Cotton-pest
Guides
Achyra bifidalis
Achyra bifidalis is a small crambid moth with a wingspan of 20–24 mm, distributed across the Americas from the southern United States through South America. The species was described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1794. Larvae feed on Gossypium (cotton) and Portulaca species.
Adelphocoris
plant bugs
Adelphocoris is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae, tribe Mirini. Multiple species are significant agricultural pests, particularly in Chinese cotton production following widespread Bt cotton adoption. The genus includes at least three economically important species—A. suturalis, A. lineolatus, and A. fasciaticollis—that exhibit distinct geographic distributions, seasonal dynamics, and host plant associations. Species within this genus show complex life histories involving migratory behavior, diapause, and multi-generational development on diverse host plants.
Aenasius
Aenasius is a genus of solitary endoparasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae. Species within this genus are specialized parasitoids of mealybugs (Pseudococcidae), with documented hosts including the invasive cotton mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis. The genus has been extensively studied for its potential in biological control of agricultural pests, particularly in cotton-growing regions. Some species show remarkable developmental plasticity in response to temperature, enabling them to track their hosts across invaded ranges.
Anomis flava
cotton looper, tropical anomis, white-pupiled scallop moth
Anomis flava is a widespread moth species in the family Erebidae, first described by Fabricius in 1775. It is known by multiple common names reflecting its agricultural significance (cotton looper), geographic range (tropical anomis), and distinctive eye morphology (white-pupiled scallop moth). The species has a broad distribution spanning tropical and subtropical regions across Asia, Africa, Australasia, Pacific Islands, and North America (as the subspecies A. flava fimbriago). It is primarily recognized as a pest of cotton and other malvaceous plants.
Anthonomus grandis thurberiae
Thurberia weevil, cotton boll weevil (Thurberia form)
Anthonomus grandis thurberiae is a subspecies of the cotton boll weevil, described by Pierce in 1913. It is distinguished from the nominate subspecies A. g. grandis primarily by its host plant association with wild cotton relatives, particularly Thurberia thespesioides, rather than cultivated cotton. The subspecies occurs in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. It is treated in some literature as a distinct entity but is now generally regarded as part of the broader A. grandis species complex.
Bemisia argentifolii
Silverleaf whitefly, Sweetpotato whitefly (B biotype)
Bemisia argentifolii, described by Bellows & Perring in 1994, is a whitefly species belonging to the Bemisia tabaci species complex. It is a significant agricultural pest known for causing silverleafing symptoms in squash, transmitting plant viruses, and developing resistance to multiple insecticides. The species has been documented on over 900 host plants including vegetables, ornamentals, and fiber crops. It is frequently associated with greenhouse and protected cultivation environments but also occurs in open field agriculture in tropical and subtropical regions.
Bracon mellitor
Bracon mellitor is a braconid parasitoid wasp specialized on weevils in the genus Anthonomus, particularly the boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis), a major cotton pest. It is native to North America, occurring from South Dakota and Texas eastward. The species has been extensively studied for its potential in biological control programs, with research spanning its developmental biology, host relationships, oviposition behavior, and responses to insecticides. Females are ectoparasitoids that attack host larvae and pupae, and the species exhibits associative learning in response to chemical cues.
Chinavia
Green Stink Bugs
Chinavia is a diverse genus of green stink bugs comprising over 80 species distributed across the Afrotropical, Nearctic, and Neotropical regions. Species within this genus are polyphagous and include significant agricultural pests, notably Chinavia hilaris (the green stink bug), which damages cotton, soybean, and other crops in North America. The genus is characterized by green coloration retained after death, medium body size (9–19 mm), and membership in the tribe Nezarini. Several species have become subjects of integrated pest management research due to their economic impact on row crops and orchard systems.
Chloridea virescens
Tobacco Budworm Moth, Tobacco Budworm
Chloridea virescens, the tobacco budworm moth, is a noctuid moth native to the Americas and a major agricultural pest. The species was transferred from genus Heliothis to Chloridea in 2013 based on genetic and morphological evidence. Adults are brownish with green tinge and distinctive wing banding. Larvae feed on buds, blossoms, and fruit of diverse host plants, causing significant crop damage. The species has developed rapid resistance to multiple insecticide classes, making management challenging.
agricultural-pestnoctuidaetobacco-pestcotton-pestinsecticide-resistanceBt-resistanceNorth-AmericaSouth-Americacomplete-metamorphosisparasitoid-hostpheromone-communicationhost-plant-preferencematernal-effecttemperature-dependent-developmentsoil-pupationdiapausecannibalismlarval-defense-behaviorintegrated-pest-managementsterile-insect-techniquetransgenic-crop-targetHeliothisChlorideaLepidopteraowlet-mothbudwormbollworm-complexCondica
Condica is a genus of noctuid moths erected by Francis Walker in 1856. The genus contains approximately 60 described species distributed across multiple continents, with documented records from Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, and Australia. Several species are recognized as agricultural pests, particularly of safflower, sunflower, and cotton crops. The genus is classified within the subfamily Condicinae of the family Noctuidae.
Creontiades
green mirids, verde plant bugs
Creontiades is a genus of plant bugs (family Miridae) comprising over 50 described species distributed across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Several species are significant agricultural pests, particularly of cotton, where they damage developing reproductive structures. The genus exhibits broad host plant associations, with some species showing high mobility between natural vegetation and crop systems.
Crocidosema
Crocidosema is a genus of tortrix moths in the family Tortricidae, tribe Eucosmini, subfamily Olethreutinae. The genus contains approximately 29 described species, distributed primarily in the Southern Hemisphere with particular abundance in the Neotropics. Some species occur in other regions, including the Hawaiian Islands. The genus includes both agricultural pests and species used in biological control.
Dysdercus
Cotton Stainers, Red Cotton Bugs, Cotton Stainer Bugs
Dysdercus is a widespread genus of true bugs in the family Pyrrhocoridae, commonly called cotton stainers. Species are known for their bright red coloration derived from plant pigments and their economic significance as pests of cotton. The genus can be distinguished from similar families by the absence of ocelli on the head, and from other Pyrrhocoridae genera by prominent white markings at the head-thorax junction and along the thorax sides.
Dysdercus andreae
St. Andrew's Cotton Stainer
Dysdercus andreae, commonly known as St. Andrew's Cotton Stainer, is a brightly colored true bug in the family Pyrrhocoridae. The species is named for the distinctive diagonal white cross on its body, resembling Saint Andrew's Cross. It is found in the Caribbean and parts of North America, where it forms aggregations of hundreds of individuals. The insect feeds primarily on seeds and fruits of Thespesia populnea (Pacific rosewood) and has been documented as a pest of cotton in the West Indies and U.S. Virgin Islands.
Dysdercus bimaculatus
Two-spotted Cotton Stainer
Dysdercus bimaculatus, the two-spotted cotton stainer, is a true bug in the family Pyrrhocoridae. It is distributed across North, Central, and South America. Population build-up occurs during the dry season on seed crops from wild host-plants, with adults dispersing at season's end to locate better-quality seed resources. The species is considered a potential pest of cotton crops.
Dysdercus concinnus
pale red bug, Turk's cap red bug
Dysdercus concinnus is a red bug in the family Pyrrhocoridae, commonly known as the pale red bug or Turk's cap red bug. It is a significant pest of cotton, feeding on developing bolls and deteriorating seed and fiber quality. The species exhibits notable sexual dimorphism in flight capability: males retain flight throughout life and become facultative migrants using hunger as a migration signal, while females undergo wing muscle histolysis at the reproductive stage, becoming permanently flightless. The species has been extensively studied in the context of transgenic crop impacts, showing that diet (transgenic vs. non-transgenic cotton) and sex influence gut microbial diversity and community structure.
Dysdercus suturellus
Common Cotton Stainer Bug, Cotton Stainer
Dysdercus suturellus is a true bug in the family Pyrrhocoridae, commonly known as the cotton stainer. Adults measure 1–1.5 cm in length with a distinctive red thorax and dark brown wings bearing a yellow cross-shaped pattern. The species is native to the southeastern United States, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico. It is a significant agricultural pest of cotton and related plants, with adults and late-stage nymphs feeding on developing seeds and bolls. The bright red coloration is derived from plant pigments obtained through its diet.
Ferrisia virgata
striped mealybug, grey mealybug
Ferrisia virgata, commonly known as the striped mealybug, is a highly polyphagous pest species in the family Pseudococcidae. First described from Jamaica in 1893, it spread globally within approximately a decade and is now established in all tropical and subtropical zoogeographic regions. The species is recognized by two dark dorsal longitudinal stripes and is a significant agricultural pest with a host range spanning over 203 genera in 77 plant families. It vectors plant badnavirus diseases affecting cocoa and black pepper, and has been demonstrated to acquire but not effectively transmit 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus', the bacterium associated with citrus huanglongbing.
Gelechia
Gelechia is a genus of small moths in the family Gelechiidae, first described by Hübner in 1825. The type species is Gelechia rhombella. Species in this genus are associated with various host plants including cotton (Gossypium), juniper (Juniperus), and Palo Verde trees (Parkinsonia). Some species have been moved to other genera based on morphological revisions, such as Gelechia acanthopis which was transferred to the new genus Sitotrogoides. The genus has been recorded from Europe, Asia, and North America.
Halticus
fleahoppers, jumping plant bugs
Halticus is a genus of fleahoppers in the family Miridae, containing at least 20 described species. Members are commonly known as jumping plant bugs due to their characteristic leaping behavior. Some species are economically significant agricultural pests, particularly of cotton and sweet potato, while at least one species has been identified as a putative vector of phytoplasma plant pathogens.
Leptoglossus phyllopus
eastern leaf-footed bug
Leptoglossus phyllopus, the eastern leaf-footed bug, is a polyphagous true bug in the family Coreidae. It is found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, and Central America. Adults and nymphs feed on developing seeds and fruits using piercing-sucking mouthparts, causing damage to agricultural crops including cotton, citrus, pecans, tomatoes, and sorghum. The species is recognized by the leaf-like expansion of the hind tibiae and a white band across the forewings. Males produce acetosyringone as a pheromone for mate location, though this also attracts parasitic tachinid flies.
Lygus
Lygus bugs, Plant bugs
Lygus is a genus of plant-feeding true bugs in the family Miridae, comprising over 40 species distributed across North America, Europe, and Asia. The most economically significant species include the tarnished plant bug (Lygus lineolaris), western tarnished plant bug (Lygus hesperus), and European tarnished plant bug (Lygus rugulipennis). These insects are serious agricultural pests that feed on a wide range of crop plants using piercing-sucking mouthparts, causing direct tissue damage and inducing plant reactions that result in deformities, discoloration, and yield loss.
Lygus elisus
pale legume bug, lucerne plant bug
Lygus elisus is a plant bug species in the family Miridae, commonly known as the pale legume bug or lucerne plant bug. It is a significant agricultural pest of forage, fiber, and fruit crops, particularly alfalfa, cotton, and strawberries. The species is distributed across western North America from Alaska to northern Mexico, with established populations also reported in Oceania. Adults and nymphs feed on developing plant tissues using piercing-sucking mouthparts, causing economic damage including cat-faced berries in strawberry production. Female-produced sex pheromones have been identified and developed for monitoring and potential management applications.
Lygus hesperus
Western Tarnished Plant Bug
Lygus hesperus is a significant agricultural pest in western North America, causing extensive damage to cotton, strawberries, alfalfa seed, and other crops. In California alone, annual losses exceed $30 million in cotton and $40 million in strawberries. Adults overwinter in reproductive diapause triggered by short day lengths, resuming activity when conditions improve. The species has been the subject of extensive research on sampling methods, biological control, and insecticide resistance.
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lineolaris
tarnished plant bug, North American tarnished plant bug
Lygus lineolaris, commonly known as the tarnished plant bug, is a highly polyphagous mirid bug and major agricultural pest throughout North America. It attacks over half of all cultivated plant species grown in the United States, with particularly significant damage to cotton, alfalfa, strawberries, and conifer seedlings. The species has piercing-sucking mouthparts and causes injury by feeding on developing reproductive structures, resulting in deformed fruits, shed squares, and reduced yields. It serves as prey for numerous natural enemies including spiders, predatory bugs, and solitary wasps.
Oxycarenus
ground bugs, seed bugs
Oxycarenus is a genus of ground bugs in the family Oxycarenidae, comprising approximately 55 described species. Several species are documented as important agricultural pests, particularly of cotton and other malvaceous crops. The genus exhibits notable range expansion dynamics in response to climate change, with some species demonstrating rapid northward spread facilitated by behavioral thermoregulation.
Oxycarenus hyalinipennis
cotton seed bug
Oxycarenus hyalinipennis, commonly known as the cotton seed bug, is a small seed-feeding true bug in the family Oxycarenidae. It is a polyphagous pest of Malvaceae, with Gossypium (cotton) as its preferred host. The species is native to the Mediterranean region and Africa but has expanded its range to the Caribbean in recent decades. It completes three to four generations per year under favorable conditions.
Phenacoccus
mealybug
Phenacoccus is a genus of mealybugs (family Pseudococcidae) containing at least 180 described species. Species in this genus are economically significant agricultural pests, with several species causing major damage to crops including cassava, cotton, and various ornamentals. The genus includes notable invasive species such as Phenacoccus manihoti (cassava mealybug), P. solenopsis (cotton mealybug), and P. madeirensis (Madeira mealybug). These insects are characterized by their soft bodies covered with white, powdery wax secretions. Several species have been targets of successful biological control programs, most famously the cassava mealybug control program in Africa that averted a major food crisis.
Platyedra
Platyedra is a genus of small moths in the family Gelechiidae. Some species are significant agricultural pests, particularly Platyedra gossypiella (Pink Bollworm), which attacks cotton, and Platyedra malvella (Hollyhock Seed Moth), which feeds on hollyhock seeds. The genus exhibits variation in life history strategies, with some species having facultative larval diapause influenced by environmental humidity. Species occur across Europe, Africa, and Asia.
Pseudatomoscelis
Pseudatomoscelis is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae, established by Poppius in 1911. The genus contains at least four described species, with P. seriatus (cotton fleahopper) being the most economically significant due to its status as a major pest of cotton in the southern United States. Species in this genus are associated with diverse host plants, including both agricultural crops and native wild plants.
Rhinacloa
plant bugs
Rhinacloa is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae, established by Reuter in 1876. The genus comprises more than 30 described species distributed primarily in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. Some species exhibit facultative predatory behavior on soft-bodied arthropods, while others are strictly phytophagous. One species, R. callicrates, was introduced to Australia as a biological control agent for the invasive weed Parkinsonia aculeata.
Rhinacloa forticornis
western plant bug
Rhinacloa forticornis is a phyline mirid with a broad geographic distribution spanning the Americas, Caribbean, and Pacific. Laboratory studies demonstrate facultative predatory behavior on soft-bodied arthropods, particularly thrips larvae, using fore tarsi to manipulate prey and exhibiting extra-oral digestion. However, the species shows preferential feeding on plant tissue, indicating that phytophagy remains the predominant feeding mode. It has been introduced to Hawaii (1962) and is considered a pest of cotton and other crops in some regions.
Spodoptera ornithogalli
Yellow-striped Armyworm, Cotton Cutworm
Spodoptera ornithogalli is a noctuid moth widely distributed across the Americas, ranging from southern Canada through the United States, Mexico, Central America, and throughout much of South America. The species is primarily known as a polyphagous agricultural pest whose larvae feed on numerous crop plants. While occasionally damaging to soybean in the southeastern United States, it is generally considered a minor pest compared to other Spodoptera species. The larva is distinctive among armyworms for its relatively uniform black velvety appearance with contrasting bright yellow longitudinal stripes.