Endoparasitoid
Guides
Acaenitinae
Acaenitinae is a subfamily of parasitoid wasps within Ichneumonidae, comprising 28 genera distributed across all continents except Antarctica. The subfamily is poorly known biologically, with only one species (Acaenitus dubitator) reared to confirm its life history as a koinobiont endoparasitoid of weevil larvae. Females possess a distinctive large triangular projecting genital plate, a key diagnostic feature. Traditional tribal classification into Acaenitini and Coleocentrini remains debated, with molecular studies challenging the monophyly of Coleocentrini.
Acerophagus
Acerophagus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae, first described by Smith in 1880. Species in this genus are primary endoparasitoids of mealybugs (Pseudococcidae), with several species employed in classical and augmentative biological control programs worldwide. The genus includes notable species such as A. papayae, which has been successfully used to manage the invasive papaya mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus) across Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Members exhibit koinobiont development and variable reproductive strategies including arrhenotokous parthenogenesis.
Acrocera bakeri
Acrocera bakeri is a species of small-headed fly in the family Acroceridae, described by Coquillett in 1904. Species in this genus are endoparasitoids of spiders. The larvae seek out and enter spider hosts, feeding internally until mature, then exit to pupate. Acrocera is one of the most species-rich genera in Acroceridae in North America.
Acrocera subfasciata
Acrocera subfasciata is a species of small-headed fly in the family Acroceridae, first described by Westwood in 1848. The species is currently accepted as valid by GBIF, though Catalogue of Life lists it as a synonym. Like other members of its genus, it is an endoparasitoid of spiders. The species is known from the United States, with limited observational records.
Adialytus
A genus of aphid parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, subfamily Aphidiinae. Species within this genus are solitary, koinobiont endoparasitoids of aphids (Aphididae), developing within living hosts. The genus is represented by four species in Europe, with records from Turkey, Ukraine, and Scandinavia. Members are of economic interest as potential biological control agents of pest aphids on crops and woody plants.
Aenasius
Aenasius is a genus of solitary endoparasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae. Species within this genus are specialized parasitoids of mealybugs (Pseudococcidae), with documented hosts including the invasive cotton mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis. The genus has been extensively studied for its potential in biological control of agricultural pests, particularly in cotton-growing regions. Some species show remarkable developmental plasticity in response to temperature, enabling them to track their hosts across invaded ranges.
Agathidinae
agathidine wasps
Agathidinae is a large subfamily of braconid wasps comprising koinobiont endoparasitoids of lepidopteran larvae. Members are distinguished by elongated facial structures in several genera, bright coloration in diurnal tropical species, and specialized mouthpart adaptations for nectar feeding. The subfamily is taxonomically complex, with phylogenetic studies revising tribal arrangements from 2 to 7 tribes. Species have been successfully employed in biological control programs against agricultural and forestry pests.
Agrypon
Agrypon is a genus of ichneumonid parasitoid wasps described by Arnold Förster in 1860. Species within this genus are solitary larval-pupal endoparasitoids that develop within caterpillars of various lepidopteran hosts. At least one species, A. flaveolatum, has been introduced as a biological control agent for pest management.
Aleiodes
mummy-wasps, Common Mummy Wasps
Aleiodes is a large cosmopolitan genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, commonly known as mummy-wasps. The genus was established by Constantin Wesmael in 1838 and contains thousands of described species, with exceptional diversity in the Western Hemisphere. Females are solitary koinobiont endoparasitoids that attack caterpillars, laying eggs inside living hosts. The developing wasp larvae consume the host from within, eventually killing it and causing the remains to harden into a distinctive 'mummy' from which the adult emerges.
Aleiodes aciculatus
Aleiodes aciculatus is a species of braconid wasp described by Ezra Cresson in 1869. It belongs to the genus Aleiodes, a large group of koinobiont endoparasitoids known for mummifying their caterpillar hosts. The species is among the earliest described members of this genus in North America. Like other Aleiodes species, it parasitizes lepidopteran larvae, though specific host records for A. aciculatus remain limited in published literature.
Aleiodes molestus
Aleiodes molestus is a species of braconid wasp first described by Cresson in 1872. Like other members of the genus Aleiodes, this species is a koinobiont endoparasitoid that develops inside caterpillar hosts. The species belongs to a diverse group of 'mummy-making' wasps that induce characteristic behavioral and physical changes in their hosts. Very few specific details about A. molestus biology have been published in readily accessible sources.
Aleiodes texanus
Aleiodes texanus is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Braconidae, first described by Cresson in 1869. Like other members of the genus Aleiodes, it is a koinobiont endoparasitoid that develops inside host caterpillars, eventually killing and mummifying them. The species is known from limited records, with at least one observation documented on iNaturalist. The genus Aleiodes has been extensively studied in tropical regions, with many new species described from Ecuador and other Neotropical areas, though A. texanus appears to be a more temperate North American species based on its original description.
Andricus stellulus
stellar gall wasp
Andricus stellulus is a gall-inducing cynipid wasp that forms distinctive stellar galls on oak leaves. The species is known from arid regions of the southwestern United States, particularly the Mojave Desert of California, where it induces small, uniquely structured galls on scrub oak and shrub live oak. The galls consist of thin, hair-like stalks topped with toothed cups, representing one of the more architecturally unusual gall forms among the highly diverse Cynipidae.
Anomaloninae
Anomaloninae is a cosmopolitan subfamily of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae. Members are slender, ranging from small to large, and typically black or brownish with yellow markings on the face and legs. The subfamily is divided into two tribes: Anomalonini, which parasitize Coleoptera larvae (Tenebrionidae and Elateridae) and some Lepidoptera larvae (Noctuidae and Tortricidae), and Gravenhorstiini, which parasitize Lepidoptera larvae. They are distinguished from other ichneumonid subfamilies by a highly reticulated propodeum, slender metasoma, fore wing with vein 3 rs-m absent, and swollen hind tarsi in males.
Apanteles
Apanteles is a large genus of braconid wasps in the subfamily Microgastrinae, containing over 600 described species worldwide. A 2014 study from Costa Rica's Area de Conservación Guanacaste alone documented 186 new species, suggesting the genus is far more diverse than previously recognized. These small wasps (1–5 mm) are koinobiont endoparasitoids of caterpillars, with most species showing high host specificity.
Aphidiinae
Aphid Mummy Wasps
Aphidiinae is a subfamily of Braconidae comprising approximately 400 species in 50 genera worldwide. These wasps are koinobiont endoparasitoids that develop exclusively within aphid hosts, with larvae consuming the host from the inside. Most species pupate inside the dead aphid, though members of the tribe Praini exit below to form external volcano-like cocoons. The group is economically significant for biological control of aphid pests in agriculture and horticulture.
Aphidius
Aphidius is a genus of small parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, subfamily Aphidiinae. Adults are typically less than 3.2 mm in length. All known species are endoparasitoids of aphids, with females laying eggs directly into aphid hosts. The developing larvae consume the aphid from within, eventually killing it and forming a characteristic 'mummy'—a tan or yellow, enlarged exoskeleton from which the adult wasp emerges by chewing a round exit hole. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution and includes species widely used for biological control of aphid pests in agriculture and horticulture.
Ascogaster
Ascogaster is a genus of braconid wasps comprising egg-larval endoparasitoids that attack tortricid moth pests. Females oviposit into host eggs, and developing wasp larvae consume host reproductive organs—a process termed host castration—before eventually killing the host. This developmental strategy redirects host resources from reproduction to somatic growth, increasing host size and improving conditions for parasitoid development. Several species have been studied for biological control applications, particularly against the codling moth (Cydia pomonella) and smaller tea tortrix (Adoxophyes spp.).
Asphondylia apicata
Creosote Apex Gall Midge
Asphondylia apicata is a gall midge species in the family Cecidomyiidae, first described by Gagné in 1990. Like other members of its genus, it induces distinctive galls on host plants through a poorly understood mechanism involving chemical manipulation of plant hormones. The genus Asphondylia is notable for inducing galls on creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) and other plants, with multiple species often specializing on a single host species. The specific epithet "apicata" refers to the apex or tip of plant structures where galls may form.
Aspilota
Aspilota is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, subfamily Alysiinae. The genus was established by Förster in 1863 and includes species distributed across the Holarctic and Neotropical regions. Recent taxonomic work has described new species from Denmark and Argentina, expanding the known geographic range of the genus. Aspilota is classified within the Alysiinae, a subfamily characterized by koinobiont endoparasitoid biology, though species-specific biological details for Aspilota remain poorly documented.
Astichus
Astichus is a genus of small parasitoid wasps in the family Eulophidae, subfamily Entiinae. Species are associated with bracket fungi and woody polypores, where they develop as endoparasitoids of Ciidae beetles (minute tree-fungus beetles). The genus was first described by Förster in 1856 and has been recorded from the Nearctic, Palearctic, and Afrotropical regions. South African species exhibit distinctive coloration and patterning that separates them from congeners in other regions.
Banchinae
Banchinae is a large subfamily of Ichneumonidae containing approximately 1,500–1,800 described species distributed worldwide. The subfamily comprises three tribes: Banchini, Glyptini, and Atrophini. All banchines are koinobiont endoparasitoids of Lepidoptera larvae. Glyptini primarily parasitize Tortricidae, while Atrophini attack a broader range of small moth families. The genus Lissonota is notable for possessing exceptionally long ovipositors capable of reaching deep wood-boring Lepidoptera such as Cossidae. Banchinae and Campopleginae are the only Ichneumonidae subfamilies known to harbor polydnaviruses, which play a role in host immune suppression.
Banchus
Banchus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Fabricius in 1798. Species occur in Europe, North America, and Asia. The genus comprises at least eight described species, with Banchus flavescens being the most abundant hymenopteran parasitoid of the bertha armyworm in western Canada. Members are endoparasitoids of lepidopteran larvae, particularly Noctuidae.
Billaea
Billaea is a genus of tachinid flies comprising approximately 80 described species. Most larvae are parasitoids of beetle larvae, particularly cerambycids and lucanids, with some species attacking lepidopteran hosts in the family Pyralidae. Several species have been investigated as biological control agents for agricultural and forestry pests, including palm weevils and sugarcane borers.
Tachinidaeparasitoidbiological-controlCerambycidaeDryophthoridaeCrambidaeviviparousplanidiaforest-pestagricultural-pestoil-palmsugarcanepalm-weevilwood-borersoutheast-AsiaSouth-AmericaEuropeBulgariaBrazilTurkeyMexicoPeruintegrated-pest-managementnatural-enemyhost-searchingkairomonessuperparasitismmass-rearingGalleria-mellonellalaboratory-hostfrassgallerytunnelpupal-parasitoidlarval-parasitoidectoparasitoidendoparasitoidColeopteraLepidopteraDipteraBrachyceraDexiinaeDexiiniRobineau-Desvoidy-183080-speciesglobal-distributionforestryagricultureornamental-palmsdate-palmcoconutRhynchophorusDiatraeaPrionusXylotrechusclimate-matchingestablishment-potentialMediterraneanMiddle-EastCaliforniainvasive-speciesred-palm-weevilAmerican-palm-weevilred-ring-diseasevector-controlnatural-mortalitypest-managementsustainable-agriculturehost-specificitytrophic-associationnew-host-recordparasitism-ratefield-parasitismlaboratory-rearingadult-longevityfecunditysex-ratiopupal-viabilitypupal-durationplanidia-lengthfood-resourcespollenhoneysucroseflowering-plantsspontaneous-floracompanion-plantshabitat-managementconservation-biological-controlaugmentative-biological-controlclassical-biological-controlquarantinehost-rangecircumstantial-evidencetaxonomic-confusionB.-rhynchophoraeB.-menezesiB.-adelphaB.-claripalpisB.-rutilansB.-cerambycivoraB.-steiniB.-fortisB.-irrorataB.-pectinataB.-setosaB.-trianguliferaB.-lataB.-intermediaB.-biserialisB.-giganteaB.-rubensB.-maritimaB.-marmorataB.-aurifronsB.-verticalisB.-flavaB.-chinensisB.-brevicaudaB.-kurahashiiB.-micronychiaB.-papeiB.-setigeraB.-yintiaolingB.-rufescensB.-triquetrusB.-rubidaB.-rufiventrisB.-brasiliensisB.-friburgensisB.-giacomeliB.-kosteraeB.-plaumanniB.-shannoniB.-africanaB.-argentaureaB.-atkinsoniB.-capensisB.-communisB.-decisaB.-edwardsiB.-erectaB.-ficorumB.-grandisB.-impigraB.-interruptaB.-kolomyetziB.-luteolaB.-malayanaB.-minorB.-monohammiB.-montanaB.-morosaB.-nipigonensisB.-orbitalisB.-ovataB.-quadrinotaB.-rhingiaeformisB.-robustaB.-satisfactaB.-sibleyiB.-sjostedtiB.-solivagaB.-trivittataB.-trochanterataB.-vanemdeniB.-velutinaB.-versicolorB.-villeneuveiB.-vitripennisB.-ziminiB.-lateralisB.-lativentrisBrachyserphus lucens
Brachyserphus lucens is a species of proctotrupid wasp in the family Proctotrupidae. Proctotrupids are small, often dark-colored parasitoid wasps that develop within the bodies of other insects. Members of the genus Brachyserphus are associated with beetle hosts, particularly those in the families Staphylinidae and Scarabaeidae. The species name "lucens" (meaning "shining" or "bright") likely refers to its cuticular luster.
Bracon
Bracon is a large genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, with several hundred described species and thousands remaining undescribed. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, with the greatest diversity of described species occurring in the Palearctic region. Members of this genus are koinobiont endoparasitoids of lepidopteran larvae, developing inside living hosts while allowing them to continue feeding and growing until the wasp larvae are mature. The genus has been extensively studied for its potential in biological control of agricultural pests.
Campoletis
Campoletis is a genus of ichneumonid parasitoid wasps in the subfamily Campopleginae, established by Förster in 1869. Species are cosmopolitan in distribution and function as endoparasitoids of lepidopteran larvae. The genus includes notable species such as C. sonorensis, which has been extensively studied as a model system for host-parasitoid interactions and polydnavirus biology.
Campoletis sonorensis
Campoletis sonorensis is a parasitoid ichneumonid wasp distributed across much of the Americas, including the United States, Brazil, and Chile. It is a generalist endoparasitoid of lepidopteran larvae, with documented hosts including Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera exigua, Helicoverpa species, Chrysodeixis includens, and Heliothis virescens. The species employs sophisticated immune evasion strategies involving a mutualistic polydnavirus (Campoletis sonorensis ichnovirus, CsIV) and ovarian proteins that suppress host hemocyte function and prevent encapsulation. It has been extensively studied as a model system for host-parasitoid interactions, host selection behavior, and biological control potential.
Campoplex
Campoplex is a genus of ichneumonid parasitic wasps in the tribe Campoplegini. Species are larval endoparasitoids with narrow host ranges, primarily targeting lepidopteran pests. Several species have been investigated for biological control of agricultural pests, particularly in vineyards. The genus is taxonomically challenging, with species historically difficult to distinguish due to inadequate descriptions.
Cardiochiles
Cardiochiles is a genus of braconid wasps with nearly cosmopolitan distribution. Species are larval endoparasitoids, primarily attacking lepidopteran hosts. The genus includes economically significant species used in biological control, particularly against noctuid pests in agricultural systems.
Cardiochilinae
Cardiochilinae is a subfamily of braconid wasps comprising approximately 20 genera and 220+ species. Members are solitary koinobiont endoparasitoids of Lepidoptera caterpillars. Females inject polydnavirus during oviposition to manipulate host immune response. Some species, notably Toxoneuron nigriceps, have been employed in biological control programs against agricultural pests.
Cenocoeliinae
Cenocoeliinae is a subfamily of braconid wasps comprising medium-sized parasitoids (3-11 mm). They are distinguished by the high attachment of the metasoma on the propodeum, contrasting with most braconids where attachment occurs just above the hind coxa. Members are non-cyclostome and possess relatively large heads, often with darkly colored wings. Females have long ovipositors adapted for reaching hosts concealed within plant tissues. The group has been documented as koinobiont endoparasitoids of beetle larvae, particularly cerambycids, curculionids, buprestids, and scolytines.
Chorebus
Chorebus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, subfamily Alysiinae, tribe Dacnusini. The genus was established by Alexander Henry Haliday in 1833 and contains approximately 430 accepted species. Species in this genus are koinobiont endoparasitoids of Diptera, particularly leaf-mining flies in the family Agromyzidae.
Chrysocharis laomedon
Chrysocharis laomedon is a small parasitoid wasp in the family Eulophidae. It develops as an endoparasitoid within the larvae of leaf-mining moths, specifically Phyllonorycter issikii. The species has been documented in multiple Canadian provinces. Its immature stages—egg, larval instars, and pupa—have been described morphologically.
Coelinius
Coelinius is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, first described by Nees in 1818. Members of this genus are koinobiont endoparasitoids, meaning they develop inside living hosts without immediately killing them. The genus is part of the diverse ichneumonoid wasp fauna and contributes to biological control of host populations. Records indicate presence in northern European regions.
Coelioxys obtusiventris
Coelioxys obtusiventris is a species of cuckoo bee in the family Megachilidae, first described by Crawford in 1914. Like other members of the genus Coelioxys, this species is a cleptoparasite that exploits the nests of leafcutter bees (Megachile spp.). The female lays her egg in the host's provisioned nest cell, and her larva kills the host egg or larva before consuming the stored pollen and nectar. This species occurs in North America and is one of approximately 50 species in the genus Coelioxys worldwide.
cleptoparasitecuckoo-beeleafcutter-bee-parasiteMegachilidaesolitary-beeNorth-Americabee-hotel-inhabitantHymenopteraApoideaCoelioxysMegachile-parasitenest-parasitepollinator-parasite1914-descriptionCrawfordendoparasitoidbee-biologynative-beewild-beegarden-beeartificial-nest-userbee-conservation-indicatorColpotrochia
Colpotrochia is a genus of ichneumon wasps in the subfamily Metopiinae, containing at least 61 described species. These small wasps, averaging 6–10 mm in body length, are larval-pupal endoparasitoids of Lepidoptera. Females use a short ovipositor to lay eggs in caterpillars, with wasps emerging from the host pupa rather than the adult moth. The genus has been recorded from North America, Brazil, and Europe.
Conopidae
Thick-headed Flies
Conopidae, commonly known as thick-headed flies, is a family of flies within the Brachycera suborder of Diptera and the sole member of the superfamily Conopoidea. The family comprises approximately 800 species in 47 genera worldwide, with about 70 species found in North America. Adult conopids are frequent flower visitors, feeding on nectar with their often elongated proboscis. The larvae of all conopids are internal parasitoids, primarily of aculeate Hymenoptera (stinging wasps and bees), with adult females aggressively intercepting hosts in flight to deposit eggs.
Copidosoma pyralidis
Copidosoma pyralidis is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Encyrtidae, first described by Ashmead in 1888. Like other members of its genus, it is an endoparasitoid that develops inside host insects. The species is documented from the eastern United States and Canada.
Cotesia congregata
Hornworm Parasitoid Wasp
Cotesia congregata is a gregarious endoparasitoid wasp and a model organism in insect physiology research. Females oviposit eggs into caterpillar hosts, primarily tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) and tomato hornworm (Manduca quinquemaculata), simultaneously injecting a symbiotic polydnavirus (CcBV) and venom. The virus suppresses host immune defenses and disrupts development, allowing wasp larvae to complete their growth inside the living host. Mature larvae emerge through the host cuticle and spin white silk cocoons on the exterior surface. The wasp exhibits post-emergence learning of host plant cues, with a critical learning window of 0–4 hours after adult emergence.
Cryptochetum iceryae
cottony cushion scale parasite, cottony cushion scale parasitoid
Cryptochetum iceryae is a parasitic fly in the family Cryptochetidae, native to Australia. It was deliberately introduced to California in the 1880s as a biological control agent against the cottony cushion scale (Icerya purchasi), a major pest of citrus crops. The species has since been introduced to Israel and South America for similar purposes. In 2019, it was discovered in the United Kingdom for the first time, identified in the wildlife garden at the Natural History Museum in London.
biological-controlparasitoidagricultural-pest-managementDipteraCryptochetidaeclassical-biological-controlcitrus-pestinvasive-species-managementAustralia-native1880s-introductionCaliforniaIsraelSouth-AmericaUnited-Kingdom-2019-discoveryNatural-History-Museum-Londonscale-insect-parasiteendoparasitoidIcerya-purchasicottony-cushion-scalesuccessful-biocontrolintegrated-pest-managementvedalia-beetle-complementWilliston-1888Lestophonus-iceryaeCtenopelmatinae
Ctenopelmatinae is a cosmopolitan subfamily of ichneumonid wasps comprising approximately 95 genera of koinobiont endoparasitoids. Members are small to medium-sized wasps that primarily attack sawflies (Symphyta), with some species parasitizing Lepidoptera. The subfamily was historically classified within Tryphoninae but was separated based on larval morphology and ecological traits. Ctenopelmatines are particularly abundant in temperate Holarctic regions, where they can constitute over 10% of local ichneumonid faunas in cooler areas.
Derostenus freemani
Derostenus freemani is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Eulophidae, first described from the Nearctic region in 1973. It is a solitary endoparasitoid of Stigmella larvae (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae), minute moths commonly known as pygmy or midget moths. The species was originally placed in the subgenus Nearctostenus, though subsequent revision abandoned this subgeneric division in favor of species-group classification, placing D. freemani in the gemmeus group alongside European species.
Diversinervus
Diversinervus is a genus of encyrtid parasitoid wasps in the tribe Cheiloneurini. The genus comprises approximately twelve species worldwide, including the notable D. elegans, which has been studied for its biological control potential against scale insects. Species in this genus are endoparasitoids, developing within their hosts. The genus was established by Silvestri in 1915 and has been the subject of recent research on venom biochemistry and viral associations.
Doryctinus
Doryctinus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, subfamily Doryctinae. These wasps are part of a diverse group of koinobiont endoparasitoids that attack concealed hosts, particularly wood-boring beetle larvae. The genus was established by Roman in 1910 and remains poorly known, with limited species-level documentation and few observational records.
Drepanoglossa
Drepanoglossa is a genus of tachinid flies established by Townsend in 1891. The genus contains at least three described species, all parasitoid flies that develop within other insects. These bristle flies are part of the diverse Tachinidae family, one of the largest families of Diptera. The genus name derives from Greek roots suggesting a hooked or sickle-shaped tongue or mouthpart structure.
Eiphosoma
Eiphosoma is a genus of ichneumonid wasps in the subfamily Cremastinae, established by Cresson in 1865. Species in this genus are larval endoparasitoids primarily associated with noctuid moth larvae, particularly the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). Several species have been investigated as biological control agents for agricultural pests, with E. vitticolle and E. laphygmae receiving particular attention for their potential in integrated pest management. The genus exhibits a New World distribution centered in the Neotropics, with documented species from Cuba, Colombia, Mexico, Brazil, and Costa Rica.
Elmohardyia
Elmohardyia is a genus of big-headed flies in the family Pipunculidae, established by Rafael in 1987. The genus contains approximately 60 described species distributed primarily in the Neotropical region, with most species described from Brazil. Species within this genus are characterized by distinctive morphological features of the male genitalia, which form the basis for species-level identification. The genus was named in honor of the dipterist D. Elmo Hardy, who contributed extensively to the taxonomy of Pipunculidae.
Entedoninae
Entedoninae is a subfamily of chalcid wasps in the family Eulophidae comprising over 90 genera. Members are primarily parasitoids with documented associations across diverse host groups including gall-inducing insects, leafminers, sawflies, thrips, and ants. The subfamily exhibits considerable morphological and ecological diversity, with species found in tropical to temperate habitats worldwide.
parasitoidbiological-controlgall-associatedleafminer-parasitoidChalcidoideaHymenopteraEulophidaeEntedoninaetropical-forestagricultural-pest-controlsawfly-parasitoidthrips-parasitoidant-associatedrice-pestCecidomyiidaeTenthredinidaePontaniaClosterocerusCeranisusAfronymphaAmetallonChrysonotomyiaOmphale-genus-groupcanopyunderstoreyecological-plasticityBangladeshPanamaAfricaNew-ZealandEuropeSenegalSouth-AfricaDemocratic-Republic-of-the-CongoUgandaendoparasitoidlarval-parasitoidegg-parasitoidhost-specificityforest-habitatdegraded-habitatmid-altitude-rainforestlowland-rainforesttropical-Americaclassical-biological-controlaugmentative-biological-controlintegrated-pest-managementrice-hispaDicladispa-armigeragall-waspsawfly-gallleafminerant-symbiosisFormicidaeKhaya-senegalensisOchna-pulchramorphological-taxonomymolecular-taxonomy28S-rDNACOICytBnew-species-descriptiongeneric-revisionhost-rangeparasitoid-complexfood-webecosystem-servicenatural-enemypest-managemententomophagoushyperparasitoidinquilinecurculionidApion-minimumPhyllocolpa-leucostictaChrysocharisEntedonAsecodesPleurotroppopsisAfrotroppopsisZaommomentedonApleurotropisKratoysmaPlatocharisSchizocharisParahorismenusAtullyaTropicharisChrysochuriscruymirabilisoryzamyntoreminpashaicarinatumdussiaelongicaudatamachaeriaeunimaculataclavigergorgonaenseauripunctatagalbinalaeviscutaphenacapsiacecvoraelongatapontaniaeheyeririsbecimilletiaenewbyiFörster-1856Chalcidoidea-phylogenybiodiversityspecies-richnesscryptic-speciesmolecular-diagnosticshost-plant-associationhabitat-specificitycanopy-faunaunderstorey-faunaforest-stratificationtropical-biodiversityAfrotropicalNeotropicalPalaearcticNearcticOrientalAustralasianPacificHolarcticbiogeographytaxonomic-revisionannotated-keycataloguetype-specimenmuseum-collectionslide-mounted-specimensmorphometricsgenitaliawing-venationantennaeclypeusmandiblesmalar-spacescapepedicelflagellumgastervertexsuturecolor-patternpale-femoradark-gastersexual-dimorphismmalefemaleovipositoremergencerearingquarantinefield-collectionforeign-explorationaugmentative-releasepesticide-resistancesustainable-agriculturefood-securityrice-productioncereal-pestvegetable-pestfruit-pestornamental-pestforest-pesturban-pestinvasive-speciesnative-rangeintroduced-rangeestablishmentspreadimpactnon-target-effectshost-specificityrisk-assessmentenvironmental-safetyregulatory-approvalresearch-symposiumproceedingspeer-reviewedZootaxaZooKeysInsect-Systematics-&-EvolutionAustralian-Journal-of-EntomologyFar-Eastern-EntomologistRussian-Entomological-JournalBelgian-Journal-of-EntomologyFlorida-EntomologistPan-Pacific-EntomologistEntomological-NewsProceedings-of-the-Hawaiian-Entomological-SocietyTransactions-of-the-American-Entomological-SocietyJournal-of-Natural-HistoryZoological-Journal-of-the-Linnean-SocietyBioControlJournal-of-Economic-EntomologyEntomologia-Experimentalis-et-ApplicataEnvironmental-EntomologyOecologiaCladisticsMolecular-Phylogenetics-and-EvolutionHeredityCanadian-EntomologistProceedings-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-WashingtonAnnals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-AmericaBulletin-of-Entomological-ResearchNeotropical-EntomologyJournal-of-Asia-Pacific-EntomologyTurkish-Journal-of-ZoologyPolish-Journal-of-EntomologyNorth-Western-Journal-of-ZoologyEntomologica-AmericanaEntomologische-BerichtenSahlbergiaDugesianaActa-Zoologica-LilloanaFolia-Entomologica-MexicanaRevista-de-la-Sociedad-Entomologica-ArgentinaBoletin-de-la-Asociacion-Espanola-de-EntomologiaEntomologicheskoe-ObozrenieEntomological-ReviewZoological-Institute-RASProceedings-of-the-Zoological-Institute-of-the-Russian-Academy-of-SciencesTaiwan-Agricultural-Research-InstituteCouncil-of-AgricultureUniversity-of-CaliforniaRiversideEntomology-Research-MuseumCalifornia-Department-of-Food-and-AgriculturePierce's-Disease-Control-Programbiological-control-programintegrated-pest-management-programresearch-progress-reportannual-summarytechnical-reportsymposium-proceedingsconference-abstractposter-presentationinvited-papermonographbook-chapteridentification-guideillustrated-keyannotated-cataloguetype-materialvoucher-specimencollection-curationtaxonomysystematicsphylogeneticsmolecular-systematicsDNA-barcodingspecies-complexsibling-speciesspecies-boundariesgeographic-variationpopulation-geneticsgene-flowreproductive-isolationhost-racebiotypestrainlaboratory-rearinginsectarymass-productionreleasemonitoringimpact-assessmentefficacyeconomic-evaluationcost-benefit-analysisfarmer-adoptionextensioneducationpolicyregulationinternational-cooperationcapacity-buildingtrainingworkshopfield-daydemonstrationon-farm-researchparticipatory-researchfarmer-field-schoolsustainable-intensificationagroecologyconservation-biological-controlhabitat-managementfloral-resourcesrefugebuffer-zonelandscape-complexityconnectivityspillovernatural-enemy-diversityfood-web-structuretrophic-interactionsmultitrophicindirect-effectstrait-mediateddensity-dependentinverse-density-dependentfunctional-responsenumerical-responsesearching-efficiencyhandling-tim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Eriborus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae with nearly cosmopolitan distribution. Species in this genus are koinobiont endoparasitoids, primarily attacking larval hosts in several lepidopteran families including Pyralidae, Cossidae, Sesiidae, and Noctuidae. Several species have been studied extensively for biological control applications, particularly against agricultural pests such as the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) and cabbage cluster caterpillar (Crocidolomia pavonana). The genus includes species with documented diurnal activity patterns and temperature-dependent developmental rates.