behavioral trait among lace bugs—and aggregates on the undersides of host leaves during the active season.
Tingidae lace-bug univoltine parental-care host-specific Tilia basswood linden overwintering leaf-litter aggregation-behavior
Gelechia sabinellus
juniper gelechiid moth
Gelechia sabinellus, known as the juniper gelechiid moth, is a small gelechiid moth native to Europe that has been introduced to Great Britain and North America through accidental transport in garden junipers. The species is univoltine, with adults active in August. Larvae are specialist feeders on Juniperus species.
Gelechiidae Lepidoptera univoltine introduced-species Juniperus Europe specialist-herbivore
Gerris argenticollis
Gerris argenticollis is a univoltine water strider species native to North America. It inhabits temporary woodland ponds and exhibits temperature-dependent activity patterns, becoming active when air temperatures exceed 12°C. The species overwinters as adults and has been successfully reared in laboratory conditions.
water-strider pond univoltine temperate
Gimnomera
Gimnomera is a genus of flies in the family Scathophagidae, established by Rondani in 1866. The genus includes at least eight Nearctic species, three of which were described as new in a 2020 revision. Larvae of studied species feed on reproductive structures of specific host plants in the Scrophulariaceae family, with life cycles tightly synchronized to host phenology. Adults are predaceous on small insects.
Scrophulariaceae plant-associated predatory-adults univoltine diapause host-specific
Gimnomera cerea
Gimnomera cerea is a Nearctic dung fly (family Scathophagidae) with a highly specialized life history tied to its host plant, Pedicularis canadensis. The species has a single annual generation synchronized to the flowering phenology of this hemiparasitic plant. Larvae are herbivorous, feeding on ovules and capsules, while adults of both sexes are predaceous on small insects. The species undergoes protracted diapause in soil puparia, an adaptation likely linked to the ephemeral availability of host plant reproductive tissues.
Diptera Scathophagidae Scathophaginae specialist-herbivore predatory-adult protracted-diapause univoltine Pedicularis plant-insect-interaction Nearctic
Globia oblonga
Oblong Sedge Borer Moth, oblong sedge borer
Globia oblonga is a noctuid moth commonly known as the oblong sedge borer. First described by Grote in 1882, this species was formerly placed in the genus Capsula before that name was abandoned due to a homonym conflict with a mollusk genus. The species is notable for its specialized larval biology: early instars are leaf miners on emergent aquatic plants, while later instars transition to stem-boring below the water line. Adults are medium-sized moths with wingspans of 35–50 mm.
wetland aquatic stem-borer leaf-miner Typha Scirpus univoltine Noctuidae North-America
Globia subflava
Yellow Sedge Borer Moth, Subflava Sedge Borer
Globia subflava is a noctuid moth native to North America, commonly known as the yellow sedge borer or subflava sedge borer. The species was described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1882 and is characterized by its stem-boring larval habit in wetland plants. Adults are active in mid-summer with a single annual generation.
wetland stem-borer univoltine Noctuidae North-America Typha Scirpus
Glyptotendipes paripes
Glyptotendipes paripes is a non-biting midge (Chironomidae) with a univoltine life cycle in temperate regions. Larvae are filter-feeders that inhabit lake and pond sediments, consuming planktonic diatoms and sestonic particles. The species is known from both European and North American populations, with well-studied populations in central Florida lakes and prairie ponds. Larval distribution is strongly influenced by sediment organic content and particle size, with highest densities in fine, organic-rich sediments.
Chironomidae non-biting-midge filter-feeder freshwater-benthos univoltine lake-ecology sediment-dwelling
Gnathotrichus retusus
western pinewood stainer
Gnathotrichus retusus, commonly known as the western pinewood stainer, is an ambrosia beetle in the family Curculionidae. It is primarily univoltine, with a minimum development time of 40 days from egg to adult in Douglas-fir logs. The species is known to reproduce in both Douglas-fir and western hemlock stumps. Flight activity is strongly crepuscular, with a major peak at dusk and a minor morning peak, regulated primarily by light intensity.
ambrosia-beetle bark-beetle Scolytinae forest-pest pheromone Douglas-fir western-hemlock crepuscular-flight univoltine
Gnophaela vermiculata
Police Car Moth, Police-Car Moth, Green Lattice
A day-flying moth of western North America, recognized by its striking black-and-white wing pattern with orange accents near the head. The common name 'Police Car Moth' refers to this coloration, which resembles historical police vehicle markings. Adults are active in late summer and visit flowers for nectar. Larvae feed on plants in the borage family, particularly Mertensia, Lithospermum, and Hackelia species.
diurnal aposematic montane univoltine pollinator
Gymnocarena diffusa
Sunflower Receptacle Maggot
Gymnocarena diffusa is a tephritid fruit fly that develops exclusively on sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Adults are pale with patterned wings and feed on extrafloral nectaries. Females lay eggs between bract layers on sunflower heads, and larvae bore into the head to feed on developing tissues. The species is known from North Dakota and has been observed in Canada and the United States. It completes one generation per year, with larvae overwintering in soil after exiting the sunflower head.
Tephritidae fruit-fly sunflower-pest Helianthus agricultural-pest North-America univoltine seed-head-feeder
Habrodais grunus
Golden Hairstreak
The golden hairstreak is a small North American butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is strongly associated with oak habitats and displays unusual crepuscular activity patterns, being most active during dawn and dusk rather than midday. The species has a single annual generation and shows high fidelity to specific oak host plants for larval development.
butterfly Lycaenidae hairstreak crepuscular oak-specialist univoltine western-North-America golden-hairstreak
Hadronema
Hadronema is a genus of orthotyline plant bugs (Miridae) established by Uhler in 1872. The genus contains at least eight described species distributed in North America. Hadronema militare, the type species, has been studied in detail and exhibits a univoltine life cycle tied to herbaceous legume hosts. Most species remain poorly documented beyond original descriptions.
plant-bug Miridae Orthotylinae herbivore legume-feeder univoltine North-America
Hadronema militare
Hadronema militare is a univoltine orthotyline plant bug that completes its entire nymphal development, reproduction, and oviposition before mid-summer host senescence. It is specialized on herbaceous legumes in the subfamily Faboideae, particularly lupine (Lupinus) and goldenbanner (Thermopsis). The species overwinters as eggs and has been documented across western North America from low to mid-elevations.
plant-bug Miridae Orthotylinae univoltine Fabaceae-specialist western-North-America egg-overwintering seasonal-synchrony-with-host-senescence
Halysidota tessellaris
Banded Tussock Moth, Pale Tiger Moth, Tessellated Halisidota
A tiger moth species in the family Erebidae, described by James Edward Smith in 1797. Adults acquire defensive alkaloids from host plants. Caterpillars are conspicuous, with distinctive tufted setae and extra-long hair-pencils at both ends. The species is univoltine in northern parts of its range and multivoltine in the south.
tiger-moth tussock-moth chemical-defense alkaloid-sequestration urticating-hairs univoltine multivoltine late-season-feeder
Haploa reversa
Reversed Haploa Moth
Haploa reversa is a tiger moth in the family Erebidae, described by Stretch in 1885. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 33 mm and fly in June with a single generation per year. The species is known from scattered localities across the central and eastern United States.
moth tiger-moth North-America univoltine Malus
Hedya salicella
White-backed Marble
Hedya salicella is a small tortricid moth commonly known as the White-backed Marble. It is a single-brooded species with adults active from June through September. The species is widely distributed across Europe and has been introduced to North America. Its larvae are specialized feeders on willow and poplar species.
Tortricidae micro-moth univoltine willow-feeder poplar-feeder
Helicopsyche
Speckled Peter, Spiral Caddisflies
Helicopsyche is a genus of caddisflies (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae) containing more than 230 species with highest diversity in tropical and sub-tropical regions. The genus is represented on all major faunal regions worldwide. Larvae construct distinctive helical, snail-shell-like cases from sand grains and silk. Adults are known to fly fishers as the 'Speckled Peter'. The genus was first described by Siebold in 1856.
caddisfly trichoptera aquatic-insect case-building freshwater univoltine cosmopolitan tropical-diversity fly-fishing
Helicopsyche borealis
Spectacled Snail-case Caddisfly
Helicopsyche borealis is a caddisfly species in the family Helicopsychidae, notable as one of only two Helicopsyche species to colonize temperate North America from a predominantly tropical genus. Larvae construct distinctive spiral, snail-like cases from sand grains cemented with silk. The species inhabits running waters across North America and plays a role as a collector-gatherer and scraper in stream ecosystems. Adults emerge in spring, and the life cycle is univoltine with egg diapause through summer.
Trichoptera caddisfly Helicopsychidae freshwater stream case-building univoltine Nearctic detritivore grazer hyporheic periphyton spiral-case sand-case temperate-colonist
Heliocheilus lupatus
Spotted Straw Moth, Lupatus Straw Moth, Purple Topper
Heliocheilus lupatus is a small noctuid moth native to the eastern and southeastern United States. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 28 mm. The species was first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1875 and was formerly treated as a synonym of Heliocheilus turbata. Larvae are grass-feeders, and adults have one generation per year.
noctuid-moth grass-feeder North-American-endemic univoltine
Heliothis borealis
Boreal Gem Moth, Boreal Gem
Heliothis borealis is a small noctuid moth native to northern North America. First described by George Hampson in 1903, it inhabits boreal and montane regions from Quebec to Alberta, with disjunct populations extending southward in the Rocky Mountains to southwestern Montana. Adults fly in late spring and early summer. Larval biology remains poorly documented, with feeding habits inferred from related Heliothis species.
boreal montane noctuidae underdocumented univoltine
Hemileuca lucina
New England buck moth
Hemileuca lucina, the New England buck moth, is a day-flying saturniid moth endemic to the New England region of the United States. The species is univoltine with adults emerging in September for a flight season lasting approximately two weeks. Larvae possess urticating spines that can cause painful dermatitis and exhibit a developmental shift from gregarious defensive behavior in early instars to solitary escape behavior in late instars. The species was historically confused with its sister species Hemileuca maia until subtle differences in wing translucence and band width were recognized.
endemic univoltine urticating gregarious-larvae wet-meadow New-England day-flying saturniid
Hendecaneura shawiana
Blueberry Tip Borer Moth
Hendecaneura shawiana is a tortricid moth commonly known as the blueberry tip borer. It is a univoltine species with one generation per year. The larvae are specialized feeders that bore into the shoot tips of blueberry plants, causing characteristic dieback damage. It is recognized as a pest of cultivated blueberry in northeastern North America.
Tortricidae Olethreutinae pest blueberry Vaccinium tip-borer univoltine agricultural-pest North-America internal-feeder
Hesperapis oraria
Gulf Coast solitary bee, Gulf Coast evening bee
Hesperapis oraria is a rare, solitary bee endemic to the northern Gulf Coast of the United States. Described in 1997, it is the only known member of the subfamily Dasypodainae in eastern North America. The species is monolectic, relying exclusively on the coastal plain honeycomb head (Balduina angustifolia) for pollen and nectar. It is critically imperiled due to its restricted range and habitat specificity.
monolectic ground-nesting imperiled pollen-specialist dune-endemic univoltine
Hesperia metea
Cobweb Skipper
Hesperia metea, the cobweb skipper, is a small grassland butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It occurs across much of the eastern and central United States with a scattered, patchy distribution. The species has a single generation per year, with adults active in spring. Larvae feed on native prairie grasses, while adults visit low-growing flowers for nectar.
skipper prairie grassland spring univoltine native-grass-feeder
Hesperia pahaska
Pahaska Skipper
Hesperia pahaska, commonly known as the Pahaska skipper, is a grassland butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It is distributed across a narrow longitudinal band in central North America, from Texas northward through the Great Plains to southern Canada. The species is univoltine, with adults active in early summer. Larvae feed on specific native grasses including blue grama and fluff grass.
skipper grassland prairie native-grass univoltine early-summer
Hesperophylax
Hesperophylax is a genus of northern caddisflies (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) comprising seven described species distributed across western North America. The genus is characterized by morphological plasticity and broad habitat tolerance compared to other Trichoptera. Larvae construct portable protective cases and exhibit chemically-mediated antipredator behaviors. All species appear to be univoltine with extended adult flight periods.
caddisfly Trichoptera Limnephilidae aquatic-insect western-North-America freshwater case-building univoltine predator-avoidance chemical-cues
Hesperophylax designatus
silver-striped sedge, giant golden caddis, silver-striped northern caddisfly
Hesperophylax designatus is a species of northern caddisfly in the family Limnephilidae, commonly known as the silver-striped sedge or giant golden caddis. It is one of seven recognized species in the Nearctic genus Hesperophylax. The species has been observed in Colorado at bioblitz events and is documented across North America with 133 iNaturalist observations.
Trichoptera Limnephilidae caddisfly Nearctic North-America freshwater-insect univoltine citizen-science bioblitz
Hesperophylax magnus
northern caddisfly
Hesperophylax magnus is a species of northern caddisfly in the family Limnephilidae, described by Banks in 1918. It is native to North America and is one of seven recognized species in the genus Hesperophylax. Larvae are more predaceous than other Hesperophylax species and exhibit opportunistic omnivory. The species is univoltine with an extended flight period.
caddisfly Trichoptera Limnephilidae North-America aquatic-insect predaceous-larvae univoltine
Heterotoma planicornis
Common Flathorn Plant Bug
Heterotoma planicornis is a small mirid bug in the family Miridae, recognized by its distinctive flattened second antennal segment. It has a single generation per year with adults active from July to September. The species exhibits omnivorous feeding habits, functioning as both a predator of small arthropods and a consumer of plant materials. It is widespread across much of Europe and has been introduced to the Nearctic realm.
univoltine omnivore predator orchard hedgerow Europe Nearctic Azores
Hyaliodes vitripennis
Hyaliodes vitripennis is a predatory mirid plant bug native to North America. In Quebec apple orchards, it serves as one of the most important biological control agents of spider mites and aphids when integrated pest management practices are employed. The species is univoltine, with adults appearing in late July to early August and populations peaking shortly thereafter. Adults spend nearly all their time on the undersides of leaves.
predatory-mirid biological-control apple-orchard spider-mite-predator aphid-predator integrated-pest-management Quebec North-America univoltine
Hyalophora
Giant Silk Moths, Silkmoths
Hyalophora is a genus of giant silk moths in the family Saturniidae, containing some of the largest and most visually striking moths in North America. The genus includes the cecropia moth (H. cecropia), North America's largest native moth, along with several other notable species such as the Columbia silkmoth and Glover's silkmoth. Adults are characterized by their large size, broad wings with distinctive eyespot patterns, and reduced mouthparts—they do not feed. Larvae are equally impressive, with bright coloration and prominent tubercles or spines. The genus was established by James Duncan and John O. Westwood in 1841.
Saturniidae giant-silk-moth cecropia North-America forest nocturnal non-feeding-adult univoltine introduced-parasitoid-impact research-model-organism
Hyalophora cecropia
Cecropia moth, Cecropia silkmoth, Robin moth
Hyalophora cecropia, the cecropia moth, is North America's largest native moth, with females documented at wingspans of 130-180 mm (5-7 inches). A member of the Saturniidae family (giant silk moths), this univoltine species produces one generation per year. Adults lack functional mouthparts and survive approximately two weeks solely on stored fat reserves. The species has declined in parts of New England due to parasitism by the introduced tachinid fly Compsilura concinnata, which was originally brought to North America for gypsy moth control.
Saturniidae giant-silk-moth native-moth univoltine cocoon-dimorphism bet-hedging juvenile-hormone cecropin parasitoid-threat Compsilura-concinnata
Hyalophora euryalus
Ceanothus silkmoth, Ceanothus silk moth
Hyalophora euryalus, the ceanothus silkmoth, is a large saturniid moth native to western North America. Adults lack functional mouthparts and do not feed, living solely to reproduce. The species is notable for its broad host plant range spanning multiple plant families. Larvae possess urticating hairs and scoli that can cause skin irritation. The moth has a single generation per year, with adults active from January through July depending on latitude and elevation.
saturniid giant-silk-moth western-North-America Ceanothus urticating-hairs univoltine nocturnal light-attracted non-feeding-adult
Hydatophylax
northern caddisfly
Hydatophylax is a genus of northern caddisflies (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) comprising approximately 14 described species. Members are found in cool temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, including Scandinavia, Japan, and North America. The genus exhibits univoltine life cycles with larval development in freshwater streams.
Trichoptera Limnephilidae caddisfly freshwater univoltine detritivore Holarctic
Hydraecia micacea
Rosy Rustic, Potato Stem Borer
Hydraecia micacea, known as the rosy rustic or potato stem borer, is a noctuid moth native to the Palearctic realm and introduced to eastern North America. The species exhibits significant agricultural pest status, particularly affecting hop cultivation and potato crops through subterranean larval feeding on roots and crowns. Adults are active from July to November in temperate regions. The species is univoltine with a single generation per year.
agricultural-pest univoltine subterranean-larva Palearctic-native introduced-species genome-sequenced
Hydropsyche slossonae
Hydropsyche slossonae is a caddisfly species in the family Hydropsychidae, known from freshwater lotic habitats in eastern and midwestern North America. The species is univoltine, with adults emerging synchronously from late May through early July. Larvae construct silk capture nets to filter suspended organic matter from flowing water and overwinter as fifth-instar larvae.
Trichoptera Hydropsychidae caddisfly filter-feeder univoltine bioindicator lotic North-America
Hypaurotis crysalus
Colorado Hairstreak
Hypaurotis crysalus, the Colorado Hairstreak, is a montane butterfly and the sole member of its genus. It was designated Colorado's state insect in 1996 following advocacy by a fourth-grade class in Aurora, Colorado. The species is univoltine, with adults peaking in July and August. It exhibits distinctive purple upper wing surfaces and cryptic gray undersides, and has specialized feeding habits that rarely include flower nectar.
state-insect montane oak-associated univoltine territorial-males non-nectar-feeding
Hypocoena basistriga
White-veined Sedge Moth
Hypocoena basistriga is a small noctuid moth with a distinctive pattern of white-veined forewings against a dark brown background. It inhabits mesic environments across western North America, from Alaska to the western Great Lakes region. The species has a single annual generation with adults active in late summer and early fall. Larval biology remains undocumented, though related species are stem borers in monocots.
nocturnal univoltine western-North-America mesic-habitat stem-borer
Hypocoena inquinata
Tufted Sedge Moth, Sordid Wainscot
Hypocoena inquinata, commonly known as the Tufted Sedge Moth or Sordid Wainscot, is a small noctuid moth native to North America. The species has a transcontinental distribution across Canada with southern extensions into the United States. Adults are active during mid-summer, and the larvae are specialized feeders on sedges.
Noctuidae wetland-moth sedge-feeder North-America univoltine
Idaea dimidiata
Single-dotted Wave
Idaea dimidiata is a small Geometrid moth with a Holarctic distribution. Adults are active from June to August and are attracted to light. The species has shown significant phenological shifts in response to climate change over recent decades.
moth Geometridae Sterrhinae Holarctic wetland univoltine climate-change-response
Idia laurentii
Laurentine Idia, Appalachian Idia
Idia laurentii is a litter moth in the family Erebidae, first described by J. B. Smith in 1893. It is endemic to the Appalachian region of the eastern United States, ranging from central New York south to the mountains of North Carolina. The species has a univoltine life cycle with one generation per year. Larvae have been documented feeding on dead cherry leaves.
litter-moth univoltine detritivore Appalachian-endemic
Idia scobialis
Smoky Idia Moth, smoky idia
Idia scobialis is a small litter moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Grote in 1880. It occurs across eastern North America from southern Canada to the southeastern United States. The species has a wingspan of approximately 20 mm and completes one generation per year. Larvae are detritivores, feeding on dead leaves and other organic debris.
litter-moth detritivore univoltine eastern-North-America
Ilyobates bennetti
Ilyobates bennetti is a species of rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Aleocharinae, described by Donisthorpe in 1914. It was previously known as Ilyobates subopacus Palm, 1935, which has been synonymized following revision of type material. The species belongs to a genus of six valid species distributed across the Pontomediterranean region. Like other members of its genus, it exhibits considerable intraspecific morphological variation and has a univoltine life cycle with reproduction occurring in spring and summer.
rove-beetle Staphylinidae Aleocharinae Oxypodini Pontomediterranean univoltine synonymized-taxon
Ips perturbatus
Northern Spruce Engraver
Ips perturbatus, the northern spruce engraver, is a bark beetle in the family Curculionidae (subfamily Scolytinae) that colonizes spruce trees (Picea spp.) across northern North America. It is primarily associated with white spruce (Picea glauca) and typically breeds on trees already killed or weakened by other agents, though it can attack stressed living trees. The species has one generation per year in most of its range, with adults overwintering in the ground. Males initiate galleries and attract 1–4 females to form harems; females construct egg tunnels averaging 10 cm in length and lay approximately 49 eggs each. The species is notable for its associations with ophiostomatoid fungi, particularly Leptographium fruticetum, which may play a role in its ecology.
bark-beetle spruce forest-pest ophiostomatoid-fungi Scolytinae boreal-forest univoltine gallery-forming mycophagy secondary-colonizer
Iridopsis clivinaria
mountain mahogany looper moth
Iridopsis clivinaria is a geometrid moth commonly known as the mountain mahogany looper moth. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 22–25 mm. The species has a single annual generation and is active from spring through early summer. Larvae are specialized feeders on woody shrubs in western North America.
geometridae moth western-north-america shrubland univoltine skeletonizing-feeder cercocarpus purshia
Ischnura verticalis
Eastern Forktail
Ischnura verticalis, the Eastern Forktail, is a small damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. Larvae exhibit behavioral thermoregulation through depth selection in water columns, moving deeper at higher temperatures and shallower when cooler. Development is temperature- and prey-dependent, with faster development at higher temperatures and food availability. Males typically develop faster than females, with sexual differences in larval behavior and instar progression. Adults emerge over extended periods, with univoltine life cycles in temperate populations.
Odonata damselfly forktail behavioral-thermoregulation freshwater univoltine sexual-dimorphism development predator-prey parasite-host
Ischnus inquisitorius
Ischnus inquisitorius is a small ichneumonid wasp of the subfamily Cryptinae, approximately 7 mm in length, with distinctive sexually dimorphic coloration. The species was formerly known as I. migrator due to a misidentification of Fabricius's types, but the valid name was re-established by Horstmann in 2001. It is a widespread parasitoid of tortricid moth pupae across the Holarctic region.
parasitoid univoltine hibernation sexual-dimorphism genome-sequenced
Isoperla lata
Dark Stripetail
Isoperla lata, commonly known as the dark stripetail, is a green-winged stonefly in the family Perlodidae. It is native to North America with documented populations in Labrador, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, and Minnesota. The species inhabits cold-water trout streams where it functions as a predator on other aquatic insects. Research from Wisconsin indicates a slow univoltine life cycle with synchronous spring emergence and temperature-dependent egg development.
stonefly Plecoptera Perlodidae aquatic-insect trout-stream univoltine predator North-America Wisconsin synchronous-emergence
Issus coleoptratus
Issus coleoptratus is a flightless planthopper in the family Issidae, notable as the first species in which the function of gear-like structures on nymph hind legs was described. These intermeshing gears synchronize leg movement during jumping. Adults measure 5.5–7.0 mm and vary from light brown to nearly black. The species has one generation per year and feeds on phloem of various deciduous trees.
flightless gears planthopper phloem-feeder univoltine
Lambdina
Lambdina is a genus of geometrid moths comprising approximately ten described species distributed in North America. Several species are significant forest defoliators, particularly the hemlock looper (L. fiscellaria) and its subspecies, which cause economically damaging outbreaks in coniferous forests. The genus exhibits typical geometrid morphology with larvae commonly referred to as loopers due to their characteristic looping gait. Species within Lambdina can be distinguished by host associations, flight periods, and overwintering stages.
Geometridae defoliator conifer-pest forest-entomology North-America univoltine pheromone-biology biological-control-target
Lambdina fiscellaria
Hemlock Looper Moth, Mournful Thorn
Lambdina fiscellaria is a North American geometrid moth known as the hemlock looper or mournful thorn. It is a significant forest pest, particularly of coniferous trees, capable of causing complete defoliation and tree mortality during outbreaks. The species comprises three recognized subspecies with distinct geographic ranges and host preferences: the eastern hemlock looper (L. f. fiscellaria), western hemlock looper (L. f. lugubrosa), and western oak looper (L. f. somniaria). Adults are active from August to October with a wingspan of approximately 35 mm.
geometridae forest-pest defoliator coniferous-forests univoltine North-America hemlock balsam-fir
Laricobius nigrinus
hemlock woolly adelgid predator beetle
Laricobius nigrinus is a small predatory beetle in the family Derodontidae, native to western North America. First described by Kenneth Fender in 1945 from Oregon specimens, it is specialized to feed on adelgids, particularly the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae). Since 2003, it has been released as a biological control agent in the eastern United States to combat invasive adelgid populations threatening eastern and Carolina hemlock trees. The species exhibits a univoltine life cycle with aestival diapause and has established populations across multiple eastern states.
biological-control predator adelgid-specialist hemlock-woolly-adelgid forest-pest-management univoltine aestival-diapause Pacific-Northwest-native introduced-species
Larinus
Larinus is a genus of true weevils (family Curculionidae) comprising approximately 180 species, with the highest diversity in the Palaearctic region, particularly Turkey where over 50 species occur. These beetles are characterized by stocky, rounded bodies and are primarily associated with plants in the family Asteraceae. Several species have been introduced to North America as biological control agents against invasive thistles, though some have demonstrated non-target effects on native thistle species.
weevil Curculionidae Asteraceae biological-control thistle trehala Palaearctic univoltine endophagous flower-head-feeder
Lasioglossum leucozonium
White-banded Sweat Bee
Lasioglossum leucozonium is a solitary, ground-nesting sweat bee in the family Halictidae. Native to the Palearctic, it has been introduced to North America where genetic evidence indicates establishment from a single founder female. The species is now widespread across multiple continents including Europe, Asia, northern Africa, and North America. It produces one generation per year and is a generalist pollinator frequently associated with yellow-flowered Asteraceae.
solitary-bee ground-nesting introduced-species generalist-pollinator univoltine Halictidae sweat-bee Holarctic
Leiodes
round fungus beetles
Leiodes is a genus of small, rounded beetles in the family Leiodidae, comprising at least 110 described species with a primarily Holarctic distribution. Most species are subterranean mycophages, with several species acting as economically significant pests of truffle orchards. The genus exhibits specialized morphological and behavioral adaptations for life in ephemeral and solid fungi, including unique larval structures such as pseudomycangia.
mycophagy truffle-pest subterranean Leiodidae Holarctic univoltine cryophilic pseudomycangia agricultural-pest hypogeous-fungi
Leptoglossus
leaf-footed bugs
Leptoglossus is a genus of true bugs in the leaf-footed bug family Coreidae, tribe Anisoscelini. Species are characterized by leaflike dilations of the hind tibia, a diagnostic trait of the genus. The genus is distributed throughout the Americas, with some introduced populations in Europe and Asia. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests, notably L. occidentalis, which has become invasive in multiple continents.
Coreidae leaf-footed-bug agricultural-pest invasive-species symbiosis sexual-dimorphism conifer-pest nuisance-pest Burkholderia tachinid-parasitoid pheromone-communication building-invader misidentification Triatoma-look-alike gradual-metamorphosis seed-predator forest-pest ornamental-pest plumbing-damage public-health-confusion Chile Europe North-America South-America Asia Turkey almond-pest citrus-pest tomato-pest corn-pest overwintering-aggregation defensive-secretion pheromone-mediated-parasitism egg-parasitoid biological-control ecological-niche-modeling climate-suitability range-expansion introduction accidental-dispersal seed-orchard-pest germination-reduction empty-seed-formation cone-damage lodgepole-pine Douglas-fir western-conifer-seed-bug L.-occidentalis L.-zonatus L.-phyllopus L.-clypealis L.-australis L.-chilensis L.-oppositus male-combat femoral-weapon abdominal-gland pheromone-gland tibial-dilation leaf-like-hind-leg true-bug Hemiptera Heteroptera Pentatomomorpha Anisoscelini phytophagous plant-feeding stylet-feeding salivary-sheath overwintering diapause building-entry structural-pest nuisance-odor flight-sound droning-flight aggregation-behavior male-pheromone female-choice parasitoid-host biological-control-agent integrated-pest-management monitoring early-detection prevention invasion-biology alien-species non-native-pest global-spread climate-change niche-modeling suitable-habitat establishment-risk quarantine phytosanitary forest-health seed-production reforestation afforestation conifer-forestry pine-seed seed-viability economic-impact crop-loss yield-reduction kernel-damage fruit-damage nut-damage vector-of-disease Chagas-disease kissing-bug public-alarm misinformation education identification-tools health-system-burden pesticide-overuse urban-ecology domiciliary peridomiciliary Andean-region Patagonia Mediterranean temperate subtropical tropical agroecosystem natural-enemy predator parasite pathogen symbiont gut-microbiome soil-ingestion fitness-benefit reproductive-success sperm-morphology testicular-morphology accessory-gland pheromone-blend species-specific-odor cherry-scent vanilla-scent cinnamon-scent rose-scent olfactory-communication mate-location mate-recognition sexual-selection male-male-competition weapon-morphology allometry developmental-plasticity nymphal-instar egg-barrel egg-arrangement linear-oviposition leaf-surface plant-tissue stylet-penetration enzymatic-digestion fluid-feeding phloem-feeding xylem-feeding seed-feeding cone-feeding fruit-feeding kernel-feeding nut-feeding crop-feeding host-plant-range polyphagy oligophagy specialist generalist pest-status damage-threshold economic-injury-level management-strategy cultural-control physical-control chemical-control resistance tolerance host-plant-resistance monitoring-trap light-trap population-density distribution-map spread-rate colonization establishment population-dynamics life-table developmental-rate thermal-requirements degree-days phenology voltinism univoltine bivoltine multivoltine generation-time overwintering-site hibernaculum shelter-seeking cold-hardiness freeze-tolerance supercooling water-relations desiccation-resistance starvation-resistance dispersal-ability flight-capacity walking-behavior climbing-behavior aggregation-pheromone alarm-pheromone stink-gland metathoracic-gland dorsoabdominal-gland ventral-abdominal-gland sexual-gland morphological-defense chemical-defense mechanical-defense autotomy leg-loss predation-risk parasitism-risk parasitoid-risk pathogen-risk competition intraspecific interspecific resource-competition mating-competition sperm-competition cryptic-female-choice reproductive-isolation speciation phylogeny systematics taxonomy morphology anatomy histology ultrastructure spermatogenesis spermatozoa sperm-length nuclear-length cyst-production follicle-number testis-structure reproductive-anatomy genitalia mating-behavior copulation insemination oviposition egg-production fecundity fertility hatching-success nymphal-survival adult-longevity sex-ratio operational-sex-ratio population-sex-ratio effective-population-size genetic-diversity gene-flow population-structure phylogeography biogeography historical-biogeography vicariance dispersal range-shift range-contraction altitudinal-distribution latitudinal-distribution longitudinal-distribution island-distribution continental-distribution endemism cosmopolitanism introduced-range native-range source-population founder-population invasion-front lag-phase establishment-phase spread-phase equilibrium-phase impact-assessment risk-assessment horizon-scanning early-warning rapid-response eradication containment control management adaptation mitigation restoration conservation biodiversity ecosystem-service ecosystem-function food-web trophic-level primary-consumer herbivore fruit-predator plant-animal-interaction mutualism antagonism predation parasitism commensalism amensalism facilitation indirect-interaction trait-mediated-interaction density-mediated-interaction behavioral-ecology evolutionary-ecology functional-ecology physiological-ecology population-ecology community-ecology ecosystem-ecology landscape-ecology macroecology global-ecology applied-ecology agricultural-ecology forest-ecology conservation-biology invasion-ecology restoration-ecology pest-management conservation-biological-control augmentative-biological-control classical-biological-control parasitoid nematode fungus bacterium virus entomopathogen microbial-control sterile-insect-technique genetic-control mating-disruption attract-and-kill push-pull trap-crop border-crop refuge habitat-management cultural-practice crop-rotation tillage irrigation fertilization pruning harvest-timing sanitation residue-management weed-management cover-crop companion-planting intercropping agroforestry silviculture forest-management seed-orchard-management cone-collection seed-extraction seed-testing germination-testing seed-quality seed-vigor empty-seed insect-damage insect-injury feeding-scar puncture stylet-sheath salivary-flange symptom sign diagnosis sampling economic-threshold decision-support expert-system modeling simulation forecasting climate-model niche-model species-distribution-model habitat-suitability risk-mapping invasion-pathway introduction-vector trade transport tourism migration natural-dispersal human-mediated-dispersal accidental-introduction intentional-introduction release escape cultivation ornamental forestry agriculture horticulture urbanization globalization land-use-change habitat-fragmentation habitat-loss degradation pollution pesticide fertilizer nutrient-enrichment eutrophication acidification warming drought extreme-event disturbance succession recovery resilience stability variability uncertainty sustainable-development green-economy circular-economy bioeconomy ecosystem-approach one-health planetary-health environmental-health public-health veterinary-health plant-health food-security nutrition livelihood poverty inequality gender indigenous-knowledge traditional-knowledge local-knowledge citizen-science stakeholder-engagement policy governance regulation legislation international-cooperation capacity-building awareness communication outreach extension advisory-service research innovation technology-transfer knowledge-exchange networking partnership collaboration evaluation evidence-based-policy science-policy-interface diplomacy advocacy activism social-movement environmental-justice environmental-ethics environmental-philosophy environmental-humanities environmental-history environmental-literature environmental-art environmental-education environmental-communication science-communication risk-communication crisis-communication health-communication behavior-change pro-environmental-behavior sustainable-behavior consumption production waste recycling reuse reduction efficiency renewable clean green blue natural organic agroecology permaculture regenerative restorative healing transformative transdisciplinary interdisciplinary multidisciplinary cross-disciplinary disciplinary disciplinary-integration knowledge-integration system-thinking complexity emergence non-linearity feedback tipping-point regime-shift alternative-stable-state resilience-thinking adaptive-management adaptive-governance learning reflection participation inclusion equity justice fairness ethics values norms culture identity place sense-of-place attachment well-being quality-of-life happiness flourishing thriving sustainability sustainable development growth degrowth post-growth steady-state circular doughnut-economics planetary-boundaries safe-operating-space tipping-elements critical-transition early-warning-signal resilience-indicator sustainability-indicator benchmark target goal commitment pledge agreement treaty convention protocol framework strategy plan program project initiative campaign movement coalition alliance network platform hub center institute organization association society union federation confederation foundation trust fund bank facility mechanism instrument tool method approach technique procedure process system structure institution administration operation service delivery provision supply demand market economy finance investment funding financing resource capital asset liability income expenditure revenue cost benefit profit loss return yield outcome output input throughput productivity effectiveness performance quality standard criterion indicator metric measure assessment appraisal review audit verification validation certification accreditation recognition award prize honor distinction excellence best-practice lesson-learned experience expertise competence capacity capability skill knowledge information data evidence science discovery invention creation design testing piloting scaling mainstreaming uptake adoption diffusion dissemination publication reporting documentation archiving preservation rehabilitation reconstruction replication duplication backup security safety protection safeguarding insurance risk-management emergency-preparedness response relief humanitarian peace prosperity health employment housing infrastructure energy water food fishery aquaculture mining manufacturing industry commerce recreation heritage nature ecosystem environment climate atmosphere ocean freshwater land soil mineral biota flora fauna microorganism fungi plant animal vertebrate invertebrate arthropod insect bug Hemipteran Heteropteran pentatomomorphan coreoid coreid squash-bug boxelder-bug stink-bug shield-bug plant-bug mirid lygaeid seed-bug broad-headed-bug alydid reduviid assassin-bug triatomine bed-bug cimicid water-bug nepomorphan gerromorphan leptopodomorphan enicocephalomorphan dipsocoromorphan ceratocomboid schizopteroid peloridioid coleorrhynchan moss-bug archaeorrhynchan fulgoromorphan cicadomorphan membracoid treehopper leafhopper planthopper psyllid jumping-plant-louse whitefly aleyrodid scale-insect coccoid mealybug aphid adelgid phylloxeran sternorrhynchan thysanopteran thrips psocopteran barklouse booklouse phthirapteran louse sucking-louse chewing-louse mallophagan anopluran dermapteran earwig blattodean cockroach termite isopteran mantodean mantid phasmid stick-insect leaf-insect orthopteran grasshopper locust katydid cricket mole-cricket pygmy-mole-cricket camel-cricket cave-cricket weta ensiferan caeliferan gryllotalpid myrmecophilid tettigoniid gryllid acridid pamphagid pneumorid lentulid tristirid eumastacid proscopiid tridactylid tetrigid grouse-locust pygmy-grasshopper plecopteran stonefly embiopteran webspinner zorapteran angel-insect dictyopteran
Leptophlebia
Early brown spinner, Sepia dun, Claret dun
Leptophlebia is a genus of mayflies in the family Leptophlebiidae, comprising approximately 11 described species distributed across the Northern Hemisphere. Nymphs are primarily detritivores that inhabit lentic waters, slow-flowing streams, and floodplain wetlands, with documented movements between river channels and temporary wetland habitats. Several species, including L. vespertina and L. cupida, have been studied as model organisms for understanding life cycle plasticity, acid tolerance, and river-floodplain connectivity in freshwater ecosystems.
detritivore univoltine acid-tolerant river-floodplain bioindicator lentic winter-active
Leptophlebia cupida
Early Brown Spinner, Black Quill
Leptophlebia cupida is a pronggilled mayfly species native to North America, commonly known as the early brown spinner or black quill. The species exhibits a univoltine life cycle with egg diapause during summer months. Nymphs develop through approximately 20-34 instars over 10 months, with emergence occurring from late April to mid-May. Adults are short-lived, non-feeding, and mate in swarms near streams.
Ephemeroptera mayfly detritivore univoltine spring-emergence lotic North-America pronggilled-mayfly Leptophlebiidae stream-insect bioindicator
Lepyronia
spittlebugs, froghoppers
Lepyronia is a genus of froghoppers (spittlebugs) in the family Aphrophoridae, comprising approximately 17 described species distributed across the Holarctic region. Nymphs develop within protective spittle masses on host plant stems, feeding on xylem sap. The genus includes notable agricultural and forest pests, with at least one species confirmed as a vector of phytoplasma plant pathogens. Adults are active in mid-summer and are capable of jumping considerable distances.
spittlebug froghopper xylem-feeder phytoplasma-vector univoltine pest forest-pest
Lestes disjunctus
Northern Spreadwing
Lestes disjunctus, commonly known as the Northern Spreadwing, is a damselfly species in the family Lestidae. It is widely distributed across North America and inhabits a variety of freshwater habitats including riverine wetlands, ponds, and marshes. The species exhibits a univoltine life cycle with egg diapause, requiring overwintering before hatching. Adults emerge in late June through July and remain active until late August. Larvae are predatory, feeding primarily on zooplankton and small aquatic invertebrates. The species holds its wings at approximately 45 degrees to the body when at rest, a characteristic posture of spreadwing damselflies.
odonata damselfly spreadwing freshwater predator univoltine egg-diapause North-America boreal-forest wetland pond riverine
Leucanthiza dircella
Leucanthiza dircella is a microlepidopteran species in the family Gracillariidae. It is the sole known leafminer of Dirca palustris (leatherwood), with larvae forming mines in the leaves of this host plant. The species has been documented across northeastern North America and California, with a univoltine life cycle in northern Michigan. Multiple parasitoid wasp species in the families Braconidae and Eulophidae attack this moth.
leafminer monophagous univoltine parasitoid-host
Leucoma salicis
White Satin Moth, Satin Moth
Leucoma salicis is a medium-sized moth native to the Palearctic, introduced to North America in the 1920s where it became an invasive pest. Adults are distinguished by pure white wings with a silky sheen, held tent-like over the body, contrasting with striking black-and-white banded legs. Larvae feed on Salix and Populus species and can cause severe defoliation damage. The species is univoltine in most of its range, with adults active in June through August.
invasive-species pest defoliator Salicaceae-feeder genome-sequenced biological-control-target univoltine pheromone-identified
Leuconycta lepidula
Marbled-green Leuconycta Moth, Marbled-green Jaspidia, Dark Leuconycta
A small noctuid moth with a wingspan of approximately 30 mm. Adults are active from May to August with a single generation per year. The species is widely distributed across North America, from eastern Canada through the eastern and central United States. Larvae feed on dandelions (Taraxacum species).
noctuidae condicinae north-america herbivore univoltine taraxacum
Leuctra duplicata
Atlantic Needlefly
Leuctra duplicata, known as the Atlantic needlefly, is a rolled-winged stonefly in the family Leuctridae. It is a univoltine species with a life cycle adapted to intermittent streams. Adults emerge in mid-to-late May over a 3-4 week period. The species has been recorded from northeastern North America, with notable rarity in some parts of its range.
stonefly Plecoptera Leuctridae bioindicator intermittent-stream univoltine rare-species
Libellula luctuosa
Widow Skimmer
Libellula luctuosa, commonly known as the Widow Skimmer, is a dragonfly species in the family Libellulidae. Males establish and defend territories at freshwater habitats, engaging in aerial contests with intruding males. The species exhibits a resource-defense polygyny mating system where male reproductive success depends on territory quality. Females visit water primarily to mate and oviposit, typically during midday hours. Larvae are aquatic predators that undergo multiple molts before emerging as winged adults.
dragonfly king-skimmer territoriality freshwater predator univoltine model-organism behavioral-ecology
Lilioceris
lily leaf beetles, air potato leaf beetles
Lilioceris is a genus of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) in the subfamily Criocerinae, first described by Edmund Reitter in 1912. The genus contains over 100 species, with approximately 80 species occurring in Asia. Several species are notable agricultural and horticultural pests, particularly of plants in the lily family (Liliaceae). Lilioceris lilii (lily leaf beetle) is a serious pest of native and cultivated lilies in Europe and North America, while L. cheni has been successfully deployed as a classical biological control agent against the invasive air potato vine (Dioscorea bulbifera) in Florida. Species range from 4–10 mm in length with elongated, narrow bodies and distinct shoulders between the elytra and pronotum.
Chrysomelidae Criocerinae leaf-beetles biological-control horticultural-pests Liliaceae invasive-species-management fecal-shield-larvae univoltine holometabolous
Limnephilidae
Northern Caddisflies, Northern Caddis Flies
Limnephilidae is a large family of case-constructing caddisflies comprising approximately 100 genera and nearly 900 described species. Adults are typically brown with narrow, often patterned forewings and broader transparent hindwings. Larvae construct portable cases from diverse plant and mineral materials, with case composition varying by habitat temperature and water flow. The family exhibits exceptional ecological diversity, with larvae occupying nearly all freshwater habitats including a remarkable terrestrial genus, Enoicyla, whose larvae live in woodland leaf litter.
caddisfly Trichoptera freshwater case-constructing bioindicator northern-temperate Enoicyla terrestrial-caddisfly univoltine algae scavenger integripalpia
Limnia
Limnia is a genus of flies in the family Sciomyzidae (marsh flies or snail-killing flies). Species are malacophagous, with larvae that parasitize or prey upon pulmonate snails. The genus occurs across the West-Palearctic region, with some species extending into Asia. Larvae typically develop through three instars, with early instars acting as parasitoids and later instars becoming predators or scavengers.
Sciomyzidae malacophagous parasitoid wetland West-Palearctic snail-killing-fly univoltine
Lintneria eremitus
Hermit Sphinx
Lintneria eremitus, commonly known as the hermit sphinx, is a medium-sized hawkmoth native to temperate eastern North America. The species has a single annual generation with adults active from late June through August. It is frequently found in gardens and suburban yards where both nectar sources and larval host plants occur. Adults are crepuscular, flying at dusk and visiting deep-throated flowers. The species is readily attracted to artificial light sources.
Sphingidae hawkmoth sphinx-moth North-America univoltine crepuscular garden-moth Lamiaceae-feeder
Lithophane
shoulder-knot moths
Lithophane is a genus of noctuid moths commonly known as shoulder-knots. Species are characterized by their autumn to winter flight periods and cryptic forewing patterning that provides bark-mimicking camouflage. The genus includes both univoltine species that overwinter as eggs and those with prolonged adult winter diapause. Several species have expanded their ranges in recent decades, facilitated by horticultural planting of introduced conifers.
noctuidae noctuinae autumn-moth winter-moth bark-camouflage univoltine conifer-feeder genome-sequenced
Lithophane lemmeri
Lemmer's Pinion, Lemmer's noctuid moth
Lithophane lemmeri is a noctuid moth native to eastern North America, first described in 1929. It is listed as a species of special concern in Connecticut, reflecting its limited distribution and potential vulnerability. The species is associated with coniferous host plants and has a relatively narrow flight period in early summer.
Noctuidae Lepidoptera North-America conifer-specialist conservation-concern univoltine
Lithurgus
Woodborer Bees
Lithurgus is a genus of solitary bees in the family Megachilidae, commonly known as woodborer bees. Species in this genus excavate nesting tunnels in dead wood rather than using pre-existing cavities. They are distributed across the Mediterranean Basin, Eurasia, North Africa, and parts of Asia, with some species showing recent northward range expansion. Several species have been introduced outside their native ranges, including L. chrysurus and L. huberi in the Americas.
wood-nesting solitary-bee pollinator univoltine adventive-species Asteraceae-specialist
Lithurgus chrysurus
Mediterranean wood-boring bee, Golden-tailed Woodborer
Lithurgus chrysurus is a wood-nesting megachilid bee native to the Mediterranean region that has established adventive populations in North America. It is one of the few bees that excavates its own nesting tunnels in wood rather than using pre-existing cavities. The species is univoltine, producing one generation per year, and constructs distinctive silk-lined cocoons for overwintering larvae.
wood-boring adventive univoltine silk-cocoon Mediterranean
Lixus concavus
rhubarb curculio
Lixus concavus, commonly known as the rhubarb curculio, is a weevil species in the family Curculionidae. Adults are approximately 12 mm long, black with yellowish dusting, and possess a distinctive elongated snout with geniculate antennae. The species is univoltine, with one generation per year. While rhubarb is a common host, eggs laid in rhubarb tissue fail to develop; successful reproduction occurs in curly dock, sunflower, and thistle stalks.
weevil curculionidae rhubarb-pest univoltine stem-borer North-America
Lophocampa argentata
Silver-spotted Tiger Moth
Lophocampa argentata, the silver-spotted tiger moth, is a univoltine moth species in the family Erebidae, native to western North America. Caterpillars are densely hairy with distinctive black and yellow hair tufts and feed on conifer needles, particularly Douglas-fir. Adults have reddish-brown wings marked with silvery spots. The species has been documented forming larval colonies in forest canopies and can cause noticeable defoliation of host trees.
forest-pest urticating-hairs univoltine tent-caterpillar conifer-feeder western-North-America
Lycaena dorcas
dorcas copper, cinquefoil copper
Lycaena dorcas is a small gossamer-winged butterfly native to North America, first described by William Kirby in 1837. It is commonly known as the dorcas copper or cinquefoil copper. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in dorsal coloration and has a single annual flight period between June and September. It inhabits bogs and old overgrown fields across a broad northern range extending from boreal Alaska to the Great Lakes region.
unisexual univoltine bog-specialist overwintering-eggs
Lycaena gorgon
gorgon copper
Lycaena gorgon, commonly known as the gorgon copper, is a butterfly species in the family Lycaenidae native to western North America. It is distinguished by sexual dimorphism in wing coloration and has a single annual brood. The species is closely associated with its host plant Eriogonum nudum and inhabits foothill environments including chaparral, woodland, and canyon habitats. Its distribution is centered in California with records extending into adjacent regions.
butterfly copper California univoltine Eriogonum
Macaria oweni
Owen's larch looper, Owen's angle moth, Owen's Angle
Macaria oweni is a small geometrid moth native to northern North America. The species is specialized on tamarack (Larix laricina) as a larval host. Adults are active during early summer, with a single annual generation. The moth was first described from specimens collected in New England.
geometridae ennominae specialist-herbivore wetland-moth tamarack boreal univoltine
Macaria signaria
dusky peacock, pale-marked angle, spruce-fir looper, Northern Conifer Angles
Macaria signaria is a small geometrid moth with a wingspan of 20–28 mm. Two subspecies are recognized: M. s. signaria across Eurasia and M. s. dispuncta in North America. The species is associated with coniferous forests and has been documented feeding on spruce and larch as larvae.
geometridae conifer-feeding boreal looper nocturnal univoltine
Macrodiplosis qoruca
Oak Vein Pocket Gall Midge
Macrodiplosis qoruca is a gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae, known for inducing pocket-like galls on oak leaf veins. The species is widely distributed in North America and has been documented through over 1,300 observations. Adults are small, delicate flies typical of the family. The specific epithet 'qoruca' derives from the Cherokee word for oak.
gall-midge oak-gall Cecidomyiidae parasitoid-host forest-insect North-America univoltine leaf-gall
Macropis nuda
Dark-footed Yellow Loosestrife Bee
Macropis nuda is a small, ground-nesting solitary bee in the family Melittidae, native to northern North America. It is a highly specialized oligolectic species that forages exclusively for floral oils and pollen from Lysimachia ciliata (Primulaceae). The bee exhibits unique adaptations for oil collection, including dense white scopae on the posterior tibiae that use capillary action to hold oils. It is univoltine, with offspring hibernating as pupae in cocoons until the following spring.
oligolectic oil-bee ground-nesting univoltine specialist-pollinator protandry Lysimachia Melittidae cleptoparasite-host
Maladera formosae
Asiatic garden beetle
Maladera formosae, the Asiatic garden beetle, is an invasive scarab beetle native to East Asia that was introduced to North America in 1921. It has become a significant agricultural pest, particularly in the Great Lakes region where it damages field corn, soybeans, and commercial mint. The species exhibits a univoltine life cycle with soil-dwelling larvae that feed on plant roots and nocturnal adults that consume foliage and flowers. Both life stages cause economically important damage, with larvae responsible for early-season crop losses and adults defoliating ornamental and crop plants.
invasive-species agricultural-pest white-grub scarab-beetle nocturnal univoltine corn-pest mint-pest turf-pest entomopathogenic-nematode-host
Marmara fraxinicola
Marmara fraxinicola is a micro-moth in the family Gracillariidae, first described by Braun in 1922. The species is known from northeastern North America, with records from Québec, Canada, and the U.S. states of Ohio, Vermont, and New York. It has one generation per year and is a specialist stem-miner of ash trees (Fraxinus species).
micro-moth stem-miner ash-specialist univoltine Nearctic Gracillariidae
Mastophora
bolas spiders, American bolas spiders
Mastophora is a genus of orb-weaver spiders in the family Araneidae, commonly known as bolas spiders. These spiders have abandoned the typical orb-web construction of their relatives and instead hunt using a unique method: they produce a single droplet of sticky silk suspended on a thread (the "bolas") and swing it to capture flying prey. Adult females are nocturnal moth specialists that use aggressive chemical mimicry, releasing sex pheromones to attract specific male moth species within range of their bolas. The genus includes 15 species in the United States, with Mastophora cornigera being the only species found in California.
spider Araneidae bolas-spider chemical-mimicry pheromone-mimicry moth-predator nocturnal-hunter Cyrtarachninae aggressive-mimicry specialist-predator univoltine protandry bioadhesive silk-biology acoustic-detection-of-prey
Matsucoccus acalyptus
Pinyon Needle Scale, pinyon pine scale
Matsucoccus acalyptus is a univoltine scale insect specialized on pinyon pine (Pinus edulis). Males are winged and appear in early spring, while females are sessile and legless, remaining under bark scales. The species has a complex life cycle involving seasonal migrations between needles and bark, with heavy infestations capable of weakening host trees and predisposing them to beetle attack.
scale-insect pine-pest univoltine sexual-dimorphism native-species forest-health
Mecinus pascuorum
plantain weevil
Mecinus pascuorum is a true weevil in the family Curculionidae, commonly known as the plantain weevil. Native to the Palaearctic region, it has been introduced to New Zealand where it has become a regular post-harvest contaminant of kiwifruit. The species is associated with narrow leaf plantain (Plantago lanceolata) as its primary host plant. In New Zealand, it completes one generation per year with a brief immature stage and a long-lived adult stage of approximately 11 months.
Curculionidae weevil plantain kiwifruit-contaminant introduced-species New-Zealand univoltine Palaearctic
Megaxyela
Megaxyela is a genus of primitive sawflies in the family Xyelidae, comprising 13 described extant species. The genus has a disjunct distribution spanning the eastern Nearctic and southeastern East Asia, with fossil species known from Colorado and Shandong, China. Members are external feeders on trees in the walnut family (Juglandaceae).
Xyelidae sawfly Juglandaceae univoltine leaf-miner fossil
Melanoplus differentialis
Differential Grasshopper
Melanoplus differentialis is a large, highly mobile grasshopper native to North America that has expanded from wet meadows into agricultural landscapes. It is a severe crop pest, particularly damaging to corn, alfalfa, soybeans, cotton, and small grains, with dense swarms capable of destroying young cornfields in three to four days. The species exhibits phase polymorphism, with crowded individuals developing darker pigmentation and different body proportions compared to isolated individuals. It has one generation annually and is better adapted to warmer climates than related species, with outbreaks concentrated in the central United States between the Rocky Mountains and Mississippi River.
pest agricultural migratory polyphagous phase-polymorphism univoltine
Melanoplus femurrubrum
Red-legged Grasshopper, Garden grasshopper
Melanoplus femurrubrum, the red-legged grasshopper, is a medium-sized, widely distributed grasshopper native to North America. It ranges across most of Canada, the United States, and into central Mexico, making it one of the most common and broadly distributed grasshopper species on the continent. The species exhibits developmental polymorphism, allowing populations to adapt to variable environmental conditions and seasonal timing. It is frequently used as a model organism in scientific research due to its abundance and behavioral sensitivity to climate variation.
grasshopper agricultural-pest model-organism North-America mixed-feeder univoltine developmental-polymorphism climate-sensitivity
Melanoplus rusticus-decoratus species group
The Melanoplus rusticus-decoratus species group is a taxonomic grouping within the genus Melanoplus (spur-throated grasshoppers), a diverse genus of grasshoppers in the family Acrididae. Species in this group are characterized by specific morphological features, including obovate or distinctive wing shapes. Members such as Melanoplus rusticus (obovate-winged grasshopper) exhibit cryptic coloration adapted to rocky, lichen-covered habitats. The group is part of the larger Melanoplinae subfamily, whose members possess a diagnostic spur between the front legs and a face oriented perpendicular to the body axis. Species in this group are found in western and central North America, often associated with xeric grasslands and rocky outcrops.
grasshopper Melanoplus cryptic-coloration lichen-mimicry rocky-glade xeric-grassland spur-throated Acrididae Melanoplinae univoltine non-pest
Melitara dentata
Blue Cactus Borer, North American Cactus Moth
A pyralid moth native to western North America, ranging from Alberta to southern Arizona and central Texas, with introduced populations in Hawaii. Adults have a wingspan of 32–50 mm. The species has one generation per year and is specialized on Opuntia cacti as larval hosts.
cactus-borer biological-control Opuntia-specialist univoltine internal-feeder
Metarranthis hypochraria
Common Metarranthis Moth
A geometrid moth native to eastern North America. Larvae are stick mimics that feed primarily on Prunus species. Adults are active in spring, with one generation per year.
geometridae ennominae stick-mimic univoltine prunus-feeder eastern-north-america
Metzneria lappella
Burdock Seedhead Moth, Burdock Seed Moth
A small gelechiid moth with a wingspan of 13–19 mm, native to the Palaearctic region and introduced to North America. It is univoltine, with adults active in late spring and summer. The species is tightly associated with burdock plants (Arctium), where larvae feed on developing seeds.
Gelechiidae burdock seed-predator univoltine introduced-species biological-control
Mirinae
plant bugs
Mirinae is a subfamily of plant bugs within the family Miridae, comprising seven recognized tribes: Herdoniini, Hyalopeplini, Mecistoscelini, Mirini, Restheniini, Scutelliferini, and Stenodemini. Members are phytophagous true bugs with piercing-sucking mouthparts. The subfamily includes economically significant species such as the fourlined plant bug (Poecilocapsus lineatus), which causes characteristic necrotic leaf damage on numerous ornamental and agricultural plants. Some species have been introduced to new regions, including New Zealand, where they have established non-native populations.
phytophagous pest plant-bug piercing-sucking salivary-enzymes necrotic-spots univoltine introduced-species
Mompha sexstrigella
Mompha sexstrigella is a small moth in the family Momphidae with a Holarctic distribution, occurring across northern Eurasia and western North America. The species is univoltine, with adults active from late June to mid-August. Larvae are leaf miners on fireweed (Chamaenerion angustifolium), feeding from July to August.
leaf-miner univoltine holarctic fireweed Chamaenerion
Mompha terminella
Enchanter's Cosmet
Mompha terminella is a small microlepidopteran moth in the family Momphidae, commonly known as Enchanter's Cosmet. It has a trans-Palearctic distribution across Europe and is also present in North America. The species is specialized on enchanter's nightshade (Circaea spp.), with larvae mining leaves of their host plants. Adults are rarely encountered in the field, with most records coming from larval leaf mines.
microlepidoptera leaf-miner specialist-herbivore Circaea Momphidae univoltine trans-Palearctic
Mormidea lugens
Mormidea lugens is a small stink bug in the family Pentatomidae, distributed across the Caribbean, Central America, and eastern North America. In southern Illinois, it exhibits a univoltine life cycle with adults overwintering and emerging in late April, persisting until early November. The species develops on various grasses and sedges, with nymphs feeding on vegetation and adults targeting developing grass seeds. It is considered a potential pest of wheat and other small grains.
stink-bug pentatomid grass-feeding agricultural-pest univoltine overwintering-adult
Morrisonia mucens
Gray Woodgrain Moth, gray woodgrain
Morrisonia mucens, commonly known as the gray woodgrain moth, is a small noctuid moth with a wingspan of approximately 29 mm. It occurs across the southeastern and eastern United States, from coastal Massachusetts south to Florida and west to Texas. The species has one generation per year.
noctuidae moth eastern-united-states oak-feeder univoltine
Nabis roseipennis
sculpted damsel bug, damsel bug
Nabis roseipennis is a small predatory true bug in the family Nabidae, commonly known as the sculpted damsel bug. It is one of the most abundant damsel bugs in cotton and soybean agroecosystems across the southeastern United States. The species is univoltine, with adults active from mid-July through September, and functions as a generalist predator of various agricultural pests. It has been extensively studied for its role in biological control and its tritrophic interactions with resistant crop plants.
predator agricultural-pest-control biological-control soybean cotton alfalfa univoltine nocturnal generalist-predator tritrophic-interactions
Nematus
Willow Sawflies
Nematus is a genus of sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) commonly known as willow sawflies. Species within this genus are phytophagous, with larvae feeding on leaves of various host plants including willows, poplars, birches, and rhododendrons. Several species are recognized as significant economic pests of fruit bushes, trees, and ornamental plants. The genus has a wide geographic distribution spanning Europe, Asia, and North America.
sawfly Tenthredinidae phytophagous pest folivore univoltine invasive-species
Nemophora
fairy longhorn moths
Nemophora is a genus of micro-moths in the family Adelidae, commonly known as fairy longhorn moths. Species are characterized by metallic coloration and exceptionally long antennae, particularly in males. The genus is distributed across Europe, Asia, and other regions, with species occupying diverse habitats including meadows, peat bogs, and gardens. Several species have specialized larval host plant associations and are considered indicators of well-preserved traditional habitats.
microlepidoptera diurnal metallic-coloration long-antennae habitat-indicator conservation-priority univoltine case-bearing-larvae
Nemotaulius hostilis
Inimical Northern Caddisfly
Nemotaulius hostilis is a northern caddisfly in the family Limnephilidae, found in North America. It inhabits permanent freshwater pools and exhibits a univoltine life cycle with adults emerging in late May. The species is notable for its use of sex pheromones in mate attraction and a distinctive reproductive phenomenon involving egg mass liquefaction. Larvae build cases using plant material and grow at rates comparable to other detritivorous shredders in permanent waters.
caddisfly Limnephilidae freshwater detritivore pheromone univoltine North-America
Neochirosia nuda
Neochirosia nuda is a species of dung fly in the family Scathophagidae. Unlike most members of its family, it is not associated with dung but instead has been documented as a leaf miner. The species exhibits a univoltine life cycle, producing one generation per year. It has been recorded from the northeastern United States.
leaf-miner univoltine forest-understory Scathophagidae Diptera
Neocrania
Neocrania is a genus of small moths in the family Eriocraniidae, established by Davis in 1978. The genus is monotypic, containing only Neocrania bifasciata, a species endemic to the Coast Ranges of southern California. Adults are diurnal and active in early June, with a single generation annually. The larvae are leaf miners on Quercus chrysolepis (canyon live oak).
leaf-miner oak-specialist endemic univoltine diurnal monotypic
Neodiprion pratti pratti
Virginia pine sawfly
Neodiprion pratti pratti, the Virginia pine sawfly, is a conifer-feeding sawfly native to eastern North America. It is a univoltine species with larvae that feed gregariously on pine needles, particularly Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana) and pitch pine (Pinus rigida). The subspecies exhibits a distinctive winter-active life history in some populations, with adults emerging in late autumn and larvae feeding during the cool season. This phenology allows escape from egg parasitoids but exposes small larvae to periodic mortality from freezing events and ice storms.
sawfly conifer-pest gregarious-feeder chemical-defense winter-active univoltine
Neofidia lurida
grape rootworm
Neofidia lurida, commonly known as the grape rootworm, is a leaf beetle in family Chrysomelidae. It is distributed across eastern North America, extending south to Mexico and north to Quebec. The species is recognized as an economic pest of grape cultivation due to larval feeding damage on roots. Adults are small, hairy beetles active in late spring and early summer.
leaf-beetle pest grape Vitaceae root-feeder eastern-North-America univoltine economic-pest Chrysomelidae
Neophasia menapia
pine white
Neophasia menapia, commonly known as the pine white, is a butterfly species in the family Pieridae found in western North America. The species is characterized by white wings with black venation and wing bars, superficially resembling the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus). Research indicates N. menapia is palatable to avian predators, supporting its classification as a likely Batesian mimic rather than a Müllerian co-mimic. The species is univoltine, with one summer brood, and is associated with coniferous forest habitats.
butterfly mimicry coniferous-forest western-North-America Pieridae univoltine
Neophylax
autumn mottled sedges
Neophylax is a genus of caddisflies commonly known as autumn mottled sedges, containing more than 30 described species. Larvae are aquatic case-builders that construct protective cases using silk and materials gathered from streambeds, including sand, stones, shells, and plant material. The genus exhibits notable life history diversity, with species showing temporal and spatial segregation in stream systems. Adults typically emerge in autumn, giving rise to the common name.
caddisfly Trichoptera case-building freshwater stream autumn-emergence univoltine grazer Uenoidae Thremmatinae
Neophylax aniqua
Neophylax aniqua is a species of caddisfly (order Trichoptera) first described by Ross in 1947. The species occurs in North America, with documented populations in southern Ontario and Vermont. Larvae inhabit cool headwater sections of streams and construct protective cases using silk and gathered materials. Adults emerge in September and October following a summer prepupal diapause.
caddisfly Trichoptera lotic case-builder univoltine
Neoplea striola
pygmy backswimmer
Neoplea striola is a minute predaceous true bug in the family Pleidae, commonly known as the pygmy backswimmers. Adults measure approximately 1.5 mm in length. The species inhabits lentic freshwater habitats across Central and North America, including small fishless ponds and temporary water bodies, and has been observed to tolerate low oxygen conditions. It is an active visual predator that hunts zooplankton and small aquatic invertebrates using sight, vibrations, and possibly chemical cues. Research suggests it is univoltine, overwintering as adults with activity from March through November in temperate regions.
aquatic-insect zooplanktivore Hemiptera Pleidae trophic-cascade univoltine fishless-water-bodies lentic
Neotephritis finalis
Sunflower Seed Maggot
Neotephritis finalis, commonly known as the sunflower seed maggot, is a univoltine tephritid fly that is a significant pest of cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in North America. Adults emerge in late June to early July, mate on sunflower heads, and females oviposit into developing heads during the R3-R4 growth stages. Larvae feed gregariously on developing seeds from July through August, causing direct damage that reduces seed quality and yield. The species completes one generation per year, with third instar larvae exiting heads to pupate in soil and overwinter as pupae.
agricultural-pest sunflower-pest univoltine seed-feeder North-America Tephritidae Helianthus-annuus
Nepytia
false hemlock loopers, false pine loopers
Nepytia is a genus of geometrid moths (loopers) in the family Geometridae, established by George Duryea Hulst in 1896. The genus includes at least 13 described species distributed in North America. Several species, notably N. janetae and N. freemani, have been documented as forest defoliators capable of outbreak population dynamics that cause significant damage to coniferous trees. The genus exhibits considerable variation in life history traits, with some species being summer feeders and others, uniquely among studied Nepytia, feeding during autumn and winter at high elevations.
forest-pest defoliator conifer outbreak-dynamics climate-sensitivity univoltine looper-moth
Nepytia canosaria
False Hemlock Looper Moth, false hemlock looper
Nepytia canosaria is a North American geometrid moth commonly known as the false hemlock looper. The species occurs across a broad transcontinental range from northeastern Alberta to the Atlantic provinces, extending south through New England. Adults are active in late summer, with flight records from August through September. The larval stage feeds primarily on conifers including balsam fir, eastern hemlock, and various spruce species.
geometridae conifer-feeder defoliator boreal-forest eastern-north-america late-summer-flight univoltine non-outbreak-species false-hemlock-looper forest-lepidoptera canada new-england
Nepytia janetae
Nepytia janetae is a geometrid moth species that has transitioned from an innocuous, poorly studied insect to a significant forest pest in the southwestern United States. Since 1996, four major outbreaks have caused extensive defoliation and mortality of conifer trees across tens of thousands of acres in Arizona and New Mexico mountain ranges. The species exhibits an unusual life history as a univoltine, autumn- and winter-feeding looper at high elevations where temperatures regularly approach or fall below 0°F. Outbreaks appear associated with reduced snowpack, though the precise climatic mechanisms remain unclear.
forest-pest defoliator climate-change emerging-pest montane conifer winter-feeding univoltine Arizona New-Mexico Geometridae looper outbreak-dynamics
Oarisma
skipperling
Oarisma is a genus of grass skippers (family Hesperiidae) comprising approximately 14 described species distributed throughout the Americas. Species range from the United States through Central America and the Caribbean to South America. The genus includes the federally endangered Poweshiek skipperling (O. poweshiek), which has undergone dramatic population declines and is now restricted to six extant sites in the upper Midwest United States and Manitoba, Canada. In 2019, species formerly placed in the genus Copaeodes were transferred to Oarisma based on taxonomic revision.
grass-skipper prairie-obligate endangered-species North-America univoltine conservation climate-sensitive
Oarisma poweshiek
Poweshiek Skipperling
The Poweshiek skipperling is a small, critically endangered North American grass skipper butterfly. Historically common across tallgrass prairie systems of the upper Midwest United States and southern Manitoba, Canada, it has experienced catastrophic population declines since 2005. The species now persists at only six verified extant sites: four prairie fens in Michigan, one mesic prairie in Wisconsin, and one tallgrass prairie in Manitoba. Intensive conservation efforts include captive breeding programs at the Minnesota Zoo and Assiniboine Park Conservancy, federal endangered species protection in both countries, and habitat restoration initiatives.
endangered prairie-obligate univoltine grass-skipper captive-breeding-subject indicator-species
Oberea erythrocephala
Leafy Spurge Stem Boring Beetle, Red-headed Leafy Spurge Stem Borer
Oberea erythrocephala is a slender, elongate longhorn beetle introduced to North America as a biological control agent for leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula). Adults have distinctive red heads, black eyes, and grayish-black hind wings. The species is univoltine and oligophagous, feeding and developing only on certain Euphorbia species in the subgenus Esula. It was approved for release in the United States in 1980 and has since established populations across at least fifteen states and several Canadian provinces. The beetle is considered secondary to Aphthona flea beetles in leafy spurge management due to its narrower host range.
biological-control invasive-species-management leafy-spurge Cerambycidae univoltine oligophagous stem-borer root-miner introduced-species Europe-native
Oberea tripunctata
dogwood twig borer
Oberea tripunctata, commonly known as the dogwood twig borer, is a species of longhorn beetle in the family Cerambycidae. Adults emerge in early June and feed on dogwood twigs, causing girdling damage. Females lay eggs singly on healthy twigs; larvae bore into twigs and overwinter in stems, with some individuals taking up to two years to complete development. The species is considered a minor pest of flowering dogwood and has been recorded from additional hosts including elm, azalea, viburnum, and various fruit trees.
Cerambycidae Lamiinae Obereini longhorn-beetle pest borer dogwood Cornus North-America twig-borer minor-pest woody-plant-feeder overwintering-larvae univoltine semivoltine
Ocnerostoma piniariella
White Pine Ermel
A small European moth in the family Yponomeutidae, characterized by its narrow, light grey forewings and grey hindwings. Adults fly in a single generation during summer months. The species is closely similar to Ocnerostoma friesei and requires careful examination for identification.
moth Yponomeutidae pine-feeder European small-moth univoltine
Oecanthus laricis
Tamarack Tree Cricket, Laricis Tree Cricket
A small tree cricket endemic to the Great Lakes region of North America. Adults measure 13–15 mm with green forewings. The species produces one generation annually and is closely associated with tamarack (Larix laricina) and other coniferous trees.
tree-cricket endemic Great-Lakes conifer-associated univoltine
Oedoparena
Oedoparena is a small genus of flies in the family Dryomyzidae, comprising three known species. It is the only known dipteran genus whose larvae prey on marine barnacles. These flies function as intertidal mesopredators with documented ecological impacts on high intertidal community structure.
intertidal mesopredator barnacle-predator univoltine thermal-physiology community-ecology
Oeneis alberta
Alberta Arctic
Oeneis alberta is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae, commonly known as the Alberta Arctic. It inhabits prairie and montane grassland habitats across the Canadian prairie provinces and isolated Rocky Mountain populations in the southwestern United States. The species exhibits a single annual generation with adults active in late spring. Larvae feed on bunch grasses and overwinter in the larval stage.
butterfly Nymphalidae Satyrinae prairie montane univoltine grassland Rocky-Mountains Great-Plains
Oeneis alpina
sentinel Arctic, Eskimo Arctic
Oeneis alpina is a butterfly in the subfamily Satyrinae, commonly known as the sentinel Arctic or Eskimo Arctic. The species has a wingspan of approximately 40 mm and exhibits sexual dimorphism in size and coloration. It occurs in a single annual generation during June and July, with males congregating on hilltops and rocky tundra features while females oviposit in wet boggy areas. The species is distinguished from its congener Oeneis chryxus by the number of hindwing eyespots.
butterfly Arctic tundra univoltine hilltopping Satyrinae
Oeneis bore
white-veined Arctic, Arctic grayling
Oeneis bore is a circumpolar butterfly in the subfamily Satyrinae, occurring across Arctic regions of North America and Eurasia. It inhabits cold, open environments including tundra, taiga, and alpine slopes. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in wing coloration and is univoltine with a two-year life cycle in many populations. Larvae feed on sedges and grasses, while adults nectar on available flowers.
Arctic alpine circumpolar Satyrinae univoltine climate-sensitive
Oeneis uhleri
Uhler's Arctic
Oeneis uhleri, commonly known as Uhler's Arctic, is a butterfly species in the family Nymphalidae. It is a member of the 'Arctic' group of butterflies, named for their association with high-elevation and northern habitats. The species exhibits a univoltine life cycle with fourth-instar larvae overwintering. Larvae feed on specific grass genera including Festuca, Koeleria, and Poa. The species is distributed across western North America from Alaska to northern New Mexico, with multiple recognized subspecies occupying distinct geographic ranges.
butterfly Arctic mountain grassland univoltine overwintering-larvae
Oiceoptoma noveboracense
Margined Carrion Beetle
A medium-sized carrion beetle in the family Silphidae, distinguished by orange-red margins on the pronotum. Adults are diurnal and active primarily from spring through fall in deciduous forest habitats. The species produces one generation per year, with larvae and adults feeding on carrion and preying on fly larvae. It has forensic importance for estimating postmortem intervals based on succession patterns.
carrion-beetle forensic-entomology decomposer diurnal univoltine Silphidae
Oligotrophus
Oligotrophus is a genus of gall midges (Cecidomyiidae: Diptera) established by Latreille in 1804. Species are gall-forming insects that induce abnormal plant growths on various host plants, with documented associations to birch (Betulaceae) and juniper (Cupressaceae). The genus contains univoltine species with specialized life cycles tied to host phenology. Several species have been studied for their economic impact on ornamental and forest trees.
gall-midge univoltine phytophagous forest-pest ornamental-pest invasive-potential
Oncideres rhodosticta
Mesquite Girdler
Oncideres rhodosticta is a twig-girdling longhorn beetle (Cerambycidae: Lamiinae) native to the southwestern United States and Mexico. Adults emerge in late summer (August–September) and feed on mesquite foliage. Females engage in distinctive girdling behavior, chewing complete rings through the bark and cambium of living mesquite twigs to create oviposition sites in the dying distal portions. Larvae develop within the dead twigs, completing a one-year life cycle. The species is economically significant as a pest of mesquite in rangeland and agricultural settings.
Cerambycidae Lamiinae Onciderini twig-girdler mesquite-pest xylophagous biological-control rangeland-entomology Prosopis southwestern-US Mexico univoltine girdling-behavior host-recognition
Ophraella notulata
Marsh Elder Leaf Beetle
Ophraella notulata is a Nearctic skeletonizing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, found in Gulf Coast states of the United States and Mexico. It was previously described as O. integra (LeConte), now synonymized with O. notulata (Fabricius). The species is specialized on host plants in the Asteraceae family, primarily Iva frutescens (marsh elder), with documented ability to utilize Ambrosia artemisiifolia (ragweed) as an alternative host. Research has demonstrated complex transgenerational effects of host plant on offspring fitness and behavior.
leaf-beetle Chrysomelidae skeletonizer specialist-herbivore transgenerational-effects host-plant-plasticity coastal-wetland Asteraceae Iva univoltine Nearctic Gulf-Coast
Opomyza germinationis
Opomyza germinationis is a univoltine fly species in the family Opomyzidae. The larva is a stem-boring pest of cereals and grasses, feeding on the central shoot and causing 'dead-heart' symptoms in young plants. Adults emerge in mid-summer and persist until early autumn, with oviposition occurring in September-November. The species has been documented as an agricultural pest in Britain and is present in Scandinavia.
agricultural-pest cereal-pest stem-borer univoltine grassland Diptera Opomyzidae Europe autumn-oviposition
Orchestes steppensis
European Elm Flea Weevil, Elm Flea Weevil
Orchestes steppensis is a small flea-weevil (2.6–3.2 mm) native to the Eastern Palaearctic Steppe region and now invasive in North America. It is a serious pest of elm trees (Ulmus spp.), with adults feeding on leaves and larvae mining leaf tissue. The species was previously misidentified as O. alni or O. mutabilis in China. It completes one generation per year in Xinjiang, China, with overwintering adults emerging in late March to early April. The species exhibits strong olfactory-mediated host location, with documented preferences for specific plant volatiles.
pest invasive-species leaf-miner elm-pest flea-weevil univoltine olfactory-mediated-behavior biological-control-candidate
Oreoneta
A genus of dwarf spiders (family Linyphiidae) established in 1894, comprising approximately 30 species distributed across cold-temperate and Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Most species inhabit high-latitude or high-altitude environments. The genus was revised extensively by Saaristo & Marusik in 2004, resulting in numerous new species descriptions.
Arachnida Araneae Linyphiidae dwarf-spider Arctic boreal Holarctic tundra montane predator cold-adapted ground-dwelling high-latitude high-altitude Saaristo Marusik Chyzer Kulczyński 1894 2004-revision genitalic-characters epigynum embolus conductor palaearctic nearctic Eurasia North-America Scandinavia Siberia Alaska Canada Greenland Kazakhstan Mongolia China Kurile-Islands Finland Sweden Norway Germany Switzerland Italy Slovakia Bulgaria Central-Europe type-species:-Oreoneta-frigida thirty-species 30-species small-spider sheet-web-weaver money-spider Linyphiinae Erigoninae microhabitat litter-dwelling cryptic understudied taxonomic-revision morphological-taxonomy light-microscopy species-description biogeography glacial-refugia post-glacial-colonization endemic regional-endemic alpine-endemic Arctic-endemic boreal-forest taiga rocky-habitat meadow wetland stream-margin snowbed fellfield heath moss lichen vegetation soil-surface stone rock boulder scree talus debris humus organic-layer permafrost polar subpolar cold-stenotherm stenotherm stenotopic habitat-specialist conservation rare data-deficient IUCN red-list natural-history systematics phylogeny molecular-systematics DNA-barcoding COI cytochrome-oxidase 28S 18S ITS morphology taxonomy alpha-taxonomy revision monograph faunistics chorology zoogeography dispersal vicariance speciation cryptic-species species-complex species-group species-aggregate subspecies infraspecific variation polymorphism sexual-dimorphism male female juvenile instar ecdysis molting development growth reproduction mating courtship sperm-transfer spermatophore pedipalp palpal-organ copulatory-organ genitalia epigyne vulva spermatheca fertilization-duct copulatory-duct atrium scape maceration dissection microscope stereomicroscope compound-microscope illustration drawing photography SEM scanning-electron-microscopy habitus dorsal ventral lateral prosoma opisthosoma abdomen cephalothorax carapace sternum chelicera fang leg tarsus metatarsus tibia patella femur coxa trochanter spinneret colulus tracheal-spiracle book-lung cuticle seta hair spine macroseta sensillum chaetotaxy eye oculus ocelli anterior-median-eye posterior-median-eye anterior-lateral-eye posterior-lateral-eye eye-tubercle clypeus fovea pedicel waist constriction color pattern pigmentation melanism albinism size measurement total-length carapace-length carapace-width abdomen-length leg-length leg-formula index ratio proportion allometry ontogeny subadult adult maturity sexual-maturity reproductive-maturity longevity life-span generation-time voltinism univoltine semivoltine biennial perennial overwintering diapause quiescence cold-hardiness freeze-tolerance freeze-avoidance supercooling cryoprotectant glycerol sorbitol trehalose thermal-biology thermoregulation behavioral-thermoregulation postural-thermoregulation activity diurnal nocturnal crepuscular matutinal vespertine circadian rhythm seasonal phenology calendar date month activity-period breeding-season oviposition egg egg-sac cocoon silk web sheet-web tangle-web space-web platform-web dome-web bowl-web funnel retreat signal-line dragline attachment-disc ampullate-gland cylindriform-gland aciniform-gland aggregate-gland flagelliform-gland tubuliform-gland piriform-gland major-ampullate minor-ampullate silk-protein spidroin fibroin sericin glue viscid dry capture-silk dragline-silk safety-line anchor-line frame-line radial-line spiral-line sticky-spiral non-sticky-spiral hub perimeter substrate niche guild functional-group trophic-level carnivore zoophage arthropodivore insectivore prey capture attack subdue immobilize kill feed digest extraoral-digestion sucking-stomach gut midgut hindgut Malpighian-tubule excretion osmoregulation metabolism respiration trachea spiracle gas-exchange circulation hemolymph heart aorta sinus nervous-system brain ganglion nerve sensory-organ mechanoreceptor chemoreceptor thermoreceptor hygroreceptor photoreceptor proprioceptor trichobothrium tarsal-organ slit-sensillum lyriform-organ pedipalp-organ Haller's-organ contact-chemoreceptor gustatory olfactory pheromone semiochemical kairomone allomone synomone communication signal vibration seismic airborne visual chemical tactile copulation insemination sperm spermatozoon median-apophysis terminal-apophysis paracymbium cymbium bulbus tegulum subtegulum radix lamella process apophysis flange hook coil spiral duct reservoir sclerite plate field fossa pocket receptaculum spermathecae gland insemination-duct uterus uterus-externus uterus-internus vagina gonopore ovipositor ovary oviduct follicle vitellogenesis oogenesis spermatogenesis testis vas-deferens ejaculatory-duct seminal-vesicle fecundity fertility clutch-size egg-number hatching emergence ballooning aerial-dispersal silk-dragline gossamer migration movement walking running jumping climbing burrowing hiding refuge shelter defense predation predator-avoidance antipredator crypsis camouflage mimicry aposematism deimatic thanatosis autotomy leg-loss regeneration injury wound healing immune-response hemocyte melanization encapsulation nodule parasite parasitoid pathogen fungus bacterium virus nematode mite grooming cleaning hygiene self-maintenance silk-use web-use prey-capture foraging hunting ambush sit-and-wait active-hunting searching probing testing exploration learning memory cognition behavior ethology ecology population community ecosystem biome biosphere habitat environment abiotic biotic factor temperature humidity moisture precipitation rain snow wind light photoperiod day-length radiation UV soil cover complexity heterogeneity productivity energy nutrient carbon nitrogen phosphorus food-web trophic-interaction predator-prey competition intraspecific interspecific resource partitioning coexistence diversity richness evenness abundance density frequency occurrence presence absence detection sampling collection pitfall-trap quadrat transect hand-collecting beating sifting extraction Berlese Tullgren Winkler flotation sorting preservation ethanol formalin mount slide label catalog database repository museum voucher type holotype paratype syntype lectotype paralectotype neotype topotype original data locality georeference coordinate latitude longitude elevation altitude depth collector determination identification expert specialist literature publication journal article paper book thesis dissertation report checklist online digital archive bibliography reference citation author year volume page figure map table appendix supplementary material methods results discussion conclusion abstract keyword index-term subject topic discipline science biology zoology arachnology entomology evolution phylogenetics biological nature protection management policy legislation restoration monitoring assessment indicator flagship umbrella keystone engineer service function dynamics stability resilience resistance recovery succession disturbance climate change warming glacier range shift expansion contraction fragmentation isolation connectivity corridor network reserve park protected area wilderness urban rural agricultural forestry mining impact threat risk vulnerability sensitivity exposure adaptive capacity mitigation adaptation sustainable use harvest trade economy medicine research education outreach citizen engagement awareness appreciation aesthetic cultural spiritual existence value intrinsic instrumental utilitarian anthropocentric biocentric ecocentric ethic philosophy history discovery expedition voyage survey inventory fauna biota biodiversity life earth planet wildlife animal invertebrate arthropod chelicerate arachnid spider araneomorph entelegyne micryphantid Oreoneta 2004 frigida type-species alpine feeding type-specimen climate-change protected-area
Orientus ishidae
Japanese leafhopper, Mosaic leafhopper
Orientus ishidae is a leafhopper native to East Asia that has established populations across Europe and North America. Adults measure 4.5–6.5 mm and display a distinctive mosaic pattern on the forewings with an orange band between the eyes. The species is recognized as an alternative vector of phytoplasma diseases affecting grapevines, including Flavescence dorée, and has demonstrated capacity to acquire pathogens associated with Apple Proliferation and Elm Yellows. Its introduction to European agricultural landscapes has raised concerns due to its broad host plant range and potential to bridge wild and cultivated pathosystems.
leafhopper phytoplasma-vector Flavescence-dorée Apple-Proliferation agricultural-pest invasive-species univoltine East-Palearctic-origin
Ormenoides venusta
Ormenoides venusta is a flatid planthopper native to North America. This species is univoltine, with first instar nymphs emerging in May. It has been documented feeding on paw paw (Asimina triloba) leaves. Nymphs produce conspicuous white waxy secretions that cover their bodies, while adults develop a powdery wax coating in shades of grey, green, or blue.
planthopper flatid univoltine paw-paw wax-producing North-America
Orthosia
early spring millers
Orthosia is a genus of owlet moths (Noctuidae) established by Ferdinand Ochsenheimer in 1816. Adults are active during winter and early spring, earning the group the common name "early spring millers." The genus includes notable species such as the Hebrew character (O. gothica), the common Quaker (O. cerasi), and the speckled green fruitworm moth (O. hibisci). Species in this genus typically have a single generation per year, with adults emerging from overwintering pupae.
Noctuidae early-spring univoltine overwintering-pupa light-attracted Holarctic
Orthosia hibisci
Speckled Green Fruitworm Moth
Orthosia hibisci, commonly known as the speckled green fruitworm moth, is a Noctuidae moth species found across most of North America outside desert regions. Adults are active in early spring, with a single generation per year from late March through April. The species exhibits highly variable forewing coloration and pattern, ranging from pale buff-grey to dark red-brown. Larvae are generalist feeders on hardwood trees and shrubs.
early-spring-moth univoltine generalist-herbivore noctuid fruitworm North-American
Orthosia praeses
Orthosia praeses is a noctuid moth species described by Grote in 1879. It belongs to the spring-flying Orthosia genus, a group of early-emerging cutworm moths in North America. The species is documented in entomological records with a MONA/Hodges number of 10480. Like congeners, it likely exhibits univoltine flight activity concentrated in early spring.
Noctuidae cutworm-moth spring-moth early-emergent univoltine North-America Hodges-10480 Orthosiini
Pachypsylla celtidisgemma
Hackberry Gemma Psyllid
Pachypsylla celtidisgemma is a hackberry psyllid species that induces distinct galls on hackberry trees (Celtis spp.). Adults are small, cicada-like insects measuring 3.5–4.5 mm, with piercing-sucking mouthparts. The species produces "gemma galls"—irregular, wart-like growths on hackberry leaves that house developing nymphs. Like other hackberry psyllids, it has a single generation per year and overwinters as adults in concealed locations.
psyllid gall-former hackberry Celtis Sternorrhyncha univoltine nuisance-pest parasitoid-host
Pamphilius ochreipes
Viburnum Web-spinning Sawfly
Pamphilius ochreipes is a web-spinning sawfly in the family Pamphiliidae. Larvae feed within leaf rolls on cultivated Viburnum opulus, constructing silk webbing for protection. The species has a univoltine life cycle, overwintering as larvae in soil and emerging as adults in late spring. Adults have been collected across North America, though detailed biological studies are limited to southern Ontario populations.
web-spinning-sawfly Viburnum leaf-roller univoltine Pamphiliidae
Pandemis lamprosana
Woodgrain Leafroller Moth
Pandemis lamprosana, known as the woodgrain leafroller moth, is a tortricid moth native to northeastern North America. Adults are active in late summer with a single annual generation. The species is recognized by its forewing pattern and moderate size. Larvae are polyphagous leaf feeders on numerous deciduous tree species.
leafroller tortricid forest-moth polyphagous univoltine North-America-endemic
Papaipema
Papaipema is a genus of moths in the family Noctuidae, erected by John B. Smith in 1899. The genus comprises approximately 50 described species, most of which are commonly known as "borers" due to their larval feeding habits. Species are distributed primarily across North America, with many exhibiting highly specialized host plant associations. Larvae tunnel into stems, roots, or rhizomes of specific native plants, making many species of conservation concern due to habitat loss and host plant rarity.
Noctuidae Noctuinae borer specialist-herbivore North-America conservation-concern univoltine stem-borer root-borer
Papaipema beeriana
Blazing Star Borer Moth, Blazing Star Stem Borer, Liatris Borer Moth, Oriental Sea-kale
Papaipema beeriana is a noctuid moth whose larvae are specialist borers in the stems of blazing star (Liatris species). The species is endemic to North America and is of conservation concern due to its dependence on native prairie habitats and specific host plants. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light. The common name 'blazing star borer moth' directly references its obligate relationship with Liatris host plants.
prairie-specialist stem-borer host-specific conservation-concern univoltine nocturnal
Papaipema sulphurata
Water-willow Stem Borer, Decodon Stem Borer, Swamp Loosestrife Borer Moth
Papaipema sulphurata is a noctuid moth endemic to southeastern Massachusetts, including Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket. The species is an obligate specialist on Decodon verticillatus (water-willow or swamp loosestrife), with larvae that tunnel into stems and feed on vascular tissue. Adults fly in autumn, with a wingspan of 32–38 mm. The species is considered rare due to its restricted range and specific host plant requirements.
endemic wetland stem-borer specialist rare Massachusetts Noctuidae Lepidoptera Decodon univoltine
Papestra biren
Glaucous Shears, Glaucous Shears Moth
Papestra biren, commonly known as the glaucous shears, is a noctuid moth with a wingspan of 30–38 mm. The species was first described by Goeze in 1781 and exhibits notable color variation across its range, including purplish-grey, ashy-grey, and dark ruddy-grey forms. Adults are active from May to July in a single annual generation. The species has a broad Palearctic distribution and was introduced to North America in 1935, where it has since expanded southward from Newfoundland.
Noctuidae Lepidoptera moth Palearctic introduced-species North-America montane Vaccinium univoltine color-polymorphism
Papilio appalachiensis
Appalachian Tiger Swallowtail
Papilio appalachiensis is a swallowtail butterfly endemic to the Appalachian Mountains of eastern North America. It originated through hybrid speciation between Papilio canadensis and Papilio glaucus, and is now recognized as a distinct species with stable populations at higher elevations. Adults are notably larger than both parental species, with wingspans of 86–115 mm. The species is univoltine, with adults emerging in May and females ovipositing during a brief spring flight period.
hybrid-speciation Appalachian-endemic univoltine mimicry elevation-specialist thermal-landscape Papilionidae Lepidoptera pollinator canopy-dweller
Papilio canadensis
Canadian Tiger Swallowtail
A medium-sized swallowtail butterfly with yellow and black striped wings, found across northern North America. Adults fly during spring and summer with a single annual brood. The species was formerly considered a subspecies of Papilio glaucus but is now recognized as distinct based on morphological and genetic differences. It exhibits regional adaptation to climate, with northern populations showing faster development rates in cooler temperatures.
butterfly swallowtail Papilionidae North-America Canada univoltine puddling climate-adaptation host-plant-specialist
Papilio indra
Indra Swallowtail, Short-tailed Black Swallowtail, Cliff Swallowtail
Papilio indra is a western North American swallowtail butterfly distinguished by its predominantly black coloration with minimal blue and whitish markings. The species exhibits a notably short tail and dark blue crescents on the topside of the hindwing. It occupies diverse elevations from sea level to montane habitats and has been documented in ecosystems ranging from urban areas to remote high deserts and pristine forests. The Indra swallowtail completes one brood annually, with flight timing varying by latitude and elevation.
swallowtail western-North-America Apiaceae-feeder univoltine short-tailed
Parnassius
Apollos, snow Apollos
Parnassius is a genus of cold-adapted butterflies found in northern circumpolar regions and high-elevation montane habitats including the Alps and Himalayas. These butterflies exhibit altitudinal melanism—dark bodies and darkened wing bases that facilitate rapid solar warming in cold environments. Despite belonging to the swallowtail family Papilionidae, they lack the characteristic tail extensions. The genus comprises 38–47 disputed species and serves as an important model system for studying metapopulation dynamics, population genetics, and thermal ecology in the context of climate change.
alpine arctic montane cold-adapted altitudinal-melanism sphragis climate-change-indicator poor-disperser univoltine diapause thermoregulation metapopulation-model
Parnassius smintheus
Rocky Mountain parnassian, Rocky Mountain apollo
Parnassius smintheus is a high-altitude butterfly endemic to the Rocky Mountains of North America. It inhabits alpine and subalpine meadows where it depends on Sedum lanceolatum as its primary larval host plant. The species exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism in behavior: males are highly mobile and patrol meadows for females, while females are relatively sedentary and search for oviposition sites primarily by crawling. Population dynamics are strongly influenced by early-winter weather conditions, particularly November temperature extremes and snowfall, which affect overwintering egg survival. Climate change poses significant threats through rising treeline and altered snowpack patterns.
butterfly Papilionidae alpine Rocky-Mountains univoltine chemical-defense climate-sensitive habitat-specialist sexual-dimorphism diapause
Paromius
dirt-colored seed bugs
Paromius is a genus of seed bugs in the family Rhyparochromidae containing approximately 15 described species. Members are elongate, parallel-sided bugs with glabrous integument and distinctive pronotal structure. The genus has broad geographic distribution spanning the Afrotropical region and subtropical Eurasia, with at least one species extending into temperate Europe. Some species are associated with grasses (Poaceae) and can be agricultural pests, while others occupy dry, xerothermic habitats.
seed-bug grass-associated agricultural-pest climate-change-indicator univoltine multivoltine overwintering-adult Poaceae rice-pest range-expansion
Parydra
Parydra is a genus of shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae) comprising at least 70 described species. Species in this genus are associated with wet, muddy habitats, particularly the vegetated margins of ponds, marshes, and slow-moving water bodies. Larval development occurs in saturated substrates where larvae feed on algae and decaying organic matter. Adults are typically found near larval habitats and are most active during warmer months.
shore-fly Ephydridae wetland detritivore phytophagous univoltine
Phanocelia
Phanocelia is a genus of northern caddisflies in the family Limnephilidae. The genus contains one described species, Phanocelia canadensis. Larvae of this species inhabit acidic bog ponds, specifically within floating Sphagnum moss at the water margin. The life cycle is univoltine with autumnal adult emergence.
Trichoptera Limnephilidae caddisfly bog Sphagnum univoltine autumn-emergence northern-distribution
Phigalia titea
Half-wing Moth, Spiny Looper
Phigalia titea, commonly known as the Half-wing Moth or Spiny Looper, is a geometrid moth native to eastern North America. Adult males have fully developed wings with an average wingspan of approximately 34 mm, while females are wingless (apterous). The species is notable for its exceptionally early adult activity period in late winter and early spring, making it one of the first moths to appear each year. Larvae are polyphagous loopers (inchworms) that feed on a wide variety of deciduous hardwood trees and can cause significant defoliation during outbreak years.
geometridae inchworm early-spring wingless-female forest-pest defoliator hardwood-feeder univoltine
Phoberia atomaris
Common Oak Moth
Phoberia atomaris, known as the Common Oak Moth, is a medium-sized moth in the family Erebidae. It is distributed across eastern and central North America, from Canada to the southern United States. The species is univoltine, with adults active in spring and early summer. Larvae are specialized feeders on oak species.
oak-feeder univoltine spring-moth forest-species
Phragmatobia fuliginosa
Ruby Tiger, Ruby Tiger Moth
Phragmatobia fuliginosa, the Ruby Tiger, is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae of family Erebidae. It has a wingspan of 35–45 mm and is distinguished by dark reddish-brown forewings with a blackish comma-shaped spot and bright carmine to rose-red hindwings. The species is widely distributed across the Palearctic and into northern North America, with multiple recognized subspecies including the North American P. f. rubricosa. It exhibits geographic variation in generation time: univoltine in northern regions with adults flying in June, and bivoltine in southern Britain with adults appearing April–June and again August–September.
moth Arctiinae tiger-moth ruby-tiger polyphagous cold-tolerance genome-sequenced pyrrolizidine-alkaloids bivoltine univoltine Palearctic Nearctic
Phyciodes orseis
California Crescent, Orseis crescentspot
Phyciodes orseis is a small nymphalid butterfly endemic to western North America, with its core range in northern California and Oregon. It inhabits mountain valleys, meadows, and stream canyons, where it has been documented as part of ecosystem monitoring efforts on the Fremont-Winema National Forests. The species has experienced range contraction, with historical records from the San Francisco Bay Area now considered mislabeled or representing extirpated populations.
butterfly Nymphalidae western-North-America montane thistle-feeder univoltine monitoring-indicator
Phyllodesma
Phyllodesma is a Holarctic genus of lappet moths in the family Lasiocampidae, first described by Jacob Hübner in 1820. The genus comprises approximately 17 recognized species distributed across North America, Europe, and Asia. Species in this genus are generally associated with broadleaf host plants, though specific associations vary by species. The genus is characterized by adult moths with cryptic, leaf-like wing patterns that provide camouflage against vegetation.
leaf-mimicry cryptic-coloration forest-moth Holarctic lappet-moth univoltine
Phylloecus trimaculatus
Rose Shoot Sawfly
Phylloecus trimaculatus, commonly known as the rose shoot sawfly, is a stem sawfly in the family Cephidae. Adults emerge in late April and oviposit inside the stems of Rosa and Rubus species. Larvae feed within host stems throughout the summer before dropping to the ground to overwinter. The species occurs from southern Canada through the eastern United States to the Great Plains.
stem-sawfly Cephidae pest Rosaceae Rubus Rosa temperate-North-America univoltine stem-borer
Phyllonorycter apparella
Aspen Leaf Blotch Miner, Aspen Leaf Blotch Miner Moth
A small leaf-mining moth in the family Gracillariidae with a wingspan of 8.5–10 mm. Larvae create blotch mines on aspen and related poplar species, with each mine housing a single larva. The species has one generation per year and is found across most of Europe, Turkey, and North America.
leaf-miner univoltine poplar-pest parasitoid-host Gracillariidae Phyllonorycter aspen Populus-tremula
Phyllonorycter nipigon
Balsam Poplar Leaf Blotch Miner
Phyllonorycter nipigon is a small leaf-mining moth in the family Gracillariidae. The species is widespread across northern North America, with larvae that create blotch mines in leaves of various Populus species. Adults are active in late summer and fall, with one generation per year. The species is named after Lake Nipigon in Ontario, Canada.
leaf-miner Populus cottonwood aspen micro-moth univoltine boreal montane
Phytomyza glabricola
inkberry holly leafminer
Phytomyza glabricola is a leaf-mining fly in the family Agromyzidae, endemic to the eastern United States. The species exhibits host-associated divergence on two sympatric holly species, Ilex glabra and I. coriacea, with populations on each host showing substantial genetic divergence and reproductive isolation. Development time differs dramatically between host races: 2-4 weeks with multiple generations per year on I. glabra versus 9-10 months with a single generation per year on I. coriacea. Despite these differences, adults from both hosts emerge synchronously in mid-January to mid-February. The species provides a well-documented case of ecological speciation via host shift.
leaf-miner holly host-race ecological-speciation Agromyzidae phytophagous univoltine multivoltine reproductive-isolation Ilex host-shift
Phytomyza ilicis
holly leaf miner, European Holly Leafminer
Phytomyza ilicis is a small agromyzid fly whose larvae create distinctive pale leaf mines in European holly (Ilex aquifolium). Native to Europe, it has been introduced to western North America where it became a significant pest of ornamental holly. The species is univoltine, with highly synchronized phenology: adults emerge in late spring to oviposit into the soft tissue of newly expanding leaves, and larvae feed internally until completing development the following spring. It has been extensively studied as a model system for understanding population regulation, density dependence, and multi-trophic interactions including parasitism and predation.
leaf-miner holly-pest biological-control-subject model-organism univoltine density-dependent-regulation
Picromerus
Picromerus is a genus of predatory shield bugs in the family Pentatomidae. Species in this genus are predatory throughout their life cycle, feeding primarily on lepidopteran larvae and other soft-bodied insects. Several species, particularly P. bidens and P. lewisi, have been studied extensively for their potential as biological control agents against agricultural and forest pests. The genus exhibits specialized adaptations for predation, including well-developed olfactory systems for locating prey and host plants.
biological-control predatory-stink-bug univoltine aestivation olfactory-adaptation integrated-pest-management
Picromerus bidens
spiny shieldbug, spiked shieldbug
Picromerus bidens is a predatory shield bug in the family Pentatomidae, notable for its large size and distinctive spiny pronotal projections. It is univoltine, with summer dormancy (aestivation) ensuring synchronization of its life cycle with seasonal conditions. The species is native to the Palaearctic region but has been introduced to North America, where it has established populations. Both adults and nymphs are predatory, feeding primarily on insect larvae, and the species has been investigated as a potential biological control agent.
predatory-shield-bug biological-control univoltine aestivation Palaearctic introduced-species
Pieris virginiensis
West Virginia White, Toothwort White
Pieris virginiensis, the West Virginia White, is a small white butterfly endemic to moist deciduous forests of eastern North America. The species is univoltine, with adults active for approximately one month in early spring (April–May). It is threatened by habitat loss, forest fragmentation, and particularly by the invasive plant Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard), which females mistakenly oviposit on due to chemical similarity with native host plants; larvae cannot survive on this toxic invasive. Population declines of 10–70% have been documented across its range.
forest-specialist univoltine spring-ephemeral evolutionary-mismatch invasive-species-impact conservation-concern pollinator
Pima albiplagiatella
White-edged Pima Moth, Beach Pea Borer
A small snout moth with a wingspan of approximately 20 mm, described by Alpheus Spring Packard in 1874. The species has one generation per year. Larvae are specialized feeders on Astragalus and Lathyrus species (legumes), with documented hosts including Astragalus allochrous, A. thurberi, A. wootonii, and unspecified Lathyrus species.
moth Pyralidae Phycitinae legume-feeder univoltine North-America
Pissodes nemorensis
Deodar weevil, Eastern pine weevil
Pissodes nemorensis is a univoltine true weevil in the family Curculionidae, commonly known as the deodar weevil or eastern pine weevil. It is a significant forest pest in North America, particularly in the southeastern United States, where adults and larvae feed on phloem of coniferous trees. The species acts as a vector for pitch canker fungus (Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans) and is associated with blue stain fungi including Leptographium procerum and Ophiostoma piceae. Seasonal activity varies geographically: southern populations are primarily active in autumn and winter, while northern populations are active in spring.
forest-pest phloem-feeder bark-beetle-associate fungal-vector univoltine conifer-specialist secondary-pest seasonally-variable
Plagiomimicus spumosum
Frothy Moth
Plagiomimicus spumosum, commonly known as the frothy moth, is a noctuid moth described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1874. It has a transcontinental distribution across North America, from southern Canada to the United States. The species is univoltine, with adults active in mid-summer. Larvae are seed-feeding specialists on sunflower (Helianthus annuus), burrowing into the flower heads to consume developing seeds.
Noctuidae sunflower-pest seed-borer univoltine North-America Helianthus
Plebejus anna
Anna's blue
Plebejus anna, commonly known as Anna's blue, is a North American butterfly species in the family Lycaenidae. It was formerly considered conspecific with the northern blue (Plebejus idas) but is now recognized as a distinct species. The butterfly exhibits sexual dimorphism in wing coloration and is univoltine, with adults active during summer months.
blue-butterfly Lycaenidae North-America univoltine Ericaceae-host Fabaceae-host
Podmosta
spring stoneflies
Podmosta is a genus of spring stoneflies in the family Nemouridae, comprising approximately six described species distributed across northern North America and the Russian Far East. The genus is notable for its adaptation to cold climates, including documented embryonic diapause in at least one species. Adults are active in spring, with nymphal development occurring primarily during winter months.
Plecoptera Nemouridae spring-stoneflies embryonic-diapause boreal univoltine lotic
Podmosta macdunnoughi
maritime forestfly
Podmosta macdunnoughi is a small nemourid stonefly distributed across glaciated regions of eastern Canada and northern New England. The species exhibits a univoltine life cycle with adults emerging in late April and early May. A distinctive embryonic diapause delays egg hatching until September, with nymphs active through winter and growth resynchronizing before emergence.
embryonic-diapause univoltine winter-active-nymphs boreal-species
Polites draco
Draco Skipper, Rocky Mountain Skipper, Dragon Skipper
Polites draco, commonly known as the Draco Skipper or Rocky Mountain Skipper, is a small butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It is distributed across the Rocky Mountain region from Arizona north to the Yukon Territory. The species has one generation per year, with adults active from June to early August. Its larvae feed on grasses, while adults visit flowers for nectar.
butterfly skipper Rocky-Mountains univoltine grass-feeder
Ponometia semiflava
Half-yellow Moth, Yellow-cloaked Midget
Ponometia semiflava, commonly known as the Half-yellow Moth or Yellow-cloaked Midget, is a small noctuid moth with a wingspan of 14–24 mm. It inhabits dry open habitats across much of North America, from the Atlantic coast to the southwestern United States and north into Canada. Adults are nocturnal and active primarily from spring through summer, with timing varying by latitude. The species has one generation per year.
nocturnal univoltine dry-habitat-specialist
Potamanthidae
Hackle-gilled Burrower Mayflies
Potamanthidae is a family of burrowing mayflies comprising approximately 23 species across three to four genera (Anthopotamus, Potamanthus, Rhoenanthus, and Stygifloris). Larvae are fossorial, inhabiting interstitial spaces in gravel and pebble substrates of streams and rivers, and possess distinctive mandibular tusks used for excavation and defense. Adults are aerial and short-lived. The family has a disjunct distribution spanning North America and East Asia.
Ephemeroptera burrowing-mayflies hyporheic-zone interstitial mandibular-tusks lotic detritivore univoltine bioindicator
Prays atomocella
hop-tree ermine moth, Hoptree Borer Moth
Prays atomocella is a small moth in the family Praydidae, known from the central and south-central United States. Adults are active from spring through summer, with a single annual generation. The species is notable for its specialized larval association with Ptelea trifoliata (hop-tree), where larvae feed inside new shoots before pupating in cocoons.
Lepidoptera Praydidae shoot-borer univoltine Ptelea-trifoliata North-America specialist-herbivore
Prionapteryx indentella
buffalograss webworm
Prionapteryx indentella is a crambid moth commonly known as the buffalograss webworm. The species is endemic to the Great Plains of North America, with confirmed records from Kansas and Texas. It completes one generation annually, with adult activity occurring from August through September. The larval stage is a specialist feeder on Bouteloua dactyloides (buffalograss), the dominant native grass of shortgrass prairie ecosystems.
endemic specialist-herbivore univoltine shortgrass-prairie native-grassland
Procystiphora
Procystiphora is a genus of gall midges (Cecidomyiidae) that induce galls in bamboo culms and branchlets. The genus is notable for possessing an inverted ovipositor—the first documented case in Diptera—where the ovipositor is dorsoventrally reversed relative to the typical orientation. Species have been described from Japan and China, where they develop within galls on Sasa and Phyllostachys bamboos respectively.
gall-midge bamboo inverted-ovipositor univoltine diapause parasitoid
Profenusa
oak mining sawflies, birch leafmining sawflies
Profenusa is a genus of leaf-mining sawflies in the family Tenthredinidae. Species in this genus are primarily associated with trees in the genera Quercus (oaks) and Betula (birches), though at least one species, P. japonica, has been documented on Rosa multiflora. Larvae are internal leaf miners that feed on mesophyll tissue, creating blotch mines. Several species are economically significant as forest and urban pests, including the invasive P. pygmaea in Kazakhstan and P. thomsoni in North America.
leaf-miner oak-pest birch-pest invasive-species forest-pest urban-pest Holarctic univoltine soil-pupation internal-feeder
Profenusa alumna
red oak leaf-mining sawfly
Profenusa alumna is a leaf-mining sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae. It is univoltine, completing one generation per year. Larvae feed as leaf miners within red oak leaves, creating blotch mines. The species is closely associated with red oak (Quercus rubra) in forested habitats. Pupation occurs in soil.
sawfly leaf-miner oak forest-pest univoltine Hymenoptera Tenthredinidae
Prosena siberita
Prosena siberita is a tachinid fly with a distinctive elongated proboscis that folds beneath the body. Adults feed on nectar and pose no threat to humans or plants. The species was introduced to the United States in 1925 as a biological control agent targeting scarab beetle larvae, particularly the Japanese beetle. It has established populations across a broad geographic range spanning Eurasia, Australasia, and North America.
tachinid parasitoid biological-control Japanese-beetle univoltine nectar-feeder scarab-parasite introduced-species
Protoboarmia porcelaria
Porcelain Gray, Dash-lined Looper
Protoboarmia porcelaria is a Geometrid moth commonly known as the Porcelain Gray or Dash-lined Looper. Adults are medium-sized with brown-gray wings marked by crossed curved lines and a distinctive black blotch. The species occurs throughout North America except the far north, with one generation annually in northern regions and two in southern areas. Larvae feed primarily on conifer foliage and overwinter in their penultimate instar stage.
Geometridae Ennominae Looper Conifer-feeder North-America Forest-moth Bivoltine Univoltine
Pryeria
Pryeria is a genus of zygaenid moths native to southeastern Asia, with three described species. The genus gained attention when Pryeria sinica was discovered in Virginia and Maryland in 2002, representing a new invasive pest of ornamental Euonymus shrubs in North America. The larvae are gregarious feeders that create distinctive marginal notches on leaves.
invasive pest wasp-mimicry cyanogenic gregarious univoltine
Pryeria sinica
euonymus leaf notcher, euonymus defoliator moth
Pryeria sinica is a univoltine zygaenid moth native to East Asia, introduced to the United States in 2002 where it has established populations in Maryland and Virginia. The species is a specialist herbivore of Celastraceae, particularly Euonymus species, where larvae feed gregariously and create distinctive marginal notches on leaves. Adults are diurnal wasp mimics with clear wings and aposematic coloration. The species has been reported more recently in the United Kingdom.
invasive-species pest ornamental-pest univoltine diurnal wasp-mimicry gregarious-larvae chemical-defense cyanogenic Celastraceae-specialist
Psaphida resumens
Figure-eight Sallow
Psaphida resumens, commonly called the figure-eight sallow, is a species of owlet moth in the family Noctuidae. It is an early spring-emerging species with adults active from March through May. The species is widely distributed across eastern and central North America, from southern Canada to Florida and west to Texas and Minnesota.
Noctuidae early-spring-moth univoltine folivore deciduous-forest
Pseudeva purpurigera
Western Straight-lined Looper, Straight-lined Looper Moth
Pseudeva purpurigera, the Western Straight-lined Looper, is a noctuid moth found across western and eastern North America. Adults display distinctive thoracic and abdominal tufts that give a 'mohawk' appearance. The species has one generation annually, with adults active in mid-summer.
noctuid-moth looper montane univoltine Thalictrum-feeder
Pseudiron
crabwalker mayflies
Pseudiron is a monotypic genus of mayflies containing a single described species, Pseudiron centralis. The genus is notable for its specialized psammophilous (sand-dwelling) ecology and predatory lifestyle, which is uncommon among mayflies. Larvae are active epibenthic predators that inhabit sandy substrates in river systems.
mayfly Ephemeroptera predator psammophilous sand-dwelling univoltine riverine monotypic
Pseudiron centralis
White Sand-river Mayfly
Pseudiron centralis is a predaceous mayfly species endemic to sandy freshwater river habitats in North America. It exhibits a univoltine summer life cycle with an extended egg stage lasting 9–10 months. Larvae are active epibenthic predators specialized for feeding on psammophilous chironomid larvae, with distinct microhabitat shifts during development: early instars occupy marginal sands, while later instars inhabit shifting sand dunes in main channel areas. The species shows low population density but also low mortality, with random dispersion patterns in mature larvae.
Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae psammophilous predator freshwater lotic univoltine Nearctic chironomid-predator sand-dwelling ontogenetic-habitat-shift
Pseudohermonassa bicarnea
Pink-spotted Dart
A medium-sized noctuid moth found in eastern North America, with adults active from mid-summer through autumn. The species has a single annual generation and is associated with wetland habitats where its larval host plants grow. First described in 1852, it remains relatively common across its range.
moth Noctuidae North-America wetland univoltine
Pseudometapterus umbrosus
Pseudometapterus umbrosus is a species of thread-legged assassin bug (Reduviidae: Emesinae) native to North America. It exhibits wing dimorphism, with most individuals being micropterous (short-winged) and rare macropterous (fully winged) forms documented. The species has been studied for its life history and laboratory rearing potential.
assassin-bug thread-legged-bug wing-dimorphism univoltine micropterous macropterous bluff-habitat spider-web-association laboratory-reared
Pseudostenophylax
northern caddisflies
Pseudostenophylax is a genus of northern caddisflies in the family Limnephilidae, containing at least 80 described species. The genus was established by Martynov in 1909 with Pseudostenophylax fumosus as the type species. Species are primarily distributed across northern regions of North America and Eurasia, with notable diversity in Japan and alpine regions. Research on Japanese species has revealed strong phylogeographic patterns linked to mountain formation and glacial history.
alpine subalpine phylogeography aquatic-insects mountain-biodiversity Japan caddisfly Trichoptera Limnephilidae northern-hemisphere Pseudostenophylacinae lotic-systems diapause univoltine
Pterostichus adstrictus
Upland Blackclock
Pterostichus adstrictus is a cold-adapted ground beetle with a Holarctic-circumpolar distribution, occurring across subarctic and alpine regions of North America and Eurasia. In North America it ranges from the Bering Sea coast to Newfoundland and south to Pennsylvania, Indiana, South Dakota, New Mexico, and California's Sierra Nevada. European populations were historically known only from northern peripheries (Northern Ireland, Wales, Scandinavia) until discovery in the Austrian Alps, representing a glacial relict with arctic-alpine distribution. The species exhibits stenotopic habitat specificity and has been observed to form locally dense populations despite restricted geographic occurrence.
arctic-alpine glacial-relict stenotopic univoltine ground-beetle Carabidae Holarctic alpine subgenus-Bothriopterus
Ptilothrix bombiformis
Hibiscus bee, Eastern digger bee, Hibiscus turret bee
Ptilothrix bombiformis is a solitary ground-nesting bee in the family Apidae, commonly known as the hibiscus bee or eastern digger bee. It is one of only two species of the genus Ptilothrix found in the United States, with a distribution centered in the eastern half of North America. The species is notable for its specialized association with mallow family plants (Malvaceae), particularly Hibiscus species, and for its distinctive nesting behavior involving water transport to excavate hard soil. Females construct turreted nest entrances and are active primarily during summer months when host plants are in bloom.
ground-nesting-bee solitary-bee specialist-pollinator Malvaceae Hibiscus water-carrying-behavior turret-nest eastern-North-America oligolectic univoltine
Pulvinaria innumerabilis
Cottony Maple Scale
A soft scale insect (family Coccidae) commonly known as the cottony maple scale. Adult females are small, flattened, and brown, approximately 3 mm in length. Mature females produce conspicuous white, cottony ovisacs containing up to 1,500 eggs. The species is frequently found on maple trees, particularly silver maple (Acer saccharinum), but has been recorded on numerous other woody plants. Heavy infestations can cause aesthetic damage and minor physiological stress to host plants, though established trees typically tolerate infestations well.
soft-scale maple-pest ornamental-pest phloem-feeder honeydew-producer univoltine temperate North-American-native
Pulvinaria vitis
Cottony Grape Scale, Cottony Scale
Pulvinaria vitis is a thelytokous cottony scale insect native to Europe, now established across much of the Northern Hemisphere and beyond. It is a univoltine pest of grape and peach, with adult females overwintering on host bark and producing large ovisacs containing thousands of eggs in spring. The species exhibits distinctive discontinuous growth and feeding patterns, with three nymphal instars and limited mobility after the first moult.
scale-insect pest vineyard-pest orchard-pest thelytoky univoltine invasive-species
Pyrgus centaureae wyandot
Appalachian Grizzled Skipper
Pyrgus centaureae wyandot is a subspecies of northern grizzled skipper endemic to the Appalachian Highlands and Northern Michigan. It is a small butterfly with distinctive checkered wing patterns and low, erratic flight. The subspecies is listed as federally threatened and state endangered in Ohio and New Jersey due to habitat loss and pesticide exposure. Populations have declined significantly from insecticide spraying targeting spongy moth outbreaks.
skipper butterfly Appalachian-endemic endangered univoltine disturbance-dependent
Pyrgus ruralis
Two-banded Checkered-Skipper, Two-banded Checkered Skipper
Pyrgus ruralis is a small skipper butterfly in the family Hesperiidae, commonly known as the two-banded checkered skipper. It occurs across western North America from southern British Columbia and the Rocky Mountains south to central California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico. The species has one generation annually, with adults active from April to July. A federally endangered subspecies, P. r. lagunae (Laguna Mountains skipper), persists in a restricted range in the mountains east of San Diego, California.
skipper Hesperiidae western-North-America montane Rosaceae-feeder endangered-subspecies pollinator univoltine checkered-skipper Pyrginae
Rekoa palegon
gold-bordered hairstreak
Rekoa palegon, known as the gold-bordered hairstreak, is a small butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It ranges from Argentina through Mexico and the West Indies, with rare occurrences in southern Texas. Adults have a wingspan of 23–28 mm and are active from May through December in Mexico, with a single annual generation. The species has been documented feeding on nectar from Senecio and Eupatorium flowers.
Lycaenidae butterfly hairstreak Neotropical univoltine nectar-feeder Asteraceae-herbivore
Renia discoloralis
Discolored Renia Moth
Renia discoloralis is a litter moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Achille Guenée in 1854. It occurs in eastern North America from Missouri to southern New England, southward to at least North Carolina. The species has a single annual generation with adults active in mid-summer. Larvae are detritivores that feed on dead leaf material.
moth Erebidae Herminiinae detritivore leaf-litter forest eastern-North-America univoltine nocturnal
Renia nemoralis
Chocolate Renia Moth, Tardy Renia
Renia nemoralis is a litter moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Barnes and McDunnough in 1918. It is commonly known as the Chocolate Renia Moth or Tardy Renia. The species occurs across the eastern and central United States, with adults active in late season. Larvae are detritivores, feeding on dead leaves and other organic matter.
litter-moth detritivore univoltine eastern-US forest-floor
Rhagoletis cerasi
cherry fruit fly, European cherry fruit fly
Rhagoletis cerasi is a tephritid fruit fly native to Europe and Asia, and an invasive species in North America since 2016. Adults are small, dark flies with distinctive wing patterns. The species is univoltine, with larvae developing inside cherry fruits and causing significant agricultural damage. It is considered a major pest of cherry crops across its range.
agricultural-pest fruit-fly invasive-species univoltine Prunus-pest Tephritidae
Rhagoletis cingulata
Eastern Cherry Fruit Fly, North American Cherry Fruit Fly, Cherry Fruit Fly
Rhagoletis cingulata, commonly known as the eastern cherry fruit fly, is a tephritid fruit fly species native to North America and introduced to Europe. It is a significant agricultural pest of cultivated and wild cherry species (Prunus spp.), particularly sweet cherry (P. avium) and sour cherry (P. cerasus). Females oviposit into ripening fruit, and larvae develop within the pulp, causing direct crop damage. The species exhibits latitudinal variation in morphology and phenology, with European populations appearing later in the season than the native European cherry fruit fly (R. cerasi).
agricultural-pest fruit-fly cherry-pest introduced-species univoltine EPPO-A2-list
Rhagoletis juglandis
walnut husk fly, black walnut fly
Rhagoletis juglandis is a univoltine tephritid fruit fly that infests walnut husks, primarily in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Adults emerge in mid to late summer and feed on dew and plant sap. Females deposit eggs in batches beneath the husk surface of developing walnuts; larvae tunnel into the inner husk and feed for 3–5 weeks before pupating in soil. The species exhibits distinctive courtship behavior including male low-frequency wing vibration with infrasound, and engages in superparasitism—reusing infested hosts even when uninfested fruits are available. It is a pest of cultivated walnuts and has been introduced to Europe.
pest agricultural univoltine superparasitism acoustic-communication host-marking walnut-pest
Rhagoletis mendax
blueberry maggot, blueberry maggot fly
Rhagoletis mendax, commonly known as the blueberry maggot, is a tephritid fruit fly native to eastern North America and a major pest of cultivated and wild blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) and related Ericaceae. The species completes a univoltine life cycle in most regions, with adults emerging in spring or summer to oviposit in ripening berries; larvae feed internally, destroying fruit marketability. It is closely related to the apple maggot (R. pomonella), with which it is reproductively isolated primarily through host-specific chemical cues despite morphological similarity and laboratory interfertility. Management relies on degree-day predictive models, monitoring with baited sticky traps, and targeted insecticide applications.
pest agricultural native holometabolous univoltine Ericaceae competition invasive-displacement
Rheumaptera hastata
Spear-marked Black Moth, Argent and Sable Moth
Rheumaptera hastata is a day-flying geometrid moth with distinctive black and white coloration. It is widely distributed across the Holarctic region, with well-studied populations in interior Alaska. The species is univoltine, with adults active from early June to mid-July. Larvae are external leaf feeders with strong host preferences, particularly for paper birch.
day-flying univoltine folivore boreal-forest ballooning-behavior pheromone-mediated-mating
Rheumaptera subhastata
white-banded black moth
Rheumaptera subhastata is a geometrid moth occurring across the Palearctic and Nearctic realms, with a broad distribution in western North America. Adults are active in late spring and early summer, with a single annual generation. The species is one of two Rheumaptera in North America, closely related to and often confused with R. hastata.
Geometridae Larentiinae Palearctic Nearctic western-North-America Alnus leaf-folder univoltine
Rhithrogena
March Browns, Olive Uprights
Rhithrogena is a genus of flatheaded mayflies in the family Heptageniidae, commonly known as March Browns or Olive Uprights. The genus contains approximately 153 species distributed across the Holarctic region. Larvae are primarily scrapers that feed on periphyton from stones in running waters. Several species serve as important food sources for fish and have been studied for their bioindicator potential in freshwater monitoring.
Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae scraper periphyton-feeder univoltine running-water bioindicator fish-food Holarctic
Rhyacionia adana
Adana tip moth
Rhyacionia adana is a small tortricid moth known as the Adana tip moth. It was described in 1923 but remained overlooked for decades because its damage to pine trees was confused with that of the European pine shoot moth (R. buoliana). The species is a documented pest of young pine plantations in northeastern North America.
pine-pest plantation-pest univoltine North-America Tortricidae Olethreutinae
Rhyacionia busckana
Red Pine Tip Moth
Rhyacionia busckana is a small tortricid moth commonly known as the Red Pine Tip Moth. It is a conifer specialist whose larvae feed on pine species, causing damage to shoot tips. The species occurs in North America and is of economic concern in forestry contexts.
conifer-pest forestry North-American-endemic univoltine
Rhyacionia neomexicana
Southwestern pine tip moth
Rhyacionia neomexicana is a tortricid moth whose larvae are significant pests of southwestern pines. The species completes one generation annually, with larvae tunneling into pine shoots to feed, causing characteristic tip dieback. Adults emerge in spring and lay eggs on new pine growth. The species specifically targets ponderosa pine seedlings and saplings, where infestations reduce both height and radial growth.
pest pine shoot-borer forestry Lepidoptera Tortricidae univoltine southwestern-United-States
Rhyssa howdenorum
Rhyssa howdenorum is an ichneumonid wasp that parasitizes Sirex nigricornis, a siricid woodwasp pest of pine trees. It was described by Townes in 1960 and has been studied in central Louisiana pine plantations. The species has a single generation per year, with adults emerging from infested loblolly pine logs between mid-August and early November. It serves as a biological control agent against its host, which damages pine timber.
parasitoid ichneumonid Siricidae pine-plantation biological-control univoltine loblolly-pine timber-pest Louisiana
Rhyssomatus
Rhyssomatus is a genus of true weevils (Curculionidae) containing at least 180 described species. The genus includes significant agricultural pests, particularly of soybean and other leguminous crops. Several species have been intensively studied due to their economic impact, including R. nigerrimus (Mexican soybean weevil), R. subtilis (black soybean weevil in Argentina), and R. lineaticollis (milkweed stem weevil in North America). Species exhibit diverse life histories ranging from monophagous specialists to oligophagous generalists on legumes.
agricultural-pest soybean-pest acoustic-communication stridulation biological-control legume-specialist univoltine pod-borer seed-feeder Curculionidae Coleoptera Mexico Argentina USA movement-ecology host-plant-volatiles integrated-pest-management
Saperda imitans
Oblique-banded Longhorn Beetle
Saperda imitans is a univoltine longhorned beetle in the family Cerambycidae, described by Felt and Joutel in 1904. It is a specialist on black cherry (Prunus serotina), particularly infesting wind-damaged trees in Allegheny hardwood stands. The species overwinters in sapwood and outer heartwood, causing damage that impacts commercial timber value. It is not attracted to ethanol baits and shows specific preferences for host condition, targeting dying trees with moist phloem rather than completely dead or healthy specimens.
Cerambycidae longhorned-beetle black-cherry Prunus-serotina forest-pest univoltine wind-damaged-timber Allegheny-hardwoods sapwood-borer heartwood-damage
Satyrium behrii
Behr's Hairstreak
Satyrium behrii, the Behr's hairstreak, is a small butterfly in the family Lycaenidae found in western North America. Adults have a wingspan of 24–32 mm and are active from June to July in a single annual generation. The species inhabits dry slopes and canyons, where adults feed on flower nectar and larvae feed on specific host plants in the Rosaceae family.
butterfly hairstreak Lycaenidae western-North-America Purshia Cercocarpus univoltine dry-slopes canyons pollinator herbivore
Schinia bina
bina flower moth
Schinia bina is a small noctuid moth with a wingspan of approximately 11 mm. The species occurs across a broad North American range from Mexico City northward to central Florida and into the Canadian prairies. Adults are active in summer with a single annual generation. Larvae are specialized feeders on flowers and developing seeds of specific host plants in the Asteraceae family.
Noctuidae flower-moth Asteraceae-feeder North-America prairie univoltine
Schinia erosa
Schinia erosa is a noctuid moth described by Smith in 1906. It inhabits desert regions of the southwestern United States, specifically the Mojave and Sonoran Desert areas east of the Peninsular Range in southern California and south-central Arizona. The species is univoltine with adults active in late summer and fall, and exhibits a specialized larval association with Isocoma acredenia (burrobrush), a desert shrub in the Asteraceae family.
Noctuidae Lepidoptera desert-moth specialist-herbivore Asteraceae-feeder univoltine southwestern-North-America Isocoma
Schinia florida
Primrose Moth
Schinia florida, commonly known as the Primrose Moth, is a noctuid moth native to temperate North America. Adults display distinctive pink and yellow coloration, with pink forewings marked by pale yellow patterns and a creamy white abdomen. The species exhibits highly specialized ecological relationships: larvae feed exclusively on evening-primroses (Oenothera spp.), and adult emergence is precisely synchronized with the flowering period of their host plants. The moth has a single annual generation, with adults active during summer months when evening-primroses are in bloom.
noctuid-moth specialist-herbivore evening-primrose-associate univoltine camouflage-coloration
Schinia fulleri
Fuller's flower moth
Schinia fulleri is a small noctuid moth endemic to central Florida, described by McElvare in 1961. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 23 mm. The species is univoltine, with one generation per year. Larvae are specialist feeders on Balduina angustifolia, a member of the sunflower family.
endemic specialist univoltine Florida Noctuidae flower-moth
Schinia grandimedia
Rockies Boneset Flower Moth
Schinia grandimedia, known as the Rockies Boneset Flower Moth, is a small noctuid moth described by David F. Hardwick in 1996. The species exhibits a highly specialized ecological relationship with its host plant, feeding on Brickellia eupatorioides during its larval stage. It occurs in the south-central United States with a distribution centered on the Rocky Mountain foothills and adjacent plains. The moth has a single annual generation and is active during the summer months.
univoltine specialist-herbivore flower-moth prairie Asteraceae
Schinia intrabilis
Schinia intrabilis is a small noctuid moth native to the southwestern United States. Adults are active in early spring, with a single generation per year. The species has a wingspan of approximately 23 mm. Larvae are specialized feeders on Pluchea sericea, a shrub in the aster family.
Noctuidae Heliothinae flower-moth specialist-herbivore univoltine southwestern-United-States spring-moth Pluchea-sericea
Schinia lucens
Leadplant Flower Moth, False Indigo Flower Moth
Schinia lucens is a small noctuid moth with distinctive mottled pink coloration. The species was first described by Herbert Knowles Morrison in 1875. It is known from the central and western United States, where it is closely associated with Amorpha host plants. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 25–28 mm and are active during summer months.
flower-moth prairie-specialist Amorpha-associate univoltine
Schinia lynx
Lynx Flower Moth
Schinia lynx, commonly known as the lynx flower moth, is a noctuid moth native to eastern and central North America. The species exhibits a univoltine life cycle with one generation per year. Adults are associated with flowers of their host plants, where they likely rest and feed on nectar. The larval stage is specialized, feeding on two genera of Asteraceae: Erigeron and Heterotheca subaxillaris.
Noctuidae Heliothinae flower-moth univoltine Asteraceae-specialist North-America
Schinia nubila
Camphorweed Flower Moth, Brown Flower Moth
Schinia nubila, known as the camphorweed flower moth or brown flower moth, is a small noctuid moth described by Herman Strecker in 1876. The species has a wingspan of 22–24 mm and completes one generation annually. Larvae have been documented feeding on Heterotheca subaxillaris and Solidago species. Its geographic range spans from Oklahoma to New Jersey, south to Florida and Texas, with documented expansion northeastward.
Noctuidae Heliothinae flower-moth Asteraceae-feeder univoltine North-America range-expanding
Schinia nundina
Goldenrod Flower Moth
Schinia nundina, commonly known as the goldenrod flower moth, is a noctuid moth native to eastern and central North America. The species was first described by Dru Drury in 1773. Adults are typically encountered in late summer and early autumn when their host plants are in bloom. The species has one generation per year.
Noctuidae Heliothinae flower-moth goldenrod aster univoltine North-America
Schinia rivulosa
Ragweed Flower Moth
Schinia rivulosa, the ragweed flower moth, is a small noctuid moth found across much of North America. It is univoltine, with one generation per year, and is tightly associated with ragweed (Ambrosia) as a larval host. Adults are active from July to October and are often observed visiting flowers for nectar.
Noctuidae Heliothinae flower-moth ragweed Ambrosia univoltine North-America nocturnal light-attracted
Schinia sanguinea
Bleeding Flower Moth
Schinia sanguinea, commonly known as the bleeding flower moth, is a small noctuid moth native to North America. Adults are active in autumn, primarily September through October, and are characterized by their distinctive pinkish-red forewings with darker markings. The species is notable for its specialized larval association with Liatris (blazing star) species, where caterpillars feed on developing flowers and seed heads. The moth occupies a broad geographic range across eastern and central North America, with a disjunct population in Ontario.
Noctuidae Heliothinae flower-moth prairie-specialist autumn-moth Liatris-associate North-America univoltine
Schinia septentrionalis
Northern Flower Moth
Schinia septentrionalis, the Northern Flower Moth, is a small noctuid moth described by Francis Walker in 1858. It is distributed across eastern and central North America, with a single generation per year. The species is listed as threatened in Connecticut.
North-America threatened-species aster-feeder univoltine
Scopula frigidaria
Frigid Wave
Scopula frigidaria is a small geometrid moth distributed across boreal regions of northern Eurasia and North America. Adults have a wingspan of 21–23 mm and are active from late May through June. The species exhibits a univoltine life cycle with larvae feeding exclusively on bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus). Larvae overwinter in the larval stage, with development spanning from July through May of the following year. Two subspecies are recognized: the nominate form and S. f. schoyeni restricted to the Kola Peninsula and Fennoscandia.
boreal geometrid moth Vaccinium univoltine overwintering-larva Holarctic
Scopula junctaria
Simple Wave
Scopula junctaria, commonly known as the simple wave, is a moth species in the family Geometridae. First described by Francis Walker in 1861, it is widely distributed across northern North America, occurring throughout Canada and extending southward into the northern United States. Adults are active from late May through August, with a single generation per year. The species is characterized by its relatively small size and distinctive wing pattern.
geometrid-moth inchworm loopers wave-moths northern-North-America generalist-herbivore univoltine nocturnal
Scopula sentinaria
Scopula sentinaria is a geometrid moth with a transcontinental distribution spanning northern North America and northern Eurasia. The species occupies dry shrubby clearings and edge habitats across boreal and subarctic regions. Adults are active during early summer in a single annual generation, with larvae developing on Polygonum aviculare. The species is notable for its broad geographic range and adaptation to open, disturbed habitats at high latitudes.
geometridae moth boreal univoltine polygonum shrubland edge-habitat
Semioscopis merriccella
Merrick's Semioscopis
Semioscopis merriccella is a moth in the family Depressariidae, described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1902. It occurs across northern North America from coast to coast. Adults are active in spring, with forewings measuring 11–15 mm.
Depressariidae spring-moth North-America univoltine
Sericaglaea signata
Variable Sallow, Variable Sallow Moth
Sericaglaea signata, commonly known as the Variable Sallow Moth, is a noctuid moth species found in eastern and central North America. Adults are active from October through May, with a single generation per year and overwintering adults. The species has a wingspan of 35–43 mm. Larvae feed on the leaves of oak (Quercus), cherry/plum (Prunus), and basswood/linden (Tilia) species.
Noctuidae Xylenini winter-moth folivore hardwood-forest univoltine overwintering-adult North-America
Sinea spinipes
Spiny Assassin Bug
Sinea spinipes is a North American assassin bug in the subfamily Harpactorinae, commonly known as the Spiny Assassin Bug. It is native to the midwestern United States where it inhabits roadsides, forest edges, and open fields with scattered trees. In southern Illinois, populations are univoltine, producing one brood per year. The species is part of a complex of similar Sinea species that can be distinguished by leg morphology.
predatory univoltine edge-habitat midwestern-North-America
Siphlonuridae
primitive minnow mayfly
Siphlonuridae, commonly called primitive minnow mayflies, is a family of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) characterized by morphological traits considered ancestral within the order. Members are adapted to cool waters and occur across temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The family includes approximately six extant genera: Ameletoides, Edmundsius, Parameletus, Siphlonisca, Siphlonurus, and the former genus Metretopus (now sometimes placed in Siphlonuridae). Nymphs inhabit diverse freshwater habitats including temporary ponds, streams, and floodplains, with habitat preferences often shifting during ontogeny.
Ephemeroptera mayflies primitive-minnow-mayfly cool-water univoltine temporary-ponds freshwater-insects
Siphlonurus alternatus
Northern Summer Mayfly
Siphlonurus alternatus is a primitive minnow mayfly with a Holarctic distribution spanning North America and Europe. The species is univoltine, overwintering as eggs and emerging as adults between May and August. Larvae inhabit deep pools in rivers, streams, and calcareous lakes, where they feed on fine particulate organic detritus. Adults emerge during daylight hours, with males forming swarms at dawn and dusk.
Ephemeroptera Siphlonuridae mayfly gray-drake Holarctic univoltine detritivore fly-fishing freshwater lotic lentic
Skwala
springflies
Skwala is a genus of springflies (Plecoptera: Perlodidae) established by Ricker in 1943, containing approximately five described species distributed across North America and Asia. Species in this genus are amphibiotic, with aquatic nymphal stages in freshwater streams and terrestrial adults. At least one species, Skwala pusilla, has been documented as predatory. The genus has been subject to cytogenetic study, with Skwala compacta representing the first photographic documentation of stonefly chromosomes.
Plecoptera Perlodidae springflies stoneflies aquatic-insects amphibiotic predatory univoltine montane-streams lotic-ecosystems
Smerinthus cerisyi
One-eyed Sphinx, Cerisy's Sphinx
Smerinthus cerisyi is a sphinx moth in the family Sphingidae, recognized by the single prominent eyespot on each hindwing. The species is univoltine, with adults active throughout summer. Adults do not feed. Larvae feed on willow, poplar, pear, plum, and snowberry. The species was first described by William Kirby in 1837 and named in honor of Alexandre Louis Lefèbvre de Cérisy.
sphingid sphinx-moth hawkmoth nocturnal univoltine eyesport riparian
Smicronyx
seed weevils, sunflower seed weevils
Smicronyx is a large genus of true weevils (Curculionidae) containing over 220 described species distributed worldwide. Many species are specialized seed feeders, with several economically important members attacking cultivated sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) in North America. The genus includes gall-forming species and potential biological control agents for parasitic and invasive weeds. Larval development typically occurs within seeds or plant galls, with adults emerging to feed on pollen, buds, or foliage.
seed-weevil sunflower-pest biological-control gall-former Curculionidae agricultural-pest Helianthus univoltine internal-feeder
Smicronyx sordidus
Gray Sunflower Seed Weevil
Smicronyx sordidus, commonly known as the gray sunflower seed weevil, is a seed-feeding weevil in the family Curculionidae. Adults are pale gray and approximately 6–8 mm long. The species has a single annual generation and is a recognized pest of cultivated sunflowers, particularly affecting confectionery and hybrid seed varieties. Larvae develop inside sunflower seeds, destroying the kernel from within before dropping to the soil to overwinter.
agricultural-pest sunflower Curculionidae seed-feeder North-America univoltine
Sparganothis senecionana
Sparganothis senecionana is a tortricid moth species distributed across western North America from British Columbia to Mexico and eastward to Colorado. Adults are active from April to August with one generation per year. The species exhibits broad polyphagy, with larvae feeding on flowers of diverse host plants spanning multiple families including Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, and conifers.
Tortricidae western-North-America polyphagous flower-feeder univoltine
Speyeria
greater fritillaries
Speyeria is a genus of approximately 19 species of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, commonly known as greater fritillaries. The genus was reestablished as separate from Argynnis in 2017 based on phylogenetic evidence. Three species occur in Eurasia and 16 in North America. Species are univoltine, with larvae feeding exclusively on native violets (Viola spp.) and adults nectaring on diverse flowers. Several species and subspecies are threatened or endangered due to habitat loss and climate change.
butterfly fritillary Nymphalidae conservation climate-change violet-feeding univoltine diapause visual-navigation North-America Eurasia
Speyeria carolae
Carole's fritillary
Speyeria carolae, known as Carole's fritillary, is a brush-footed butterfly endemic to the Charleston Mountains of Clark County, Nevada. Described in 1942 by dos Passos and Grey, this species is notable for its extremely restricted range, having been recorded only from this single mountain range. Adults fly from mid-June to September in a single annual generation. The species is closely associated with Viola charlestonensis, which serves as the sole known larval host plant.
endemic montane univoltine specialist-herbivore
Speyeria cybele
Great Spangled Fritillary
Speyeria cybele, the great spangled fritillary, is a large brush-footed butterfly native to North America. Adults have a wingspan of 2.25 to 4 inches, with orange-brown upper wings marked by black chevrons and distinctive silvery spots on the undersides. The species exhibits pronounced geographic variation: eastern populations are more orange, while western populations are browner. Females are slightly darker than males and have longer lifespans, often surviving into October. The butterfly has an obligate relationship with violets (Viola spp.) as larval host plants. Research has demonstrated that S. cybele relies primarily on vision for habitat detection and navigation, with flash-blinded individuals showing 30 times lower success in locating habitat patches.
butterfly Nymphalidae fritillary North-America violet-specialist visual-navigation pollinator model-organism postage-stamp dispersal-ecology metapopulation flash-blindness habitat-detection diapause univoltine meadow-habitat prairie conservation-biology Lepidoptera Speyeria great-spangled-fritillary
Speyeria mormonia
Mormon fritillary
Speyeria mormonia, commonly known as the Mormon fritillary, is a small montane butterfly distributed across western North America from the Yukon to California and Nevada. The species exhibits extreme protandry, with males emerging at least two weeks before females, leading to skewed adult sex ratios toward males. It occupies diverse habitats including rocky mountainsides, meadows, grasslands, and forest clearings, with populations typically occurring in small, semi-isolated patches. Multiple subspecies have been described, reflecting the species' broad geographic range and high genetic variability.
protandry montane univoltine mud-puddling resource-allocation sexual-dimorphism genetic-variability subspecies-radiation
Sphenophorus callosus
Southern Corn Billbug
Sphenophorus callosus, commonly known as the southern corn billbug, is a weevil species in the family Dryophthoridae (formerly placed in Curculionidae) that is a significant agricultural pest of corn in eastern North Carolina. Historically widespread and damaging throughout the southeastern United States, its impact has become regionally restricted due to modern management practices, particularly insecticidal seed treatments. The species is univoltine with a narrow host range, reproducing primarily on corn and yellow nutsedge.
agricultural-pest corn-pest weevil billbug integrated-pest-management eastern-North-Carolina univoltine neonicotinoid-resistance
Sphenoptera jugoslavica
bronze knapweed root borer
Sphenoptera jugoslavica is a metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae. It is monophagous on Centaurea diffusa (diffuse knapweed), forming spindle-shaped root galls in rosettes. The species is univoltine and was introduced to North America as a biological control agent for this invasive weed. Its effectiveness is limited by phenological requirements for arrested plant growth during oviposition.
biological-control invasive-species-management gall-former root-borer steppe-habitat monophagous univoltine Centaurea-diffusa diffuse-knapweed Buprestidae Chilostetha
Sphinx asellus
Asellus Sphinx, asellus sphinx moth
Sphinx asellus is a sphinx moth in the family Sphingidae, first described by Rothschild and Jordan in 1903. It inhabits arid woodlands of the southwestern United States, where adults fly during late spring and early summer. The species has a single annual generation and larvae feed on manzanita species.
sphingidae sphinx-moth hawkmoth southwestern-united-states pinyon-juniper manzanita univoltine arid-woodland
Sphinx dollii
Doll's Sphinx, Doll's Sphinx Moth
Sphinx dollii is a medium-sized sphinx moth (Sphingidae) native to arid regions of the southwestern United States. Adults have a wingspan of 45–63 mm and are active from June to August. The species is univoltine, with larvae feeding exclusively on Juniperus species.
sphingidae sphinx-moth juniper southwestern-us univoltine nocturnal light-attracted
Sphinx luscitiosa
Clemens' Sphinx, Clemens' hawkmoth
Sphinx luscitiosa, commonly known as Clemens' Sphinx or Clemens' hawkmoth, is a North American sphinx moth in the family Sphingidae. It was first described by James Brackenridge Clemens in 1859. The species has a single generation per year, with adults active in early summer. Larvae feed on a variety of woody plants including willow, poplar, apple, ash, bayberry, and birch.
sphingidae sphinx-moth hawkmoth north-america univoltine woody-plant-feeder
Sphinx vashti
Vashti Sphinx
Sphinx vashti, the Vashti sphinx, is a moth in the family Sphingidae. It is found in western North America from British Columbia to Manitoba and south to southern California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas. The species exhibits highly variable forewing coloration ranging from pale to very dark gray, with distinctive black dashes and a black hindwing featuring white bands. It has one brood per year.
Sphingidae sphinx-moth hawkmoth western-North-America Symphoricarpos snowberry coralberry univoltine
Spilonota ocellana
bud moth, eye-spotted bud moth
Spilonota ocellana, commonly known as the bud moth or eye-spotted bud moth, is a small tortricid moth with a wingspan of 12–17 mm. It has a wide distribution spanning the Palearctic realm from North Africa and Europe through Asia to China, Korea, and Japan, with introduced populations in North America and Madeira. The species is univoltine, with adults flying from May to October depending on location. Larvae feed on various deciduous trees and shrubs, and the species is recognized as a pest in apple orchards where it has been studied extensively.
pest orchard-pest univoltine Palearctic introduced-species North-America biological-control virus-disease
Stagmomantis carolina
Carolina mantis, Carolina mantid
Stagmomantis carolina, the Carolina mantis, is a native North American mantid species ranging from New Jersey south to Florida and west to Arizona. It is smaller than introduced mantid species such as the Chinese mantis (Tenodera sinensis) and European mantis (Mantis religiosa), typically exhibiting gray or brown coloration. The species overwinters as eggs in protective cases called oothecae, with nymphs emerging in spring and adults present from July through October. It serves as an important predator in gardens and natural landscapes, with documented parasitism by the tachinid fly Masiphya confusa.
native predator mantid garden biological-control univoltine parasitism learning-behavior Christmas-tree-stowaway sexual-dimorphism
Steiroxys trilineatus
Three-lined Shieldback, Three-lined Camel Cricket
Steiroxys trilineatus is a shieldback katydid native to western North America, recognized by the three pale longitudinal stripes running along its dorsal surface. This flightless, ground-dwelling species inhabits grassland and sagebrush steppe ecosystems, where it occupies a cryptic lifestyle among vegetation and litter. Adults are active during summer months, with males producing songs via tegminal stridulation to attract mates. The species has been documented from the Great Basin through the Rocky Mountain region, with populations adapted to semi-arid conditions.
Tettigoniidae shieldback-katydid grassland sagebrush Great-Basin flightless striped summer-active herbivore western-North-America cryptic ground-dwelling univoltine stridulation
Stenolophus
Seedcorn Beetles
Stenolophus is a large genus of ground beetles in the family Carabidae, comprising over 190 described species distributed across the Palearctic, Nearctic, Near East, and North Africa. Commonly known as seedcorn beetles, several species are significant agricultural pests of corn and other crops. The genus includes both univoltine and potentially multivoltine species depending on geographic location.
Carabidae Coleoptera agricultural-pest corn-pest ground-beetle seedcorn-beetle univoltine North-America Palearctic
Stictocephala stimulea
Stictocephala stimulea is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, first described by Van Duzee in 1914. Treehoppers in this genus are characterized by their enlarged, often ornate pronotum that extends over the body like a helmet or thorn. The specific epithet 'stimulea' suggests possible resemblance to or association with stinging organisms, though this refers to appearance rather than actual sting. Like other membracids, this species likely feeds on plant phloem sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.
Membracidae treehopper Auchenorrhyncha Cicadomorpha Stictocephala Ceresini Smiliinae Hemiptera sap-feeder pronotum helmet thorn-mimicry plant-feeding-insect phloem-feeder cryptic-coloration camouflage Van-Duzee-1914 Nearctic North-America Florida North-Carolina South-Dakota understudied-species data-deficient taxonomy entomology insect arthropod true-bug auchenorrhynchan cicadomorph leafhopper-relative plant-hopper ornate-pronotum pronotal-extension dorsal-helmet insect-morphology insect-systematics biodiversity natural-history conservation insect-ecology insect-behavior insect-development insect-distribution biogeography species-description type-specimen original-description historical-taxonomy museum-specimen collection-record occurrence-data GBIF iNaturalist citizen-science observation-record range-map distribution-data geographic-range endemic native-species regional-fauna local-biodiversity habitat-specificity host-plant feeding-guild phytophagous herbivore plant-insect-interaction coevolution mimicry defense crypsis evolutionary-adaptation morphological-adaptation exoskeleton-modification structural-coloration insect-identification field-guide diagnostic-character taxonomic-key species-complex cryptic-species morphological-variation geographic-variation phenotypic-plasticity life-history reproduction oviposition nymph instar metamorphosis hemimetabolous incomplete-metamorphosis population-dynamics community-ecology food-web trophic-level primary-consumer ecosystem-function nutrient-cycling energy-flow biological-control pest-status agricultural-relevance forestry urban-ecology invasive-potential climate-change habitat-loss conservation-status data-gap research-need taxonomic-revision phylogenetics molecular-systematics DNA-barcoding integrative-taxonomy natural-history-collection specimen-digitization open-data FAIR-data biodiversity-informatics biological-database taxonomic-authority nomenclature zoological-nomenclature International-Code-of-Zoological-Nomenclature type-locality type-specimen-deposition author-citation original-combination current-combination synonymy homonymy nomenclatural-act taxonomic-history classification-system phylogenetic-classification evolutionary-relationships monophyly clade lineage stem-group crown-group divergence-time molecular-clock fossil-record paleontology extant extinct living-fossil evolutionary-history biogeographic-history dispersal vicariance range-expansion range-contraction refugium glacial-relict postglacial-colonization anthropogenic-impact human-disturbance land-use-change urbanization agricultural-intensification pesticide-use habitat-fragmentation connectivity corridor protected-area conservation-planning systematic-conservation-planning priority-area hotspot endemic-area center-of-origin center-of-diversity evolutionary-significant-unit management-unit population metapopulation source-sink-dynamics demography vital-rates survival fecundity 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indicator-species umbrella-species flagship-species surrogate-species focal-species target-species pest-species invasive-species naturalized-species alien-species non-native-species introduced-species cryptogenic-species range-shift poleward-shift elevational-shift phenological-shift temporal-mismatch trophic-mismatch phenology seasonality voltinism univoltine bivoltine multivoltine partial-generation prolonged-diapause aestivation hibernation overwintering overwintering-strategy cold-hardiness freeze-tolerance freeze-avoidance supercooling cryoprotectant thermal-biology thermoregulation behavioral-thermoregulation microclimate-selection habitat-selection oviposition-site-selection host-selection mate-choice sexual-selection sperm-competition cryptic-female-choice reproductive-isolation prezygotic-isolation postzygotic-isolation speciation allopatric-speciation sympatric-speciation parapatric-speciation peripatric-speciation reinforcement hybridization introgression hybrid-zone cline ecotone contact-zone secondary-contact exogenous-selection endogenous-selection ecological-speciation mutation-order-speciation sexual-conflict sexual-dimorphism sexual-size-dimorphism sexual-dichromatism polymorphism color-polymorphism morph phase gregarious-phase solitary-phase density-dependent-polyphenism reaction-norm genotype-environment-interaction plasticity canalization genetic-assimilation acclimation acclimatization hardening stress-response heat-shock-protein oxidative-stress hypoxia desiccation starvation immune-response innate-immunity humoral-immunity cellular-immunity encapsulation nodulation phagocytosis melanization antimicrobial-peptide phenoloxidase prophenoloxidase lysozyme defensin cecropin diptericin attacin immune-gene immune-pathway Toll-pathway Imd-pathway JAK-STAT-pathway NF-κB relish dorsal immune-memory specific-immunity transgenerational-immune-priming gut-microbiome symbiosis obligate-symbiont facultative-symbiont primary-symbiont secondary-symbiont vertical-transmission horizontal-transmission mixed-mode-transmission nutritional-symbiosis defensive-symbiosis digestive-symbiosis detoxification metabolism biosynthesis vitamin-synthesis amino-acid-synthesis steroid-synthesis cuticle-synthesis chitin-synthesis molting ecdysis ecdysteroid juvenile-hormone insulin-signaling TOR-signaling nutrient-sensing energy-storage lipid-metabolism carbohydrate-metabolism protein-metabolism flight-metabolism respiration tracheal-system spiracle gas-exchange water-balance osmoregulation excretion Malpighian-tubule hindgut rectum cryptonephridial-system ion-transport water-reabsorption nitrogenous-waste uric-acid urea ammonia detoxification-enzyme cytochrome-P450 glutathione-S-transferase carboxylesterase mixed-function-oxidase resistance insecticide-resistance acaricide-resistance herbicide-resistance antibiotic-resistance resistance-management resistance-evolution resistance-mechanism target-site-resistance metabolic-resistance behavioral-resistance cuticular-resistance resistance-allele resistance-gene fitness-cost fitness-benefit pleiotropy trade-off life-history-trade-off allocation resource-allocation energy-allocation time-allocation foraging optimal-foraging central-place-foraging patch-use marginal-value-theorem predator-avoidance antipredator-defense masquerade Batesian-mimicry Müllerian-mimicry automimicry intraspecific-mimicry intersexual-mimicry aggressive-mimicry social-parasitism brood-parasitism kleptoparasitism defense-behavior thanatosis death-feigning startle-display deimatic-display eyespot deflection-mark autotomy reflex-bleeding regurgitation defensive-secretion venom toxin allomone kairomone synomone semiochemical pheromone sex-pheromone aggregation-pheromone alarm-pheromone trail-pheromone territorial-pheromone recognition-pheromone signature-mixture cuticular-hydrocarbon volatile-organic-compound olfaction gustation mechanoreception thermoreception hygroreception photoreception vision compound-eye ommatidium rhabdom visual-pigment opsin color-vision polarization-vision motion-detection optomotor-response phototaxis photoperiodism circadian-rhythm biological-clock entrainment zeitgeber circannual-rhythm photoperiod day-length critical-day-length critical-photoperiod diapause-induction diapause-termination diapause-maintenance diapause-development endocrine-control neuroendocrine corpus-allatum corpus-cardiacum prothoracic-gland ecdysiotropin ecdysiostatin allatostatin allatotropin neuropeptide hormone hormone-receptor signal-transduction gene-expression transcription-factor regulatory-gene structural-gene gene-network gene-regulatory-network developmental-gene Hox-gene homeobox segment-polarity-gene gap-gene pair-rule-gene maternal-effect-gene zygotic-gene embryonic-development embryogenesis cleavage blastoderm gastrulation segmentation tagmosis appendage-development imaginal-disc holometabolous complete-metamorphosis larva pupa adult apolysis teneral sclerotization tanning cuticle exoskeleton epicuticle procuticle exocuticle endocuticle resilin sclerotin chitin protein lipid wax cement-layer wax-layer surface-lipid waterproofing anti-wetting anti-fouling self-cleaning structural-color pigmentary-color ommin pteridine carotenoid melanin papiliochrome flavonoid anthocyanin betalain iridescence photonic-crystal diffraction-grating thin-film-interference multilayer-reflector scattering Tyndall-scattering Rayleigh-scattering Mie-scattering non-iridescent-structural-color biochrome biofluorescence bioluminescence luciferin luciferase photoprotein bioluminescent-system counter-illumination burglar-alarm lure communication mate-recognition predator-deterrence aposematism warning-coloration honest-signal dishonest-signal signal-evolution signal-design receiver-psychology sensory-bias sensory-exploitation sensory-trap amplifier attenuator signal-efficacy signal-honesty handicap-principle index-signal conventional-signal assessment-signal territorial-signal dominance-signal submissive-signal aggressive-signal courtship-signal copulatory-signal postcopulatory-signal antagonistic-coevolution chase-away-selection sensory-drive reproductive-character-displacement genetic-exchange admixture hybrid-fitness hybrid-breakdown hybrid-vigor heterosis genetic-load mutational-meltdown founder-effect bottleneck population-expansion invasion-genetics propagule-pressure introduction-effort establishment spread lag-phase exponential-growth logistic-growth Allee-effect demographic-Allee-effect component-Allee-effect strong-Allee-effect weak-Allee-effect critical-population-size minimum-viable-population extinction-risk population-viability-analysis stochastic-model deterministic-model individual-based-model agent-based-model spatially-explicit-model metapopulation-model source-sink-model integrated-population-model state-space-model hierarchical-model Bayesian-model machine-learning artificial-intelligence computer-vision image-recognition automated-identification deep-learning neural-network convolutional-neural-network transfer-learning data-augmentation training-set validation-set test-set accuracy precision recall F1-score confusion-matrix receiver-operating-characteristic area-under-curve model-selection model-validation cross-validation bootstrapping permutation-test null-model randomization-test Monte-Carlo-simulation Markov-chain-Monte-Carlo Gibbs-sampling Metropolis-Hastings-algorithm Bayesian-inference prior-distribution posterior-distribution likelihood-function evidence model-comparison Bayes-factor information-criterion Akaike-information-criterion corrected-AIC Bayesian-information-criterion deviance-information-criterion Watanabe-Akaike-information-criterion cross-validation-information-criterion stacking model-averaging ensemble-model prediction forecasting scenario-analysis sensitivity-analysis uncertainty-analysis propagation-of-uncertainty error-budget confidence-interval credible-interval prediction-interval tolerance-interval statistical-power sample-size effect-size significance-test hypothesis-testing null-hypothesis alternative-hypothesis type-I-error type-II-error false-positive false-negative multiple-comparison Bonferroni-correction false-discovery-rate q-value p-value significance-level alpha-level beta-level statistical-test parametric-test nonparametric-test robust-test exact-test asymptotic-test bootstrap-test jackknife resampling subsampling leave-one-out k-fold stratified-sampling balanced-sampling imbalanced-data class-imbalance oversampling undersampling synthetic-minority-oversampling SMOTE ADASYN cost-sensitive-learning ensemble-method bagging boosting random-forest gradient-boosting XGBoost LightGBM CatBoost support-vector-machine kernel-method radial-basis-function polynomial-kernel linear-kernel sigmoid-kernel decision-tree classification-tree regression-tree pruning cost-complexity-pruning minimum-description-length rule-based-classifier association-rule frequent-pattern apriori-algorithm FP-growth sequential-pattern temporal-pattern spatial-pattern spatiotemporal-pattern time-series-analysis trend-analysis seasonal-decomposition autoregressive-model moving-average-model ARIMA SARIMA exponential-smoothing state-space-model Kalman-filter particle-filter hidden-Markov-model dynamic-Bayesian-network recurrent-neural-network long-short-term-memory gated-recurrent-unit transformer attention-mechanism self-attention multi-head-attention encoder decoder encoder-decoder-architecture sequence-to-sequence-model generative-model generative-adversarial-network variational-autoencoder normalizing-flow diffusion-model energy-based-model Boltzmann-machine restricted-Boltzmann-machine deep-belief-network autoencoder denoising-autoencoder sparse-autoencoder contractive-autoencoder variational-inference expectation-maximization maximum-likelihood maximum-a-posteriori maximum-entropy Occam's-razor parsimony model-complexity overfitting underfitting bias-variance-tradeoff regularization L1-regularization L2-regularization elastic-net dropout early-stopping batch-normalization layer-normalization group-normalization instance-normalization weight-decay mixup cutout cutmix random-erasing autoaugment fast-autoaugment population-based-augmentation neural-architecture-search automated-machine-learning hyperparameter-optimization grid-search random-search Bayesian-optimization sequential-model-based-optimization multi-fidelity-optimization knowledge-distillation teacher-student-model model-compression quantization knowledge-transfer domain-adaptation few-shot-learning zero-shot-learning one-shot-learning meta-learning learning-to-learn metric-learning siamese-network triplet-loss contrastive-learning self-supervised-learning unsupervised-learning semi-supervised-learning weakly-supervised-learning active-learning online-learning incremental-learning continual-learning lifelong-learning curriculum-learning multi-task-learning multi-modal-learning cross-modal-learning representation-learning feature-learning embedding-learning manifold-learning dimensionality-reduction principal-component-analysis t-SNE UMAP word-embedding sentence-embedding document-embedding knowledge-graph-embedding graph-neural-network graph-convolutional-network graph-attention-network message-passing-neural-network relational-graph-convolutional-network inductive-learning transductive-learning homophily heterophily graph-isomorphism Weisfeiler-Lehman-test subgraph-isomorphism graph-matching network-alignment network-embedding node-embedding edge-embedding graph-classification node-classification link-prediction graph-generation graph-synthesis molecular-generation de-novo-design inverse-design retrosynthesis reaction-prediction property-prediction quantitative-structure-activity-relationship QSAR quantitative-structure-property-relationship QSPR molecular-descriptor fingerprint Morgan-fingerprint extended-connectivity-fingerprint circular-fingerprint atom-pair-fingerprint topological-torsion-fingerprint pharmacophore shape-similarity electrostatic-similarity docking scoring-function binding-affinity-prediction protein-ligand-interaction protein-protein-interaction protein-structure-prediction AlphaFold protein-folding contact-prediction distance-prediction angle-prediction torsion-prediction secondary-structure-prediction tertiary-structure-prediction quaternary-structure-prediction protein-design protein-engineering directed-evolution rational-design computational-design de-novo-protein-design enzyme-design catalytic-antibody ribozyme aptamer DNAzyme synthetic-biology genetic-circuit metabolic-engineering metabolic-flux-analysis flux-balance-analysis genome-scale-metabolic-model dynamic-metabolic-model kinetic-modeling stoichiometric-modeling constraint-based-modeling optimization linear-programming mixed-integer-linear-programming quadratic-programming nonlinear-programming dynamic-programming stochastic-programming robust-optimization multi-objective-optimization Pareto-optimality evolutionary-algorithm genetic-algorithm genetic-programming differential-evolution particle-swarm-optimization ant-colony-optimization simulated-annealing tabu-search variable-neighborhood-search iterated-local-search greedy-randomized-adaptive-search scatter-search path-relinking memetic-algorithm hyper-heuristic metaheuristic local-search neighborhood-search hill-climbing random-walk randomized-search Monte-Carlo-tree-search upper-confidence-bound Thompson-sampling multi-armed-bandit contextual-bandit reinforcement-learning policy-gradient actor-critic Q-learning deep-Q-network policy-iteration value-iteration temporal-difference-learning SARSA expected-SARSA double-Q-learning dueling-Q-network prioritized-experience-replay distributed-reinforcement-learning impala A3C asynchronous-advantage-actor-critic PPO proximal-policy-optimization TRPO trust-region-policy-optimization DDPG deep-deterministic-policy-gradient TD3 twin-delayed-deep-deterministic-policy-gradient SAC soft-actor-critic model-based-reinforcement-learning model-predictive-control guided-policy-search imitation-learning inverse-reinforcement-learning apprenticeship-learning behavior-cloning dataset-aggregation DAgger generative-adversarial-imitation-learning third-person-imitation-learning one-shot-imitation-learning meta-reinforcement-learning hierarchical-reinforcement-learning option skill subgoal intrinsic-motivation curiosity-driven-exploration empowerment information-gain prediction-error novelty-seeking diversity-seeking multi-agent-reinforcement-learning mean-field fictitious-play correlated-equilibrium Nash-equilibrium game-theory mechanism-design auction-theory incentive-design social-choice-theory voting-theory fair-division matching-theory market-design algorithmic-game-theory computational-social-choice computational-complexity NP-completeness NP-hardness approximation-algorithm approximation-ratio inapproximability fixed-parameter-tractability parameterized-complexity kernelization treewidth graph-minor forbidden-minor-characterization well-quasi-ordering Robertson-Seymour-theorem graph-structure-theorem bidimensionality-theory meta-theorem Courcelle's-theorem automata-theory finite-automaton pushdown-automaton Turing-machine computability decidability halting-problem Rice's-theorem Gödel's-incompleteness-theorems lambda-calculus combinatory-logic type-theory proof-theory model-theory set-theory forcing large-cardinal axiom-of-choice continuum-hypothesis independence-result consistency-strength reverse-mathematics constructive-mathematics intuitionistic-logic modal-logic temporal-logic epistemic-logic deontic-logic description-logic ontology knowledge-representation semantic-web linked-data RDF SPARQL OWL knowledge-graph entity-linking relation-extraction event-extraction coreference-resolution named-entity-recognition part-of-speech-tagging dependency-parsing constituency-parsing semantic-parsing natural-language-inference textual-entailment natural-language-generation machine-translation summarization question-answering dialogue-system conversational-AI chatbot virtual-assistant speech-recognition speech-synthesis speaker-recognition emotion-recognition sentiment-analysis opinion-mining aspect-based-sentiment-analysis target-dependent-sentiment-analysis stance-detection rumor-detection fake-news-detection fact-checking claim-verification evidence-retrieval argument-mining persuasion-detection deception-detection personality-prediction mental-health-detection suicide-prevention crisis-intervention social-media-mining network-analysis community-detection influence-maximization information-diffusion cascade-modeling epidemic-modeling SEIR-model SIR-model agent-based-epidemic-model compartmental-model network-epidemic-model metapopulation-epidemic-model spatial-epidemic-model stochastic-epidemic-model branching-process 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babesiosis tularemia plague murine-typhus epidemic-typhus endemic-typhus scrub-typhus Q-fever trench-fever bartonellosis cat-scratch-disease rat-bite-fever leptospirosis brucellosis anthrax melioidosis glanders tularaemia francisellosis coxiellosis rickettsiosis orientia-infection ehrlichiosis neoehrlichiosis neorickettsiosis anaplasmataceae rickettsiaceae coxiellaceae bartonellaceae brucellaceae francisellaceae pasteurellaceae legionellaceae chlamydiaceae mycoplasmataceae ureaplasmataceae spiroplasmataceae achaenoplasmataceae entomoplasmataceae haloplasmataceae tenericutes mollicutes bacteroidetes fusobacteria spirochaetes synergistetes deferribacteres thermotogae aquificae caldiserica caldithrix deferrisoma desulfurobacterium thermovibrio thermocrinis hydrogenobacter sulfurihydrogenibium persephonella hydrogenobaculum hydrothermus thermothrix sulfuricurvum sulfurimonas sulfurovum thiovulum thiomicrospira pseudomonas vibrio aeromonas photobacterium aliivibrio gracilibacillus halobacillus halomonas chromohalobacter cobetia salinicola kushneria halotalea halovibrio salinivibrio thioalkalivibrio thiohalophilus ectothiorhodospira halorhodospira thiorhodospira halochromatium thioflavicoccus marichromatium thiocapsa lamprocystis thiodictyon thiopedia amoebobacter thiocystis chromatium allo-chromatium thermochromatium rhabdochromatium thiobaca thiohalocapsa halocapsa thiolamprovum thioploca thiomargarita beggiatoa methylococcus methylomonas methylomicrobium methylosinus methylocystis methylocella methylocapsa methylacidiphilum verrucomicrobia planctomycetes chlamydiae lentisphaerae kiritimatiellaeota calditrichaeota fervidibacteria
Stigmella altella
Stigmella altella is a minute leaf-mining moth in the family Nepticulidae, known from Ohio and Maine in the United States. The species has a wingspan of 5.6–6.4 mm. It completes one generation per year in Ohio, with larvae mining oak leaves in autumn and adults emerging the following spring. The larvae are specialized feeders on two oak species: Quercus imbricaria and Quercus palustris.
leaf-miner oak-specialist univoltine Nearctic microlepidoptera endophagous Stigmella Nepticulidae Lepidoptera Quercus Ohio Maine
Stigmella lapponica
Stigmella lapponica is a minute moth in the family Nepticulidae, described by Maximilian Ferdinand Wocke in 1862 from northern Norway. The species is notable for its leaf-mining larvae that feed exclusively on birch leaves, creating distinctive slender galleries. Adults are active in May with a single generation per year, though partial second broods have been suggested. The moth occurs across the Holarctic region, including Europe, Asia, and North America.
leaf-miner birch Nepticulidae Holarctic univoltine Lepidoptera microlepidoptera
Stilbosis ostryaeella
ironwood leafminer moth, ironwood leafminer
Stilbosis ostryaeella is a small moth in the family Cosmopterigidae. Its larvae are leafminers specialized on ironwood (Ostrya virginiana), creating distinctive blotch mines between leaf veins. The species is distributed across eastern North America, with adults active from late spring through summer. It overwinters as a pupa in leaf litter.
leafminer specialist ironwood blotch-mine forest-pest Cosmopterigidae Lepidoptera North-America Ostrya-virginiana endophagous univoltine pupal-diapause
Symmerista
Symmerista is a genus of prominent moths (family Notodontidae) erected by Jacob Hübner in 1821. The genus contains at least nine described species distributed primarily in North America, with several species described from Central America. Larvae are notable for a distinctive leaf-clipping behavior where they sever petioles after feeding and apply red saliva to the cut surface, a trait that has been experimentally demonstrated to introduce salivary constituents into the plant's vascular system to suppress defense responses in nearby leaves.
Notodontidae prominent-moths leaf-clipping-behavior red-saliva oak-feeders maple-feeders defoliator greenfall plant-manipulation univoltine
Symmerista leucitys
orange-humped mapleworm moth, orange-humped mapleworm
Symmerista leucitys is a notodontid moth commonly known as the orange-humped mapleworm moth. The species is a univoltine specialist defoliator of sugar maple, with a single generation per year. Larvae exhibit distinctive leaf-clipping behavior, severing petioles after feeding and applying red saliva containing pigments from the anterior labial glands to the petiole stub. This saliva travels rapidly into the petiole xylem and is hypothesized to suppress plant defense responses in nearby leaves. During outbreak years, clipped leaves can comprise over 80% of greenfall losses in early October.
defoliator maple-specialist leaf-clipping-behavior salivary-manipulation univoltine forest-pest
Sympistis chionanthi
Fringe-tree Sallow, Grey O Moth
Sympistis chionanthi is a noctuid moth with a wingspan of 33–38 mm. Adults are active from August to October in a single annual generation. The species is associated with deciduous woodlands across eastern and central North America.
noctuidae noctuinae north-america univoltine oleaceae-feeder woodland late-season
Sympistis forbesi
Forbes' Sallow
Sympistis forbesi is a noctuid moth described in 2014 from the north-central United States. The species is named in honor of entomologist William Trowbridge Merrifield Forbes. Adults are active in late summer with a single annual generation. Larvae are specialized feeders on Triosteum species (Caprifoliaceae), with green bodies and reddish dorsal coloration. The species has experienced range contraction, with apparent extirpation from its eastern distribution in New York and New Jersey.
Noctuidae Lepidoptera North-America univoltine specialist-herbivore recently-described Triosteum late-summer range-contraction
Synanthedon tipuliformis
currant clearwing, currant borer moth, currant clearwing moth
Synanthedon tipuliformis, the currant clearwing, is a clearwing moth native to the Palearctic realm that has become invasive in the Nearctic and Australasian realms. Adults are diurnal wasp mimics with transparent wings scaled only along veins and margins. Larvae are internal feeders that bore into the pith of Ribes canes, causing significant damage to currant and gooseberry cultivation. The species is univoltine in temperate regions, with adults emerging in late spring to early summer.
pest clearwing-moth Ribes-pest invasive-species wasp-mimic internal-feeder univoltine
Syngrapha angulidens
Syngrapha angulidens is a noctuid moth described by Smith in 1891. It is distributed across montane regions of western North America from Alaska to New Mexico. The species has a single annual generation with adults active in mid-summer.
Noctuidae Plusiinae western-North-America montane conifer-feeder univoltine
Syngrapha diasema
Dwarf Birch Looper
Syngrapha diasema is a noctuid moth distributed across Arctic and subarctic regions of Eurasia and North America. First described by Boisduval in 1829, it is commonly known as the Dwarf Birch Looper. The species has a wingspan of 30–33 mm and completes one generation per year.
arctic subarctic noctuid looper univoltine herbivore holarctic
Syngrapha epigaea
Epigaea Looper Moth, Pirate Looper Moth, Narrow Silver Y
Syngrapha epigaea is a noctuid moth species first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1874. It occurs across boreal and temperate regions of North America, with adults active during mid-summer. The species is univoltine, producing one generation per year. Larvae feed on specific ericaceous host plants, with documented associations to Vaccinium angustifolium (lowbush blueberry) and Kalmia angustifolia (sheep laurel).
Noctuidae Plusiinae Looper-moth Ericaceae-feeder Boreal Transcontinental Univoltine North-America
Syngrapha montana
Labrador Tea Looper Moth, Labrador tea looper
Syngrapha montana, commonly known as the Labrador tea looper moth, is a noctuid moth distributed across boreal North America. The species exhibits a transcontinental Canadian range with southern extensions into the northern United States. Its life cycle is univoltine, with one generation annually. The larval stage is specialized, feeding exclusively on Ledum groenlandicum (Labrador tea), a wetland ericaceous shrub.
moth Noctuidae Plusiinae boreal wetland specialist-herbivore univoltine Canada Labrador-tea Ledum-groenlandicum
Syngrapha octoscripta
Figure-eight Looper Moth, Dusky Silver Y
Syngrapha octoscripta is a noctuid moth native to North America, commonly known as the figure-eight looper moth or dusky silver Y. Adults are medium-sized with a wingspan of 34–36 mm and display the characteristic silver Y-shaped marking typical of the genus. The species has a single annual generation, with adults active during mid-summer. Larvae are specialized feeders on Vaccinium species.
Noctuidae Plusiinae North-America boreal Vaccinium univoltine silver-Y-moth
Syngrapha orophila
Syngrapha orophila is a noctuid moth described by George Hampson in 1908. It is restricted to western North America, where it inhabits mountainous and northern coastal regions. The species has a single annual generation with adults active in mid-summer.
Noctuidae Plusiinae western-North-America montane Vaccinium-feeder univoltine July-flight
Syngrapha selecta
Chosen Looper Moth
Syngrapha selecta, the chosen looper moth, is a North American noctuid moth described by Francis Walker in 1858. It has a wingspan of approximately 38 mm and produces one generation annually. The species occupies a broad northern range across boreal and subarctic regions.
noctuidae plusiinae looper-moth boreal univoltine north-america
Syngrapha u-aureum
golden looper moth
Syngrapha u-aureum, known as the golden looper moth, is a noctuid moth distributed across boreal and subarctic regions of eastern North America. The species has one generation annually. Larvae feed on Vaccinium species, including blueberries and related shrubs. Two subspecies are recognized, differing in geographic distribution and host associations.
Noctuidae Plusiinae Lepidoptera North-America boreal univoltine Vaccinium
Syricoris lacunana
Dark strawberry tortrix, Common Marble
Syricoris lacunana is a small tortricid moth with a wingspan of 16–18 mm, found throughout the Palearctic realm. Adults are active at dusk from late April to September, with variable gray-brown forewings marked by thin silvery lines. The species is highly polyphagous, with larvae feeding on a broad range of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and trees. It is commonly encountered in hedgerows, fields, and woodland edges across Europe and northern Asia.
univoltine polyphagous crepuscular Palearctic Tortricidae
Tabanus lineola
striped horse fly
Tabanus lineola, commonly known as the striped horse fly, is a biting horse fly native to eastern and southern North America. Females are aggressive blood-feeders of humans and livestock, recognized by a pale median stripe on the abdomen, while males lack this feature, do not bite, and have bare eyes. The species has a univoltine life cycle with larvae developing in saturated sandy soils near water bodies.
biting-fly horse-fly livestock-pest univoltine sexual-dimorphism medically-important
Tachyporus
Tachyporus is a genus of rove beetles (Staphylinidae) in the tribe Tachyporini, serving as the type genus for both its tribe and subfamily. The genus comprises approximately 35 species in North and Central America alone, with additional species in Europe and other regions. Species such as Tachyporus hypnorum have been extensively studied for their role as generalist predators in agricultural ecosystems, particularly in cereal fields where they contribute to aphid control.
rove-beetle predator biological-control agricultural-pest-management aphid-predator univoltine overwintering
Taeniopoda eques
western horse lubber grasshopper, horse lubber
Taeniopoda eques is a large, flightless lubber grasshopper endemic to the Chihuahuan Desert and adjacent arid regions of the southwestern United States and Mexico. Adults are notable for their aposematic black coloration with yellow markings, though color morphs vary geographically. The species is chemically defended against vertebrate predators and uses behavioral thermoregulation to accelerate development in its short growing season. It is univoltine, with eggs undergoing diapause through winter before hatching with summer rains.
grasshopper lubber Romaleidae Chihuahuan-Desert aposematic chemical-defense thermoregulation flightless univoltine parthenogenesis
Thera
Thera is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae, subfamily Larentiinae, established by Stephens in 1831. The genus comprises numerous species distributed primarily across the Northern Hemisphere. Thera moths are small to medium-sized geometrids with relatively broad wings and cryptic coloration patterns. Larvae typically feed on coniferous trees, making several species economically significant as forest pests.
Geometridae Larentiinae conifer-feeding forest-pest Holarctic nocturnal univoltine
Thera juniperata
Juniper Carpet
Thera juniperata, commonly known as the Juniper Carpet, is a moth species in the family Geometridae. It occurs throughout Europe and the Near East, with records also from North America. The species is considered uncommon and locally distributed, primarily due to its specialized larval dependence on juniper as a food source. Adults are active in late autumn, with the species exhibiting a single generation per year.
Geometridae Larentiinae univoltine autumn-flight juniper-specialist Europe Near-East North-America
Thricops diaphanus
Thricops diaphanus is a muscid fly species with a Palearctic distribution spanning Europe and Asia. Populations in central Japan exhibit a univoltine life cycle with seasonal changes in vertical microdistribution within subalpine coniferous forests, contrasting with multivoltine populations in Europe. The species has been interpreted as a glacial relict in Japanese highlands due to its lack of seasonal migration between elevations.
Diptera Muscidae Palearctic subalpine univoltine glacial-relict
Timema cristinae
Cristina's Timema
Timema cristinae is a small, flightless stick insect endemic to a restricted region of southern California chaparral. The species exhibits striking color-pattern polymorphism with green, striped, and melanic morphs that provide differential camouflage on two host plants: Adenostoma fasciculatum (chamise) and Ceanothus spinosus. It has become a prominent model system for studying ecological speciation, host adaptation, and the interplay between natural selection and gene flow. The species reproduces sexually with females laying single eggs coated in ingested soil, which require soil contact for successful development.
stick-insect walkingstick camouflage polymorphism ecological-speciation host-plant-specialization chaparral-endemic flightless univoltine research-model
Tipula paludosa
European crane fly, leatherjacket
Tipula paludosa is a crane fly species native to northwestern Europe that has become an invasive agricultural pest in North America. The larvae, known as leatherjackets, cause significant damage to lawns, pastures, and cereal crops by feeding on roots and underground stems. Adults are short-lived, do not feed, and are characterized by their long, thin legs and grayish-brown bodies. The species has a strictly annual life cycle with precise seasonal timing of each developmental stage.
agricultural-pest invasive-species leatherjacket lawn-pest pasture-pest univoltine soil-dwelling-larvae Europe-native North-America-introduced
Tolype velleda
Large Tolype Moth, Velleda Lappet Moth
A medium-sized lappet moth with broad, rounded wings. Adults display dark gray forewings with distinct wavy transverse bands and white lines visible when wings are spread. Females are noticeably larger than males. The species has a broad distribution across eastern North America with disjunct populations in western mountain ranges and the Mediterranean region. Single-brooded, with adults active from early summer through late autumn.
forest-pest fruit-tree-pest univoltine transatlantic-distribution lappet-moth
Tomostethus multicinctus
brownheaded ash sawfly
Tomostethus multicinctus, commonly known as the brownheaded ash sawfly, is a sawfly species in the family Tenthredinidae native to southern Canada and the eastern United States. Adults are wasp-like in appearance but do not sting. The larvae are specialized herbivores that feed gregariously on ash foliage, with a life cycle tightly synchronized with the leaf phenology of their host trees. Heavy infestations can cause complete defoliation within a week, though trees typically recover by producing new foliage.
defoliator ash-pest univoltine gregarious-feeder spring-emergence
Toumeyella liriodendri
tuliptree scale
Toumeyella liriodendri, the tuliptree scale, is a soft scale insect (Coccidae) native to North America and specialized on Liriodendron tulipifera (tuliptree or yellow-poplar). This univoltine species overwinters as second-instar nymphs on twigs, matures to adults in spring, and produces eggs that hatch into crawlers in early summer. First-instar nymphs feed on leaf undersides before migrating back to twigs in autumn. Males are unknown; reproduction is presumed parthenogenetic. Heavy infestations cause branch dieback, reduced growth, and honeydew production that supports sooty mold growth. The species has been the subject of recent genomic research, with a 536Mb genome assembly revealing it as an early-diverging soft scale with 17 chromosomes.
scale-insect soft-scale Coccidae Liriodendron tuliptree yellow-poplar univoltine parthenogenesis honeydew sooty-mold forest-pest ornamental-pest genome chromosome-evolution phloem-feeder ant-tended North-America Maryland Hemiptera Sternorrhyncha
Trachelus
stem sawflies
Trachelus is a genus of stem sawflies in the family Cephidae. Species are internal feeders in grass stems, with several species recognized as significant agricultural pests of wheat and barley. The genus occurs across the Palearctic region, with documented species in Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia. Larval development occurs entirely within host plant stems, causing characteristic damage often called 'whiteheads' in cereal crops.
stem-borer agricultural-pest cereal-pest grass-feeder internal-feeder univoltine diapause Palearctic
Trachyrhachys aspera
Finned Grasshopper
Trachyrhachys aspera, commonly known as the finned grasshopper, is a medium-sized band-winged grasshopper native to the shortgrass prairie ecosystems of western North America. This species exhibits strong habitat fidelity to blue grama grass (Bouteloua gracilis) dominated grasslands, where it functions as a subdominant member of grasshopper assemblages. The species is notable for its late-season phenology, hatching approximately four weeks after the sympatric Trachyrhachys kiowa, and for its highly specialized diet consisting almost exclusively of blue grama grass. Despite its potential economic impact as a forage competitor with livestock, populations have remained chronically low with no documented outbreak events.
grasshopper shortgrass-prairie blue-grama-specialist band-winged univoltine late-season-phenology subdominant rangeland North-America thermoregulation photoperiod-dependent-reproduction
Trachys
Leaf-mining Jewel Beetles
Trachys is a genus of leaf-mining jewel beetles (Buprestidae: Trachyinae) characterized by their flattened, compact, wedge-shaped adult morphology—an adaptation distinct from the elongate cylindrical form typical of most buprestids. The genus contains approximately 20 species in Japan and is widely distributed from Africa through Asia to Europe. Larvae mine within leaves rather than boring through wood, a habit that has driven their distinctive body plan. Some species are significant forest and agricultural pests, including the introduced Trachys minutus established in Massachusetts and T. yanoi, a serious pest of Zelkova serrata in East Asia.
Buprestidae Trachyinae leaf-miner jewel-beetle forest-pest Zelkova invasive-species Trachys-minutus Trachys-yanoi univoltine early-leaf-abscission
Trichosirocalus
rosette weevils, crown weevils
A genus of small true weevils native to the Palearctic region. Several species have been widely introduced to North America, Australia, and New Zealand as biological control agents for invasive thistles. The genus was historically treated as containing a single species, T. horridus, but integrative taxonomic studies using molecular and morphological data have revealed multiple distinct species with different host associations.
weevil biological-control thistle invasive-species-management Ceutorhynchinae rosette-feeder Ceutorhynchini Baridinae taxonomic-revision classical-biological-control Carduus Cirsium Onopordum Palearctic-native introduced-species molecular-systematics integrative-taxonomy univoltine leaf-miner agricultural-pest-control pasture-weed-management species-complex host-specificity musk-thistle plumeless-thistle Scotch-thistle Illyrian-thistle welted-thistle Italian-thistle crown-weevil rosette-weevil oviposition-behavior overwintering egg-stage larval-stage adult-stage decaying-organic-matter soil-surface non-photosynthetic-leaves green-leaves leaf-midribs petioles leaf-mining notching-damage rosette-survival flowering-stem-reduction seed-production-reduction rosette-mortality population-density-effects mark-recapture dispersal-patterns artificial-diet-rearing laboratory-culture vitamin-supplementation lyophilized-thistle-roots ergosterol casein-hydrolysate 7-dehydrocholesterol sucrose larval-survival adult-longevity oviposition female-fecundity field-cage-experiments individual-cage-experiments growth-parameter-reduction pre-release-host-specificity-testing post-release-monitoring establishment-success range-expansion forested-areas agricultural-land pasture small-farms crops disturbed-habitats meadows dense-patches rosette-size-preference spatial-distribution selective-oviposition autumn-egg-laying winter-larval-development spring-pupation late-summer-adult-emergence soil-overwintering plant-debris-overwintering rachis leaf-dissection destructive-sampling non-destructive-sampling sampling-bias life-stage-detection established-populations mitochondrial-COI nuclear-EF-1α morphological-characters host-plant-associations synonymy species-validity introduction-history release-records establishment-records Old-World-native New-World-introduction Southern-Hemisphere-introduction Australia New-Zealand North-America Virginia Southwest-Virginia Europe Spain France Germany Italy Switzerland Austria Scandinavia Denmark Norway Sweden Colonnelli-1979 Panzer-1801 Alonso-Zarazaga-&-Sánchez-Ruiz-2002 Ceutorhynchinae-vs-Baridinae subfamily-placement tribe-placement true-weevils Curculionidae Coleoptera Insecta Arthropoda Animalia 882-iNaturalist-observations GBIF-records Catalogue-of-Life-accepted NCBI-Taxonomy Bulletin-of-Entomological-Research Journal-of-Applied-Ecology Journal-of-Entomological-Science Annals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-America Environmental-Entomology DOI-10.1017/s000748531500084x DOI-10.1046/j.1365-2664.2002.00747.x DOI-10.18474/0749-8004-22.4.324 DOI-10.18474/0749-8004-22.4.330 DOI-10.18474/0749-8004-24.4.465 DOI-10.1093/aesa/73.6.694 DOI-10.1093/ee/10.5.691
Trirhabda flavolimbata
Coyote Brush Leaf Beetle
Trirhabda flavolimbata, commonly called the coyote brush leaf beetle, is a skeletonizing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is restricted to California where it inhabits coastal scrublands and chaparral. Both larvae and adults are metallic green and sequester toxins from their host plants, rendering them unpalatable to predators. The species has a single annual brood with a distinctive life cycle involving extended egg diapause.
leaf-beetle Chrysomelidae California-endemic coastal-scrub chaparral coyote-brush Baccharis aposematic-coloration chemical-defense univoltine skeletonizing-feeder
Trirhabda geminata
Encelia Leaf Beetle
Trirhabda geminata is a skeletonizing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, commonly known as the Encelia leaf beetle. It is a specialist herbivore strongly associated with brittlebush (Encelia farinosa) and related Encelia species in the Asteraceae. The beetle is univoltine, with adults emerging in spring to feed, mate, and oviposit on host foliage. Larvae feed gregariously on leaves, passing through three instars before pupating in soil. The species is notable for accumulating hydroxylated anthraquinones (chrysophanol and chrysazin) through apparent de novo biosynthesis, as these compounds are absent from its host plant and retained rather than excreted.
specialist-herbivore desert-beetle Encelia brittlebush anthraquinone univoltine gregarious-larvae Chrysomelidae leaf-beetle
Uenoidae
Stonecase Caddisflies
Uenoidae is a family of caddisflies (Trichoptera) commonly known as stonecase caddisflies. The family comprises approximately 7 genera and at least 80 described species, distributed across North America, Asia, and Europe. Larvae construct portable cases using mineral materials, hence the common name. The family was revised taxonomically in 1988 to include the subfamilies Uenoinae and Thremmatinae, incorporating genera formerly placed in separate families. Studies of Neophylax species demonstrate univoltine life cycles with temporal segregation between co-occurring species.
Trichoptera caddisfly freshwater stream-insects case-building-larvae univoltine Holarctic
Valgus hemipterus
Valgus hemipterus is a small scarab beetle in the subfamily Cetoniinae, measuring 6–10 mm in length. The species is notable for pronounced sexual dimorphism: females possess an elongated, acuminate telson with a central groove and lateral serrations, a trait unusual among beetles, while males exhibit a different scale pattern and are more frequently observed on flowers. It has one generation per year and overwinters as a pupa.
scarab-beetle Cetoniinae flower-visitor wood-borer sexual-dimorphism univoltine invasive-in-North-America
Virbia ferruginosa
rusty holomelina, Rusty Virbia Moth
Virbia ferruginosa, commonly known as the rusty holomelina or rusty virbia moth, is a tiger moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1854. The species has a broad distribution across northern North America, with one generation per year and adults active in July.
moth Erebidae Arctiinae tiger-moth North-America univoltine July
Xanthorhoe abrasaria
Northern Carpet
A small geometrid moth with a 21–24 mm wingspan, found across northern Eurasia and North America. Adults fly in July with one generation annually. The species was first described by Herrich-Schäffer in 1856 and includes several recognized subspecies across its range.
geometrid-moth carpet-moth northern-distribution univoltine Galium-feeder
Xestia badicollis
Northern Variable Dart, Northern Conifer Dart, White Pine Cutworm
A noctuid moth native to eastern North America. Adults fly from July to October with one generation per year. The larval stage, known as the white pine cutworm, feeds primarily on eastern white pine and occasionally other conifers. The species belongs to the elimata species group, within which genetic and morphological boundaries remain unresolved.
Noctuidae cutworm conifer-pest eastern-North-America univoltine species-complex elimata-group
Xestia dilucida
Dull Reddish Dart, Reddish Heath Dart
Xestia dilucida is a noctuid moth occurring in eastern North America. The species was described by Morrison in 1875. Adults fly in autumn with a single annual generation. Larval host plants are restricted to Vaccinium species.
Noctuidae Noctuinae Lepidoptera North-America autumn-moth Vaccinium-feeder univoltine
Xestia dolosa
Greater Black-letter Dart, Woodland Spotted Cutworm, Spotted Cutworm
Xestia dolosa is a noctuid moth native to North America with three common names reflecting its appearance and larval habit: greater black-letter dart, woodland spotted cutworm, and spotted cutworm. Adults are medium-sized with a wingspan near 40 mm. The species exhibits bivoltine phenology in southern populations and univoltine patterns in the north. Larvae are agricultural pests feeding on diverse crop plants and woody vegetation.
Noctuidae cutworm agricultural-pest North-America bivoltine univoltine
Xiphydria
wood wasps, xiphydriid wood wasps
Xiphydria is a genus of wood wasps in the family Xiphydriidae, distributed across the Holarctic region including Europe, Asia, and North America. Adults are characterized by a distinctive elongated 'neck' formed by the long propleuron, antennae with approximately 20 segments, and mandibles with four teeth. Females oviposit into diseased or dead wood of broadleaf trees and vector symbiotic fungi that decompose wood for larval consumption. The genus is univoltine with one generation per year. While generally of minor economic importance, some species can damage oak and other hardwoods.
wood-wasp xiphydriid symphyta hymenoptera wood-boring fungal-symbiosis decomposer broadleaf-trees holarctic univoltine non-stinging parasitoid-host
Yponomeuta malinellus
Apple Ermine, apple ermine moth
Yponomeuta malinellus, the apple ermine moth, is a small ermine moth native to Europe and Asia that has become established in North America. It is a specialist pest of Malus (apple) species, with larvae that feed gregariously within silken tents and can cause significant defoliation. The species has been extensively studied as a target for classical biological control, with multiple parasitoid species introduced to manage outbreaks.
pest orchard-pest biological-control tent-caterpillar univoltine introduced-species gregarious-larvae
Zale buchholzi
Buchholz's zale, Buchholz' Zale Moth
Zale buchholzi, commonly known as Buchholz's zale, is a moth species in the family Erebidae. It is restricted to coastal pinelands of the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains of North America. The species has a single generation annually and is a specialist feeder on pine species as larvae.
pine-specialist coastal-plain-endemic univoltine noctuid-moth forest-pest North-America
Zale curema
Black-eyed Zale Moth, Northeastern Pine Zale, Black-eyed Zale
Zale curema is a moth in the family Erebidae, first described by John Bernhard Smith in 1908. The species is strongly associated with pitch pine forests in eastern North America. It has one generation per year, with larvae feeding preferentially on young needles of pitch pine. The species is listed as endangered in Connecticut but considered globally secure.
moth Erebidae pitch-pine univoltine endangered Connecticut forest-specialist North-America herbivore conifer-feeder
Zale metatoides
Washed-out Zale Moth, Jack Pine False Looper
Zale metatoides is a moth species in the family Erebidae, first described by James Halliday McDunnough in 1943. It is commonly known as the Washed-out Zale or Jack Pine False Looper. The species inhabits barrens and pine woodlands across eastern North America, with a single generation per year. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 35 mm.
moth pine-barrens jack-pine North-America univoltine forest-specialist
Zanclognatha dentata
Coastal Plain Zanclognatha, Toothed Fan-foot
Zanclognatha dentata is a litter moth in the family Erebidae, described by Wagner and McCabe in 2011. It occurs across eastern North America from Ontario to northern Georgia, inhabiting diverse wetland and forest habitats. Adults fly from late June through early August, with occasional second broods in early September in the southern Appalachians. The species name refers to the toothed antemedial and medial lines on the forewing.
litter-moth Erebidae Herminiinae North-America wetland forest decomposer univoltine 2011-description Wagner McCabe
Zanclognatha laevigata
Variable Zanclognatha, Variable Fan-foot
Zanclognatha laevigata is a litter moth in the family Erebidae, described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1872. It is widely distributed across eastern North America, from Manitoba to Nova Scotia and south to Florida and Missouri. The species has a wingspan of approximately 30 mm and produces one generation annually. Larvae feed on detritus, particularly dead leaves.
litter-moth detritivore univoltine forest-floor decomposer
Zanclognatha martha
pine barrens zanclognatha, Martha's zanclognatha, Pine Barrens Fan-foot
Zanclognatha martha is a small litter moth in the family Erebidae, described by William Barnes in 1928. The species occurs across the eastern United States, from Ohio to Maine and southward to Texas, with disjunct populations in the Appalachian Mountains and Coastal Plain. It is listed as threatened in Connecticut, where it has one generation per year. The species is associated with pine barrens and similar habitats where its larval host plant, bear oak (Quercus ilicifolia), occurs.
litter-moth pine-barrens threatened-species univoltine bivoltine oak-specialist decomposer
Zapada cinctipes
Common Forestfly
Zapada cinctipes, the common forestfly, is a small spring stonefly in the family Nemouridae. Adults measure 5–8 mm in body length and emerge primarily from mid-March to mid-April, with some appearing as early as late February. The species is univoltine, completing one generation per year. Nymphs are aquatic shredders that feed on decaying leaf material in flowing waters.
Plecoptera stonefly aquatic-insect shredder univoltine thermoregulation water-quality-indicator spring-emergence North-America
Zatypota anomala
Zatypota anomala is a koinobiont ichneumonid wasp in the tribe Ephialtini that parasitizes mesh web weaving spiders in the family Dictynidae. It is strictly specialized on Dictyna and Nigma spiders in Europe, with a distribution concentrated at mid-elevations in central European forest ecotones. The species exhibits elevation-dependent host partitioning, parasitizing Nigma at lower elevations (179–254 m a.s.l.) and Dictyna at higher elevations (361–870 m a.s.l.). First recorded from Italy in 2022, parasitizing Dictyna pusilla.
parasitoid spider-wasp ichneumonid Dictynidae elevation-gradient koinobiont forest-ecotone host-specialization univoltine Europe Italy first-record
Zeiraphera canadensis
spruce bud moth
Zeiraphera canadensis, the spruce bud moth, is a small tortricid moth native to North America. The species is univoltine, with eggs laid on white spruce in July that overwinter and hatch the following May. Larvae feed within spruce buds and shoots, causing deformation and growth reduction in host trees. The species is recognized as a significant pest of white spruce plantations, particularly in Canada and the northeastern United States.
pest forestry spruce univoltine Tortricidae North-America
Zicrona caerulea
Blue Shieldbug, blue shield bug
Zicrona caerulea is a small predatory shield bug in the family Pentatomidae, subfamily Asopinae. Adults measure 5–8 mm and display a striking uniform metallic blue-green coloration, with immatures showing red abdomens with black markings. This univoltine species is a documented predator of leaf beetles (Altica spp.), beetle larvae, and moth caterpillars, though it has also been observed feeding on plants. It overwinters as an adult and produces new adults from July onwards.
predatory-shield-bug metallic-coloration univoltine biological-control Asopinae Pentatomidae Hemiptera insect-predator overwintering-adult facultative-phytophagy