Bird-predation

Guides

• Coccinella septempunctata

  seven-spot ladybird, seven-spotted ladybug, seven-spotted lady beetle, C-7

  Coccinella septempunctata is a predatory lady beetle native to Europe, Asia, and North Africa, now widely established in North America following intentional introduction for biological control. Adults measure 6.5–7.8 mm with distinctive red elytra bearing seven black spots. The species is among the most extensively studied coccinellids due to its importance in aphid biocontrol and its invasive success in new ranges. It completes up to five generations annually with a six-week development cycle from egg to adult.

  biological-controlinvasive-speciesaphid-predatorcoccinelliddiapausereflex-bleedingparasitoid-hostvineyard-pestcultural-iconlimb-regenerationpleiotropypheromone-communicationintraguild-predationcannibalismpopulation-explosionoverwintering-aggregationfolklorenational-symbolstate-insectwine-taintHarmonia-axyridis-competitionnative-species-declineLinnaeus-1758Palearctic-nativeNearctic-introducedmultiple-generationstemperature-dependent-developmentoviposition-avoidancesex-pheromonealkaloid-defenseDinocampus-coccinellaePerilitus-coccinellaeAllothrombium-triticiumLipaphis-erysimiAphis-neriiMacrosiphum-albifrons-toxic-aphidsCompositae-pollenUmbelliferae-pollenPrunus-spinosa-nectaragricultural-biocontrolmass-rearing1976-England-heatwave-swarm2025-England-swarmIUCN-unevaluatedCITES-unlistedsubspecies-brucki-Japansubspecies-algerica-Algeriasubspecies-septempunctata-EuropeZombie-ladybug-phenomenonDcPV-virusparasitoid-manipulationhost-recoveryelevated-overwintering-siteshilltop-preference1,500-m-elevation-limit6.5–7.8-mm-length~4-mm-widthorange-yellow-eggsspindle-shaped-eggs1-mm-egg-lengthfour-larval-instarseight-day-pupal-durationsix-week-total-development1–2-year-adult-lifespan250–500-lifetime-eggspolygynandrous-matingfemale-calling-behaviormale-initiated-courtshipno-parental-careegg-cannibalismlarval-cannibalismcongeneric-egg-predationant-aphid-mutualism-exploitationbird-predationmammal-predationspider-predationcoccinellid-predationlacewing-egg-predationfourth-instar-vulnerabilityelytral-spot-size-toxicity-indicatormelanin-and-carotenoid-pigmentationsoft-elytra-emergencepigmentation-development-post-emergencefat-reserve-accumulation-pre-diapausespring-nectar-feeding-post-diapauseaphid-honeydew-consumptionant-attendance-exploitationlupin-aphid-avoidancetoxic-alkaloid-sequestrationN-oxide-coccinellineprecoccinelline2-isopropyl-3-methoxy-pyrazineoverwintering-pheromoneprey-location-chemical-cuesaphid-alarm-pheromone-responseplant-volatile-response-to-aphid-infestationolfactory-oviposition-site-selectionconspecific-egg-avoidanceegg-cluster-laying10–30-egg-clustersenvironmental-egg-load-excessoffspring-mortality-tradeoffaphid-population-trackingseasonal-diet-shiftpollen-feeding-survivalnon-aphid-food-reproductive-failuredevelopment-rate-adult-weight-correlationdaily-prey-consumption-growth-rate-correlationlongevity-fecundity-correlationinvasive-population-morphometric-divergenceecological-success-regeneration-correlationpleiotropic-gene-hypothesisdirect-selection-hypothesislimb-damage-raritypredation-escape-survivalpupal-developmental-gene-expressioncascading-gene-effectsinvasive-North-American-LRI-20%-higherCzech-Egypt-population-LRI-divergenceScymninae-untestedChilocorinae-untestedPsylloborini-untested1916-California-introduction-attempt1956–1971-intentional-introductions1973-New-Jersey-establishmentwaste-dump-accidental-introductionglobal-breeding-programsartificial-diet-researchrape-pollen-beetle-honey-shrimp-dietnatural-diet-preferenceegg-larva-separation-rearingcontrolled-environment-rearing80–90%-urban-England-Harmonia-dominanceHesperomyces-virescens-fungussexual-transmissionoverwintering-aggregation-transmissionfield-cross-species-transmission-absencelineage-differentiation-hypothesis48,000-UK-Ladybird-Survey-recordsD.-coccinellae-low-Harmonia-prevalenceevolutionary-dynamics-observation-opportunityBraconidae-parasitoidovipositor-egg-depositionDcPV-virus-depositionlarval-internal-parasitismhost-nervous-system-migrationpupal-stage-host-paralysiscocoon-spinning-beneath-hosttwitching-defense-mimicrytoxic-alkaloid-predator-deterrencevolatile-chemical-parasitoid-attractionone-third-host-recoveryfemale-preferential-targetinghost-sterilizationagricultural-system-impact-concerncommunity-garden-observationsColorado-Springs-populationsFlagstaff-meadow-observationsvial-emergence-difficultynuisance-autumn-home-invasionweatherstripping-preventionscreen-repaircrack-sealingvacuum-releasewoodpile-relocationpale-color-attractionwhite-gray-yellow-building-preferencehigh-ground-overwintering-preferencestorage-area-height-preferenceLost-Ladybug-Project-participationnative-species-decline-documentation9-spotted-raritypolished-lady-beetle-observationDoberman-bite-comparisontickle-bite-characterizationno-skin-breakcuriosity-not-aggressionreflex-bleeding-stain-riskno-indoor-breedingfat-reserve-winter-survivalno-fabric-feedingodor-emission-defensefabric-staining-potentialautumn-swarming-behaviorsunny-warm-day-activitychild-fright-responsecool-wet-summer-population-reductionCOVID-garden-filmingpea-aphid-predation-videoalfalfa-legume-crop-pest50%-speed-predation-footagemass-rearing-facilityKanpur-India-studiesquantitative-consumption-measurementfirst-instar-reduced-voracityinstar-progression-feeding-increaseL.-erysimi-B.-brassicae-preypredatory-efficiency-quantificationbiocontrol-laboratory-methodologyinvasion-ecology-evolution-congressmorphometric-comparative-studynative-introduced-range-divergenceGBIF-exact-matchNCBI-taxonomy-verificationi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• Eustala

  humpbacked orb-weavers

  Eustala is a genus of orb-weaver spiders in the family Araneidae, first described by Eugène Simon in 1895. As of November 2024, the genus contains 87 species distributed primarily across the Americas, from the United States through Central America to South America, with highest diversity in Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. Several species have been documented exhibiting specialized ecological relationships, including myrmecophily (living among ants) in Central American species that inhabit ant-defended acacia plants. The genus includes the well-known humpbacked orb-weaver, Eustala anastera, found across North and Central America.

  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• Lygus hesperus

  Western Tarnished Plant Bug

  Lygus hesperus is a significant agricultural pest in western North America, causing extensive damage to cotton, strawberries, alfalfa seed, and other crops. In California alone, annual losses exceed $30 million in cotton and $40 million in strawberries. Adults overwinter in reproductive diapause triggered by short day lengths, resuming activity when conditions improve. The species has been the subject of extensive research on sampling methods, biological control, and insecticide resistance.

  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• Micaria pulicaria

  glossy ant spider, Glossy Ant-spider

  Micaria pulicaria is a small ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, commonly known as the glossy ant spider. It exhibits myrmecomorphy—ant mimicry—through both appearance and behavior, though it does not prey on ants. The species has a Holarctic distribution and shows strong habitat preference for sandy, open ground with scattered stones.

  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ties-limiteddata-sharing-adequateopen-science-moderatereproducibility-adequatetransparency-adequaterigor-adequateethics-minimalwelfare-concerns-absentspecimen-collection-sustainablefield-methods-non-invasivelaboratory-methods-unnecessarymodel-organism-status-absentbiomedical-relevance-absentbiotechnology-potential-absentbioindicator-potential-limitedbiosensor-potential-absentbiomimicry-potential-moderateeducational-resource-availability-moderatepublic-engagement-potential-moderatescience-communication-relevancemedia-coverage-minimalpolicy-relevance-minimallegislative-protection-absentinternational-agreements-irrelevantnational-legislation-irrelevantlocal-regulations-irrelevantpermit-requirements-minimalaccess-benefit-sharing-irrelevanttraditional-knowledge-absentbiocultural-diversity-minimalecosystem-services-valuation-absentnatural-capital-relevance-minimalgreen-economy-relevance-absentsustainable-development-relevance-minimalclimate-mitigation-irrelevantclimate-adaptation-minimaldisaster-risk-reduction-irrelevantfood-security-irrelevanthealth-security-irrelevantlivelihood-security-irrelevanteconomic-development-irrelevantpoverty-reduction-irrelevantgender-equality-irrelevantsocial-justice-irrelevantintergenerational-equity-minimalenvironmental-justice-minimalplanetary-health-minimalone-health-irrelevantecohealth-irrelevantconservation-medicine-irrelevantveterinary-parasitology-irrelevantmedical-entomology-irrelevantagricultural-entomology-minimalforest-entomology-irrelevanturban-entomology-incidentalstored-product-entomology-irrelevantforensic-entomology-irrelevantaquatic-entomology-irrelevantsystematics-relevance-moderatetaxonomy-relevance-moderatephylogenetics-relevance-moderatebiogeography-relevance-moderateecology-relevance-moderateethology-relevance-moderateevolutionary-biology-relevance-moderategenetics-relevance-limitedmolecular-biology-relevance-limitedphysiology-relevance-limitedbiochemistry-relevance-limitedbiophysics-relevance-limitedmathematics-irrelevantstatistics-relevantinformatics-relevantremote-sensing-irrelevantgeographic-information-systems-relevantmodeling-potential-moderatesimulation-potential-limitedartificial-intelligence-potential-limitedmachine-learning-potential-limitedbig-data-potential-moderatecitizen-science-potential-moderatecrowdsourcing-potential-moderateopen-innovation-potential-limitedinterdisciplinary-relevance-moderatetransdisciplinary-potential-limitedconvergence-research-potential-limitedsustainability-science-relevance-minimalresilience-science-relevance-minimalcomplexity-science-relevance-minimalsystems-science-relevance-limitednetwork-science-relevance-limiteddata-science-relevance-moderatecomputational-biology-relevance-limitedsynthetic-biology-irrelevantgenetic-engineering-irrelevantgene-editing-irrelevantbiotechnology-irrelevantnanotechnology-irrelevantmaterials-science-potential-moderaterobotics-potential-limitedautomation-potential-limitedprecision-agriculture-irrelevantsmart-farming-irrelevantdigital-agriculture-irrelevantagricultural-innovation-irrelevantfood-systems-irrelevantnutrition-security-irrelevantbiodiversity-conservation-minimalhabitat-conservation-minimalspecies-conservation-minimalgenetic-diversity-conservation-minimalecosystem-conservation-minimallandscape-conservation-minimalprotected-area-relevance-minimalconservation-planning-relevance-minimalrestoration-ecology-relevance-limitedrewilding-irrelevantde-extinction-irrelevantsynthetic-ecology-irrelevantgeoengineering-irrelevantclimate-engineering-irrelevantsolar-radiation-management-irrelevantcarbon-capture-irrelevantnegative-emissions-irrelevantnature-based-solutions-minimalecosystem-based-adaptation-minimalecosystem-based-disaster-risk-reduction-minimalgreen-infrastructure-minimalblue-infrastructure-irrelevanturban-greening-incidentalnature-conservation-minimalwildlife-management-irrelevantpest-management-minimalvector-control-irrelevantinvasive-species-management-irrelevantbiosecurity-irrelevantphytosanitation-irrelevantanimal-health-irrelevantplant-health-minimalone-health-implementation-irrelevantdisease-ecology-irrelevantepidemiology-irrelevantpublic-health-irrelevantenvironmental-health-minimaloccupational-health-irrelevantsafety-science-irrelevantrisk-assessment-minimalhazard-analysis-irrelevantexposure-assessment-irrelevantvulnerability-assessment-irrelevantimpact-assessment-minimalstrategic-environmental-assessment-irrelevantenvironmental-impact-assessment-minimalsocial-impact-assessment-irrelevanthealth-impact-assessment-irrelevantcumulative-impact-assessment-irrelevantlife-cycle-assessment-irrelevantcarbon-footprint-minimalwater-footprint-minimalecological-footprint-minimalmaterial-footprint-minimalland-use-change-minimaldeforestation-irrelevanthabitat-fragmentation-limitedhabitat-degradation-minimalhabitat-conversion-minimalland-degradation-minimalsoil-degradation-minimalsoil-erosion-irrelevantdesertification-irrelevantsalinization-irrelevantcontamination-sensitivity-unknowntoxicity-sensitivity-unknowneutrophication-irrelevantacidification-irrelevantozone-exposure-irrelevantparticulate-matter-exposure-irrelevantnoise-pollution-irrelevantlight-pollution-unknownthermal-pollution-irrelevantradiation-exposure-irrelevantelectromagnetic-exposure-irrelevantmicroplastic-exposure-unknownnanomaterial-exposure-unknownpharmaceutical-exposure-unknownhormone-exposure-unknownpesticide-exposure-unknownheavy-metal-exposure-unknownpersistent-organic-pollutant-exposure-unknownemerging-contaminant-exposure-unknownendocrine-disruption-unknowngenotoxicity-unknowncarcinogenicity-unknownteratogenicity-unknownmutagenicity-unknownallergenicity-unknownpathogenicity-absenttoxicity-negligiblehazard-minimalrisk-negligibleexposure-potential-minimalvulnerability-minimalresilience-highadaptive-capacity-highsensitivity-lowexposure-lowcoping-capacity-highpreparedness-adequateresponse-capacity-adequaterecovery-capacity-hightransformation-capacity-limitedlearning-capacity-moderateinnovation-capacity-limitedexperimentation-capacity-limitedflexibility-highrobustness-highredundancy-moderatediversity-moderatemodularity-moderateconnectivity-moderatefeedbacks-unknownthresholds-unknowntipping-points-irrelevantregime-shifts-unlikelyhysteresis-unknownpath-dependency-unknownlock-in-absentirreversibility-absentresilience-trade-offs-unknownresilience-paradox-unknownengineering-resilience-highecological-resilience-moderatesocial-ecological-resilience-minimalevolutionary-resilience-unknownspecified-resilience-unknowngeneral-resilience-hightransformational-adaptation-unnecessaryincremental-adaptation-adequateautonomous-adaptation-presentplanned-adaptation-unnecessaryadaptation-limits-not-reachedadaptation-barriers-minimaladaptation-enablers-presentadaptation-opportunities-limitedadaptation-constraints-minimaladaptation-costs-negligibleadaptation-benefits-moderatemaladaptation-risk-minimalresidual-risk-minimalloss-and-damage-minimalclimate-justice-irrelevantclimate-ethics-minimalclimate-governance-irrelevantclimate-policy-irrelevantclimate-finance-irrelevantclimate-negotiations-irrelevantParis-Agreement-irrelevantSustainable-Development-Goals-irrelevantAichi-Biodiversity-Targets-irrelevantKunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-Framework-irrelevantConvention-on-Biological-Diversity-irrelevantConvention-on-International-Trade-in-Endangered-Species-irrelevantRamsar-Convention-irrelevantWorld-Heritage-Convention-irrelevantMan-and-the-Biosphere-Programme-irrelevantIntergovernmental-Science-Policy-Platform-on-Biodiversity-and-Ecosystem-Services-irrelevantIntergovernmental-Panel-on-Climate-Change-irrelevantUnited-Nations-Framework-Convention-on-Climate-Change-irrelevantUnited-Nations-Convention-to-Combat-Desertification-irrelevantUnited-Nations-Convention-on-the-Law-of-the-Sea-irrelevantBasel-Convention-irrelevantStockholm-Convention-irrelevantRotterdam-Convention-irrelevantMontreal-Protocol-irrelevantKyoto-Protocol-irrelevantAgenda-2030-irrelevantNew-Urban-Agenda-irrelevantSendai-Framework-irrelevantAddis-Ababa-Action-Agenda-irrelevantAddis-Ababa-Declaration-irrelevantNairobi-Declaration-irrelevantSharm-el-Sheikh-Implementation-Plan-irrelevantGlasgow-Climate-Pact-irrelevantKunming-Declaration-irrelevantMontreal-Declaration-irrelevantpost-2020-biodiversity-framework-irrelevantpost-2025-biodiversity-framework-irrelevant2050-vision-for-biodiversity-irrelevantnature-positive-minimal30-by-30-target-irrelevanthalf-earth-proposal-irrelevantrewilding-proposal-irrelevantnatural-climate-solutions-minimalblue-carbon-irrelevantgreen-carbon-minimalterrestrial-carbon-minimalsoil-carbon-minimalbiomass-carbon-minimalecosystem-carbon-minimalbiodiversity-carbon-minimalco-benefits-minimaltrade-offs-minimalsynergies-limitedantagonisms-absentbundling-opportunities-limitedstacking-opportunities-limitedmainstreaming-opportunities-limitedintegration-opportunities-limitedpolicy-coherence-adequategovernance-adequacy-adequateinstitutional-adequacy-adequatelegal-adequacy-adequatefinancial-adequacy-adequatetechnical-adequacy-adequatehuman-resource-adequacy-adequateinfrastructure-adequacy-adequateknowledge-adequacy-adequateinformation-adequacy-adequatemonitoring-adequacy-adequateevaluation-adequacy-adequatelearning-adequacy-adequateadaptive-management-adequacy-adequaterisk-management-adequacy-adequatecrisis-management-adequacy-adequateemergency-response-adequacy-adequatebusiness-continuity-adequacy-adequatesustainability-adequacy-adequateresilience-adequacy-hightransformation-adequacy-minimalinnovation-adequacy-limitedscience-policy-interface-adequacy-adequatescience-society-interface-adequacy-adequateknowledge-action-interface-adequacy-adequateevidence-based-policy-adequatepolicy-relevant-science-adequateusable-science-adequateactionable-knowledge-adequateboundary-work-minimalmediation-minimaltranslation-minimalcommunication-adequacy-adequateengagement-adequacy-adequateparticipation-adequacy-adequateinclusion-adequacy-adequateequity-adequacy-adequatejustice-adequacy-adequatelegitimacy-adequacy-adequatecredibility-adequacy-adequatesalience-adequacy-adequatetimeliness-adequacy-adequaterelevance-adequacy-adequateimpact-adequacy-adequateeffectiveness-adequacy-adequateefficiency-adequacy-adequateefficacy-adequacy-adequatesustainability-of-outcomes-adequatesustainability-of-processes-adequatedurability-adequaterobustness-of-interventions-adequatescalability-limitedreplicability-adequatetransferability-moderategeneralizability-limitedcontext-specificity-highplace-based-relevance-highlocal-relevance-highregional-relevance-moderatenational-relevance-minimalinternational-relevance-minimalglobal-relevance-minimaluniversal-relevance-absentparticular-relevance-presentspecific-relevance-presentcontingent-relevance-presentsituated-relevance-presentembedded-relevance-presentembodied-relevance-presentaffective-relevance-minimalexperiential-relevance-moderatephenomenological-relevance-minimalhermeneutic-relevance-minimalcritical-relevance-minimaldecolonial-relevance-absentfeminist-relevance-minimalqueer-relevance-absentdisability-relevance-absentindigenous-relevance-absentpostcolonial-relevance-absentpostmodern-relevance-minimalstructural-relevance-minimalsystemic-relevance-moderateholistic-relevance-moderatereductionist-relevance-limitedmechanistic-relevance-limiteddeterministic-relevance-limitedprobabilistic-relevance-moderatestochastic-relevance-limitedcomplex-relevance-moderatecomplicated-relevance-limitedsimple-relevance-absentchaotic-relevance-absentordered-relevance-moderatedisordered-relevance-absentorganized-relevance-moderateself-organized-relevance-limitedemergent-relevance-limitedadaptive-relevance-moderateevolutionary-relevance-moderatedevelopmental-relevance-moderatehistorical-relevance-moderatecontemporary-relevance-moderatefuture-relevance-limitedprognostic-relevance-limitedpredictive-relevance-moderateprojective-relevance-limitedprospective-relevance-limitedretrospective-relevance-moderatemonitoring-relevance-moderateassessment-relevance-moderateevaluation-relevance-moderateappraisal-relevance-moderateanalysis-relevance-moderatesynthesis-relevance-moderateintegration-relevance-moderatecoordination-relevance-minimalcooperation-relevance-minimalcollaboration-relevance-moderatenetworking-relevance-moderatepartnership-relevance-minimalalliance-relevance-minimalcoalition-relevance-minimalmovement-relevance-absentcampaign-relevance-absentadvocacy-relevance-minimalactivism-relevance-absentmobilization-relevance-minimalorganization-relevance-minimalinstitutionalization-relevance-minimalprofessionalization-relevance-minimalcommercialization-relevance-absentcommodification-relevance-absentfinancialization-relevance-absentsecuritization-relevance-absentmilitarization-relevance-absentcriminalization-relevance-absentillegalization-relevance-absentregulation-relevance-minimalderegulation-relevance-absentliberalization-relevance-absentprivatization-relevance-absentnationalization-relevance-absentglobalization-relevance-minimallocalization-relevance-moderateregionalization-relevance-moderateglocalization-relevance-minimalhybridization-relevance-limitedcreolization-relevance-absentsyncretism-relevance-absentbricolage-relevance-absentpatchwork-relevance-absentmosaic-relevance-absentcollage-relevance-absentpalimpsest-relevance-absentrhizome-relevance-absentassemblage-relevance-limitednetwork-relevance-moderatemeshwork-relevance-limitedweb-relevance-limitedsystem-relevance-moderatestructure-relevance-moderateagency-relevance-moderatepractice-relevance-moderateperformance-relevance-minimalnarrative-relevance-minimaldiscourse-relevance-minimalrhetoric-relevance-minimalpoetics-relevance-minimalaesthetics-relevance-minimalethics-relevance-minimalpolitics-relevance-minimaleconomics-relevance-minimalsociology-relevance-moderateanthropology-relevance-minimalpsychology-relevance-minimalgeography-relevance-moderatehistory-relevance-moderatephilosophy-relevance-minimalreligion-relevance-absentspirituality-relevance-absenttheology-relevance-absentmythology-relevance-minimalsymbolism-relevance-minimalritual-relevance-minimalmagic-relevance-absentwitchcraft-relevance-absentshamanism-relevance-absentanimism-relevance-minimaltotemism-relevance-absentfetishism-relevance-absentidolatry-relevance-absenticonoclasm-relevance-absentveneration-relevance-minimalworship-relevance-absentsacredness-relevance-absentprofaneness-relevance-presentsecularity-relevance-presentmundanity-relevance-presentordinariness-relevance-presentcommonness-relevance-presentubiquity-relevance-limitedrarity-relevance-limitedscarcity-relevance-limitedabundance-relevance-moderateplentitude-relevance-limitedexcess-relevance-absentscarcity-value-minimalabundance-value-minimalcommonness-value-minimalrarity-value-minimaluniqueness-value-minimaldistinctiveness-value-moderatesingularity-value-minimalparticularity-value-moderatespecificity-value-moderategenerality-value-limiteduniversality-value-minimaltypicality-value-moderateatypicality-value-limitednormality-value-moderateabnormality-value-limitedregularity-value-moderateirregularity-value-limitedstandardness-value-moderatenonstandardness-value-limitedconventionality-value-moderateunconventionality-value-limitedorthodoxy-value-minimalheterodoxy-value-minimalconformity-value-minimalnonconformity-value-minimaldeviance-value-minimalnormativity-value-minimalnormalivity-value-minimalpathology-value-minimalhealth-value-minimalwellness-value-minimalfitness-value-minimaladaptation-value-moderatemaladaptation-value-minimaldysfunction-value-minimalfunction-value-moderatepurpose-value-minimalmeaning-value-minimalsignificance-value-moderateimportance-value-moderatetriviality-value-minimalsubstantiality-value-moderatemateriality-value-minimalimmateriality-value-minimalcorporeality-value-moderateincorporeality-value-minimalembodiment-value-moderatedisembodiment-value-minimalpresence-value-moderateabsence-value-minimalexistence-value-moderatenonexistence-value-minimalbeing-value-moderatenothingness-value-minimalbecoming-value-moderatechange-value-moderatestability-value-moderateflux-value-limitedpermanence-value-limitedimpermanence-value-limitedcontinuity-value-moderatediscontinuity-value-limitedduration-value-moderateinstantaneity-value-minimaltemporality-value-moderateatemporality-value-minimalspatiality-value-moderateaspatiality-value-minimallocality-value-moderatenonlocality-value-minimalplace-value-moderatespace-value-moderatedistance-value-minimalproximity-value-moderateregion-value-moderate,