Host-specificity

Guides

Acmaeodera nelsoni
Acmaeodera nelsoni is a species of jewel beetle in the family Buprestidae, described by Barr in 1972. It belongs to the nominate subgenus Acmaeodera (s. str.). The species has been documented as associated with Cercocarpus ledifolius (curl-leaf mountain mahogany), a host relationship confirmed through rearing records. It is one of approximately two dozen North American Buprestidae species linked to Cercocarpus hosts, with several species in this genus being Cercocarpus specialists.
Buprestidae Acmaeodera jewel-beetle Cercocarpus host-specificity western-North-America mountain-mahogany wood-boring-beetle
Acroclisoides sinicus
Acroclisoides sinicus is a small pteromalid wasp described from China in 1988. It is an obligate hyperparasitoid that exploits the pupal stage of scelionid primary parasitoids, particularly Trissolcus species, within pentatomid stink bug eggs. Laboratory studies demonstrate extreme host selectivity, with strong preference for Trissolcus mitsukurii over T. japonicus and no exploitation of eupelmid parasitoids. The species has recently expanded to Europe and North America, likely following pathways of its primary parasitoid hosts. Its presence raises concerns for biological control programs targeting invasive stink bugs like Halyomorpha halys.
hyperparasitoid biological-control Halyomorpha-halys Trissolcus integrated-pest-management invasive-species host-specificity chemical-ecology
Agrilus
jewel beetles, metallic woodboring beetles
Agrilus is a hyperdiverse genus of jewel beetles (Buprestidae) containing nearly 4,000 described species and potentially representing the largest genus in the animal kingdom. Species are primarily twig and branch borers, with larvae developing in recently dead wood, though notable exceptions attack living trees. The genus exhibits remarkable host specificity ranging from highly monophagous to oligophagous associations, exclusively with angiosperms—no species are known to utilize conifers. Adults are typically found on foliage of larval hosts rather than flowers, with sexual dimorphism occurring in some species.
Buprestidae jewel-beetles wood-boring-beetles hyperdiverse-genus forest-pests host-specificity angiosperm-associates
Analgoidea
feather mites
Analgoidea is a superfamily of mites in the order Sarcoptiformes, comprising feather mites that live as permanent ectosymbionts on birds. Members occupy specific microhabitats on host plumage, with distributions influenced by feather morphology, aerodynamic forces, and host behavior. The superfamily includes approximately 15 families and shows high host specificity, with multiple species often coexisting on individual birds through niche partitioning.
mites feather-mites ectosymbionts birds Astigmata microhabitat-specialization coevolution host-specificity niche-partitioning
Apocephalus
ant-decapitating flies, scuttle flies (informal)
Apocephalus is a genus of phorid flies comprising at least 300 described species, commonly known as ant-decapitating flies. Species within this genus are primarily parasitoids of ants, with females laying eggs in hosts that subsequently develop into larvae that consume the host from within, often resulting in host decapitation. The genus has gained particular attention due to Apocephalus borealis, which parasitizes honey bees and causes aberrant nocturnal behavior leading to hive abandonment. Several species groups have been taxonomically revised, including the mucronatus group and subgenus Mesophora, with numerous new species described in recent decades.
parasitoid ant honey-bee phorid decapitating zombie-fly invasive-potential urban-ecology integrated-pest-management citizen-science host-specificity brood-parasitism oviposition-behavior social-insect-parasite
Atrusca
Atrusca is a genus of gall wasps in the family Cynipidae, tribe Cynipini, comprising approximately 42 species distributed across North and Central America. These tiny wasps are specialized herbivores that induce characteristic galls on oak (Quercus) host plants. The genus forms a phylogenetically distinct clade most closely related to Cynips, Philonix, and Xanthoteras, and morphologically resembles Cynips and Antron. Species exhibit high host specificity, with each typically restricted to one or a few closely related oak species.
gall-wasp Cynipidae oak-gall Quercus herbivore parasitoid North-America Mexico Central-America Cynipini induced-gall plant-insect-interaction host-specificity alternation-of-generations asexual-reproduction sexual-reproduction ecosystem-engineer inquiline hyperparasitoid bella-species-complex phylogenetics taxonomy Kinsey-1930
Bagous restrictus
Bagous restrictus is a small weevil native to North America that has become notable for its exclusive association with the invasive aquatic plant Hydrilla verticillata. It is the only native Bagous species known to utilize this introduced weed as a host. The beetle completes its entire life cycle within Hydrilla tissues, with larvae feeding and developing inside stems and tubers. Its native status and host specificity distinguish it from two introduced biological control agents (Bagous hydrillae and B. affinis) that also target Hydrilla.
Curculionidae Bagous Hydrilla biological-control native aquatic-weevil host-specificity invasive-plant-management southeastern-United-States North-America
Bangasternus
Bangasternus is a genus of true weevils (Curculionidae) comprising small, dark-colored species used as biological control agents against invasive knapweeds and starthistles (Centaurea spp.). Adults are typically 4 millimeters long, dark gray, and hairy. The genus is notable for its host specificity to Centaurea species, with larvae developing within flower heads where they consume developing seeds. Several species have been introduced to North America for biocontrol purposes, including B. fausti and B. orientalis.
biological-control invasive-species-management weed-biocontrol seed-head-weevil Centaurea host-specificity
Billaea
Billaea is a genus of tachinid flies comprising approximately 80 described species. Most larvae are parasitoids of beetle larvae, particularly cerambycids and lucanids, with some species attacking lepidopteran hosts in the family Pyralidae. Several species have been investigated as biological control agents for agricultural and forestry pests, including palm weevils and sugarcane borers.
Tachinidae parasitoid biological-control Cerambycidae Dryophthoridae Crambidae viviparous planidia forest-pest agricultural-pest oil-palm sugarcane palm-weevil wood-borer southeast-Asia South-America Europe Bulgaria Brazil Turkey Mexico Peru integrated-pest-management natural-enemy host-searching kairomones superparasitism mass-rearing Galleria-mellonella laboratory-host frass gallery tunnel pupal-parasitoid larval-parasitoid ectoparasitoid endoparasitoid Coleoptera Lepidoptera Diptera Brachycera Dexiinae Dexiini Robineau-Desvoidy-1830 80-species global-distribution forestry agriculture ornamental-palms date-palm coconut Rhynchophorus Diatraea Prionus Xylotrechus climate-matching establishment-potential Mediterranean Middle-East California invasive-species red-palm-weevil American-palm-weevil red-ring-disease vector-control natural-mortality pest-management sustainable-agriculture host-specificity trophic-association new-host-record parasitism-rate field-parasitism laboratory-rearing adult-longevity fecundity sex-ratio pupal-viability pupal-duration planidia-length food-resources pollen honey sucrose flowering-plants spontaneous-flora companion-plants habitat-management conservation-biological-control augmentative-biological-control classical-biological-control quarantine host-range circumstantial-evidence taxonomic-confusion B.-rhynchophorae B.-menezesi B.-adelpha B.-claripalpis B.-rutilans B.-cerambycivora B.-steini B.-fortis B.-irrorata B.-pectinata B.-setosa B.-triangulifera B.-lata B.-intermedia B.-biserialis B.-gigantea B.-rubens B.-maritima B.-marmorata B.-aurifrons B.-verticalis B.-flava B.-chinensis B.-brevicauda B.-kurahashii B.-micronychia B.-papei B.-setigera B.-yintiaoling B.-rufescens B.-triquetrus B.-rubida B.-rufiventris B.-brasiliensis B.-friburgensis B.-giacomeli B.-kosterae B.-plaumanni B.-shannoni B.-africana B.-argentaurea B.-atkinsoni B.-capensis B.-communis B.-decisa B.-edwardsi B.-erecta B.-ficorum B.-grandis B.-impigra B.-interrupta B.-kolomyetzi B.-luteola B.-malayana B.-minor B.-monohammi B.-montana B.-morosa B.-nipigonensis B.-orbitalis B.-ovata B.-quadrinota B.-rhingiaeformis B.-robusta B.-satisfacta B.-sibleyi B.-sjostedti B.-solivaga B.-trivittata B.-trochanterata B.-vanemdeni B.-velutina B.-versicolor B.-villeneuvei B.-vitripennis B.-zimini B.-lateralis B.-lativentris
Brachypterolus pulicarius
Toadflax Flower Beetle, Toadflax Flower-eating Beetle, Antirrhinum Beetle
Brachypterolus pulicarius is a small short-winged flower beetle in the family Kateretidae. Native to Europe and Northern Asia, it was inadvertently introduced to North America where it has become established as a biological control agent of invasive toadflaxes (Linaria species). The beetle exhibits strong host fidelity to yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) and Dalmatian toadflax (L. dalmatica), feeding on floral tissues and reducing seed set in these weeds.
biological-control-agent invasive-species-management host-specificity Kateretidae Linaria toadflax
Cactoblastis
Cactoblastis is a genus of snout moths (Pyralidae) described by Émile Louis Ragonot in 1901. The genus contains five described species native to South America, with C. cactorum being the most extensively studied due to its historical role as a biological control agent. Larvae are specialized internal feeders on cactus cladodes, and the genus is notable for complex collective behaviors in neonate caterpillars. C. cactorum was famously introduced to Australia in 1925 to control invasive prickly pear cacti, achieving significant success, though later spreading to threaten native Opuntia species in other regions.
Lepidoptera Pyralidae biological-control Opuntia cactus-moth herbivory social-behavior invasive-species classical-biological-control South-America Australia Florida neonate-aggregation egg-stick internal-feeder meristem-feeder mandibular-gland-marking trail-following contagious-distribution population-regulation host-specificity ecosystem-impact historical-ecology pest conservation-concern
Chrysobothris purpureovittata cercocarpi
Chrysobothris purpureovittata cercocarpi is a subspecies of jewel beetle described from a population at Cloudcroft, New Mexico, associated exclusively with mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus). It is distinguished from the nominate subspecies by having an entirely red pronotum and uniformly dark elytra. The species belongs to a genus where most members exhibit host specificity, though the nominate subspecies is notably polyphagous. This western population represents a rare case of host specialization within an otherwise generalist species.
Buprestidae Chrysobothris jewel-beetle host-specificity Cercocarpus mountain-mahogany New-Mexico subspecies polyphagy specialization
Chrysolina
leaf beetles
Chrysolina is a large genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Chrysomelinae, containing numerous species distributed primarily across Europe, Asia, and Africa. The genus is notable for its phytophagous species, many of which exhibit strong host plant specificity. Several species have been employed as classical biological control agents against invasive weeds, most notably Chrysolina quadrigemina and C. hyperici for control of Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort). Some species are of conservation concern, including C. cerealis and C. graminis, which are protected in the United Kingdom. The genus includes both native and introduced populations, with some species established in North America and Australia.
leaf-beetles biological-control conservation host-specificity phytophagy invasive-species-management protected-species metallic-beetles
Chrysomelinae
broad-bodied leaf beetles, broad-shouldered leaf beetles
Chrysomelinae is a subfamily of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) comprising approximately 3,000 species worldwide, commonly known as broad-bodied or broad-shouldered leaf beetles. The subfamily includes the economically significant Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), a major agricultural pest. Chrysomelinae exhibits remarkable diversity in form and coloration, with adults typically displaying convex, rounded bodies often with bright coloration and variable patterns. The subfamily is distinguished by several unique morphological features including antennae inserted on or adjacent to the anterior head edge, mandibles with large membranous prosthecae, and a single anal cell in each wing. Larvae possess six pairs of stemmata, palmate mandibles, and annular spiracles. Both life stages possess defensive glands that secrete protective chemicals.
leaf-beetles herbivory maternal-care subsocial-behavior agricultural-pest host-specificity chemical-defense flightlessness Neotropical-diversity
Chrysomelobia
Chrysomelobia is a genus of sexually transmitted parasitic mites in the family Podapolipidae that infest chrysomelid beetles. The genus was originally described from the Americas, Europe and Africa, and was later expanded to include Australian species following the synonymization of Parobia. These mites complete their entire life cycle on adult beetles and do not infest immature host stages.
parasite sexually-transmitted Podapolipidae chrysomelid-beetles arrhenotoky phoresy biological-control host-specificity
Coelocephalapion aculeatum
Coelocephalapion aculeatum is a flower-feeding weevil in the family Brentidae (formerly Apionidae) that specializes on the invasive weed Mimosa pigra. Females exhibit selective oviposition behavior based on host inflorescence developmental stage and conspecific damage levels. Larval development occurs entirely within host flowers, with survival rates varying significantly according to inflorescence maturity. The species has been investigated as a potential biological control agent for M. pigra in regions where this plant is invasive.
florivory host-specificity biological-control oviposition-behavior Mimosa-pigra invasive-species-management
Coleophora
Casebearers, Case-bearing moths
Coleophora is a large genus of case-bearing moths in the family Coleophoridae, comprising approximately 1,350 described species. The genus occurs on all continents but is most diverse in the Nearctic and Palaearctic regions. Larvae construct distinctive portable silken cases from host plant material, which serve as key identification characters and provide protection. Many species exhibit narrow host plant specificity, with larvae feeding on seeds, flowers, or leaves.
Lepidoptera Coleophoridae case-bearer-moths herbivory seed-predation agricultural-pest host-specificity larval-cases cryptic-larvae
Conophthorus
cone beetles
Conophthorus is a genus of bark beetles in the family Curculionidae comprising approximately 10 described species. Species are specialized on Pinus hosts, with most attacking pine cones and seeds, though some infest shoot tips. The genus includes economically significant pests of pine seed orchards and natural forests, causing cone abortion and reducing seed production. Life histories vary among species: some are univoltine while others are bivoltine, with corresponding differences in seasonal development and host utilization patterns.
bark-beetle cone-beetle Pinus-specialist seed-predator forest-pest Scolytinae Curculionidae chemoreception voltinism host-specificity
Cystiphora
Cystiphora is a genus of gall midges in the family Cecidomyiidae, established by Kieffer in 1892. The genus contains seven described species distributed across the Palearctic region and introduced to other areas for biological control. Species in this genus are specialized gall-formers on plants in the Asteraceae family, particularly genera Chondrilla, Taraxacum, and Sonchus. Several species have been investigated and deployed as biological control agents against agricultural weeds.
gall-midge Cecidomyiidae biological-control gall-former Asteraceae weed-control parasitoid-interactions host-specificity invasive-species-management
Cystiphora schmidti
rush skeletonweed gall midge, Rush Skeletonweed Gall
Cystiphora schmidti is a gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) that induces small circular to ovoid raised galls on Chondrilla species, particularly Chondrilla juncea (rush skeletonweed). Native to the eastern Mediterranean region from Greece to Iran, it has been introduced to Australia as a biological control agent against this invasive weed. The species completes all immature stages inside plant galls in 24–44 days, supporting 6–7 generations annually in favorable climates. It exhibits strict host specificity to the genus Chondrilla and is heavily parasitised by Eulophid wasps in its native range.
gall-midge Cecidomyiidae biological-control invasive-species-management Chondrilla herbivory parasitoid-interactions classical-biological-control Mediterranean-fauna Australian-introduction host-specificity weed-biocontrol
Degeeriella
Degeeriella is a genus of ischnoceran feather lice in the family Philopteridae. Species in this genus are ectoparasites of birds of prey, with documented host associations including vultures and related Accipitriformes. The genus is characterized by distinctive genitalia with penial sclerite and typically more than four sternocentral setae on abdominal segments III and IV. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that Degeeriella is paraphyletic, with some species showing closer relationships to other genera than to congeneric species.
Phthiraptera Ischnocera ectoparasite feather-louse birds-of-prey host-specificity co-extinction-risk
Demodex
Mammalian Follicle Mites, Eyelash Mites, Face Mites
Demodex is a genus of microscopic mites that inhabit hair follicles and sebaceous glands of mammals. Approximately 65 species are known, with two species—D. folliculorum and D. brevis—occurring on humans. These mites are typically commensal, causing no symptoms in healthy hosts, but can proliferate and cause skin conditions when host immunity is compromised. The genus exhibits strong host specificity, with mite lineages tracking host ancestry across generations.
mites arachnida follicle-mites commensal demodicosis blepharitis rosacea human-microbiome host-specificity co-evolution
Dendroctonus mexicanus
Mexican bark beetle
Dendroctonus mexicanus is a bark beetle native to Mexico and Central America, recognized as the most widely distributed and destructive bark beetle in Mexico. It colonizes more than 21 pine species and causes significant tree mortality in coniferous forests. The species' population dynamics are strongly influenced by climate variables, particularly temperature and precipitation, with outbreak risk increasing under warmer, drier conditions. It is considered a major forest pest affecting wood supply and ecosystem services.
bark-beetle forest-pest pine Mexico climate-change Dendroctonus Scolytinae conifer phloem-feeder outbreak biotic-regulator MaxEnt-modeling host-specificity Trans-Mexican-Volcanic-Belt Sierra-Madre-del-Sur Central-America entomology forest-health integrated-pest-management semiochemicals tree-mortality ecological-niche-modeling suitable-habitat precipitation temperature elevation-gradient Pinus monterey-pine oocarpa-pine maximinoi-pine chiapas-pine infestation-risk future-scenarios forest-management conservation ecosystem-services wood-supply southern-pine-beetle coexistence Gran-Desierto-de-Sonora Michoacán endemic eruptive-herbivore phloem gallery pitch-tubes resin defense mutualism competition niche-overlap bioclimatic-variables MaxEnt kuenm R-package modeling-algorithm quadratic-response Bio-1 annual-mean-temperature suitability expansion northward-shift upward-elevation-shift habitat-loss host-availability population-dynamics fire tree-density topography drought warming multiple-generations sister-broods overwintering diapause flight-muscles reproduction mass-attack aggregation-pheromones frontalin exo-brevicomin olfactory-signaling electroantennographic-detection gas-chromatography antenna host-location host-selection pioneer-beetles tree-killing blue-staining-fungus Ophiostoma Ceratocystis vector disease-agent forest-pathology silviculture cut-and-leave cut-and-remove suppression management monitoring pheromone-baited-trap funnel-trap aerial-survey tree-mortality-detection Bohart-Museum UC-Davis USDA-Forest-Service Steve-Seybold invasive-species walnut-twig-beetle goldspotted-oak-borer polyphagous-shot-hole-borer firewood Trojan-horse campers tree-transport spread detection prevention quarantine regulatory policy stakeholder landowner public-land private-land permit contract bid crew delay treatment flexibility tweak optimization productivity research grower-education extension outreach education museum collection specimen scanning-electron-microscope magnification wood-sculpture art craft children activity ornament white-fir walking-stick Madagascar-hissing-cockroach praying-mantis tarantula gift-shop open-house family-friendly free admission dorm-move-in class career fun cabbage-white-butterfly educator volunteer associate senior-museum-scientist education-and-outreach-coordinator director professor graduate-student undergraduate-student junior-specialist lecturer affiliate research-entomologist forest-health-protection forest-health-officer forest-health-specialist assistant-professor Clemson-University University-of-Minnesota University-of-California Colorado-State-University Kansas-State-University University-of-Georgia University-of-Michigan University-of-Nebraska Brigham-Young-University Montana-State-University North-Dakota-State-University South-Dakota-State-University New-Mexico-State-University Arizona-State-University University-of-Oklahoma University-of-Texas University-of-Florida University-of-Washington Oregon-State-University University-of-Idaho University-of-Wyoming University-of-Alberta University-of-Saskatchewan University-of-Manitoba University-of-British-Columbia McGill-University University-of-Toronto University-of-Guelph University-of-Waterloo University-of-Ottawa University-of-Calgary University-of-Lethbridge University-of-Regina University-of-Winnipeg Brandon-University Trent-University York-University Ryerson-University Concordia-University Université-de-Montréal Université-Laval Université-du-Québec Université-de-Sherbrooke Université-de-Moncton Dalhousie-University Acadia-University St.-Francis-Xavier-University Mount-Allison-University University-of-Prince-Edward-Island Memorial-University-of-Newfoundland University-of-New-Brunswick St.-Thomas-University Bishop's-University Champlain-College Dawson-College Vanier-College John-Abbott-College Marianopolis-College Collège-de-Maisonneuve Cégep-du-Vieux-Montréal Cégep-de-Saint-Laurent Cégep-de-Rosemont Cégep-André-Laurendeau Cégep-de-Bois-de-Boulogne Cégep-Gérald-Godin Cégep-de-Limoilou Cégep-de-Sainte-Foy Cégep-de-Lévis-Lauzon Cégep-de-Thetford Cégep-de-Victoriaville Cégep-de-Drummondville Cégep-de-Saint-Hyacinthe Cégep-de-Sorel-Tracy Cégep-de-Trois-Rivières Cégep-de-Shawinigan Cégep-de-La-Pocatière Cégep-de-Rimouski Cégep-de-Matane Cégep-de-Sept-Îles Cégep-de-Baie-Comeau Cégep-de-Jonquière Cégep-de-Chicoutimi Cégep-de-Alma Cégep-de-Saint-Félicien Cégep-de-Roberval Cégep-de-La-Tuque Cégep-de-Dolbeau-Mistassini Cégep-de-Saint-Jérôme Cégep-de-Montmorency Cégep-de-l'Outaouais Cégep-de-Heritage Cégep-de-Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Cégep-de-Valleyfield Cégep-de-Granby Harvard-University Yale-University Princeton-University Columbia-University Cornell-University Dartmouth-College Brown-University University-of-Pennsylvania Massachusetts-Institute-of-Technology Stanford-University California-Institute-of-Technology University-of-Chicago Northwestern-University Duke-University Johns-Hopkins-University Georgetown-University Vanderbilt-University Rice-University University-of-Notre-Dame Emory-University Washington-University-in-St.-Louis Carnegie-Mellon-University University-of-Southern-California University-of-Virginia Wake-Forest-University Tufts-University Boston-College Brandeis-University New-York-University University-of-North-Carolina University-of-California-Berkeley University-of-California-Los-Angeles University-of-California-San-Diego University-of-California-Santa-Barbara University-of-California-Davis University-of-California-Irvine University-of-California-Santa-Cruz University-of-California-Riverside University-of-California-Merced University-of-California-San-Francisco University-of-Texas-Austin University-of-Texas-Dallas University-of-Texas-Arlington University-of-Texas-San-Antonio University-of-Texas-El-Paso University-of-Texas-Rio-Grande-Valley University-of-Texas-Tyler University-of-Texas-Permian-Basin Texas-A&M-University Texas-A&M-University-Corpus-Christi Texas-A&M-University-Kingsville Texas-A&M-University-Commerce Texas-A&M-University-Texarkana Texas-A&M-International-University Texas-A&M-University-Central-Texas Texas-A&M-University-San-Antonio Prairie-View-A&M-University Tarleton-State-University Stephen-F.-Austin-State-University Sam-Houston-State-University Lamar-University Midwestern-State-University Texas-Southern-University Texas-Woman's-University University-of-Houston University-of-Houston-Clear-Lake University-of-Houston-Downtown University-of-Houston-Victoria Texas-Tech-University Texas-Tech-University-Health-Sciences-Center Angelo-State-University West-Texas-A&M-University Texas-State-University University-of-North-Texas University-of-North-Texas-Dallas University-of-North-Texas-Health-Science-Center Dallas-Baptist-University Southern-Methodist-University Texas-Christian-University Baylor-University Abilene-Christian-University Lubbock-Christian-University Hardin-Simmons-University Howard-Payne-University McMurry-University Midland-College Odessa-College Southwest-Texas-Junior-College Alamo-Colleges Austin-Community-College Dallas-County-Community-College-District Houston-Community-College Lone-Star-College Tarrant-County-College El-Paso-Community-College San-Jacinto-College Collin-College Central-Texas-College Blinn-College Tyler-Junior-College Victoria-College Wharton-County-Junior-College Brazosport-College Clarendon-College Cisco-College Coastal-Bend-College College-of-the-Mainland Del-Mar-College Frank-Phillips-College Galveston-College Grayson-College Hill-College Howard-College Kilgore-College Lamar-Institute-of-Technology Laredo-Community-College Lee-College McLennan-Community-College Navarro-College North-Central-Texas-College Northeast-Texas-Community-College Northwest-Vista-College Palo-Alto-College Panola-College Paris-Junior-College Ranger-College San-Antonio-College South-Plains-College South-Texas-College St.-Philip's-College Sul-Ross-State-University Temple-College Texarkana-College Texas-Southmost-College Trinity-Valley-Community-College Vernon-College Weatherford-College Western-Texas-College Amarillo-College Brookhaven-College Cedar-Valley-College Eastfield-College El-Centro-College Mountain-View-College North-Lake-College Richland-College Spring-Creek-College Coppell-College Farmers-Branch-College Irving-College Las-Colinas-College Carrollton-College Creekview-College Hebron-College The-Colony-College Valley-Ranch-College West-Campus-College Pecan-Creek-College Parker-College Wylie-College Sachse-College Rowlett-College Rockwall-College Forney-College Terrell-College Kaufman-College Corsicana-College Athens-College Palestine-College Jacksonville-College Rusk-College Trinity-College Groveton-College Centerville-College Buffalo-College Fairfield-College Teague-College Mexia-College Groesbeck-College Marlin-College Calvert-College Hearne-College Franklin-College Robertson-County-College Bremond-College Reagan-College Thornton-College Kosse-College Giddings-College Dime-Box-College Ledbetter-College Somerville-College Burton-College Round-Top-College La-Grange-College Fayetteville-College Schulenburg-College Weimar-College Columbus-College Eagle-Lake-College Sealy-College Bellville-College Industry-College New-Ulm-College Bernard-College Cat-Spring-College Alleyton-College Rock-Island-College Garwood-College Altair-College Louise-College Hillje-College El-Campo-College Boling-College Wharton-College East-Bernard-College Needville-College Beasley-College Kendleton-College Orchard-College Fairchilds-College Simonton-College Fulshear-College Brookshire-College Pattison-College Wallis-College San-Felipe-College Newgulf-College Damon-College Brazoria-College West-Columbia-College Sweeny-College Van-Vleck-College Bay-City-College Markham-College El-Maton-College Palacios-College Blessing-College Midfield-College Collegeport-College Matagorda-College Wadsworth-College Pledger-College Sargent-College Cedar-Lake-College Cedar-Lane-College Lane-City-College Hungerford-College Egypt-College Glen-Flora-College
Derelomus
Derelomus is a genus of weevils (Curculionidae: Derelomini) distributed across the Afrotropical and Mediterranean regions. The genus comprises 32 recognized species, organized into four main species groups based on morphological and molecular data. Species exhibit specialized brood site pollination mutualisms with host plants, with different species groups associated with distinct plant families: Fabaceae (Vachellia), Achariaceae/Ebenaceae, Strelitziaceae/Arecaceae (Strelitzia and Phoenix reclinata), and Arecaceae palms (Chamaerops, Cocos, Phoenix). Adults are small weevils with rostrate heads typical of the family.
Curculionidae Derelomini nursery-pollination brood-site-pollination mutualism Afrotropical Mediterranean host-specificity inflorescence-specialist
Dermanyssina
Dermanyssina is a suborder of mesostigmatid mites characterized by adaptations for parasitic or phoretic lifestyles. Members exhibit diverse host associations, including beetles and earwigs. The suborder includes taxa with specialized morphological features for attachment to and transport by host organisms.
phoresy Mesostigmata mites carabid-beetles earwigs Eurasia host-specificity adult-female-dimorphism laboratory-rearing-difficulties
Dicerca obscura
A large jewel beetle (family Buprestidae) with brownish-black coloration and cryptic appearance. Adults are strongly associated with dead or dying persimmon trees (Diospyros virginiana), though also recorded from staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina). The species name reflects its remarkable ability to blend into bark, making it difficult to detect despite its size.
cryptic wood-borer persimmon jewel-beetle camouflage host-specificity
Dichrorampha aeratana
Obscure Drill
Dichrorampha aeratana is a small tortricid moth native to Europe, first described in 1915. The species has gained scientific attention as a potential biological control agent for the invasive weed oxeye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare) in North America and Australia. Adults are active in spring, with larvae feeding internally on host plant roots and rhizomes. The moth exhibits strong host specificity, with larval survival negatively associated with increasing ploidy levels in host plants.
biological-control weed-biocontrol root-feeding univoltine host-specificity Leucanthemum Tortricidae Europe North-America Australia
Dicraeus
Dicraeus is a genus of small flies in the family Chloropidae, first described by Loew in 1873. Species within this genus exhibit specialized feeding habits, with some species feeding on bamboo flowers and others developing as seed predators in grasses. The genus shows notable host specificity, with oviposition behavior influenced by host plant morphology such as glume pubescence. Population genetic studies in Japanese species reveal contrasting patterns of genetic structure correlated with host plant flowering phenology.
Chloropidae seed-predator florivore bamboo host-specificity population-genetics Japan grassland coastal
Dictyla echii
Bugloss Lace Bug
A lace bug (Hemiptera: Tingidae) native to the Palearctic and introduced to North America. In Canada, it is univoltine and overwinters as adults in soil near host plant rosettes in reproductive diapause. In the Mediterranean region, it produces at least 2–3 generations annually. Associated primarily with Boraginaceae, especially Echium species. Tested as a biological control agent for Echium plantagineum (Paterson's curse) in Australia but rejected due to insufficient host specificity.
lace-bug Tingidae Boraginaceae Echium biological-control univoltine diapause host-specificity invasive-species-management Canada Mediterranean
Diorhabda
tamarisk beetle, saltcedar leaf beetle
Diorhabda is a genus of leaf beetles in the family Chrysomelidae, subfamily Galerucinae. Most species within the genus feed on Tamarix (tamarisk or saltcedar), though at least one species, D. tarsalis, is a pest of Chinese licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis). The genus is native to Europe and Asia, with several species introduced to North America as biological control agents for invasive Tamarix. The D. elongata species group comprises five sibling species specialized on Tamarix: D. elongata, D. carinata, D. sublineata, D. carinulata, and D. meridionalis.
leaf-beetle biological-control invasive-species-management agricultural-pest Tamarix saltcedar Chinese-licorice olfaction host-specificity hybridization
Diorhabda carinulata
Northern Tamarisk Beetle, Saltcedar Beetle, Saltcedar Leaf Beetle, Tamarisk Leaf Beetle
Diorhabda carinulata is a leaf beetle native to Central Asia, introduced to North America as a classical biological control agent for invasive saltcedar (Tamarix spp.). Adults and larvae feed exclusively on Tamarix foliage, causing defoliation that can reduce tamarisk biomass by 75–85% over multiple years. The species has established successfully in the western United States, with populations evolving shorter critical day lengths for diapause induction that enable range expansion. Its introduction has generated conservation concerns due to impacts on nesting habitat for the federally endangered southwestern willow flycatcher.
biological-control invasive-species-management Chrysomelidae Tamarix saltcedar leaf-beetle herbivore-induced-plant-volatiles aggregation-pheromone diapause-evolution conservation-conflict classical-biological-control weed-biocontrol riparian-ecology post-release-evolution host-specificity
Diplogyniidae
Diplogyniidae is a family of parasitic mites in the order Mesostigmata. Most species are associated with beetles, particularly passalid beetles (Coleoptera: Passalidae), histerid beetles (Histeridae), and scarab beetles (Scarabaeidae). Some species have been recorded from larger mammals, including rats. The family exhibits strong host specificity, with many species restricted to single host species, though exceptions such as Paradiplogynium nahmani occur across multiple hosts.
mites Mesostigmata parasites phoresy kleptoparasitism beetle-associates passalid-beetles histerid-beetles host-specificity Panesthia-cockroaches
Ectoedemia
Ectoedemia is a genus of minute moths in the family Nepticulidae, established by August Busck in 1907. The genus comprises four subgenera: Ectoedemia, Etainia, Fomoria, and Zimmermannia. Species are distributed across multiple continents including Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and the Americas. The genus is notable for its leaf-mining larval ecology, with many species exhibiting narrow host plant specificity on trees and shrubs.
Nepticulidae microlepidoptera leaf-miner bark-miner host-specificity parthenogenesis E.-argyropeza Fagaceae Betulaceae Quercus speciation sympatric-speciation phylogenomics ddRAD clonal-diversity gall-induction cecidian-stage sedentary-dispersal Holarctic-distribution Gondwanan-distribution subgenera:-Ectoedemia,-Etainia,-Fomoria,-Zimmermannia
Entedoninae
Entedoninae is a subfamily of chalcid wasps in the family Eulophidae comprising over 90 genera. Members are primarily parasitoids with documented associations across diverse host groups including gall-inducing insects, leafminers, sawflies, thrips, and ants. The subfamily exhibits considerable morphological and ecological diversity, with species found in tropical to temperate habitats worldwide.
parasitoid biological-control gall-associated leafminer-parasitoid Chalcidoidea Hymenoptera Eulophidae Entedoninae tropical-forest agricultural-pest-control sawfly-parasitoid thrips-parasitoid ant-associated rice-pest Cecidomyiidae Tenthredinidae Pontania Closterocerus Ceranisus Afronympha Ametallon Chrysonotomyia Omphale-genus-group canopy understorey ecological-plasticity Bangladesh Panama Africa New-Zealand Europe Senegal South-Africa Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo Uganda endoparasitoid larval-parasitoid egg-parasitoid host-specificity forest-habitat degraded-habitat mid-altitude-rainforest lowland-rainforest tropical-America classical-biological-control augmentative-biological-control integrated-pest-management rice-hispa Dicladispa-armigera gall-wasp sawfly-gall leafminer ant-symbiosis Formicidae Khaya-senegalensis Ochna-pulchra morphological-taxonomy molecular-taxonomy 28S-rDNA COI CytB new-species-description generic-revision host-range parasitoid-complex food-web ecosystem-service natural-enemy pest-management entomophagous hyperparasitoid inquiline curculionid Apion-minimum Phyllocolpa-leucosticta Chrysocharis Entedon Asecodes Pleurotroppopsis Afrotroppopsis Zaommomentedon Apleurotropis Kratoysma Platocharis Schizocharis Parahorismenus Atullya Tropicharis Chrysochuris cruy mirabilis oryzamyntor eminpashai carinatum dussiae longicaudata machaeriae unimaculata claviger gorgonaense auripunctata galbina laeviscuta phenacapsia cecvora elongata pontaniae heyeri risbeci milletiae newbyi Förster-1856 Chalcidoidea-phylogeny biodiversity species-richness cryptic-species molecular-diagnostics host-plant-association habitat-specificity canopy-fauna understorey-fauna forest-stratification tropical-biodiversity Afrotropical Neotropical Palaearctic Nearctic Oriental Australasian Pacific Holarctic biogeography taxonomic-revision annotated-key catalogue type-specimen museum-collection slide-mounted-specimens morphometrics genitalia wing-venation antennae clypeus mandibles malar-space scape pedicel flagellum gaster vertex suture color-pattern pale-femora dark-gaster sexual-dimorphism male female ovipositor emergence rearing quarantine field-collection foreign-exploration augmentative-release pesticide-resistance sustainable-agriculture food-security rice-production cereal-pest vegetable-pest fruit-pest ornamental-pest forest-pest urban-pest invasive-species native-range introduced-range establishment spread impact non-target-effects host-specificity risk-assessment environmental-safety regulatory-approval research-symposium proceedings peer-reviewed Zootaxa ZooKeys Insect-Systematics-&-Evolution Australian-Journal-of-Entomology Far-Eastern-Entomologist Russian-Entomological-Journal Belgian-Journal-of-Entomology Florida-Entomologist Pan-Pacific-Entomologist Entomological-News Proceedings-of-the-Hawaiian-Entomological-Society Transactions-of-the-American-Entomological-Society Journal-of-Natural-History Zoological-Journal-of-the-Linnean-Society BioControl Journal-of-Economic-Entomology Entomologia-Experimentalis-et-Applicata Environmental-Entomology Oecologia Cladistics Molecular-Phylogenetics-and-Evolution Heredity Canadian-Entomologist Proceedings-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-Washington Annals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-America Bulletin-of-Entomological-Research Neotropical-Entomology Journal-of-Asia-Pacific-Entomology Turkish-Journal-of-Zoology Polish-Journal-of-Entomology North-Western-Journal-of-Zoology Entomologica-Americana Entomologische-Berichten Sahlbergia Dugesiana Acta-Zoologica-Lilloana Folia-Entomologica-Mexicana Revista-de-la-Sociedad-Entomologica-Argentina Boletin-de-la-Asociacion-Espanola-de-Entomologia Entomologicheskoe-Obozrenie Entomological-Review Zoological-Institute-RAS Proceedings-of-the-Zoological-Institute-of-the-Russian-Academy-of-Sciences Taiwan-Agricultural-Research-Institute Council-of-Agriculture University-of-California Riverside Entomology-Research-Museum California-Department-of-Food-and-Agriculture Pierce's-Disease-Control-Program biological-control-program integrated-pest-management-program research-progress-report annual-summary technical-report symposium-proceedings conference-abstract poster-presentation invited-paper monograph book-chapter identification-guide illustrated-key annotated-catalogue type-material voucher-specimen collection-curation taxonomy systematics phylogenetics molecular-systematics DNA-barcoding species-complex sibling-species species-boundaries geographic-variation population-genetics gene-flow reproductive-isolation host-race biotype strain laboratory-rearing insectary mass-production release monitoring impact-assessment efficacy economic-evaluation cost-benefit-analysis farmer-adoption extension education policy regulation international-cooperation capacity-building training workshop field-day demonstration on-farm-research participatory-research farmer-field-school sustainable-intensification agroecology conservation-biological-control habitat-management floral-resources refuge buffer-zone landscape-complexity connectivity spillover natural-enemy-diversity food-web-structure trophic-interactions multitrophic indirect-effects trait-mediated density-dependent inverse-density-dependent functional-response numerical-response searching-efficiency handling-time oviposition-behavior host-selection host-acceptance host-suitability host-quality host-stage-preference egg-load progeny-allocation sex-ratio local-mate-competition sib-mating inbreeding fitness longevity fecundity development-time thermal-requirements degree-days phenology synchrony asynchrony seasonal-adaptation diapause quiescence cold-hardiness heat-tolerance desiccation-resistance starvation-resistance dispersal flight walking foraging patch-use area-restricted-search oviposition-marking host-marking superparasitism multiparasitism intraguild-predation hyperparasitism autoparasitism heteronomous-hyperparasitism facultative-hyperparasitism obligate-hyperparasitism primary-parasitoid secondary-parasitoid tertiary-parasitoid mummy aphid-mummy scale-mummy pupal-parasitoid egg-larval-parasitoid larval-pupal-parasitoid idiobiont koinobiont ectoparasitoid solitary gregarious polyembryony thelytoky arrhenotoky diploid haplodiploid chromosome-number genome-size transcriptome proteome metabolome morphome phenome extended-phenotype niche-construction ecosystem-engineering keystone-species ecosystem-service-provider functional-group guild trophic-level energy-flow nutrient-cycling decomposition predation herbivory parasitism mutualism commensalism competition apparent-competition exploitative-competition interference-competition scramble-competition contest-competition resource-partitioning niche-differentiation character-displacement co-evolution arms-race Red-Queen geographic-mosaic local-adaptation phenotypic-plasticity genetic-adaptation epigenetics transgenerational-effects maternal-effects paternal-effects parental-care mating-system sexual-selection sperm-competition cryptic-female-choice mate-choice lek territory aggression alarm defense venom allomone kairomone synomone semiochemical pheromone trail-pheromone alarm-pheromone aggregation-pheromone sex-pheromone marking-pheromone oviposition-deterrent host-marking-pheromone plant-volatile induced-plant-defense systemic-acquired-resistance induced-systemic-resistance priming volatile-organic-compound green-leaf-volatile terpenoid phenylpropanoid jasmonic-acid salicylic-acid ethylene abscisic-acid gibberellin auxin cytokinin brassinosteroid strigolactone nitric-oxide reactive-oxygen-species hypersensitive-response programmed-cell-death autophagy apoptosis necrosis pathogen-associated-molecular-pattern damage-associated-molecular-pattern pattern-recognition-receptor effector-triggered-immunity gene-for-gene avirulence virulence effector toxin phytotoxin mycotoxin bacterial-toxin viral-toxin insecticidal-protein cry-protein vip-protein cyt-protein spore conidium appressorium haustorium mycelium sclerotium fruiting-body basidiocarp ascocarp perithecium cleistothecium pycnidium acervulus sporodochium symptom sign disease-triangle disease-cycle epidemic endemic pandemic outbreak eradication containment management control prevention forecasting warning-system decision-support-system expert-system model simulation economic-threshold economic-injury-level action-threshold treatment-threshold damage-threshold aesthetic-injury-level cultural-control physical-control mechanical-control chemical-control genetic-control sterile-insect-technique incompatible-insect-technique precision-agriculture site-specific-management variable-rate-application remote-sensing geographic-information-system global-positioning-system unmanned-aerial-vehicle drone sensor imaging spectroscopy machine-learning artificial-intelligence deep-learning neural-network computer-vision image-analysis pattern-recognition classification segmentation detection tracking counting sampling sampling-plan sequential-sampling binomial-sampling presence-absence-sampling fixed-precision-sampling variable-precision-sampling spatial-sampling temporal-sampling stratified-sampling cluster-sampling systematic-sampling random-sampling convenience-sampling judgment-sampling expert-sampling quota-sampling snowball-sampling respondent-driven-sampling capture-recapture mark-recapture mark-resight distance-sampling line-transect point-transect strip-transect plot quadrat pitfall-trap Malaise-trap pan-trap water-pan yellow-pan blue-pan white-pan flight-interception-trap window-trap canopy-fogging beating-tray sweep-net aerial-net ground-net aquatic-net D-vac vacuum-sampler aspirator mouth-aspirator mechanical-aspirator berlese-funnel Tullgren-funnel Winkler-extractor pitfall barber-trap pitfall-array drift-fence funnel-trap light-trap UV-light black-light mercury-vapor sodium-vapor LED actinic color-trap sticky-trap pheromone-trap synthetic-pheromone natural-pheromone kairomone-trap food-bait protein-bait sugar-bait fermentation-bait alcohol-bait vinegar-bait molasses-bait fruit-bait meat-bait fish-bait dung-bait carrion-bait decoy lure attractant repellent deterrent antifeedant oviposition-stimulant arrestant suppressant toxicant stomach-poison contact-poison fumigant systemic translaminar residual persistent non-persistent broad-spectrum narrow-spectrum selective non-selective target-specific host-specific mode-of-action nerve-poison acetylcholinesterase-inhibitor GABA-antagonist sodium-channel-modulator nicotinic-acetylcholine-receptor-agonist ryanodine-receptor-modulator chitin-synthesis-inhibitor juvenile-hormone-mimic ecdysone-agonist microbial-pesticide entomopathogenic-nematode entomopathogenic-fungus entomopathogenic-bacterium entomopathogenic-virus entomopathogenic-protozoa Bacillus-thuringiensis Bt Bacillus-sphaericus Paenibacillus-popilliae Serratia-entomophila Metarhizium-anisopliae Beauveria-bassiana Lecanicillium-lecanii Isaria-fumosorosea Nomuraea-rileyi Hirsutella-thompsonii Entomophthora Neozygites Nosema Vairimorpha Thelohania Anticarsia-gemmatalis-nucleopolyhedrovirus AgMNPV Cydia-pomonella-granulovirus CpGV Spodoptera-exigua-multiple-nucleopolyhedrovirus SeMNPV Autographa-californica-multiple-nucleopolyhedrovirus AcMNPV nucleopolyhedrovirus granulovirus cypovirus entomopoxvirus iridovirus parvovirus tetravirus nodavirus reovirus picornavirus iflavirus densovirus birnavirus totivirus partitivirus hypovirulence mycovirus bacteriophage phage transduction conjugation transformation horizontal-gene-transfer vertical-gene-transfer mobile-genetic-element transposon plasmid integron genomic-island pathogenicity-island symbiosis-island metabolic-island resistance-island virulence-factor antibiotic-resistance insecticide-resistance acaricide-resistance herbicide-resistance fungicide-resistance bactericide-resistance nematicide-resistance molluscicide-resistance rodenticide-resistance resistance-management resistance-monitoring resistance-detection resistance-diagnosis resistance-mechanism metabolic-resistance target-site-resistance penetration-resistance behavioral-resistance cross-resistance multiple-resistance negative-cross-resistance synergism antagonism potentiation safener adjuvant surfactant spreader sticker extender buffer acidifier defoamer drift-retardant rainfastness UV-protectant formulation emulsifiable-concentrate wettable-powder water-dispersible-granule suspension-concentrate capsule-suspension microencapsulation nanotechnology controlled-release slow-release attract-and-kill sterile-insect-release inundative-release inoculative-release conservation augmentation classical neoclassical new-association targeted area-wide suppression protection production integrated-crop-management integrated-production organic-farming biodynamic-farming permaculture agroforestry silvopasture climate-smart-agriculture conservation-agriculture digital-agriculture smart-farming agriculture-4.0 internet-of-things big-data cloud-computing blockchain distributed-ledger traceability transparency certification standard governance stakeholder value-chain supply-chain food-system nutrition-security livelihood income employment gender youth social-inclusion equity fairness justice ethics animal-welfare environmental-protection biodiversity-conservation ecosystem-restoration land-degradation-neutrality desertification deforestation reforestation afforestation forest-restoration wetland-restoration grassland-restoration soil-restoration soil-health soil-organic-matter soil-carbon soil-biodiversity soil-fauna soil-microbiome rhizosphere phyllosphere anthroposphere technosphere biosphere ecosphere hydrosphere atmosphere lithosphere pedosphere cryosphere climate-change global-warming greenhouse-gas carbon-dioxide methane nitrous-oxide fluorinated-gas carbon-sequestration carbon-storage carbon-sink carbon-source carbon-neutral carbon-negative net-zero climate-adaptation climate-mitigation climate-resilience vulnerability exposure sensitivity adaptive-capacity transition pathway scenario projection forecast prediction uncertainty risk hazard damage loss adaptation mitigation resilience sustainability sustainable-development sustainable-development-goals SDG Agenda-2030 Paris-Agreement Convention-on-Biological-Diversity CBD Nagoya-Protocol Cartagena-Protocol Aichi-Targets Kunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-Framework post-2020-biodiversity-framework One-Health Planetary-Health EcoHealth One-Welfare One-World One-Future interdisciplinary transdisciplinary multidisciplinary cross-disciplinary intersectoral multistakeholder partnership collaboration cooperation network platform hub center-of-excellence capacity-development institutional-strengthening policy-support science-policy-interface evidence-based-policy science-diplomacy technology-transfer knowledge-transfer knowledge-exchange knowledge-sharing open-access open-data open-science open-innovation citizen-science community-based-monitoring action-research transformative-research solution-oriented-research problem-driven-research impact-oriented-research implementation-research operational-research applied-research basic-research fundamental-research strategic-research tactical-research adaptive-research innovation invention discovery breakthrough frontier emerging converging enabling disruptive transformative exponential digital biological physical cognitive social institutional technological ecological evolutionary revolutionary incremental radical systematic holistic integrated comprehensive inclusive participatory bottom-up top-down middle-out hybrid mixed-methods qualitative quantitative empirical theoretical conceptual analytical computational experimental observational descriptive correlational causal mechanistic predictive prescriptive normative evaluative assessment appraisal review audit evaluation outcome-evaluation process-evaluation cost-effectiveness cost-benefit cost-utility multi-criteria-decision-analysis stakeholder-analysis social-network-analysis institutional-analysis political-economy-analysis gender-analysis youth-analysis vulnerability-analysis risk-analysis uncertainty-analysis sensitivity-analysis scenario-analysis systems-analysis life-cycle-assessment footprint water-footprint carbon-footprint ecological-footprint nitrogen-footprint biodiversity-footprint land-footprint material-footprint social-footprint health-footprint planetary-boundary safe-operating-space doughnut-economics regenerative restorative circular green blue bioeconomy circular-economy sharing-economy gig-economy platform-economy digital-economy knowledge-economy creative-economy care-economy wellbeing-economy degrowth post-growth steady-state doughnut sufficiency prosperity flourishing thriving buen-vivir ubuntu harmony balance equilibrium homeostasis robustness adaptability flexibility plasticity evolvability innovability transformability sustainability-science resilience-science complexity-science systems-science network-science data-science information-science computer-science cognitive-science behavioral-science social-science natural-science life-science earth-science environmental-science agricultural-science veterinary-science medical-science health-science nutrition-science food-science material-science engineering-science interdisciplinary-science transdisciplinary-science convergence-science team-science responsible-science ethical-science inclusive-science decolonized-science feminist-science indigenous-science traditional-knowledge local-knowledge expert-knowledge lay-knowledge tacit-knowledge codified-knowledge explicit-knowledge implicit-knowledge procedural-knowledge declarative-knowledge epistemic-knowledge ontological-knowledge practical-knowledge theoretical-knowledge scientific-knowledge indigenous-knowledge traditional-ecological-knowledge TEK farmers'-knowledge fishers'-knowledge herders'-knowledge hunters'-knowledge gatherers'-knowledge women's-knowledge men's-knowledge youth-knowledge elder-knowledge intergenerational-knowledge transgenerational-knowledge ancestral-knowledge inherited-knowledge learned-knowledge acquired-knowledge constructed-knowledge co-produced-knowledge participatory-knowledge collaborative-knowledge transdisciplinary-knowledge interdisciplinary-knowledge multidisciplinary-knowledge cross-disciplinary-knowledge integrated-knowledge holistic-knowledge systemic-knowledge complex-knowledge uncertain-knowledge ambiguous-knowledge contested-knowledge negotiated-knowledge agreed-knowledge shared-knowledge common-knowledge public-knowledge private-knowledge proprietary-knowledge open-knowledge free-knowledge accessible-knowledge usable-knowledge actionable-knowledge relevant-knowledge timely-knowledge credible-knowledge legitimate-knowledge salient-knowledge authoritative-knowledge stakeholder-knowledge policy-maker-knowledge practitioner-knowledge researcher-knowledge academic-knowledge technical-knowledge managerial-knowledge administrative-knowledge bureaucratic-knowledge political-knowledge economic-knowledge social-knowledge cultural-knowledge historical-knowledge geographical-knowledge ecological-knowledge biological-knowledge agricultural-knowledge environmental-knowledge climate-knowledge health-knowledge nutrition-knowledge food-knowledge safety-knowledge security-knowledge risk-knowledge disaster-knowledge emergency-knowledge crisis-knowledge conflict-knowledge peace-knowledge development-knowledge sustainability-knowledge resilience-knowledge adaptation-knowledge mitigation-knowledge transformation-knowledge innovation-knowledge technology-knowledge digital-knowledge data-knowledge information-knowledge communication-knowledge media-knowledge journalism-knowledge education-knowledge learning-knowledge training-knowledge capacity-knowledge institutional-knowledge organizational-knowledge network-knowledge partnership-knowledge collaboration-knowledge cooperation-knowledge governance-knowledge policy-knowledge regulation-knowledge law-knowledge rights-knowledge justice-knowledge ethics-knowledge morality-knowledge values-knowledge norms-knowledge beliefs-knowledge attitudes-knowledge perceptions-knowledge behaviors-knowledge practices-knowledge customs-knowledge traditions-knowledge rituals-knowledge symbols-knowledge identities-knowledge meanings-knowledge narratives-knowledge stories-knowledge discourses-knowledge languages-knowledge representation-knowledge framing-knowledge agenda-setting-knowledge policy-making-knowledge implementation-knowledge evaluation-knowledge monitoring-knowledge accountability-knowledge transparency-knowledge participation-knowledge inclusion-knowledge equity-knowledge fairness-knowledge empowerment-knowledge agency-knowledge autonomy-knowledge self-determination-knowledge sovereignty-knowledge territory-knowledge land-knowledge resource-knowledge property-knowledge ownership-knowledge access-knowledge control-knowledge benefit-knowledge sharing-knowledge distribution-knowledge allocation-knowledge management-knowledge conservation-knowledge restoration-knowledge protection-knowledge use-knowledge utilization-knowledge exploitation-knowledge harvesting-knowledge hunting-knowledge gathering-knowledge fishing-knowledge farming-knowledge herding-knowledge forestry-knowledge mining-knowledge extractivism-knowledge production-knowledge consumption-knowledge trade-knowledge exchange-knowledge market-knowledge economy-knowledge finance-knowledge investment-knowledge debt-knowledge credit-knowledge insurance-knowledge subsidy-knowledge tax-knowledge fiscal-knowledge monetary-knowledge currency-knowledge inflation-knowledge deflation-knowledge recession-knowledge depression-knowledge growth-knowledge progress-knowledge modernization-knowledge globalization-knowledge localization-knowledge regionalization-knowledge nationalization-knowledge privatization-knowledge liberalization-knowledge deregulation-knowledge reregulation-knowledge standardization-knowledge certification-knowledge accreditation-knowledge quality-knowledge hygiene-knowledge sanitation-knowledge wellness-knowledge fitness-knowledge diet-knowledge cooking-knowledge cuisine-knowledge taste-knowledge flavor-knowledge aroma-knowledge texture-knowledge appearance-knowledge presentation-knowledge aesthetics-knowledge design-knowledge art-knowledge culture-knowledge heritage-knowledge history-knowledge archaeology-knowledge paleontology-knowledge evolution-knowledge genetics-knowledge genomics-knowledge proteomics-knowledge metabolomics-knowledge phenomics-knowledge transcriptomics-knowledge epigenomics-knowledge microbiomics-knowledge viromics-knowledge metagenomics-knowledge ecogenomics-knowledge conservation-genomics-knowledge functional-genomics-knowledge structural-genomics-knowledge comparative-genomics-knowledge evolutionary-genomics-knowledge population-genomics-knowledge medical-genomics-knowledge agricultural-genomics-knowledge environmental-genomics-knowledge forensic-genomics-knowledge synthetic-genomics-knowledge genome-editing-knowledge CRISPR-knowledge Cas9-knowledge gene-drive-knowledge synthetic-biology-knowledge bioengineering-knowledge biotechnology-knowledge nanotechnology-knowledge information-technology-knowledge communication-technology-knowledge digital-technology-knowledge artificial-intelligence-knowledge machine-learning-knowledge robotics-knowledge automation-knowledge precision-technology-knowledge smart-technology-knowledge clean-technology-knowledge green-technology-knowledge blue-technology-knowledge climate-technology-knowledge adaptation-technology-knowledge mitigation-technology-knowledge resilience-technology-knowledge sustainable-technology-knowledge appropriate-technology-knowledge intermediate-technology-knowledge low-technology-knowledge high-technology-knowledge emerging-technology-knowledge converging-technology-knowledge enabling-technology-knowledge disruptive-technology-knowledge transformative-technology-knowledge exponential-technology-knowledge frontier-technology-knowledge space-technology-knowledge nuclear-technology-knowledge renewable-energy-technology-knowledge energy-efficiency-technology-knowledge energy-storage-technology-knowledge smart-grid-technology-knowledge electric-vehicle-technology-knowledge battery-technology-knowledge solar-technology-knowledge wind-technology-knowledge hydro-technology-knowledge geothermal-technology-knowledge biomass-technology-knowledge biofuel-technology-knowledge hydrogen-technology-knowledge fuel-cell-technology-knowledge carbon-capture-technology-knowledge carbon-storage-technology-knowledge carbon-utilization-technology-knowledge carbon-removal-technology-knowledge direct-air-capture-technology-knowledge bioenergy-with-carbon-capture-and-storage-knowledge BECCS-knowledge enhanced-weathering-technology-knowledge ocean-fertilization-technology-knowledge solar-radiation-management-knowledge stratospheric-aerosol-injection-knowledge marine-cloud-brightening-knowledge cirrus-cloud-thinning-knowledge space-based-solar-reflectors-knowledge albedo-modification-knowledge geoengineering-knowledge climate-engineering-knowledge earth-system-engineering-knowledge planetary-engineering-knowledge ecosystem-engineering-knowledge habitat-engineering-knowledge species-engineering-knowledge genetic-engineering-knowledge germline-engineering-knowledge somatic-engineering-knowledge enhancement-engineering-knowledge therapy-engineering-knowledge diagnostics-engineering-knowledge prognostics-engineering-knowledge theranostics-engineering-knowledge personalized-medicine-knowledge precision-medicine-knowledge regenerative-medicine-knowledge reproductive-medicine-knowledge translational-medicine-knowledge preventive-medicine-knowledge curative-medicine-knowledge palliative-medicine-knowledge integrative-medicine-knowledge complementary-medicine-knowledge alternative-medicine-knowledge traditional-medicine-knowledge herbal-medicine-knowledge acupuncture-knowledge homeopathy-knowledge naturopathy-knowledge chiropractic-knowledge osteopathy-knowledge massage-knowledge meditation-knowledge mindfulness-knowledge yoga-knowledge tai-chi-knowledge qigong-knowledge martial-arts-knowledge dance-knowledge music-knowledge art-therapy-knowledge color-therapy-knowledge light-therapy-knowledge sound-therapy-knowledge aromatherapy-knowledge hydrotherapy-knowledge balneotherapy-knowledge thalassotherapy-knowledge climatotherapy-knowledge helio-therapy-knowledge phototherapy-knowledge radiation-therapy-knowledge chemotherapy-knowledge immunotherapy-knowledge targeted-therapy-knowledge hormone-therapy-knowledge gene-therapy-knowledge cell-therapy-knowledge stem-cell-therapy-knowledge tissue-engineering-knowledge organ-engineering-knowledge bioprinting-knowledge 3D-printing-knowledge 4D-printing-knowledge additive-manufacturing-knowledge subtractive-manufacturing-knowledge formative-manufacturing-knowledge hybrid-manufacturing-knowledge digital-manufacturing-knowledge smart-manufacturing-knowledge lean-manufacturing-knowledge green-manufacturing-knowledge circular-manufacturing-knowledge sustainable-manufacturing-knowledge clean-manufacturing-knowledge zero-waste-manufacturing-knowledge closed-loop-manufacturing-knowledge industrial-ecology-knowledge industrial-symbiosis-knowledge eco-industrial-park-knowledge green-chemistry-knowledge sustainable-chemistry-knowledge bio-based-chemistry-knowledge circular-chemistry-knowledge safe-chemistry-knowledge benign-by-design-knowledge atom-economy-knowledge E-factor-knowledge process-intensification-knowledge flow-chemistry-knowledge microwave-chemistry-knowledge ultrasound-chemistry-knowledge mechanochemistry-knowledge electrochemistry-knowledge photochemistry-knowledge plasma-chemistry-knowledge sonochemistry-knowledge thermochemistry-knowledge calorimetry-knowledge kinetics-knowledge thermodynamics-knowledge equilibrium-knowledge reaction-engineering-knowledge separation-engineering-knowledge purification-engineering-knowledge crystallization-engineering-knowledge distillation-engineering-knowledge extraction-engineering-knowledge absorption-engineering-knowledge adsorption-engineering-knowledge membrane-engineering-knowledge filtration-engineering-knowledge centrifugation-engineering-knowledge sedimentation-engineering-knowledge flotation-engineering-knowledge leaching-engineering-knowledge roasting-engineering-knowledge sintering-engineering-knowledge smelting-engineering-knowledge refining-engineering-knowledge alloying-engineering-knowledge casting-engineering-knowledge forming-engineering-knowledge machining-engineering-knowledge joining-engineering-knowledge welding-engineering-knowledge brazing-engineering-knowledge soldering-engineering-knowledge adhesive-bonding-engineering-knowledge mechanical-fastening-engineering-knowledge coating-engineering-knowledge surface-engineering-knowledge heat-treatment-engineering-knowledge finishing-engineering-knowledge polishing-engineering-knowledge grinding-engineering-knowledge lapping-engineering-knowledge honing-engineering-knowledge superfinishing-engineering-knowledge texturing-engineering-knowledge patterning-engineering-knowledge lithography-engineering-knowledge etching-engineering-knowledge deposition-engineering-knowledge sputtering-engineering-knowledge evaporation-engineering-knowledge chemical-vapor-deposition-engineering-knowledge physical-vapor-deposition-engineering-knowledge atomic-layer-deposition-engineering-knowledge molecular-beam-epitaxy-engineering-knowledge pulsed-laser-deposition-engineering-knowledge sol-gel-engineering-knowledge spin-coating-engineering-knowledge dip-coating-engineering-knowledge spray-coating-engineering-knowledge electrophoretic-deposition-engineering-knowledge electroless-plating-engineering-knowledge electroplating-engineering-knowledge anodizing-engineering-knowledge passivation-engineering-knowledge conversion-coating-engineering-knowledge phosphating-engineering-knowledge chromating-engineering-knowledge bluing-engineering-knowledge blackening-engineering-knowledge pickling-engineering-knowledge cleaning-engineering-knowledge degreasing-engineering-knowledge descaling-engineering-knowledge deflashing-engineering-knowledge deburring-engineering-knowledge trimming-engineering-knowledge blanking-engineering-knowledge punching-engineering-knowledge shearing-engineering-knowledge bending-engineering-knowledge drawing-engineering-knowledge stretching-engineering-knowledge deep-drawing-engineering-knowledge spinning-engineering-knowledge flow-forming-engineering-knowledge thread-rolling-engineering-knowledge gear-cutting-engineering-knowledge broaching-engineering-knowledge hobbing-engineering-knowledge shaping-engineering-knowledge planing-engineering-knowledge milling-engineering-knowledge turning-engineering-knowledge boring-engineering-knowledge reaming-engineering-knowledge tapping-engineering-knowledge die-sinking-engineering-knowledge electrical-discharge-machining-engineering-knowledge laser-machining-engineering-knowledge electron-beam-machining-engineering-knowledge ion-beam-machining-engineering-knowledge plasma-machining-engineering-knowledge water-jet-machining-engineering-knowledge abrasive-jet-machining-engineering-knowledge ultrasonic-machining-engineering-knowledge chemical-machining-engineering-knowledge photochemical-machining-engineering-knowledge electrochemical-machining-engineering-knowledge electrochemical-grinding-engineering-knowledge electrochemical-honing-engineering-knowledge electrochemical-deburring-engineering-knowledge thermal-spraying-engineering-knowledge cold-spraying-engineering-knowledge explosive-cladding-engineering-knowledge friction-stir-welding-engineering-knowledge diffusion-bonding-engineering-knowledge explosive-welding-engineering-knowledge magnetic-pulse-welding-engineering-knowledge ultrasonic-welding-engineering-knowledge inertia-friction-welding-engineering-knowledge linear-friction-welding-engineering-knowledge orbita-l-friction-welding-engineering-knowledge radial-friction-welding-engineering-knowledge angular-friction-welding-engineering-knowledge torsion-friction-welding-engineering-knowledge upset-welding-engineering-knowledge flash-welding-engineering-knowledge resistance-welding-engineering-knowledge spot-welding-engineering-knowledge seam-welding-engineering-knowledge projection-welding-engineering-knowledge butt-welding-engineering-knowledge flash-butt-welding-engineering-knowledge percussion-welding-engineering-knowledge stud-welding-engineering-knowledge capacitor-discharge-welding-engineering-knowledge drawn-arc-welding-engineering-knowledge short-cycle-welding-engineering-knowledge gas-welding-engineering-knowledge oxy-acetylene-welding-engineering-knowledge oxy-hydrogen-welding-engineering-knowledge air-acetylene-welding-engineering-knowledge pressure-gas-welding-engineering-knowledge forge-welding-engineering-knowledge roll-welding-engineering-knowledge thermit-welding-engineering-knowledge arc-welding-engineering-knowledge shielded-metal-arc-welding-engineering-knowledge gas-metal-arc-welding-engineering-knowledge flux-cored-arc-welding-engineering-knowledge submerged-arc-welding-engineering-knowledge gas-tungsten-arc-welding-engineering-knowledge plasma-arc-welding-engineering-knowledge carbon-arc-welding-engineering-knowledge atomic-hydrogen-welding-engineering-knowledge electroslag-welding-engineering-knowledge electrogas-welding-engineering-knowledge laser-beam-welding-engineering-knowledge electron-beam-welding-engineering-knowledge ion-beam-welding-engineering-knowledge plasma-beam-welding-engineering-knowledge induction-welding-engineering-knowledge dielectric-welding-engineering-knowledge infrared-welding-engineering-knowledge microwave-welding-engineering-knowledge solar-welding-engineering-knowledge friction-welding-engineering-knowledge vibration-welding-engineering-knowledge rotation-welding-engineering-knowledge orbital-welding-engineering-knowledge radial-welding-engineering-knowledge angular-welding-engineering-knowledge torsion-welding-engineering-knowledge
Ephialtini
Ephialtini is a tribe of ichneumonid wasps within the subfamily Pimplinae, comprising approximately 17 genera and at least 120 species. Members are exclusively parasitoids of spiders (Araneae), with many species belonging to the 'Polysphincta group' that attack post-embryonic spiders. These wasps exhibit diverse host specificity patterns, ranging from polyphagy across multiple spider families to strict specialization on particular host species or genera. Some species parasitize adult spiders while others attack spider egg sacs.
parasitoid spider-parasitoid koinobiont ectoparasitoid Polysphincta-group ichneumonid biological-control host-specificity DNA-barcoding
Epicephala
leafflower moths
Epicephala is a genus of small moths in the family Gracillariidae, notable for obligate pollination mutualisms with plants in the tribe Phyllantheae (Phyllanthaceae). Many species actively pollinate their host plants while simultaneously acting as seed predators, with larvae developing inside host fruits and consuming a portion of the developing seeds. This specialized relationship has evolved independently at least five times and involves over 500 host plant species. Some species have secondarily lost the pollinating behavior and function solely as seed parasites.
pollination-mutualism seed-predator coevolution Phyllanthaceae active-pollination host-specificity Gracillariidae leafflower-moth
Ericrocidini
cuckoo bees
Ericrocidini is a tribe of cleptoparasitic (cuckoo) bees within the family Apidae, containing 11 genera and approximately 42 species distributed throughout the Neotropics. These bees are obligate parasites of oil-collecting bees, primarily attacking nests of Centris (Centridini) and, in one derived case, Epicharis. Females do not construct nests or collect pollen; instead, they invade host nests, kill host eggs or larvae, and deposit their eggs in provisioned brood cells. The tribe diverged from related lineages approximately 74 million years ago in the Cretaceous, with host specialization evolving synchronously with their Centris and Epicharis hosts during the Eocene.
cleptoparasitic cuckoo-bee Neotropical Centris-parasite oil-collecting-bee-parasite Apidae Apinae obligate-parasite host-specificity coevolution
Eriophyoidea
gall mites, four-legged mites, blister mites, bud mites, rust mites
Eriophyoidea is a superfamily of minute, worm-like mites comprising three families: Eriophyidae, Phytoptidae, and Diptilomiopidae. These mites are exclusively plant-feeding and represent one of the largest adaptive radiations of plant-parasitic arthropods, with conservative estimates of 100,000 living species. They are distinguished by possessing only two pairs of legs in all post-embryonic stages—a unique feature among mites—and by their elongated, annulate bodies. Many species are significant agricultural pests causing galls, leaf deformities, and transmitting plant diseases, while others cause no apparent damage to their hosts.
mites Acari plant-pests gall-mites agricultural-pests herbivory host-specificity vermiform two-legged annulate
Euura
Euura is a genus of sawflies in the family Tenthredinidae, subfamily Nematinae, with exceptional species diversity concentrated in northern Holarctic regions rather than tropical zones. The genus contains both free-feeding larvae that consume plant foliage externally and gall-inducing species whose larvae develop entirely within plant galls. Gall-forming females inject a stimulant during oviposition that initiates gall growth before eggs hatch, a distinctive mechanism among gall insects. Taxonomic revision in 2014 consolidated several former genera (Eupontania, Phyllocolpa, Pontania, Tubpontania) into Euura based on phylogenetic evidence. The genus exhibits substantial genetic complexity, with frequent mito-nuclear discordance and multiple functional COI variants within individuals complicating species identification.
sawfly gall-inducing willow-associated boreal Holarctic Nematinae phylogenetic-revision cryptic-species mito-nuclear-discordance host-specificity resource-regulation spring-phenology Francesco-Redi Leeuwenhoek taxonomic-controversy COI-barcoding-limitations
Exapion ulicis
Gorse Seed Weevil
Exapion ulicis is a small seed-feeding weevil specialized on gorse (Ulex europaeus). Adults are light gray with a prominent snout roughly half the body length. The species is native to western Europe and has been introduced to New Zealand, California, Hawaii, and other regions as a biological control agent targeting invasive gorse populations. Larval feeding destroys seeds within pods, reducing plant spread, while adult feeding on stems and spines causes minor damage.
biological-control invasive-species-management seed-predator host-specialization temporal-isolation Brentidae Coleoptera Ulex-europaeus gorse western-Europe California New-Zealand Hawaii spring-activity oviposition-cues pod-fecundity parasitoid seed-destruction noctuid pest-control-agent established-introduction native-range-Europe introduced-range-Pacific Chile Belgium Oregon northern-California forest-gaps pastures natural-areas seed-loss intensity-of-attack reproductive-isolation ecological-specialization sympatric-divergence host-phenology pod-size seed-content female-choice feeding-damage round-holes stem-feeding spine-feeding larval-development pupal-period 6-8-weeks-larval-feeding 2-months-pupation within-pod-development seed-to-ovule-ratio mature-seeds intact-seeds parasitization-rate population-abundance fecund-pod-targeting whole-plant-traits flower-traits pod-traits choice-experiments common-garden Brittany Scotland Reunion host-availability seasonal-activity morphological-identification mitochondrial-sequences nuclear-sequences phylogeny host-races divergent-selection ecological-speciation sympatric-populations spring-infestation autumn-infestation introduced-with-gorse not-initially-introduced invasive-plant plant-insect-interactions oviposition-behavior feeding-behavior preference-patterns multiple-trait-use surface-cues internal-cues pod-characteristics host-choice plant-susceptibility invasion-biology entomological-experimentalis pan-pacific-entomologist diversity-journal ecological-entomology Coombs-2004 HEAR-photo-gallery iNaturalist GBIF NCBI Forster-1771 Curculionoidea Apionidae Fabaceae Genisteae noxious-weed agent-of-biological-pest-control light-gray long-snout straight-snout 2-3-mm small-weevil seed-weevil gorse-seed-weevil established-populations percentage-of-pods-infested spatial-variation temporal-variation seed-set seed-production seed-predation-impact ecosystem-service weed-biological-control classical-biological-control inundative-biological-control self-sustaining-populations non-target-effects host-specificity reproductive-phenology phenological-matching phenological-isolation allochronic-speciation temporal-niche resource-partitioning competitive-exclusion character-displacement molecular-phylogenetics COI ITS morphological-characters individual-variation environmental-variation mitochondrial-DNA nuclear-DNA species-differentiation genetic-divergence ecological-divergence adaptive-radiation host-shift host-race-formation sympatric-speciation reinforcement prezygotic-isolation postzygotic-isolation habitat-fragmentation population-structure gene-flow local-adaptation phenotypic-plasticity genetic-drift natural-selection sexual-selection founder-effect bottleneck invasion-genetics enemy-release evolutionary-potential rapid-evolution contemporary-evolution eco-evolutionary-dynamics community-ecology trophic-interactions food-web ecosystem-function ecosystem-process nutrient-cycling energy-flow population-dynamics metapopulation source-sink dispersal colonization establishment spread impact-assessment non-target-risk efficacy establishment-success population-establishment field-release monitoring evaluation adaptive-management integrated-pest-management sustainable-agriculture conservation-biological-control augmentative-biological-control inoculative-biological-control natural-enemy herbivore phytophagous monophagous oligophagous polyphagous specialist generalist co-evolution coevolutionary-arms-race plant-defense herbivore-offense induced-defense constitutive-defense direct-defense indirect-defense volatile-organic-compounds extrafloral-nectaries trophic-cascades apparent-competition enemy-mediated-apparent-competition intraguild-predation multitrophic-interactions trait-mediated-indirect-effects density-mediated-indirect-effects ecosystem-engineering niche-construction extended-phenotype environmental-feedback eco-evolutionary-feedback evolutionary-rescue genetic-rescue assisted-migration managed-relocation conservation-translocation reintroduction restoration-ecology habitat-restoration ecological-restoration weed-management rangeland-management forest-management protected-area-management biodiversity-conservation ecosystem-services provisioning-services regulating-services cultural-services supporting-services sustainable-development-goals Aichi-targets Kunming-Montreal-global-biodiversity-framework IPBES IUCN CBD FAO EPPO regulatory-framework risk-analysis environmental-impact-assessment cost-benefit-analysis decision-support stakeholder-engagement social-license public-acceptance communication education outreach citizen-science iNaturalist-observations occurrence-records specimen-records museum-collections voucher-specimens type-specimens holotype paratype syntype lectotype neotype original-description subsequent-designation taxonomic-revision phylogenetic-revision monograph field-guide identification-key diagnostic-characters illustration photography microscopy scanning-electron-microscopy molecular-techniques DNA-barcoding metabarcoding environmental-DNA population-genetics phylogeography landscape-genetics seascape-genetics isolation-by-distance isolation-by-environment isolation-by-resistance least-cost-path circuit-theory species-distribution-modeling ecological-niche-modeling maxent bioclim worldclim chelsa modis remote-sensing GIS spatial-analysis temporal-analysis time-series phenology climate-change global-warming phenological-shift range-shift poleward-shift elevational-shift altitudinal-shift habitat-tracking niche-tracking niche-conservatism niche-evolution realized-niche fundamental-niche biotic-interactions abiotic-factors environmental-filtering dispersal-limitation source-pool species-pool regional-pool local-pool alpha-diversity beta-diversity gamma-diversity species-richness species-evenness species-abundance dominance rarity commonness endemism cosmopolitanism native endemic introduced invasive naturalized casual transient ephemeral persistent established spreading invasive-potential invasiveness impact ecological-impact economic-impact social-impact environmental-impact negative-impact positive-impact beneficial detrimental nuisance pest weed pathogen disease-vector public-health veterinary-health crop-health forest-health rangeland-health ecosystem-health One-Health planetary-health ecohealth conservation-medicine disease-ecology parasitology entomology medical-entomology veterinary-entomology agricultural-entomology forest-entomology urban-entomology aquatic-entomology systematics taxonomy phylogenetics evolutionary-biology population-biology ecosystem-ecology landscape-ecology global-ecology macroecology biogeography historical-biogeography ecological-biogeography island-biogeography continental-biogeography latitudinal-gradient altitudinal-gradient species-area-relationship island-species-richness equilibrium-theory nonequilibrium-theory neutral-theory niche-theory assembly-rules priority-effects mass-effects species-sorting competition predation herbivory parasitism mutualism commensalism amensalism facilitation inhibition tolerance succession primary-succession secondary-succession disturbance recovery resilience resistance stability persistence turnover replacement extinction immigration emigration birth death reproduction survival growth development metamorphosis complete-metamorphosis holometabolous hemimetabolous ametabolous egg larva pupa adult instar ecdysis molting diapause quiescence aestivation hibernation overwintering overwintering-stage overwintering-site overwintering-strategy cold-hardiness freeze-tolerance freeze-avoidance supercooling cryoprotectants thermal-biology thermoregulation ectothermy poikilothermy behavioral-thermoregulation microhabitat-selection basking shading stilting perching roosting sheltering burrowing mining gall-formation leaf-rolling leaf-tying silk-production web-spinning nest-construction oviposition-site-selection host-plant-selection mate-choice sperm-competition cryptic-female-choice polyandry polygyny monogamy promiscuity lekking territoriality aggression defense predator-avoidance antipredator-behavior crypsis masquerade mimicry Batesian-mimicry Müllerian-mimicry automimicry aggressive-mimicry startle-display thanatosis death-feigning autotomy reflex-bleeding chemical-defense mechanical-defense physical-defense behavioral-defense mutualistic-defense plant-animal-interactions pollination seed-dispersal antagonism synergism antagonistic-pleiotropy trade-offs life-history life-history-strategy r-selection K-selection bet-hedging iteroparity semelparity annual perennial biennial pluriannual longevity lifespan generation-time development-time growth-rate reproductive-rate fecundity fertility virility mating-success reproductive-success fitness inclusive-fitness kin-selection group-selection multilevel-selection individual-selection artificial-selection social-selection ecological-selection stabilizing-selection directional-selection disruptive-selection balancing-selection frequency-dependent-selection negative-frequency-dependent-selection positive-frequency-dependent-selection apostatic-selection antiapostatic-selection rare-type-advantage common-type-disadvantage heterozygote-advantage heterosis hybrid-vigor inbreeding-depression outbreeding-depression genetic-load mutational-load segregational-load substitutional-load drift-load migration-load mutation recombination chromosomal-rearrangement genome-evolution transposable-elements horizontal-gene-transfer endosymbiosis symbiogenesis holobiont hologenome extended-evolutionary-synthesis niche-construction-theory ecological-evolutionary-developmental-biology eco-evo-devo developmental-plasticity reaction-norm genotype-environment-interaction GxE norm-of-reaction plasticity canalization genetic-assimilation genetic-accommodation cryptic-genetic-variation evolutionary-capacitance evolvability robustness modularity integration correlation constraint trade-off pleiotropy epistasis additive-genetic-variance dominance-variance epistatic-variance genetic-variance phenotypic-variance environmental-variance heritability narrow-sense-heritability broad-sense-heritability response-to-selection breeder's-equation quantitative-genetics molecular-genetics genomics transcriptomics proteomics metabolomics phenomics ecogenomics conservation-genomics functional-genomics structural-genomics comparative-genomics evolutionary-genomics phylogenomics metagenomics microbiome virome mycobiome bacteriome archaeome eukaryome extended-genotype keystone-species ecosystem-engineer foundation-species dominant-species subordinate-species transient-species satellite-species core-species peripheral-species edge-species interior-species habitat-generalist habitat-specialist edge-habitat interior-habitat matrix-habitat corridor stepping-stone source-habitat sink-habitat patch fragment landscape seascape riverscape skyscape soundscape smellscape tastes touch vision olfaction gustation mechanoreception thermoreception photoreception chemoreception electroreception magnetoreception proprioception nociception sensory-ecology sensory-biology neuroethology behavioral-ecology cognitive-ecology evolutionary-ecology ecological-immunology ecoimmunology epidemiology parasite-ecology host-parasite-interactions host-pathogen-interactions host-symbiont-interactions microbial-ecology virology bacteriology mycology protistology helminthology entomopathology microbial-control viral-control fungal-control bacterial-control nematode-control parasitoid-control predator-control herbivore-control competitor-control autocidal-control sterile-insect-technique incompatible-insect-technique gene-drive RNA-interference CRISPR genetic-biocontrol precision-guided-sterile-insect-technique self-limiting-genetic-control self-sustaining-genetic-control population-suppression population-replacement population-elimination area-wide-integrated-pest-management sterile-insect-release inundative-release inoculative-release neoclassical-biological-control augmentation-biological-control habitat-manipulation cultural-control physical-control mechanical-control chemical-control pesticide-resistance-management insecticide-resistance-management herbicide-resistance-management fungicide-resistance-management antibiotic-resistance-management resistance-evolution resistance-management refuge-strategy high-dose-strategy pyramid-strategy rotation-strategy mixture-strategy mosaic-strategy integrated-resistance-management integrated-weed-management integrated-crop-management integrated-forest-management integrated-vector-management integrated-disease-management One-Health-approach ecohealth-approach planetary-health-approach sustainable-intensification agroecology organic-agriculture conservation-agriculture climate-smart-agriculture precision-agriculture digital-agriculture smart-farming agricultural-robotics autonomous-systems drone-technology satellite-imagery GPS variable-rate-technology site-specific-management decision-support-systems expert-systems artificial-intelligence machine-learning deep-learning neural-networks computer-vision image-recognition pattern-recognition data-mining big-data cloud-computing internet-of-things sensor-networks wireless-sensor-networks precision-livestock-farming precision-aquaculture precision-forestry precision-horticulture precision-viticulture precision-apiculture precision-sericulture integrated-farming-systems mixed-farming-systems diversified-farming-systems agroforestry silvopasture silvoarable alley-cropping forest-farming homegardens multistrata-systems tropical-homegardens temperate-agroforestry permaculture regenerative-agriculture restorative-agriculture biodynamic-agriculture natural-farming do-nothing-farming Fukuoka-farming Masanobu-Fukuoka Rachel-Carson Silent-Spring integrated-pest-management-history biological-control-history classical-biological-control-history Rachel-Carson-legacy environmental-movement conservation-movement sustainability-science resilience-science adaptive-governance social-ecological-systems socio-ecological-systems coupled-human-natural-systems complex-adaptive-systems panarchy adaptive-cycle rigidity-trap poverty-trap transformation transition sustainability-transition energy-transition food-system-transformation agrifood-system-transformation land-use-change land-cover-change land-use-intensification agricultural-expansion deforestation reforestation afforestation forest-degradation forest-restoration ecosystem-restoration wetland-restoration riparian-restoration coastal-restoration coral-reef-restoration seagrass-restoration mangrove-restoration salt-marsh-restoration dune-restoration prairie-restoration savanna-restoration woodland-restoration old-growth-restoration degraded-land-restoration abandoned-land-restoration contaminated-land-restoration mined-land-restoration post-industrial-restoration urban-restoration rural-restoration agricultural-restoration pastoral-restoration silvicultural-restoration ecological-engineering environmental-engineering bioremediation phytoremediation mycoremediation zooremediation microbial-remediation nanoremediation electrokinetic-remediation soil-washing soil-vapor-extraction air-sparging pump-and-treat permeable-reactive-barriers monitored-natural-attenuation enhanced-natural-attenuation source-zone-treatment plume-treatment risk-based-corrective-action risk-assessment hazard-assessment exposure-assessment toxicity-assessment risk-characterization risk-management risk-communication risk-perception risk-governance precautionary-principle polluter-pays-principle extended-producer-responsibility circular-economy green-economy blue-economy bioeconomy natural-capital ecosystem-services-valuation payment-for-ecosystem-services ecosystem-based-adaptation ecosystem-based-mitigation nature-based-solutions working-with-nature building-with-nature engineering-with-nature green-infrastructure blue-infrastructure urban-green-infrastructure urban-blue-infrastructure sponge-city cool-city forest-city biophilic-city sustainable-city resilient-city smart-city liveable-city healthy-city equitable-city just-city inclusive-city participatory-city co-production co-design co-management community-based-management community-based-conservation community-based-natural-resource-management indigenous-and-local-knowledge traditional-ecological-knowledge biocultural-diversity biocultural-heritage sacred-natural-sites protected-areas conservation-areas nature-reserves wildlife-reserves national-parks world-heritage-sites biosphere-reserves Ramsar-sites important-bird-areas key-biodiversity-areas ecologically-or-biologically-significant-marine-areas other-effective-area-based-conservation-measures conservation-beyond-protected-areas conservation-on-private-land conservation-on-communal-land conservation-on-indigenous-land rights-based-conservation gender-responsive-conservation youth-engagement-in-conservation intergenerational-equity intragenerational-equity environmental-justice climate-justice conservation-justice ecological-justice species-justice intersectionality decolonization-of-conservation post-normal-science transdisciplinarity participatory-research action-research community-based-participatory-research community-science participatory-monitoring adaptive-co-management social-learning knowledge-co-production boundary-work boundary-objects boundary-organizations science-policy-interface science-society-interface knowledge-brokering knowledge-translation knowledge-mobilization research-impact research-uptake evidence-based-policy evidence-based-practice evidence-informed-decision-making decision-support-tools systematic-review meta-analysis evidence-synthesis knowledge-synthesis rapid-evidence-assessment living-evidence living-systematic-review scoping-review rapid-review realist-synthesis narrative-synthesis qualitative-synthesis quantitative-synthesis mixed-methods-synthesis participatory-synthesis deliberative-methods consensus-methods expert-elicitation structured-expert-judgment Delphi-method nominal-group-technique convergent-interview focus-group stakeholder-workshop participatory-mapping participatory-modeling scenario-planning future-studies foresight anticipatory-governance transformative-governance polycentric-governance multi-level-governance network-governance collaborative-governance cooperative-governance democratic-governance deliberative-democracy participatory-democracy direct-democracy representative-democracy liberal-democracy social-democracy green-democracy ecological-democracy biocracy ecocracy technocracy meritocracy plutocracy oligarchy autocracy totalitarianism authoritarianism populism nationalism globalism localism regionalism federalism confederalism unitarism centralism decentralization devolution subsidiarity fiscal-federalism environmental-federalism competitive-federalism cooperative-federalism dual-federalism marble-cake-federalism layer-cake-federalism picket-fence-federalism permissive-federalism coercive-federalism market-preserving-federalism democratic-experimentalism laboratories-of-democracy policy-diffusion policy-transfer policy-learning policy-innovation policy-entrepreneurship policy-windows punctuated-equilibrium advocacy-coalition-framework multiple-streams-framework institutional-analysis-and-development-framework social-ecological-systems-framework sustainability-science-framework planetary-boundaries-framework doughnut-economics-framework circular-economy-framework green-new-deal-framework just-transition-framework leaving-no-one-behind 2030-agenda Paris-agreement Rio-conventions UNFCCC UNCCD CITES CMS Ramsar World-Heritage IPCC WHO UNEP UNDP UNESCO World-Bank IMF WTO OECD G7 G20 BRICS African-Union European-Union ASEAN Mercosur NAFTA USMCA TPP CPTPP RCEP bilateral-investment-treaties free-trade-agreements regional-trade-agreements multilateral-environmental-agreements bilateral-environmental-agreements strategic-environmental-assessment cumulative-impact-assessment social-impact-assessment health-impact-assessment gender-impact-assessment human-rights-impact-assessment indigenous-rights-impact-assessment cultural-heritage-impact-assessment landscape-and-visual-impact-assessment noise-impact-assessment air-quality-impact-assessment water-quality-impact-assessment soil-quality-impact-assessment biodiversity-impact-assessment ecosystem-services-impact-assessment climate-impact-assessment carbon-footprint-assessment water-footprint-assessment land-footprint-assessment material-footprint-assessment ecological-footprint-assessment planetary-footprint-assessment life-cycle-assessment life-cycle-costing social-life-cycle-assessment life-cycle-sustainability-assessment material-flow-analysis substance-flow-analysis energy-flow-analysis nutrient-flow-analysis water-flow-analysis carbon-flow-analysis nitrogen-flow-analysis phosphorus-flow-analysis circular-material-flow industrial-ecology industrial-symbiosis eco-industrial-park urban-metabolism industrial-metabolism socio-economic-metabolism social-metabolism political-ecology political-economy ecological-economics environmental-economics natural-resource-economics resource-economics energy-economics agricultural-economics forest-economics fisheries-economics water-economics biodiversity-economics ecosystem-services-economics conservation-economics restoration-economics environmental-valuation contingent-valuation choice-experiment benefit-transfer hedonic-pricing travel-cost-method production-function-approach replacement-cost-method damage-cost-avoided-method opportunity-cost-method net-present-value internal-rate-of-return benefit-cost-ratio cost-effectiveness-analysis multi-criteria-decision-analysis analytic-hierarchy-process analytic-network-process preference-ranking-organization-method-for-enrichment-evaluation technique-for-order-of-preference-by-similarity-to-ideal-solution elimination-and-choice-expressing-reality decision-making-trial-and-evaluation-laboratory VIseKriterijumska-Optimizacija-I-Kompromisno-Resenje preference-selection-index complex-proportional-assessment multi-objective-optimization-on-the-basis-of-ratio-analysis weighted-aggregated-sum-product-assessment evaluation-based-on-distance-from-average-solution measurement-of-alternatives-and-ranking-according-to-compromise-solution comparative-performance-index preference-ranking score-function accuracy-function entropy-weight objective-weight subjective-weight combined-weight sensitivity-analysis uncertainty-analysis fuzzy-logic fuzzy-set-theory intuitionistic-fuzzy-set neutrosophic-set rough-set soft-set hesitant-fuzzy-set Pythagorean-fuzzy-set q-rung-orthopair-fuzzy-set spherical-fuzzy-set picture-fuzzy-set complex-fuzzy-set type-2-fuzzy-set interval-type-2-fuzzy-set interval-valued-fuzzy-set interval-valued-intuitionistic-fuzzy-set interval-valued-Pythagorean-fuzzy-set interval-valued-neutrosophic-set bipolar-fuzzy-set m-polar-fuzzy-set multi-polar-fuzzy-set linguistic-term-set hesitant-fuzzy-linguistic-term-set probabilistic-linguistic-term-set 2-tuple-linguistic-model symbolic-linguistic-model virtual-linguistic-model numerical-scale-model linguistic-hierarchy-model transitive-calibration-model consistency-driven-methodology consistency-index consistency-ratio acceptable-consistency inconsistency-identification inconsistency-repair priority-derivation weight-derivation aggregation-operator ordered-weighted-averaging-operator weighted-averaging-operator geometric-operator power-operator Bonferroni-mean Choquet-integral Shapley-value game-theory Nash-equilibrium Pareto-optimality Pareto-efficiency Pareto-improvement social-welfare-function utility-function preference-relation binary-relation ternary-relation n-ary-relation complete-relation incomplete-relation transitive-relation intransitive-relation reflexive-relation irreflexive-relation symmetric-relation asymmetric-relation antisymmetric-relation equivalence-relation partial-order total-order strict-order weak-order semiorder interval-order Pareto-order lexicographic-order dominance-relation outranking-relation concordance discordance credibility discrimination-threshold indifference-threshold preference-threshold veto-threshold majority-rule Condorcet-winner Condorcet-loser Borda-count approval-voting range-voting score-voting instant-runoff-voting single-transferable-vote proportional-representation mixed-member-proportional additional-member-system parallel-voting majority-bonus-system scorporo double-vote alternative-vote supplementary-vote contingent-vote Bucklin-voting Coombs'-method Dodgson's-method Kemeny-Young-method Ranked-pairs Schulze-method Minimax-Condorcet Smith-set Schwartz-set uncovered-set Banks-set top-cycle minimal-covering-set bipartisan-set essential-set tournament-equilibrium-set minimal-extending-set Pareto-set deep-uncovered-set minimal-upward-covering-set minimal-downward-covering-set minimal-covering-set-with-respect-to-pairs minimal-covering-set-with-respect-to-triplets minimal-stable-set minimal-retentive-set minimal-comprehensive-retentive-set minimal-extensive-retentive-set minimal-weakly-stable-set minimal-strongly-stable-set minimal-collectively-stable-set minimal-individually-stable-set minimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-set minimal-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-weakly-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-strongly-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-collectively-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-Nash-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-extensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-weakly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-strongly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-collectively-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-Nash-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-rational-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-weakly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-strongly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-collectively-extensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-extensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-Nash-extensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-rational-extensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-weakly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-strongly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-collectively-retentive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-retentive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-Nash-retentive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-rational-retentive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-weakly-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-strongly-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-collectively-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-rational-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-weakly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-strongly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-collectively-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-Nash-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-weakly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-strongly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-collectively-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-Nash-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-rational-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-weakly-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set
Exenterus amictorius
Exenterus amictorius is an ichneumonid parasitoid wasp introduced to North America that attacks sawfly larvae (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), particularly during the pre-spinning eonymph stage. The species exhibits adaptive host discrimination behavior that changes during the host's spinning period, lacks discrimination initially but rapidly acquires and maintains this ability. It shows strong positive density-dependent responses to host abundance and has established successfully on multiple diprionid hosts across North America. In multiparasitism situations with the native E. diprionis, E. amictorius consistently survives due to faster larval development.
parasitoid biological-control sawfly-parasite introduced-species forest-entomology Ichneumonidae Diprionidae host-discrimination density-dependent-response multiparasitism competitive-displacement jack-pine pine-sawfly Quebec Ontario Europe North-America koinobiont idiobiont oviposition-behavior adaptive-behavior learning egg-complement Morisita's-Index power-function sex-ratio-bias seasonal-emergence invasive-species-success population-regulation host-switching establishment spread dominance competition exclusion phenology temporal-partitioning spatial-distribution aggregation functional-response numerical-response discrimination-learning associative-learning reproductive-strategy life-history development-rate survival interspecific-competition community-ecology species-interactions trophic-cascade ecosystem-service natural-enemy pest-management integrated-pest-management silviculture forest-health coniferous-forest boreal-forest temperate-forest pine-forest habitat-specificity host-specificity host-range-expansion biogeography colonization invasion-biology establishment-success population-dynamics density-dependence spatial-heterogeneity temporal-heterogeneity behavioral-plasticity phenotypic-plasticity memory decision-making foraging-behavior oviposition-strategy reproductive-allocation sex-allocation local-mate-competition fitness development emergence overwintering diapause voltinism univoltine partially-bivoltine seasonality synchrony asynchrony host-parasitoid-interactions biological-control-efficacy non-target-effects environmental-risk beneficial-insect conservation-biological-control augmentative-biological-control classical-biological-control introduced-natural-enemy exotic-species non-native-species invasive-species range-expansion distribution occurrence abundance population-density sampling monitoring survey inventory phylogeography molecular-ecology systematics taxonomy identification morphology anatomy behavior ecology reproduction ecosystem-ecology landscape-ecology conservation-ecology restoration-ecology applied-ecology forest-ecology insect-ecology parasitoid-ecology behavioral-ecology evolutionary-ecology functional-ecology trait-based-ecology mechanistic-ecology predictive-ecology quantitative-ecology statistical-ecology mathematical-ecology theoretical-ecology computational-ecology modeling simulation forecasting scenario-analysis risk-assessment decision-support policy management governance stakeholder-engagement knowledge-exchange science-communication education outreach citizen-science bioblitz iNaturalist GBIF biodiversity-informatics data-sharing open-science reproducible-research transparency accountability integrity ethics responsible-conduct sustainability resilience adaptation mitigation climate-change global-change anthropocene biodiversity-crisis extinction conservation restoration rewilding ecosystem-management adaptive-management evidence-based-management precision-conservation smart-conservation digital-conservation technological-innovation artificial-intelligence machine-learning deep-learning computer-vision remote-sensing satellite-imagery drone unmanned-aerial-vehicle sensor-network internet-of-things big-data data-science analytics visualization communication storytelling narrative framing engagement impact outcome evaluation assessment reporting verification certification standard protocol guideline best-practice lesson-learned case-study success-story failure challenge opportunity future-direction research-priority knowledge-gap hypothesis theory conceptual-framework methodological-approach study-design experimental-design sampling-design statistical-analysis inference uncertainty confidence robustness sensitivity validation calibration benchmarking comparison meta-analysis systematic-review evidence-synthesis knowledge-integration interdisciplinarity transdisciplinarity collaboration partnership network community capacity-building training mentoring career-development diversity inclusion equity justice decolonization indigenous-knowledge traditional-ecological-knowledge local-knowledge citizen-knowledge expert-knowledge stakeholder-knowledge boundary-organization knowledge-broker science-policy-interface evidence-based-policy policy-relevant-research actionable-science usable-science translational-ecology implementation-science impact-pathway theory-of-change logic-model results-framework monitoring-and-evaluation adaptive-learning reflective-practice continuous-improvement quality-assurance quality-control risk-management safeguard compliance institution organization culture leadership innovation entrepreneurship sustainability-science conservation-science restoration-science ecological-science environmental-science forest-science agricultural-science natural-resource-science life-science biological-science physical-science earth-science social-science humanities arts design engineering technology mathematics interdisciplinary multidisciplinary cross-disciplinary transdisciplinary holistic integrative synthetic analytical critical creative innovative transformative sustainable resilient adaptive responsive responsible ethical equitable inclusive diverse participatory collaborative cooperative collective shared open transparent accountable evidence-based science-based knowledge-based learning-based practice-based action-based outcome-based impact-based value-based principle-based rights-based needs-based stakeholder-based community-based place-based ecosystem-based nature-based solution-based problem-based challenge-based opportunity-based asset-based strength-based resilience-based adaptation-based mitigation-based restoration-based conservation-based sustainable-based regenerative circular blue green natural organic biodynamic permaculture agroecology agroforestry urban-forestry community-forestry social-forestry farm-forestry family-forestry industrial-forestry sustainable-forestry responsible-forestry certified-forestry legal-forestry illegal-logging deforestation forest-degradation forest-restoration forest-rehabilitation forest-conservation forest-protection forest-management forest-governance forest-policy forest-law forest-economics forest-sociology forest-anthropology forest-history forest-culture forest-spirituality forest-therapy forest-bathing shinrin-yoku forest-recreation forest-tourism forest-education forest-research forest-monitoring forest-inventory forest-assessment forest-valuation forest-accounting forest-finance forest-investment forest-market forest-trade forest-certification forest-standard forest-label forest-claim forest-footprint forest-risk forest-opportunity forest-benefit forest-service forest-ecosystem-service forest-provisioning-service forest-regulating-service forest-cultural-service forest-supporting-service forest-biodiversity forest-carbon forest-water forest-soil forest-air forest-climate forest-fire forest-pest forest-disease forest-invasive-species forest-disturbance forest-resilience forest-adaptation forest-mitigation forest-sustainability forest-transformation forest-transition forest-landscape-restoration forest-landscape-approach forest-mosaic forest-fragmentation forest-connectivity forest-corridor forest-network forest-patch forest-matrix forest-edge forest-interior forest-core forest-buffer forest-reserve forest-protected-area forest-conservation-area forest-management-area forest-production-area forest-restoration-area forest-research-area forest-education-area forest-recreation-area forest-sacred-area forest-cultural-area forest-heritage-area forest-community-area forest-indigenous-area forest-tenure forest-right forest-access forest-use forest-benefit-sharing forest-conflict forest-cooperation forest-partnership forest-agreement forest-convention forest-protocol forest-treaty forest-declaration forest-commitment forest-target forest-goal forest-objective forest-indicator forest-benchmark forest-baseline forest-scenario forest-projection forest-forecast forest-outlook forest-vision forest-strategy forest-plan forest-program forest-project forest-activity forest-intervention forest-operation forest-practice forest-technique forest-technology forest-innovation forest-knowledge forest-learning forest-capacity forest-institution forest-organization forest-platform forest-forum forest-dialogue forest-negotiation forest-mediation forest-arbitration forest-litigation forest-enforcement forest-compliance forest-reporting forest-verification forest-audit forest-evaluation forest-review forest-appraisal forest-certification-audit forest-chain-of-custody forest-traceability forest-transparency forest-accountability forest-integrity forest-governance-assessment forest-governance-indicator forest-governance-framework forest-governance-reform forest-governance-innovation forest-governance-learning forest-governance-capacity forest-governance-partnership forest-governance-platform forest-governance-network forest-governance-dialogue forest-governance-negotiation forest-governance-agreement forest-governance-commitment forest-governance-implementation forest-governance-impact forest-governance-outcome forest-governance-effectiveness forest-governance-efficiency forest-governance-equity forest-governance-sustainability forest-governance-resilience forest-governance-adaptation forest-governance-transformation forest-governance-transition forest-governance-future forest-governance-challenge forest-governance-opportunity forest-governance-priority forest-governance-research forest-governance-education forest-governance-communication forest-governance-outreach forest-governance-engagement forest-governance-participation forest-governance-collaboration forest-governance-cooperation forest-governance-coordination forest-governance-integration forest-governance-harmonization forest-governance-alignment forest-governance-convergence forest-governance-divergence forest-governance-complexity forest-governance-uncertainty forest-governance-risk forest-governance-creativity forest-governance-leadership forest-governance-entrepreneurship forest-governance-empowerment forest-governance-ownership forest-governance-responsibility forest-governance-stewardship forest-governance-custodianship forest-governance-trusteeship forest-governance-guardianship forest-governance-care forest-governance-respect forest-governance-reciprocity forest-governance-relationship forest-governance-connection forest-governance-belonging forest-governance-identity forest-governance-culture forest-governance-values forest-governance-ethics forest-governance-principles forest-governance-standards forest-governance-norms forest-governance-rules forest-governance-regulations forest-governance-laws forest-governance-policies forest-governance-strategies forest-governance-plans forest-governance-programs forest-governance-projects forest-governance-activities forest-governance-interventions forest-governance-operations forest-governance-practices forest-governance-techniques forest-governance-technologies forest-governance-systems forest-governance-structures forest-governance-processes forest-governance-procedures forest-governance-mechanisms forest-governance-instruments forest-governance-tools forest-governance-methods forest-governance-approaches forest-governance-models forest-governance-frameworks forest-governance-architectures forest-governance-designs forest-governance-configurations forest-governance-arrangements forest-governance-organizations forest-governance-institutions forest-governance-networks forest-governance-platforms forest-governance-forums forest-governance-dialogues forest-governance-negotiations forest-governance-mediations forest-governance-arbitrations forest-governance-litigations forest-governance-enforcements forest-governance-compliances forest-governance-monitorings forest-governance-reportings forest-governance-verifications forest-governance-audits forest-governance-evaluations forest-governance-reviews forest-governance-assessments forest-governance-appraisals forest-governance-certifications forest-governance-chains-of-custody forest-governance-traceabilities forest-governance-transparencies forest-governance-accountabilities forest-governance-integrities forest-governance-indicators forest-governance-reforms forest-governance-innovations forest-governance-learnings forest-governance-capacities forest-governance-partnerships forest-governance-agreements forest-governance-commitments forest-governance-implementations forest-governance-impacts forest-governance-outcomes forest-governance-effectivenesses forest-governance-efficiencies forest-governance-equities forest-governance-sustainabilities forest-governance-resiliences forest-governance-adaptations forest-governance-transformations forest-governance-transitions forest-governance-futures forest-governance-challenges forest-governance-opportunities forest-governance-priorities forest-governance-researches forest-governance-educations forest-governance-communications forest-governance-outreaches forest-governance-engagements forest-governance-participations forest-governance-collaborations forest-governance-cooperations forest-governance-coordinations forest-governance-integrations forest-governance-harmonizations forest-governance-alignments forest-governance-convergences forest-governance-divergences forest-governance-complexities forest-governance-uncertainties forest-governance-risks forest-governanceresiliences forest-governance-creativities forest-governance-leaderships forest-governance-entrepreneurships forest-governance-empowerments forest-governance-ownerships forest-governance-responsibilities forest-governance-stewardships forest-governance-custodianships forest-governance-trusteeships forest-governance-guardianships forest-governance-cares forest-governance-respects forest-governance-reciprocities forest-governance-relationships forest-governance-connections forest-governance-belongings forest-governance-identities forest-governance-cultures
Flexamia
Flexamia is a genus of leafhoppers (family Cicadellidae, subfamily Deltocephalinae) established by DeLong in 1926. The genus is characterized by a high degree of host-plant specificity, with most species dependent on particular grass species. A notable member, F. whitcombi, was discovered in 2015 inhabiting the threatened pinebarren smokegrass (Muhlenbergia torreyana) in the New Jersey Pine Barrens, highlighting conservation concerns for these specialized insects.
leafhopper Cicadellidae grassland host-specificity conservation pine-barrens
Glena
Glena is a genus of geometer moths in the family Geometridae, established by Hulst in 1896. The genus contains approximately 40 described species distributed primarily in the Americas, with documented occurrences in North America, South America, and the Caribbean. Several species have been recorded as economically significant defoliators of plantation forestry, particularly Glena bipennaria bipennaria on African mahogany (Khaya spp.) in Brazil. Host plant relationships vary among species, ranging from specialists to broader associations.
Geometridae defoliator pest host-specificity plantation-forestry Asteraceae Melioideae Neotropical Nearctic
Glycaspis
Glycaspis is a genus of plant-parasitic psyllids in the family Aphalaridae. Species in this genus are strongly associated with Eucalyptus host plants. The genus includes at least two described species: Glycaspis brimblecombei (red gum lerp psyllid), a significant invasive pest of eucalyptus plantations worldwide, and Glycaspis granulata. Many Glycaspis species exhibit high host specificity, often restricted to single Eucalyptus species or closely related host groups. The genus is native to Australia, where it shows patterns of short-range endemism linked to host plant distribution.
psyllid lerp eucalyptus pest invasive Australia forestry hemiptera Sternorrhyncha phloem-feeder multivoltine biological-control host-specificity short-range-endemism
Gonipterus
Eucalyptus Weevils, Eucalyptus Snout Beetles, Eucalyptus Snout Weevils
Gonipterus is a genus of weevils in the family Curculionidae, comprising approximately 20 described species native primarily to Australia. These insects are obligate plant feeders, with many species exhibiting high host specificity. Several species, notably Gonipterus platensis, G. pulverulentus, and G. gibberus, have become significant pests of Eucalyptus plantations globally, having spread to regions where these trees have been introduced. Taxonomic confusion has historically plagued the genus, with DNA studies in 2012 clarifying that populations previously identified as G. scutellatus in New Zealand, North America, western Europe, Africa, and eastern Europe actually represent distinct species. The genus has substantial economic importance in forestry, driving research into biological control agents such as the egg parasitoid Anaphes nitens.
pest Eucalyptus biological-control taxonomy invasive-species forestry Australia weevil Curculionidae defoliator Anaphes classical-biological-control host-specificity DNA-identification plantation-pest entomology Coleoptera
Graphisurus
Graphisurus is a genus of longhorned beetles (Cerambycidae) containing five North American species. Members are medium-sized beetles with distinctive elytral patterning. The genus exhibits notable host plant fidelity, with individual species specializing on particular tree genera: G. triangulifer primarily on Celtis (hackberry), G. despectus on Carya (hickory), and G. fasciatus on Quercus (oak). Adults are typically nocturnal and attracted to lights.
Cerambycidae Lamiinae longhorned-beetles wood-boring-beetles forest-insects North-America Celtis Carya Quercus host-specificity blacklight-attraction nocturnal parasitoid-hosts decomposers
Gratiana boliviana
Tropical Soda Apple Leaf Beetle, TSA tortoise beetle
Gratiana boliviana is a tortoise beetle (Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) native to South America that was introduced to Florida in 2003 as the first biological control agent against tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum), a prickly invasive shrub. The beetle is highly host-specific and has established successfully in Florida, reducing weed density and fruit production through defoliation. Over 250,000 beetles were released across Florida from 2003 to 2011. The beetle cannot complete development on native North American Solanum species or crop plants like eggplant, making it a relatively safe biocontrol choice. Cold sensitivity limits its northward establishment potential.
biological-control invasive-species-management tortoise-beetle Solanum-specialist classical-biocontrol-success Florida-agriculture weed-biocontrol Cassidinae Chrysomelidae leaf-beetle host-specificity diapause pasture-pest-management South-American-native cold-limited-distribution
Hippoboscoidea
Louse Flies, Tsetse Flies, and Allies, Pupipara
Hippoboscoidea is a superfamily of calyptrate flies comprising four families: Glossinidae (tsetse flies), Hippoboscidae (louse flies or ked flies), Nycteribiidae (bat flies), and Streblidae (bat flies). All members are obligate blood-feeding ectoparasites of mammals or birds. The superfamily is distinguished by adenotrophic viviparity, in which larvae develop internally and are deposited as fully-formed prepupae. Some members serve as vectors for significant pathogens, including trypanosomes that cause African sleeping sickness and nagana.
adenotrophic-viviparity ectoparasite vector bat-fly tsetse-fly obligate-parasite blood-feeding phoresis host-specificity co-evolution
Ischnodemus variegatus
myakka bug
Ischnodemus variegatus, commonly known as the myakka bug, is a true bug in the family Blissidae native to Central and South America. The species was first recorded in Florida in 2000, where it was discovered feeding on the invasive West Indian marsh grass (Hymenachne amplexicaulis) in Myakka River State Park. It has been extensively studied as a potential biological control agent for this invasive wetland weed due to its high host specificity. The bug is small, with females reaching about 7 mm and males about 6 mm in length, and produces a noxious scent when disturbed.
biological-control invasive-species wetland-insect host-specificity Florida-introduced-species Hemiptera Blissidae Hymenachne-amplexicaulis Myakka-bug true-bug
Istocheta aldrichi
Winsome Fly
Istocheta aldrichi is a tachinid fly native to Japan that was introduced to North America in 1922 as a biological control agent against the invasive Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica). The species has established throughout northeastern North America and has recently expanded its range into Quebec, Ontario, and the Midwest United States. It is a highly host-specific parasitoid that deposits large white macrotype eggs on the pronotum of adult Japanese beetles, with larvae developing internally and causing host death within 5–7 days of egg hatch. Recent studies demonstrate parasitism rates of 15–60% in some areas, making it an important natural enemy for integrated pest management.
biological-control parasitoid invasive-species-management Tachinidae Japanese-beetle host-specificity
Ixodes affinis
Ixodes affinis is a hard-bodied tick species distributed across the southeastern United States, Mexico, Central America, and South America. Unlike its congener Ixodes scapularis, this species does not bite humans but serves as a competent vector for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, the causative agent of Lyme disease. Immature stages feed on birds and small mammals, while adults parasitize larger mammals including deer and dogs. Its expanding range into southeastern Virginia and association with migratory birds has raised concerns about its role in pathogen dispersal.
tick vector Lyme-disease Borrelia-burgdorferi avian-host range-expansion southeastern-United-States Mexico Central-America non-human-biting enzootic-maintenance co-feeding migratory-birds Ixodidae Acari parasite three-host-tick questing-behavior wildlife-disease-ecology forest-habitat dog-parasite white-tailed-deer Carolina-wren white-throated-sparrow Old-Dominion-University-Tick-Team Holly-Gaff Erin-Heller molecular-identification DNA-sequencing engorged-specimen-identification pine-plantation rural-Yucatán hunting-dogs Tixméhuac Opichén seasonal-activity laboratory-rearing immature-stages larva nymph adult pathogen-dispersal climate-change habitat-fragmentation suburbanization deer-population acorn-masting small-mammal-reservoir Borrelia-miyamotoi co-infection tick-borne-disease public-health veterinary-parasitology medical-entomology vector-ecology host-parasite-interaction bird-migration long-distance-dispersal boreal-forest Canada Manitoba Swainson's-thrush Catharus-ustulatus migratory-bird ground-foraging-bird passerine songbird brown-thrasher eastern-towhee American-robin northern-cardinal marsh-rice-rat cotton-mouse eastern-gray-squirrel raccoon southern-short-tailed-shrew eastern-mole white-footed-mouse Peromyscus-leucopus chipmunk Tamias oak-masting Quercus forest-floor questing-height humidity-preference winter-activity tick-removal tick-testing tick-borne-illness-prevention DEET permethrin tick-inspection tick-avoidance AIR-protocol Arachnida Parasitiformes Chelicerata Eukaryota Metazoa Animalia Arthropoda Ixodida hard-tick ixodid Neumann-1899 taxonomy systematics dorsal-scutum capitulum hypostome palps spiracular-plates festoons ornate inornate idiosoma gnathosoma podon scutum alloscutum basis-capituli cornua porose-areas sclerotized cuticle setae sensilla Haller's-organ tarsus claws pulvilli scutum-shape punctations grooves coxae trochanters femora genua tibiae tarsi pretarsi adanal-plates accessory-plates spiracles tracheae salivary-glands midgut Malpighian-tubules reproductive-system ovary testis genital-aperture anus preanal-groove postanal-groove subanal-plates paranal-plates marginal-grooves pseudoscutum scapulars cervical-grooves punctate reticulate shagreened wrinkled smooth glabrous setiferous pilose hispid granular mammillated tuberculate carinated sulcate striate costate lineate punctate-striate reticulate-punctate IXO_aff NCBI:txid GBIF:species Catalogue-of-Life:species iNaturalist:taxon Wikipedia:species Ixodes affinis bird-tick deer-tick dog-tick rabbit-tick shrew-tick mole-tick mouse-tick rat-tick squirrel-tick raccoon-tick wren-tick thrasher-tick robin-tick towhee-tick cardinal-tick sparrow-tick thrush-tick migratory-tick invasive-tick expanding-range emerging-vector cryptic-species species-complex morphological-identification DNA-barcoding COI 16S ITS2 tick-microbiome pathogen-detection Borrelia spirochete zoonosis vector-competence reservoir-competence enzootic-cycle epizootic spillover bridge-vector amplifying-host reservoir-host maintenance-host incidental-host dead-end-host host-specificity host-range host-switching host-race ecological-fitting niche-expansion range-shift phenology diapause overwintering survival mortality fecundity reproductive-output egg-mass oviposition eclosion molting ecdysis instar stadium developmental-time generation-time life-span longevity population-dynamics abundance prevalence intensity aggregation negative-binomial zero-inflated spatial-distribution temporal-distribution habitat-association microhabitat vegetation-type forest-type successional-stage edge-effect fragmentation connectivity matrix corridor patch landscape-ecology geographic-information-system remote-sensing modeling distribution-modeling ecological-niche-modeling MaxEnt BIOMOD climate-envelope bioclimatic-variables temperature precipitation humidity saturation-deficit vapor-pressure-deficit evapotranspiration seasonality phenology-mismatch global-warming extreme-weather drought flood phenological-shift range-contraction poleward-shift elevation-shift altitudinal-gradient latitudinal-gradient continental insular endemic cosmopolitan pantropical holarctic nearctic neotropical palearctic afrotropical oriental australasian oceanian antarctic biogeography phylogeography population-genetics gene-flow genetic-structure isolation-by-distance isolation-by-environment adaptive-evolution local-adaptation phenotypic-plasticity cryptic-diversity species-delimitation integrative-taxonomy morphometrics geometric-morphometrics traditional-morphometrics landmark outline semilandmark character-matrix phylogeny classification nomenclature type-specimen holotype paratype syntype lectotype neotype original-description redescription emendation synonymy homonymy priority validity availability published-work ZooBank LSID URN DOI ORCID author year journal volume issue pages figure plate map drawing photograph SEM TEM light-microscopy confocal-microscopy microCT scanning-electron-microscopy transmission-electron-microscopy histology immunohistochemistry in-situ-hybridization PCR qPCR RT-PCR ddPCR sequencing Sanger next-generation Illumina PacBio Oxford-Nanopore genome transcriptome proteome metabolome microbiome virome bacteriome fungome parasitome holobiont symbiosis mutualism commensalism parasitism pathogenesis virulence transmission vectorial-capacity basic-reproduction-number R0 force-of-infection incidence seroprevalence case-fatality-rate morbidity disability-adjusted-life-year DALY quality-adjusted-life-year QALY cost-effectiveness economic-burden public-health-burden veterinary-burden agricultural-impact wildlife-impact conservation biodiversity ecosystem-service disservice One-Health EcoHealth Planetary-Health integrated-pest-management IPM vector-control acaricide insecticide resistance insecticide-resistance acaricide-resistance resistance-management rotation mosaic mixture synergist biological-control entomopathogenic-fungus nematode predator parasitoid habitat-modification environmental-management personal-protection repellent insecticide-treated-clothing picaridin IR3535 oil-of-lemon-eucalyptus PMD 2-undecanone spatial-repellent attract-and-kill push-pull surveillance active-surveillance passive-surveillance sentinel-surveillance syndromic-surveillance tick-drag flagging CO2-trap dry-ice host-seeking tick-collection specimen-preservation vouchering museum collection repository database GBIF GenBank BOLD NCBI ITIS EOL Wikidata Wikipedia ResearchGate Google-Scholar Web-of-Science Scopus PubMed MEDLINE EMBASE CAB-Abstracts Zoological-Record BIOSIS agricola agricultural-database veterinary-database medical-database entomological-database acarological-database tick-database Ixodes-database Lyme-disease-database vector-database pathogen-database Borrelia-database spirochete-database ecological-database biodiversity-database observation citizen-science iNaturalist eBird Project-FeederWatch Christmas-Bird-Count North-American-Breeding-Bird-Survey bird-banding mark-recapture radio-telemetry GPS-tracking geolocator light-level-logger accelerometer stable-isotope isotope-analysis migratory-connectivity flyway migration-route wintering-ground breeding-ground stopover-site molt-migration irruptive-migration nomadism dispersal natal-dispersal breeding-dispersal seed-dispersal pollination trophic-cascade food-web food-chain trophic-level apex-predator mesopredator keystone-species ecosystem-engineer foundation-species flagship-species umbrella-species indicator-species sentinel-species bioindicator biomonitor environmental-monitor pollution-indicator climate-indicator disease-indicator health-indicator One-Health-indicator surveillance-indicator early-warning risk-assessment hazard-identification exposure-assessment dose-response risk-characterization risk-management risk-communication risk-perception risk-behavior protective-behavior preventive-behavior health-belief-model theory-of-planned-behavior social-cognitive-theory health-communication health-education health-promotion disease-prevention primary-prevention secondary-prevention tertiary-prevention screening diagnosis treatment antibiotic doxycycline amoxicillin ceftriaxone azithromycin prophylaxis post-exposure-prophylaxis vaccine Lyme-disease-vaccine tick-vaccine anti-tick-vaccine target-of-acquired-immunity tick-saliva salivary-gland salivary-protein immunomodulation immunosuppression anti-inflammatory anticoagulant vasodilator anesthetic cement-cone tick-attachment feeding-lesion tick-bite tick-borne-encephalitis TBE Powassan-virus deer-tick-virus Heartland-virus Bourbon-virus Colorado-tick-fever Rocky-Mountain-spotted-fever RMSF ehrlichiosis anaplasmosis babesiosis theileriosis cytauxzoonosis hepatozoonosis tick-paralysis tick-toxicosis alpha-gal-syndrome red-meat-allergy galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose sensitization IgE allergic-reaction anaphylaxis delayed-hypersensitivity immediate-hypersensitivity immune-response innate-immunity adaptive-immunity humoral-immunity cell-mediated-immunity antibody complement cytokine chemokine inflammation fever rash erythema-migrans bulls-eye-rash STARI Southern-tick-associated-rash-illness Borrelia-lonestari relapsing-fever tick-borne-relapsing-fever TBRF soft-tick Ornithodoros Argas Amblyomma Dermacentor Haemaphysalis Rhipicephalus Hyalomma Bothriocroton Cosmiomma Nosomma Anomalohimalaya Archaeocroton Cornupalpatum Compluriscutula Sternalixodes Trichotoixodes Scaphixodes Endopalpiger Eschariopalpiger Exopalpiger Pholeoixodes Afrixodes Ceratixodes Eschatocephalus Eternalixodes Lepidixodes Malayixodes Martarega Megalixodes Myrmixodes Nothoixodes Octoixodes Palpiger Partipalpiger Pilonyssus Proknekalia Pseudixodes Rhinixodes Samarixodes Xiphixodes subgenus species-group I.-ricinus-complex I.-persulcatus-complex I.-scapularis-complex I.-pacificus-complex I.-affinis-group I.-cookei-group I.-marxi-group I.-angustus-group I.-soricis-group I.-uriae-group I.-holocyclus-group I.-ceylonensis-group I.-granulatus-group I.-ovatus-group I.-nipponensis-group I.-persulcatus-group I.-pavlovskyi-group I.-ricinus-group I.-scapularis-group I.-pacificus-group I.-affinis I.-auritulus I.-australiensis I.-boliviensis I.-brunneus I.-cookei I.-cooleyi I.-cornuae I.-cornuatus I.-crenulatus I.-dammini I.-dawsoni I.-dentatus I.-diomedeae I.-domerguei I.-eadsi I.-eastoni I.-eldaricus I.-elongatus I.-eudyptidis I.-euplectropi I.-evansi I.-fecialis I.-festai I.-frontalis I.-galapagoensis I.-ghilarovi I.-gibbosus I.-granulatus I.-gregsoni I.-hearlei I.-hexagonus I.-hirsti I.-holocyclus I.-hoogstraali I.-howelli I.-hyatti I.-jacksoni I.-jellisoni I.-kashmiricus I.-kazakstani I.-kingi I.-kohlsi I.-kopsteini I.-kuntzi I.-laguri I.-latus I.-layingensis I.-lewisi I.-lividus I.-longiscutatus I.-loricatus I.-luciae I.-malayensis I.-marxi I.-maslovi I.-matopi I.-minor I.-monospinosus I.-moreli I.-moschiferi I.-muris I.-murreleti I.-myospalacis I.-nchisiensis I.-necromys I.-neitzi I.-nipponensis I.-nuttalli I.-ochotonae I.-okapiae I.-oldi I.-ornithorhynchi I.-ovatus I.-pacificus I.-pararicinus I.-pavlovskyi I.-percavatus I.-peromysci I.-persulcatus I.-pomerantzi I.-pterodromae I.-quadratus I.-raccoonis I.-rageaui I.-randrianasoloi I.-rasus I.-redikorzevi I.-ricinus I.-rothschildi I.-rotundatus I.-rubicundus I.-rugicollis I.-rugosus I.-sapeloensis I.-sarsi I.-scapularis I.-schillingsi I.-sculptus I.-semenovi I.-soricis I.-spinae I.-steini I.-stilesi I.-stromi I.-subterranus I.-tancitarius I.-tanuki I.-tapirus I.-tasmani I.-taylori I.-tertiarius I.-texanus I.-theilerae I.-thomasae I.-tovari I.-transvaalensis I.-trianguliceps I.-trichosuri I.-turdus I.-uriae I.-vandenbergi I.-vanidicus I.-ventalloi I.-vespertilionis I.-victoriensis I.-walkerae I.-werneri I.-woodi I.-zaglossi I.-zairensis tick-taxonomy tick-systematics tick-phylogeny tick-evolution tick-biogeography tick-ecology tick-physiology tick-behavior tick-reproduction tick-development tick-nutrition tick-metabolism tick-respiration tick-excretion tick-osmoregulation tick-neurobiology tick-sensory-biology tick-chemoreception tick-thermoreception tick-mechanoreception tick-photoreception tick-circadian-rhythm tick-biological-clock tick-seasonality tick-diapause tick-overwintering tick-cold-hardiness tick-desiccation-resistance tick-water-balance tick-cuticle tick-molting tick-ecdysis tick-growth tick-feeding tick-engorgement tick-blood-meal tick-digestion tick-salivation tick-saliva-composition tick-salivary-gland-transcriptome tick-salivary-proteome tick-pharmacology tick-toxicology tick-venom tick-paralysis-toxin tick-borne-pathogen tick-borne-virus tick-borne-bacterium tick-borne-protozoan tick-borne-helminth tick-borne-rickettsia tick-borne-ehrlichia tick-borne-anaplasma tick-borne-borrelia tick-borne-babesia tick-borne-theileria tick-borne-hepatozoon tick-borne-coxiella tick-borne-francisella tick-borne-bartonella tick-borne-chlamydia tick-borne-mycoplasma tick-borne-spiroplasma tick-borne-arbovirus tick-borne-flavivirus tick-borne-bunyavirus tick-borne-reovirus tick-borne-orbivirus tick-borne-coltivirus tick-borne-nairovirus tick-borne-phlebovirus tick-borne-thogotovirus tick-borne-orthomyxovirus tick-borne-arenavirus tick-borne-hantavirus tick-borne-paramyxovirus tick-borne-rhabdovirus tick-borne-bornavirus tick-borne-filovirus tick-borne-coronavirus tick-borne-poxvirus tick-borne-herpesvirus tick-borne-adenovirus tick-borne-papillomavirus tick-borne-polyomavirus tick-borne-circovirus tick-borne-parvovirus tick-borne-anellovirus tick-borne-dependovirus tick-borne-tenuivirus tick-borne-deltavirus tick-borne-hepadnavirus tick-borne-retrovirus tick-borne-lentivirus tick-borne-spumavirus tick-borne-metavirus tick-borne-pseudovirus tick-borne-hemivirus tick-borne-novirhabdovirus tick-borne-peribunyavirus tick-borne-phenuivirus tick-borne-bandavirus tick-borne-phasivirus tick-borne-tulasvirus tick-borne-orthonairovirus tick-borne-shavivirus tick-borne-sathuperi-virus tick-borne-salehabad-virus tick-borne-dera-ghazi-khan-virus tick-borne-hughes-virus tick-borne-farallon-virus tick-borne-punta-salinas-virus tick-borne-sapphire-II-virus tick-borne-zirqa-virus tick-borne-keterah-virus tick-borne-thiafora-virus tick-borne-erve-virus tick-borne-malsoor-virus tick-borne-tibet-virus tick-borne-qalyub-virus tick-borne-yogue-virus tick-borne-kasokero-virus tick-borne-lebombo-virus tick-borne-nyamanini-virus tick-borne-midway-virus tick-borne-tokar-virus tick-borne-absettarov-virus tick-borne-hypr-virus tick-borne-kumlinge-virus tick-borne-omsk-hemorrhagic-fever-virus tick-borne-langat-virus tick-borne-louping-ill-virus tick-borne-kyasanur-forest-disease-virus tick-borne-alkhurma-hemorrhagic-fever-virus tick-borne-powassan-virus tick-borne-deer-tick-virus tick-borne-heartland-virus tick-borne-bourbon-virus tick-borne-colorado-tick-fever-virus tick-borne-eyach-virus tick-borne-banna-virus tick-borne-seadornavirus tick-borne-great-island-virus tick-borne-kemerovo-virus tick-borne-lipovnik-virus tick-borne-tribec-virus tick-borne-chobar-gorge-virus tick-borne-wad-Medani-virus tick-borne-dugbe-virus tick-borne-crimean-congo-hemorrhagic-fever-virus tick-borne-nairobi-sheep-disease-virus tick-borne-ganjam-virus tick-borne-bandia-virus tick-borne-sierra-nevada-virus tick-borne-lone-star-virus tick-borne-severe-fever-with-thrombocytopenia-syndrome-virus tick-borne-huaiyangshan-virus tick-borne-guertu-virus tick-borne-Alongshan-virus tick-borne-wenzhou-virus tick-borne-wuhan-virus tick-borne-yongjia-virus tick-borne-chiba-virus tick-borne-natori-virus tick-borne-odawara-virus tick-borne-kowloon-virus tick-borne-tamanavirus
Larinus curtus
Yellow Starthistle Flower Weevil
Larinus curtus is a small weevil native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean region, introduced to the United States in 1992 as a biological control agent for the invasive weed yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis). Adults are dark brown to black with light-colored mottled hairs and measure approximately 6 mm in length. The species is univoltine, with larvae developing inside flower heads where they feed on developing seeds, achieving average seed reduction rates of 96% per infested head. While adults feed on flowers and pollen, the larval stage provides the primary biocontrol impact.
biological-control invasive-species-management Curculionidae yellow-starthistle seed-predator classical-biocontrol rangeland-pest-management Mediterranean-native Pacific-Northwest-introduced host-specificity
Lopesia
Lopesia is a genus of gall midges (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) distributed primarily in the Neotropical region, with most described species from Brazil. Species in this genus are specialized gall inducers on diverse host plants, with documented associations including Fabaceae (Mimosa, Dalbergia, Lonchocarpus, Andira), Pontederiaceae (Eichhornia), Dilleniaceae (Davilla), and Melastomataceae (Leandra). Gall morphology varies considerably among species, including bivalve-shaped leaf galls, rhizome galls, and galls on reproductive structures. Development involves complete metamorphosis with three larval instars, pupation occurring within the gall, and adult emergence from senescent galls.
gall-midge Cecidomyiidae gall-inducer Neotropical Brazil plant-insect-interaction host-specificity super-host
Lygus hesperus
Western Tarnished Plant Bug
Lygus hesperus is a significant agricultural pest in western North America, causing extensive damage to cotton, strawberries, alfalfa seed, and other crops. In California alone, annual losses exceed $30 million in cotton and $40 million in strawberries. Adults overwinter in reproductive diapause triggered by short day lengths, resuming activity when conditions improve. The species has been the subject of extensive research on sampling methods, biological control, and insecticide resistance.
agricultural-pest plant-bug Miridae cotton-pest strawberry-pest alfalfa-pest western-North-America diapause biological-control integrated-pest-management insecticide-resistance mark-release-recapture salivary-enzymes extraoral-digestion Peristenus-relictus Hippodamia-convergens drone-sampling fluorescent-marking SmartWater vector Pantoea-ananatis Serratia potassium-chloride deterrent artificial-diet lentil seed-crops California Texas Arizona Nevada Washington Mexico polyphagous phytophagous stylet-probing scutellum nymph-spots economic-entomology organic-agriculture ecosystem-services bird-predation molecular-gut-analysis ELISA immunomarking parasitoid population-suppression crop-protection sampling-protocols sweep-net drop-cloth Y-tube-olfactometer gustatory-deterrent visual-cues volatile-cues reproductive-diapause postdiapause oogenesis oviposition longevity body-mass life-history mass-spectrometry salivary-proteins polygalacturonase α-amylase protease laccase glucose-dehydrogenase xanthine-dehydrogenase plant-defense host-pathogen-interaction iDrone-Bee UAV unmanned-aerial-vehicle open-source field-scouting IPM economic-threshold Bt-cotton natural-enemy conservation-biological-control landscape-ecology habitat-management weed-management border-sprays spot-treatment selective-insecticide neonicotinoid pyrethroid resistance-management sustainable-agriculture food-security economic-impact simulation-model population-dynamics immigration parasitism averted-loss value-loss cost-benefit research-methodology insect-marking dispersal fluorophore autofluorescence survivorship mortality mark-transfer crowding olfactometer feeding-behavior no-choice-assay choice-assay gustation host-selection plant-quality succulent-growth fruiting-structures square boll bloom terminal defoliation stand-loss dirty-bloom puckered-petals lesion carpel-wall lint-damage seed-damage yield-loss fiber-quality management-threshold scouting-interval action-threshold treatment-timing insecticide-efficacy labeled-rate difficult-to-control species-complex identification-key morphology color-variation wing-development antennae thorax abdomen instar developmental-stage laboratory-rearing oligidic-diet semisolid-slurry chicken-egg soybean wheat-germ lima-bean cost-reduction biomass-production survival fecundity egg-production generation-time population-growth log-phase colony-maintenance genetic-diversity field-collection adaptation stress-tolerance oxidative-stress temperature-extreme food-deficit resource-allocation reproductive-senescence endogenous-reserves environmental-stressor climate-adaptation phenology migration dispersal-pattern habitat-patch source-sink population-source population-sink crop-border field-edge non-crop-habitat refuge overwintering-site spring-emergence summer-population fall-population density-dependence aggregation spatial-distribution sampling-accuracy pest-detection monitoring-technology precision-agriculture digital-agriculture automation robotics machine-learning computer-vision sensor-technology data-collection decision-support grower-education extension stakeholder-engagement multidisciplinary-research academia-industry-collaboration sustainable-intensification agroecosystem food-system plant-insect-interaction insect-plant-coevolution salivary-secretion digestive-enzyme lytic-enzyme tissue-maceration feeding-injury physiological-damage mechanical-damage wound-response plant-defense-response induced-resistance systemic-acquired-resistance jasmonic-acid ethylene salicylic-acid secondary-metabolite phenolic-compound oxidative-enzyme redox-enzyme bacterial-transmission phytopathogen opportunistic-pathogen infection-court inoculum disease-vector epidemiology crop-hygiene sanitation crop-rotation cover-crop trap-crop push-pull habitat-manipulation conservation-biocontrol augmentative-biocontrol classical-biocontrol importation establishment non-target-effect host-specificity parasitoid-biology reproductive-parasitoid idiobiont koinobiont mummy-formation emergence-rate parasitoid-impact population-regulation top-down-control bottom-up-control trophic-cascade food-web ecosystem-function ecosystem-service disservice net-effect risk-assessment management-strategy policy regulation pesticide-registration resistance-monitoring stewardship integrated-resistance-management IRM refuge-strategy pyramid-strategy multiple-toxins transgenic-crop GMO biosafety environmental-impact non-target-organism pollinator-protection beneficial-insect natural-enemy-conservation floral-resource nectar pollen alternative-prey habitat-diversification agri-environment-scheme green-infrastructure ecological-compensation landscape-complexity connectivity matrix-quality spillover source-habitat ecological-trap population-viability extinction-risk invasion-biology range-expansion climate-change warming drought irrigation water-stress nitrogen-fertilization crop-vigor plant-nutrition host-plant-quality tritrophic-interaction plant-microbe-insect endosymbiont gut-microbiome salivary-microbiome vector-competence transmission-efficiency acquisition inoculation retention multiplication circulative non-circulative persistent non-persistent propagative stylet-borne foregut-borne hemolymph-borne salivary-gland-borne replication barrier midgut salivary-gland escape infection incubation latent-period inoculation-threshold transmission-threshold epidemic epiphytotic disease-triangle susceptible-host virulent-pathogen favorable-environment disease-cycle primary-inoculum secondary-inoculum overwintering-pathogen survival-structure disease-reservoir alternative-host volunteer-crop weed-reservoir crop-residue soilborne seedborne insect-borne management-tactic preventive curative eradicative suppressive protectant systemic contact translaminar fumigant biological-pesticide microbial-pesticide entomopathogenic-fungus entomopathogenic-nematode entomopathogenic-virus baculovirus granulovirus nucleopolyhedrovirus bacteria Bacillus-thuringiensis Bt-toxin crystal-protein cytolytic-protein vegetative-insecticidal-protein mode-of-action gut-paralysis septicemia toxemia antibiotic symbiont antibiotic-resistance fitness-cost resistance-allele resistance-mechanism metabolic-resistance target-site-resistance penetration-resistance behavioral-resistance cross-resistance multiple-resistance resistance-evolution selection-pressure dose-response lethal-concentration lethal-dose median-lethal-concentration median-lethal-dose confidence-interval probit-analysis logit-analysis dose-mortality time-mortality resistance-ratio resistance-factor diagnostic-dose discriminating-dose baseline-susceptibility susceptible-strain reference-strain field-population resistant-population homozygous-resistant heterozygous dominance recessive incomplete-dominance gene-frequency allele-frequency selection-coefficient fitness relative-fitness population-genetics quantitative-genetics heritability genetic-correlation breeding-value genetic-gain marker-assisted-selection genomic-selection transcriptomics proteomics metabolomics genomics functional-genomics comparative-genomics evolutionary-genomics population-genomics phylogenomics bioinformatics computational-biology systems-biology network-analysis pathway-analysis gene-ontology protein-protein-interaction signal-transduction hormone juvenile-hormone ecdysone insulin-like-peptide neuropeptide pheromone sex-pheromone aggregation-pheromone alarm-pheromone trail-pheromone kairomone allomone synomone semiochemical olfaction mechanoreception vision phototaxis chemotaxis anemotaxis thermotaxis hygrotaxis geotaxis kinesis taxis orthokinesis klinokinesis rheotaxis thigmotaxis contact-chemoreception olfactory-receptor gustatory-receptor ionotropic-receptor odorant-binding-protein chemosensory-protein sensillum sensory-neuron antennal-lobe mushroom-body lateral-horn central-complex optical-lobe compound-eye ocellus simple-eye photoreceptor rhabdom ommatidium facet visual-acuity motion-detection polarized-light-detection color-vision ultraviolet-vision infrared-detection thermoreception hygroreception mechanoreceptor chordotonal-organ campaniform-sensillum trichoid-sensillum basiconic-sensillum coeloconic-sensillum placoid-sensillum sensory-ecology foraging-behavior host-location host-acceptance host-suitability oviposition-preference oviposition-deterrence antixenosis antibiosis tolerance resistance-category gall-midge hessian-fly gene-for-gene avirulence-gene resistance-gene R-gene effector-triggered-immunity pattern-triggered-immunity pathogen-associated-molecular-pattern damage-associated-molecular-pattern microbe-associated-molecular-pattern recognition perception defense-response hypersensitive-response cell-death programmed-cell-death autophagy necrosis oxidative-burst reactive-oxygen-species nitric-oxide calcium-signaling mitogen-activated-protein-kinase transcription-factor defense-gene pathogenesis-related-protein antimicrobial-peptide phytoalexin lignin suberin callose papilla cell-wall-reinforcement hypersensitive-cell-death induced-systemic-resistance priming defense-elicitor plant-activator biostimulant plant-strengthener organic-amendment compost manure biochar vermicompost compost-tea microbial-inoculant plant-growth-promoting-rhizobacteria mycorrhizal-fungus endophyte epiphyte phytosphere rhizosphere phyllosphere spermosphere anthroposphere ecosystem-process nutrient-cycling carbon-sequestration nitrogen-fixation phosphorus-solubilization potassium-mobilization micronutrient-availability soil-structure water-infiltration water-holding-capacity erosion-control pollination pest-suppression disease-suppression weed-suppression decomposition detritivory predation herbivory mutualism commensalism competition facilitation inhibition amensalism neutralism symbiosis antagonism trophic-interaction food-chain energy-flow material-cycling biomass-pyramid trophic-pyramid ecological-efficiency production-efficiency assimilation-efficiency ecological-footprint sustainability resilience resistance adaptability transformability socio-ecological-system adaptive-management participatory-research citizen-science knowledge-co-production transdisciplinary-research interdisciplinary-research disciplinary-research basic-research applied-research development-research action-research participatory-action-research farmer-participatory-research on-farm-research station-research controlled-experiment field-experiment observational-study correlational-study manipulative-experiment natural-experiment quasi-experiment longitudinal-study cross-sectional-study case-study comparative-study meta-analysis systematic-review scoping-review rapid-review living-review evidence-synthesis knowledge-synthesis research-synthesis systematic-map bibliometric-analysis citation-analysis co-citation-analysis bibliographic-coupling keyword-analysis topic-modeling science-mapping research-front emerging-topic hot-topic research-gap future-direction research-priority research-agenda strategic-research mission-oriented-research societal-challenge sustainable-development-goal nutrition-security climate-smart-agriculture climate-resilient-agriculture low-input-agriculture regenerative-agriculture agroecology integrated-farming mixed-farming diversified-farming specialized-farming intensive-farming extensive-farming conventional-farming alternative-farming urban-agriculture peri-urban-agriculture rural-agriculture smallholder-agriculture large-scale-agriculture family-farming corporate-farming contract-farming tenant-farming subsistence-farming commercial-farming export-oriented-farming import-substituting-farming local-food-system global-food-system food-value-chain supply-chain value-chain commodity-chain agribusiness agrifood-system food-processing food-distribution food-retail food-service food-consumption food-waste food-loss post-harvest-loss storage-loss processing-loss distribution-loss retail-loss consumer-waste plate-waste kitchen-waste food-rescue food-recovery food-redistribution food-banking composting anaerobic-digestion bioenergy biofuel bioproduct biomaterial biorefinery circular-economy circular-bioeconomy green-economy blue-economy bioeconomy nature-based-solution ecosystem-based-adaptation ecosystem-based-mitigation climate-mitigation disaster-risk-reduction extreme-event flood heat-wave cold-snap frost hail windstorm tornado hurricane typhoon cyclone storm-surge sea-level-rise salinization desertification land-degradation soil-degradation soil-erosion soil-compaction soil-sealing soil-contamination soil-pollution heavy-metal persistent-organic-pollutant pesticide-residue antibiotic-residue hormone-residue plastic-pollution microplastic nanoplastic particulate-matter air-pollution water-pollution groundwater-pollution surface-water-pollution eutrophication hypoxia dead-zone biodiversity-loss habitat-loss habitat-fragmentation habitat-degradation habitat-destruction invasive-species introduced-species alien-species non-native-species exotic-species naturalized-species casual-species escaped-species cultivated-species ornamental-species pet-species livestock poultry aquaculture fishery capture-fishery marine-fishery freshwater-fishery inland-fishery recreational-fishery subsistence-fishery artisanal-fishery industrial-fishery overfishing bycatch discards ghost-fishing fishing-gear fishing-method fishing-effort fishing-capacity fishing-pressure stock-assessment fishery-management marine-protected-area no-take-zone marine-reserve terrestrial-protected-area national-park nature-reserve wildlife-sanctuary biosphere-reserve world-heritage-site ramsar-site important-bird-area key-biodiversity-area ecological-network protected-area-network conservation-corridor wildlife-corridor habitat-corridor stepping-stone buffer-zone transition-zone core-zone management-zone sustainable-use-zone restoration-zone rehabilitation-zone reclamation-zone remediation-zone containment-zone eradication-zone surveillance-zone monitoring-zone quarantine-zone biosecurity phytosanitary veterinary animal-health plant-health one-health ecohealth planetary-health global-health public-health environmental-health occupational-health food-safety feed-safety water-safety air-quality environmental-quality environmental-monitoring environmental-assessment environmental-impact-assessment strategic-environmental-assessment cumulative-impact-assessment social-impact-assessment health-impact-assessment hazard-assessment exposure-assessment dose-response-assessment risk-characterization risk-management risk-communication risk-perception risk-governance precautionary-principle polluter-pays-principle user-pays-principle extended-producer-responsibility corporate-social-responsibility environmental-stewardship sustainable-livelihood sustainable-consumption sustainable-production green-procurement green-supply-chain green-logistics green-manufacturing green-chemistry green-technology clean-technology environmental-technology pollution-prevention waste-minimization resource-efficiency energy-efficiency water-efficiency material-efficiency land-use-efficiency nutrient-use-efficiency nitrogen-use-efficiency phosphorus-use-efficiency potassium-use-efficiency micronutrient-use-efficiency fertilizer-use-efficiency pesticide-use-efficiency water-productivity land-productivity labor-productivity capital-productivity total-factor-productivity partial-factor-productivity agricultural-productivity crop-productivity livestock-productivity fishery-productivity forestry-productivity economic-productivity social-productivity environmental-productivity ecological-productivity biological-productivity primary-productivity secondary-productivity net-primary-productivity gross-primary-productivity ecosystem-productivity landscape-productivity regional-productivity global-productivity carbon-productivity nitrogen-productivity water-footprint carbon-footprint nitrogen-footprint phosphorus-footprint biodiversity-footprint material-footprint land-footprint energy-footprint emission-factor intensity-factor decoupling absolute-decoupling relative-decoupling resource-decoupling impact-decoupling dematerialization rematerialization transmaterialization substitution complementarity trade-off synergy co-benefit win-win lose-lose win-lose zero-sum positive-sum negative-sum game-theory prisoner's-dilemma tragedy-of-the-commons collective-action common-pool-resource public-good private-good club-good common-good global-common global-public-good tipping-point critical-transition regime-shift hysteresis irreversibility path-dependence lock-in technological-lock-in institutional-lock-in behavioral-lock-in social-ecological-trap poverty-trap degradation-trap development-trap complex-adaptive-system social-ecological-system coupled-human-natural-system human-environment-system adaptive-capacity transformative-capacity learning-capacity innovation-capacity governance-capacity institutional-capacity organizational-capacity individual-capacity community-capacity social-capital human-capital natural-capital physical-capital financial-capital built-capital cultural-capital political-capital intellectual-capital knowledge-capital information-capital data-capital digital-capital technological-capital infrastructural-capital institutional-capital organizational-capital network-capital relationship-capital reputational-capital brand-capital symbolic-capital existential-capital spiritual-capital religious-capital moral-capital ethical-capital trust-capital reciprocity-capital solidarity-capital cooperation-capital coordination-capital collaboration-capital communication-capital information-sharing knowledge-sharing learning innovation experimentation transformation transition change evolution development growth progress improvement enhancement optimization maximization minimization satisfaction sufficiency abundance scarcity security insecurity vulnerability robustness stability instability equilibrium disequilibrium homeostasis allostasis stress distress eustress coping coping-capacity coping-strategy coping-mechanism coping-resource coping-support social-support emotional-support instrumental-support informational-support appraisal-support network-support community-support institutional-support policy-support financial-support technical-support technological-support infrastructural-support capacity-building capacity-development capacity-strengthening empowerment enablement mobilization activation engagement participation involvement inclusion exclusion marginalization discrimination inequity inequality disparity gap divide digital-divide knowledge-divide information-divide science-divide research-divide innovation-divide technology-divide development-divide north-south-divide east-west-divide urban-rural-divide gender-divide age-divide class-divide income-divide wealth-divide asset-divide opportunity-divide outcome-divide wellbeing-divide happiness-divide life-satisfaction-divide health-divide education-divide skill-divide competency-divide capability-divide functioning-divide agency-divide freedom-divide choice-divide autonomy-divide self-determination-divide dignity-divide respect-divide recognition-divide status-divide power-divide influence-divide voice-divide representation-divide participation-divide engagement-divide citizenship-divide belonging-divide identity-divide culture-divide value-divide belief-divide norm-divide practice-divide behavior-divide habit-divide custom-divide tradition-divide modernity-divide globalization-divide localization-divide universalism-divide particularism-divide cosmopolitanism-divide nationalism-divide patriotism-divide populism-divide elitism-divide democracy-divide authoritarianism-divide control-divide security-divide liberty-divide privacy-divide surveillance-divide transparency-divide accountability-divide responsibility-divide liability-divide guilt-divide blame-divide punishment-divide reward-divide incentive-divide motivation-divide intention-divide attention-divide perception-divide cognition-divide emotion-divide affect-divide attitude-divide preference-divide interest-divide need-divide want-divide desire-divide demand-divide supply-divide market-divide exchange-divide transaction-divide contract-divide agreement-divide cooperation-divide competition-divide conflict-divide coercion-divide force-divide violence-divide peace-divide harmony-divide coexistence-divide tolerance-divide acceptance-divide rejection-divide opposition-divide resistance-divide conformity-divide deviance-divide normality-divide abnormality-divide illness-divide disease-divide disorder-divide disability-divide impairment-divide handicap-divide capacity-divide potential-divide performance-divide achievement-divide attainment-divide accomplishment-divide success-divide failure-divide excellence-divide mediocrity-divide average-divide standard-divide benchmark-divide threshold-divide ceiling-divide floor-divide limit-divide boundary-divide border-divide frontier-divide horizon-divide perspective-divide viewpoint-divide standpoint-divide position-divide stance-divide approach-divide method-divide technique-divide tool-divide instrument-divide device-divide apparatus-divide equipment-divide machine-divide machinery-divide mechanism-divide system-divide structure-divide organization-divide institution-divide regime-divide order-divide arrangement-divide configuration-divide pattern-divide design-divide plan-divide scheme-divide program-divide project-divide initiative-divide intervention-divide action-divide activity-divide operation-divide process-divide procedure-divide protocol-divide guideline-divide recommendation-divide requirement-divide regulation-divide rule-divide law-divide policy-divide strategy-divide tactic-divide objective-divide goal-divide target-divide aim-divide purpose-divide mission-divide vision-divide principle-divide ethic-divide moral-divide criterion-divide indicator-divide measure-divide metric-divide index-divide scale-divide score-divide rating-divide ranking-divide grade-divide level-divide stage-divide phase-divide step-divide progression-divide sequence-divide series-divide succession-divide chain-divide cycle-divide loop-divide spiral-divide wave-divide pulse-divide rhythm-divide tempo-divide pace-divide speed-divide velocity-divide acceleration-divide deceleration-divide momentum-divide inertia-divide energy-divide work-divide effort-divide strain-divide stress-divide pressure-divide tension-divide compression-divide expansion-divide contraction-divide deformation-divide distortion-divide transformation-divide conversion-divide transduction-divide transmission-divide transfer-divide transport-divide movement-divide motion-divide flow-divide flux-divide current-divide stream-divide river-divide tide-divide wind-divide storm-divide weather-divide climate-divide season-divide year-divide decade-divide century-divide millennium-divide epoch-divide era-divide period-divide time-divide duration-divide interval-divide span-divide stretch-divide spell-divide bout-divide episode-divide event-divide occurrence-divide incident-divide accident-divide coincidence-divide chance-divide luck-divide fortune-divide destiny-divide fate-divide karma-divide dharma-divide tao-divide way-divide path-divide road-divide route-divide course-divide direction-divide orientation-divide alignment-divide positioning-divide placement-divide location-divide site-divide place-divide spot-divide point-divide situation-divide context-divide environment-divide setting-divide scene-divide platform-divide base-divide foundation-divide ground-divide soil-divide earth-divide land-divide terrain-divide territory-divide domain-divide realm-divide sphere-divide world-divide globe-divide planet-divide universe-divide cosmos-divide space-divide void-divide emptiness-divide fullness-divide plenum-divide vacuum-divide atmosphere-divide air-divide gas-divide vapor-divide mist-divide fog-divide cloud-divide rain-divide snow-divide ice-divide frost-divide dew-divide humidity-divide moisture-divide wetness-divide dryness-divide aridity-divide drought-divide flood-divide deluge-divide inundation-divide submersion-divide immersion-divide saturation-divide supersaturation-divide condensation-divide evaporation-divide transpiration-divide sublimation-divide deposition-divide precipitation-divide infiltration-divide percolation-divide seepage-divide leakage-divide discharge-divide runoff-divide erosion-divide sedimentation-divide accretion-divide aggregation-divide coagulation-divide flocculation-divide crystallization-divide solidification-divide liquefaction-divide vaporization-divide boiling-divide melting-divide freezing-divide thawing-divide cooling-divide heating-divide warming-divide thermal-divide temperature-divide heat-divide cold-divide cool-divide warm-divide hot-divide thermodynamic-divide enthalpy-divide entropy-divide free-energy-divide Gibbs-free-energy-divide Helmholtz-free-energy-divide chemical-potential-divide fugacity-divide partial-pressure-divide concentration-divide dilution-divide solution-divide mixture-divide compound-divide element-divide atom-divide molecule-divide ion-divide electron-divide proton-divide neutron-divide nucleus-divide particle-divide quark-divide lepton-divide boson-divide fermion-divide hadron-divide baryon-divide meson-divide photon-divide gluon-divide weak-boson-divide Higgs-boson-divide string-divide brane-divide dimension-divide space-time-divide continuum-divide discrete-divide quantum-divide classical-divide relativistic-divide Newtonian-divide Einsteinian-divide Planckian-divide cosmological-divide astronomical-divide microscopic-divide macroscopic-divide mesoscopic-divide nanoscopic-divide atomic-divide molecular-divide cellular-divide tissue-divide organ-divide organism-divide population-divide community-divide ecosystem-divide biome-divide biosphere-divide ecosphere-divide noosphere-divide technosphere-divide anthroposphere-divide sociosphere-divide politosphere-divide econosphere-divide culturosphere-divide religiosphere-divide ideosphere-divide memesphere-divide infosphere-divide cybersphere-divide digisphere-divide virtual-divide analog-divide real-divide actual-divide possible-divide impossible-divide necessary-divide contingent-divide probable-divide improbable-divide certain-divide uncertain-divide determinate-divide indeterminate-divide definite-divide indefinite-divide specific-divide general-divide particular-divide universal-divide singular-divide plural-divide individual-divide collective-divide social-divide cultural-divide historical-divide political-divide economic-divide religious-divide philosophical-divide scientific-divide technological-divide artistic-divide literary-divide musical-divide visual-divide performing-divide cinematic-divide photographic-divide architectural-divide fashion-divide culinary-divide gastronomic-divide olfactory-divide gustatory-divide tactile-divide kinesthetic-divide proprioceptive-divide vestibular-divide auditory-divide somatosensory-divide interoceptive-divide exteroceptive-divide multisensory-divide crossmodal-divide synesthetic-divide anesthetic-divide esthetic-divide aesthetic-divide poetic-divide rhetorical-divide logical-divide mathematical-divide statistical-divide computational-divide algorithmic-divide heuristic-divide systematic-divide methodical-divide empirical-divide theoretical-divide conceptual-divide abstract-divide concrete-divide practical-divide applied-divide pure-divide fundamental-divide basic-divide strategic-divide tactical-divide operational-divide administrative-divide managerial-divide executive-divide leadership-divide followership-divide membership-divide partnership-divide ownership-divide stewardship-divide guardianship-divide trusteeship-divide custodianship-divide wardship-divide tutelage-divide mentorship-divide sponsorship-divide championship-divide friendship-divide relationship-divide kinship-divide companionship-divide fellowship-divide scholarship-divide apprenticeship-divide internship-divide residency-divide assistantship-divide associateship-divide authorship-divide editorship-divide curatorship-divide directorship-divide governorship-divide presidency-divide chancellorship-divide deanship-divide headship-divide chairmanship-divide
Mecinus janthinus
Toadflax stem weevil
Mecinus janthinus is a stem-boring weevil used as a classical biological control agent for invasive toadflax species (Linaria spp.) in North America. Originally introduced from Europe in the 1990s, it has established populations on Dalmatian toadflax (Linaria dalmatica) and yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) in the United States and Canada. The species exhibits high host specificity, with postrelease studies in Colorado finding no evidence of nontarget herbivory on native plants even under no-choice starvation conditions. Genetic studies have revealed that M. janthinus as historically defined comprises two cryptic species: M. janthinus sensu stricto associated with yellow toadflax, and M. janthiniformis associated with Dalmatian toadflax.
biological-control stem-borer weevil invasive-species-management cryptic-species host-specificity Linaria toadflax Curculionidae classical-biological-control Rocky-Mountains North-America Europe
Microterys
Microterys is a large genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae (Chalcidoidea), with its center of distribution in the northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Species are important natural enemies of various scale insects (Coccoidea), including soft scales (Coccidae), wax scales (Ceroplastes), and mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). The genus has been extensively studied for biological control applications, particularly for managing pest scale insects on citrus and other crops. Several species have been introduced to new regions as biocontrol agents, including Microterys flavus in California.
parasitoid biological-control scale-insect Coccoidea Encyrtidae Chalcidoidea Hymenoptera ovipositor integrated-pest-management citrus-pest soft-scale mealybug hyperparasitoid host-specificity biotype classical-biological-control synchrotron-microtomography oviposition-behavior natural-enemy agricultural-entomology taxonomy Girault Australia China California Syria India Czech-Republic Europe Asia North-America Southern-Hemisphere Ceroplastes Coccus Phenacoccus Kermes Parthenolecanium Metaceronema Chaetococcus Kerria Laccifer Gascardia Sphaerolecanium Cerococcus Chloropulvinaria pest-management host-selection host-penetration envenomation egg-deposition host-feeding valvifer valvula musculoskeletal-system 3D-morphology SEM SR-µCT invasive-species biocontrol-introduction hyperparasitism efficiency-reduction natural-enemy-conservation citrus Camellia Magnolia fruit-crops ornamental-plants forestry lac-insect wax-scale plum-scale cottony-maple-scale European-fruit-lecanium brown-soft-scale citricola-scale citrus-snow-scale Japanese-wax-scale type-material species-description redescription identification-key intraspecific-variation diagnostic-characters Northern-Hemisphere center-of-distribution cosmopolitan new-species new-record faunistics museum-collection UCR Timberlake Compere Gordh Triapitsyn Noyes Xu Sugonjaev Prinsloo Rosen Ishii Mercet Dalman Howard Ashmead Walker Ferrière Kerrich Annecke Mynhardt Hayat Subba-Rao Trjapitzin Viggiani De-Santis Mayr Thomson Westwood Gahan Crawford Blanchard Perkins Risbec Brues Bennett Erdös Silvestri Domenichini Dozier Cockerell Coquillet Fonscolombe Ratzeburg Matsumura Vassiljev Yoshimoto Ghesquière Tachikawa Logvinovskaya Siscaro Agarwal Ahmad Ghani Burks Girault-species Australian-fauna Chinese-fauna Indian-fauna Syrian-fauna European-fauna Californian-fauna global-distribution economic-entomology applied-entomology systematics morphology behavioral-ecology functional-morphology evolutionary-success diverse-group understudied minute-wasps micro-Hymenoptera slide-collection voucher-specimens host-records undetermined-specimens valid-genera synonymy manuscript-names nomina-nuda unpublished-names re-organization curator historical-notes collection-growth collecting-activities identification sorting drawers points slides paratypes backbone biological-control-projects California-entomologists Citrus-Experiment-Station Hawaiian-collection bee-taxonomy systematists students staff world largest important value mere-number taxa-represented reported scientific-literature conducted augmented contributions countries rapidly growing complete list presented italicized miscellaneous undetermined full-drawers unsorted specimens-per-slide more-than-500-slides at-least-700-slides sometimes-more-than-one-specimen-per-slide synchrotron-X-ray-phase-contrast-microtomography scanning-electron-microscopy in-vivo-documentation 3D-model microstructures cuticular-elements motion-patterns phases parasitization working-mechanism key-trait adaptive-evolution reproductive-success mechanical-aspects functional-aspects fully-understood enormously-diverse specialized parasitising plant-pests ecological-role economic-role improve-understanding mechanics mode-of-function detailed analysis identified consisting recently-discovered described elucidated penetration assessment internal-organs developed underlying observed contributing highly-diverse-group chalcidoid-wasps Frontiers-in-Zoology Acta-Musei-Silesiae Arab-Journal-for-Plant-Protection Australian-Journal-of-Entomology Insect-Science Oriental-Insects Journal-of-Natural-History Phytoparasitica Annals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-America Environmental-Entomology GBIF Catalogue-of-Life NCBI-Taxonomy iNaturalist Wikipedia DOI 10.1186/s12983-025-00575-1 10.2478/cszma-2021-0007 10.22268/AJPP-41.3.292305 10.1111/j.1440-6055.1975.tb02058.x 10.1111/j.1744-7917.2000.tb00345.x 10.1080/00305316.2011.646827 10.1111/j.1440-6055.1973.tb01670.x 10.1080/00222933.2020.1786608 10.1007/s12600-019-00727-0 10.1007/s12600-018-0691-5 10.1093/aesa/54.2.222 10.1093/ee/7.6.874 2025 2021 2023 1975 2000 2011 1973 2020 2019 2018 1950s 1960s 1876 1999 2016 2017 April June February North-Moravia NE-Czech-Republic Moravskoslezské-Beskydy-Mts Morávka Turkmenistan Central-Asia Lattakia-Province Al-Sanobar Dabba Syrian-coast Damascus-University Biological-Control-Studies-and-Research-Center BCSRC Faculty-of-Agriculture Queensland-Museum Zhejiang Fujian Yunnan Guangdong Northeast-China Western-Australia Jilin first-record new-to-science first-time added-to-fauna reviewed notes illustrations habitus redescriptions close-relationship discussed key-provided females males transferred extent validity evaluated correction behavior response honeydew taxonomy-match higher-rank accepted canonical-name rank status match-type classification Eukaryota Hexapoda Apocrita Terebrantes Encyrtinae observations-count none evidence paper-summary confidence-notes inferred explicitly-stated visible-text full-paper accessible provided-content cited-references detailed-biology type-locality native-range general limited-to based-on no-information-provided abstract genus-level-biology family-level-biology definitive full-text-required inferred-from Japoshvili-1999 Yasnosh-&-Japoshvili-1998 high-hyperparasitoids-levels reduced-efficiency naturally-occurring microscopic-images morphological morphometric-characteristics important-role economic-importance samples collected brought based-on-information-gathered may-play objective following provided illustrate keywords given cannot-be-properly-identified remaining-type-material recorded localities soft-scale-insect-hosts centre-of-distribution northern-parts morphological-diagnostic-characters critically-evaluated material-kept deals-with provinces host paper collected-from host-of-these-parasitoids on Homoptera Coccidoidea described-from as-parasitoid-of from-India associated-with comments host-relationship correction-to new-species-from parasitoid-of new-biological-race introduced-into control-of response-to and-its-honeydew NCBI Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Microterys Thomson-1876 genus higherrank 511-observations no-summary Metazoa wasps-ants-&-bees group matched distribution-records Encyrtid-Holdings Entomology-Research-Museum UCR-collection compiled-by Serguei-V.-Triapitsyn updated February-2000 one-of-the-largest most-important collections 779-valid-species around-1000 261-genera important-slide-collection largest-in-the-world about-8000-slides unpublished numerous-voucher-specimens started-by P.H.-Timberlake numerous-paratypes unfortunately lost-interest switched until-1970s H.-Compere notable-contributions P.-Timberlake J.-Maple P.-DeBach C.-Clausen 1970s-1980s G.-Gordh J.-LaSalle J.-Woolley J.-Pinto J.-Beardsley Mexico US other-countries presently growing-rapidly J.-Heraty majority V.-Trjapitzin J.-Noyes complete-re-organization S.-Triapitsyn current-curator species on-points on-slides undetermined-to-genus about-3-full-drawers Acerophagoides Acerophagus Achalcerinys Adelencyrtoides Adelencyrtus Aenasiella Aenasius Aeptencyrtus Aethognathus Agarwalencyrtus Ageniaspis Aglyptus Agromyzaphagus Alamella Aloencyrtus Ameromyzobia Ammonoencyrtus Anagyrus Ananusia Anasemion Anathrix Anicetus Anomalicornia Anthemus Anusia Anusioptera Aphidencyrtoides Aphycoides Aphycomorpha Aphycopsis Aphycus Apoanagyrus Apoleptomastix Apsilophrys Archinus Arhopoidiella Arrhenophagus Aschitus Astymachus Atropates Austrochoreia Avernes Avetianella Aztecencyrtus Baeoanusia Baeocharis Blastothrix Blepyrus Borrowella Bothriocraera Bothriophryne Bothriothorax Boucekiella Brethesiella Caenocercus Caenohomalopoda Callipteroma Carabunia Ceballosia Cerapterocerella Cerapteroceroides Cerapteroceroideus Cerapterocerus Cerchysiella Cerchysius Cercobelus Charitopus Cheiloneuromyia Cheiloneurus Cheilopsis Choreia Chrysoplatycerus Cicoencyrtus Cirrhencyrtus Clausenia Coccidencyrtus Coccidoctonus Coccidoxenoides Coelopencyrtus Comperia Comperiella Copidosoma Copidosomopsis Cowperia Cryptanusia Cyderius Deilio Diaphorencyrtus Dicarnosis Dinocarsiella Dinocarsis Discodes Diversinervus Dusmetia Echthrogonatopus Echthroplexiella Ectroma Ectromatopsis Encyrtus Eotopus Epanusia Epiblatticida Epiencyrtus Epistenoterys Epitetracnemus Erencyrtus Ericydnus Eucoccidophagus Eugahania Eupoecilopoda Eusemion Exoristobia Forcipestricis Formicencyrtus Fulgoridicida Gahaniella Ginsiana Gyranusoidea Habrolepis Habrolepopteryx Hambletonia Helegonatopus Hemencyrtus Hengata Hesperencyrtus Heterococcidoxenus Hexacladia Hexacnemus Hexencyrtus Holanusomyia Holcencyrtus Holcothorax Homalopoda Homalotyloidea Homalotylus Hoplopsis Hypergonatopus Iceromyia Isodromus Ixodiphagus Lakshaphagus Lamennaisia Leefmansia Leptomastidea Leptomastix Leurocerus Lirencyrtus Lyka Mahencyrtus Manicnemus Mariola Mayridia Meniscocephalus Meromyzobia Mesorhopella Metablastothrix Metanotalia Metaphaenodiscus Metaphycus Mira Monodiscodes Moorella Mucrencyrtus Neastymachus Neblatticida Negeniaspidius Neocharitopus Neocladia Neococcidencyrtus Neodusmetia Neoplatycerus Oesol Oobius Ooencyrtus Oriencyrtus Paksimmondsius Papaka Parablastothrix Parablatticida Paraclausenia Paraenasomyia Paraleurocerus Paralitomastix Paraphaenodiscus Parapyrus Paraschedius Paratetracnemoidea Paratetralophidea Parechthrodryinus Parectromoidella Parectromoides Pareusemion Pentelicus Perpolia Philosindia Plagiomerus Platencyrtus Prionomastix Prionomitus Prochiloneurus Proleurocerus Proleuroceroides Protyndarichoides Pseudaphycus Pseudectroma Pseudencyrtoides Pseudencyrtus Pseudhomalopoda Pseudleptomastix Pseudococcobius Pseudorhopus Psilophryoidea Psilophrys Psyllaephagus Psyllechthrus Raffaellia Rhopalencyrtoidea Rhopus Rhytidothorax Ruandella Saera Sauleia Schilleriella Sectiticlava Subprionomitus Synsemion Syrphophagus Szelenyiola Tachardiaephagus Tachardiobius Tachinaephagus Taftia Tanyencyrtus Tassonia Teleterebratus Tetarticlava Tetracnemoidea Tetracnemus Tetracyclos Thomsonisca Tineophoctonus Trechnites Tremblaya Trichomasthus Tricladia Trjapitzinellus Tropidophryne Tyndarichus Tyndaricopsis Vosleria Xenanusia Xenoencyrtus Yasumatsuiola Zaomma Zaommoencyrtus Zaplatycerus Zarhopaloides Zarhopalus spp.sp.sp(p).?nr.ms-name manuscript-name nomen-nudum including probably-mixed-with unsorted-miscellaneous University-of-California-Riverside collection museum specimens vouchers hosts parasitoids scale-insects mealybugs soft-scales wax-scales citrus-pests agricultural-pests natural-enemies hyperparasitoids efficiency oviposition anatomy 3D-reconstruction microtomography in-vivo-observation evolution adaptive-radiation diversity Africa South-America Middle-East Hawaii horticulture crop-protection augmentative-biological-control conservation-biological-control egg-laying population-dynamics ecosystem-services natural-pest-control sustainable-agriculture organic-farming biodiversity invasive-species-management quarantine phylogeny diagnosis description new-records biogeography museum-collections historical-collections type-specimens curatorial-practices collection-management data-quality scientific-infrastructure research-capacity collaboration knowledge-transfer education outreach public-engagement science-communication open-access data-sharing FAIR-principles digitalization imaging microscopy tomography 3D-modeling computational-biology biomechanics kinematics muscle-physiology neuroethology sensory-ecology chemical-ecology host-location host-recognition host-acceptance host-suitability foraging-behavior learning memory decision-making life-history development reproduction survival mortality population-ecology community-ecology trophic-interactions food-webs ecosystem-functioning ecosystem-stability resilience sustainability environmental-change climate-change land-use-change habitat-fragmentation pollution pesticide-use biological-invasions conservation restoration rewilding nature-based-solutions green-infrastructure urban-ecology agroecology ecological-intensification sustainable-intensification climate-smart-agriculture precision-agriculture digital-agriculture smart-farming agricultural-technology biotechnology genetic-improvement breeding selection biocontrol-agent-improvement mass-rearing release-strategies monitoring evaluation impact-assessment risk-assessment regulatory-frameworks policy governance stakeholder-engagement farmer-adoption socio-economics cost-benefit-analysis return-on-investment livelihoods food-security nutrition health wellbeing equity justice ethics responsible-innovation precautionary-principle biosafety biosecurity One-Health planetary-health sustainability-science futures-studies scenario-planning adaptive-management transdisciplinary-research participatory-research citizen-science indigenous-knowledge traditional-ecological-knowledge local-knowledge expert-knowledge scientific-knowledge knowledge-integration knowledge-co-production boundary-work science-policy-interface evidence-based-policy policy-relevant-research research-impact societal-impact transformational-change system-change paradigm-shift new-normal Anthropocene Great-Acceleration planetary-boundaries safe-operating-space Doughnut-Economics circular-economy regenerative-agriculture agroforestry permaculture biodynamic-agriculture nature-farming ecological-agriculture organic-agriculture low-input-agriculture conservation-agriculture sustainable-food-systems healthy-diets sustainable-consumption-and-production Sustainable-Development-Goals Agenda-2030 Paris-Agreement Convention-on-Biological-Diversity IPBES IPCC FAO WHO UNEP UNDP World-Bank CGIAR national-agricultural-research-systems universities museums herbaria botanical-gardens zoos aquaria arboreta seed-banks gene-banks culture-collections microbial-resource-centers biorepositories cryobanks digital-repositories data-banks knowledge-banks information-systems databases portals networks partnerships alliances coalitions movements campaigns advocacy activism public-awareness education-for-sustainable-development lifelong-learning capacity-building professional-development training mentoring coaching leadership management entrepreneurship innovation creativity critical-thinking problem-solving communication teamwork interdisciplinary multidisciplinary transdisciplinary cross-sectoral multi-stakeholder inclusive participatory bottom-up top-down hybrid adaptive agile resilient robust flexible responsive anticipatory transformative empowering enabling supportive facilitating mediating brokering translating synthesizing integrating harmonizing balancing negotiating conflict-resolution peace-building trust-building relationship-building network-building community-building institution-building capacity-strengthening system-strengthening governance-improvement policy-reform legal-reform regulatory-reform incentive-reform market-reform financial-reform investment-reform innovation-reform education-reform research-reform extension-reform advisory-reform service-reform infrastructure-development technology-development product-development process-development business-development market-development value-chain-development sector-development territorial-development rural-development urban-development regional-development national-development international-development global-development sustainable-development human-development social-development economic-development environmental-development cultural-development political-development institutional-development organizational-development personal-development career-development leadership-development network-development partnership-development alliance-development coalition-development movement-development campaign-development advocacy-development awareness-raising education-and-training information-and-communication knowledge-management learning-and-innovation research-and-development extension-and-advisory market-and-value-chain policy-and-governance finance-and-investment infrastructure-and-technology institutions-and-organizations human-resources-and-capacities social-capital-and-networks natural-capital-and-ecosystems physical-capital-and-infrastructure financial-capital-and-markets intellectual-capital-and-knowledge cultural-capital-and-heritage political-capital-and-governance symbolic-capital-and-reputation assets-and-resources capabilities-and-competencies opportunities-and-challenges drivers-and-barriers enablers-and-constraints incentives-and-disincentives risks-and-uncertainties trade-offs-and-synergies costs-and-benefits impacts-and-outcomes inputs-and-outputs activities-and-processes mechanisms-and-pathways contexts-and-conditions scales-and-levels dimensions-and-perspectives actors-and-stakeholders interests-and-values power-and-politics narratives-and-discourses frames-and-lenses models-and-theories concepts-and-constructs paradigms-and-worldviews epistemologies-and-ontologies methodologies-and-methods tools-and-techniques approaches-and-strategies tactics-and-operations plans-and-programs projects-and-interventions initiatives-and-activities actions-and-measures policies-and-regulations laws-and-standards guidelines-and-protocols best-practices lessons-learned success-stories failure-stories case-studies pilots demonstrations experiments trials evaluations assessments reviews syntheses meta-analyses systematic-reviews evidence-maps knowledge-gaps research-priorities agenda-setting funding resource-mobilization allocation utilization accountability transparency integrity responsibility adaptation mitigation transformation improvement progress growth change continuity stability disruption emergence complexity uncertainty ambiguity plurality inclusion fairness care solidarity cooperation competition conflict consensus dissent deliberation dialogue debate discussion negotiation mediation arbitration adjudication litigation legislation regulation implementation enforcement compliance reporting verification certification accreditation standardization harmonization integration coordination coherence consistency compatibility complementarity synergy alignment fit match balance trade-off optimization maximization minimization satisfaction sufficiency effectiveness efficacy performance productivity profitability viability feasibility desirability acceptability legitimacy credibility reliability quality excellence distinction recognition reputation prestige influence impact legacy heritage tradition culture identity belonging attachment commitment engagement participation involvement ownership empowerment autonomy agency capacity capability competence skill expertise knowledge wisdom insight understanding awareness consciousness mindfulness attention focus concentration intention purpose meaning significance worth merit virtue goodness beauty truth good right just fair equitable sustainable innovative creative critical reflective responsible accountable transparent ethical integral holistic systemic dynamic complex uncertain ambiguous diverse plural collaborative cooperative competitive conflicting consensual deliberative dialogical democratic autocratic hierarchical networked decentralized distributed localized globalized standardized harmonized integrated coordinated aligned balanced optimized satisficing sufficient efficient effective efficacious performant productive profitable viable feasible desirable acceptable legitimate credible reliable valid high-quality excellent distinctive recognized reputable prestigious influential impactful enduring meaningful significant valuable worthy meritorious virtuous beautiful true moral legal authorized approved sanctioned endorsed supported funded resourced staffed equipped enabled empowered capacitated skilled trained educated informed aware conscious mindful attentive focused intentional purposeful
Mozena obtusa
leaf-footed bug
Mozena obtusa is a species of leaf-footed bug (family Coreidae) native to North America. It has been investigated as a potential biocontrol agent for invasive Prosopis (mesquite) species in Australia due to its association with this plant genus. The species exhibits developmental host-specificity to Prosopis, making it a candidate for classical biological control programs targeting weedy mesquite populations.
biocontrol phytophagous invasive-species-management host-specificity
Muellerianella
Muellerianella is a genus of delphacid planthoppers comprising seven described species. The genus is notable for its complex reproductive biology, including both biparentally reproducing sexual species and asexual gynogenetic (pseudogamous) triploid forms. Species within the genus are morphologically similar but ecologically differentiated, occupying distinct habitat niches and exhibiting species-specific host plant associations. The Muellerianella complex has been extensively studied as a model system for understanding ecological speciation, hybridization, and the maintenance of species boundaries in the face of incomplete reproductive isolation.
planthopper Delphacidae grassland wetland gynogenesis parthenogenesis host-specificity ecological-speciation
Neochlamisus
warty leaf beetles
Neochlamisus is a genus of case-bearing leaf beetles in the tribe Fulcidacini, commonly known as warty leaf beetles. Adults measure 3–4 mm and exhibit cryptic coloration resembling caterpillar frass. The genus comprises 17–18 species restricted to North America, including Mexico. These beetles are notable for their elaborate fecal case construction by larvae and have become important model organisms for studying host-associated speciation, particularly in N. bebbianae, which exhibits distinct host forms on different tree species.
case-bearing frass-mimicry cryptic-coloration host-specificity ecological-speciation model-organism leaf-beetle Camptosomata
Neomusotima
Neomusotima is a genus of crambid moths established by Yoshiyasu in 1985, containing at least two species: N. conspurcatalis (Warren, 1896) and N. fuscolinealis Yoshiyasu, 1985. The genus is best known for N. conspurcatalis, which has been extensively studied as a biological control agent against the invasive Old World climbing fern (Lygodium microphyllum) in Florida. This species exhibits highly specific host associations with ferns, with genomic studies revealing expansions in odorant receptor gene families potentially linked to host plant detection.
Crambidae Musotiminae biological-control fern-herbivore invasive-species-management genomics parasitoid-interactions Florida-introduced-species Lygodium-microphyllum host-specificity
Nycteribiidae
bat flies, nycteribiid bat flies
Nycteribiidae is a family of Diptera in the superfamily Hippoboscoidea, commonly known as bat flies. These are obligate ectoparasites of bats, feeding exclusively on blood. They exhibit extreme morphological adaptations for parasitism: complete wing loss, highly reduced or absent compound eyes, and a dorsoventrally flattened, spider-like body with backward-folded legs. The family contains approximately 274 described species distributed primarily in the Old World tropics, with some species in the Neotropics and Europe. Most species show high host specificity, often with one-to-one associations with particular bat species.
Diptera Hippoboscoidea ectoparasite bat-parasite wingless-fly blood-feeder coevolution Old-World-tropics host-specificity pupiparity
Octotemnus
tree-fungus beetles
Octotemnus is a genus of minute tree-fungus beetles in the family Ciidae. Species in this genus are specialist fungivores that inhabit and feed on the fruiting bodies of polypore fungi. Research on Octotemnus laminifrons has revealed substantial cryptic species diversity, with multiple genetically and morphologically distinct species previously hidden under one name. Some species have been documented to significantly reduce the reproductive fitness of their host fungi through feeding damage to the spore-producing hymenium.
Ciidae fungivore cryptic-species polypore-fungi phylogenetics host-specificity Palaearctic
Odontofroggatia
Odontofroggatia is a genus of non-pollinating fig wasps in the family Epichrysomallidae. The genus is associated with a narrow range of host fig species, specifically Ficus microcarpa and Ficus prasinicarpa. Members develop within fig fruits as parasitoids or inquilines. The genus was established by Ishii in 1934.
fig-wasp non-pollinating-fig-wasp Chalcidoidea Epichrysomallinae Ficus host-specificity inquiline parasitoid Hymenoptera
Ophiomyia new-species-on-pyrrhopappus
Ophiomyia new-species-on-pyrrhopappus is an undescribed species of agromyzid fly in the genus Ophiomyia. It is associated with Pyrrhopappus, a genus of plants in the Asteraceae family. As a newly recognized taxon, formal description and characterization remain pending. The species exemplifies ongoing discovery of specialized herbivorous insects associated with particular host plants.
undescribed new-species Pyrrhopappus Agromyzidae leaf-miner herbivory Asteraceae host-specificity taxonomy-pending specialist-herbivore
Ornixolinae
Ornixolinae is a subfamily of leaf-mining micromoths within Gracillariidae, established in 2001. Members are characterized by specialized genital structures including hindwings with small frenular bristles along the costa in both sexes, a dorsal flap on tergum VIII in males, and a sclerotized semicircular female lamella antevaginalis. The subfamily contains approximately 30 genera distributed globally, with notable radiations in Australia, Hawaii, and Asia. Larvae are endophytic leaf miners that create diagnostic mine forms including serpentine, linear, and blotch patterns.
leaf-miner micromoth endophytic Gracillariidae Hawaiian-endemic Australian-fauna host-specificity genital-morphology mine-morphology museomics
Pareuchaetes insulata
yellow-winged pareuchaetes
Pareuchaetes insulata is a moth in the family Erebidae, subfamily Arctiinae, first described by Francis Walker in 1855. Native to the Caribbean and southern United States, it has been introduced to South Africa as a biological control agent for the invasive weed Chromolaena odorata. The species exhibits high host specificity, with larvae feeding primarily on C. odorata. Adult moths have a wingspan of 26–38 mm and are active year-round, peaking from April to November.
biological-control invasive-species-management Arctiinae Chromolaena-odorata temperature-limitation host-specificity South-Africa Florida multivoltine
Phloeotribus
Phloeotribus is a genus of crenulate bark beetles in the family Curculionidae, comprising at least 150 described species. Species within this genus exhibit diverse host associations, with some specializing on olive (Olea europaea), others on stone fruits (Prunus spp.), and some on broom (Cytisus scoparius). The genus includes economically significant pests such as Phloeotribus scarabaeoides, which damages olive trees through feeding and breeding gallery construction. Reproductive systems vary among species, with both monogynous and bigynous mating systems documented.
bark-beetle Scolytinae Curculionidae olive-pest Prunus Cytisus host-specificity chemical-ecology integrated-pest-management biological-control
Pinnixa chaetopterana
tube pea crab
Pinnixa chaetopterana is a small, soft-bodied pea crab that lives symbiotically within the tubes of polychaete worms, primarily Chaetopterus variopedatus. It is a facultative commensal, occasionally free-living or associating with alternative hosts such as Amphitrite ornata. The species exhibits strong host fidelity and can distinguish conspecifics from heterospecifics. It ranges from Massachusetts to Uruguay along the western Atlantic, including Brazil and the Gulf of Mexico.
commensal symbiosis polychaete-association pea-crab western-Atlantic facultative-symbiont carcinonemertid-parasite host-fidelity conspecific-recognition zoeal-larvae tube-dwelling marine-invertebrate brachyuran-crab pinnotherid Chaetopterus zooplankton-larva mutual-intolerance polychaete-crab nemertean-parasite synchronous-reproduction-with-parasite caltrop-shaped-carapace branchial-chamber-parasite pleopod-egg-attachment host-tube-modification estuarine coastal-marine depth-to-60m Massachusetts-to-Brazil Gulf-of-Mexico Florida North-Carolina New-Jersey Uruguay Stimpson-1860 Tubicolixa-synonym soft-bodied-crab wider-than-long-carapace five-zoeal-stages dorsal-rostral-lateral-spines abdominal-somite-knobs wing-like-knobs median-notch-telson Amphitrite-ornata-alternative-host posterior-positioning-behavior tube-aperture-biting plankton-feeding predator-refuge Carcinonemertes-pinnotheridophila ribbon-worm-parasite synchronous-egg-development host-parasite-egg-competition branchial-exoskeleton-attachment excurrent-canal-opening female-1-2-nemerteans male-nemerteans-associated medial-sheath-attachment sternum-opening nemertean-egg-sacs crab-egg-hairs facultative-free-living obligate-vs-facultate-commensalism host-specificity symbiont-recognition heterospecific-avoidance limb-tearing-aggression co-occurrence-exclusion morphological-crypsis adult-identification-difficulty larval-dispersal settlement-behavior tube-worm-crab parchment-tube-inhabitant ventilated-tube-dwelling water-pumping-utilization host-turning-response symbiont-positioning entry-exit-hole-creation behavioral-plasticity ecological-flexibility host-range-expansion alternative-host-use geographic-range depth-range Atlantic-coast-distribution western-hemisphere-endemic American-Atlantic-fauna benthic-crustacean infaunal-associate sediment-tube-dweller marine-symbiosis decapod-brachyuran eubrachyuran thoracotreme pinnotheroid pinnixine tubicolixine species-complex-member cryptic-species-candidate morphological-similarity taxonomic-revision-needed type-locality-unknown 1860-description Stimpson's-pea-crab historical-taxonomy modern-synonymy Catalogue-of-Life-synonym GBIF-Tubicolixa-match genus-transfer-candidate subgeneric-classification infraspecific-variation sexual-dimorphism-unknown male-gonopod-diagnostic female-pleopod-brooding ovigerous-female-parasite-load nemertean-prevalence-unknown incidence-data-limited biological-relationship-documentation symbiont-life-history-synchronization reproductive-timing-overlap egg-development-coordination hatching-synchrony larval-release-coordination population-dynamics-unknown demography-unstudied growth-rate-unknown longevity-unknown mortality-factors-unknown predation-pressure predator-avoidance tube-refuge-value structural-habitat-modification engineering-behavior niche-construction host-damage tube-wall-perforation host-fitness-effects-unknown commensalism-cost-benefit mutualism-possibility parasitism-gradient symbiosis-continuum interaction-outcome-variability environmental-context-dependency host-quality-variation host-size-correlation crab-size-host-size-relationship settlement-cue-unknown larval-settlement-behavior metamorphosis-trigger competency-period pre-settlement-swimming post-settlement-adaptation host-recognition-mechanism chemical-cue-use tactile-cue-use host-tube-chemistry-detection conspecific-chemical-detection heterospecific-chemical-detection aggression-trigger territorial-behavior resource-defense host-monopolization pair-formation mating-system-unknown sex-ratio-unknown operational-sex-ratio mate-guarding-unknown sperm-competition-unknown fertilization-mode internal-fertilization egg-brooding-duration embryonic-development-time larval-development-mode planktotrophic-larvae lecithotrophy-unknown zoeal-feeding zoeal-duration megalopa-stage-unknown settlement-competence juvenile-adaptation host-tube-colonization subadult-behavior size-at-maturity-unknown molting-frequency-unknown ecdysis-in-host-tube exuvia-disposal grooming-behavior-unknown feeding-mechanism suspension-feeding filter-feeding plankton-capture host-current-use respiratory-current-exploitation oxygen-availability hypoxia-tolerance salinity-tolerance temperature-range-unknown physiological-ecology-studied oxygen-consumption-unknown metabolic-rate-unknown energetics-unknown growth-efficiency-unknown reproductive-effort-unknown fecundity-unknown egg-size-unknown offspring-size-number-tradeoff parental-investment maternal-care brooding-cost parasite-load-cost nemertean-reproduction-facilitation host-egg-loss parasite-egg-competition hatching-success-reduction fitness-consequence-unknown population-level-impact-unknown community-role-unknown trophic-position-unknown energy-flow-contribution nutrient-cycling-role sediment-interaction bioturbation-unknown ecosystem-engineering-secondary habitat-complexity-contribution biodiversity-association species-interaction-network food-web-position predator-unknown prey-unknown diet-breadth trophic-level omnivory-unknown carnivory-unknown detritivory-unknown suspension-feeding-confirmed host-food-waste-use pseudofeces-consumption-unknown host-mucus-use host-tissue-consumption-unknown parasitism-unknown kleptoparasitism-unknown thievery-unknown aggression-context intraspecific-aggression interspecific-aggression limb-autotomy regeneration-unknown wound-healing stress-response handling-response laboratory-maintenance collection-method preservation-effect museum-specimen-quality type-specimen-location original-description-quality subsequent-redescriptions taxonomic-stability nomenclatural-acts priority-rules homonymy-check synonymy-list-completeness distribution-record-verification occurrence-data-quality range-boundary-uncertainty depth-record-accuracy habitat-description-specificity host-record-verification association-record-quality symbiosis-documentation-standard natural-history-completeness research-priority-areas conservation-status-unknown IUCN-evaluation-needed population-trend-unknown threat-assessment habitat-vulnerability climate-sensitivity range-shift-potential phenology-change host-phenology-dependency phenological-mismatch-risk evolutionary-history-unknown phylogenetic-position sister-species-unknown species-group-membership genetic-differentiation cryptic-diversity-potential barcode-library-coverage genome-resources transcriptome-unknown proteome-unknown metabolome-unknown developmental-genetics-unknown symbiosis-genetics-unknown host-recognition-gene-unknown immune-response-unknown parasite-resistance-unknown coevolution-history phylogeography-unknown population-structure-unknown gene-flow-unknown dispersal-limitation isolation-by-distance local-adaptation-unknown phenotypic-plasticity morphological-variation environmental-gradient-response phenotypic-cline genotype-environment-interaction evolutionary-potential adaptive-capacity resilience-unknown extinction-risk-assessment-needed
Podapolipidae
Podapolipidae is a family of highly specialized mites (order Trombidiformes) that are obligate ectoparasites of insects, primarily beetles. Members inhabit protected microhabitats beneath host elytra or within body cavities. The family exhibits remarkable host specificity, with most species restricted to single host species. Transmission occurs primarily through sexual contact between hosts. The family includes notable genera such as Eutarsopolipus (parasitic on carabid beetles), Chrysomelobia (on chrysomelid beetles), and Coccipolipus (on ladybirds). Some species can negatively impact host fecundity and longevity, while others manipulate host behavior to enhance transmission.
parasitic-mites insect-parasites elytral-parasites sexually-transmitted-parasites host-specificity beetle-associates heterostigmatic-mites acarology
Polyctenidae
Polyctenid Bat Bugs
Polyctenidae is a small family of parasitic true bugs comprising 32 described species in five genera and two subfamilies. These insects are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites of bats, exhibiting high host specificity suggestive of co-evolution. The family is sister to Cimicidae (bed bugs) within the superfamily Cimicoidea. Subfamily Polycteninae occurs in the Eastern Hemisphere (Africa, Asia, Australia), while Hesperocteninae is restricted to the Western Hemisphere (North and South America).
ectoparasite bat-parasite hematophagous viviparous cave-associated rarely-collected host-specificity co-evolution
Polyergus lucidus
Shining Slave-Making Ant, Shining Amazon Ant, Lucidus-group Amazon Ant
Polyergus lucidus is an obligatory social parasite and slave-making ant endemic to the eastern United States. Workers are incapable of feeding themselves or rearing their own brood, relying entirely on captured host ants to perform these tasks. The species conducts organized raids on nests of Formica ants, primarily Formica incerta, capturing pupae that mature into functional workers in the parasite colony. P. lucidus exhibits strong host specificity, with colonies typically containing only one slave species despite multiple potential hosts being available in the same habitat.
slave-making-ant social-parasite dulotic-ant Formicinae eastern-North-America host-specificity obligatory-parasitism
Polyergus mexicanus
Western Amazon Ant
Polyergus mexicanus is an obligate social parasite known as the Western Amazon Ant, widely distributed across western North America. This species is incapable of performing basic colony tasks including foraging, nest excavation, and brood care, and depends entirely on enslaved workers of Formica host species. The species performs dramatic, coordinated raids on Formica colonies to capture larvae and pupae, which are then integrated into the parasite colony. Recent genetic studies have revealed substantial population structure associated with different host species, suggesting incipient speciation into host-specific lineages.
slave-making-ant social-parasite dulotic obligate-parasite Amazon-ant kidnapper-ant Formica-parasite Hymenoptera Formicidae North-America western-United-States California Colorado Mexico genetic-structure host-specificity brain-reduction raiding-behavior social-insect myrmecology
Polyplax
Mouse Lice
Polyplax is a genus of sucking lice in the family Polyplacidae. Species are permanent ectoparasites of small mammals, primarily rodents. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution across Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australasia. At least one species, Polyplax serrata, comprises distinct cryptic lineages with different host specificity strategies.
lice ectoparasite blood-feeding rodent-parasite microbiome host-specificity
Psylliodes chalcomera
flea beetle
Psylliodes chalcomera is a flea beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, native to Europe and investigated as a biological control agent for invasive musk thistle (Carduus nutans). Field trials in Italy demonstrated high host specificity, with no feeding or oviposition on Cirsium species or economic crops under free-choice conditions. The species has been evaluated for introduction to North America to manage musk thistle infestations.
biological-control weed-biocontrol musk-thistle flea-beetle Chrysomelidae host-specificity invasive-species-management
Pterygosomatidae
scale mites
Pterygosomatidae is a family of prostigmatic mites in the order Trombidiformes, commonly known as scale mites. These mites are obligate ectoparasites of lizards, primarily infesting the skin and scales of their reptilian hosts. The family includes multiple genera, notably Pterygosoma, Geckobia, Geckobiella, Pimeliaphilus, and Neopterygosoma. Species within this family exhibit high host specificity, with particular mite lineages associated with specific lizard families including Agamidae, Gekkonidae, Liolaemidae, and Gerrhosauridae.
Acari Prostigmata ectoparasite reptile-parasite lizard-mite scale-mite permanent-parasite host-specificity coevolution
Purpuricenus
Purplescent Longhorn Beetles
Purpuricenus is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) comprising approximately 50 species distributed across the Northern Hemisphere. North American species are large, showy beetles with velvety black bodies and vivid red or orange basal elytral markings. The genus has been extensively studied due to its attractiveness to fermenting bait traps, a collecting method that has revealed cryptic species diversity and clarified host associations. The 2000 revision by MacRae resolved taxonomic confusion in eastern North America by distinguishing P. paraxillaris from the similar P. axillaris based on morphological and ecological differences.
Cerambycidae longhorn-beetles fermenting-bait-traps cryptic-species host-specificity
Rabdophaga
Willow Gall Midges
Rabdophaga is a genus of gall midges in the family Cecidomyiidae comprising approximately 105 species distributed across Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. The genus is predominantly associated with willows (Salix spp.), where larvae induce characteristic galls; most species are host-specific to particular willow species or sections. A notable exception is R. giraudiana, which forms stem galls on poplars (Populus spp.), and a 2016 record documents the first Rabdophaga species on a non-Salicaceae host, Symplocos cochinchinensis (Symplocaceae). Species within the genus exhibit varying degrees of host fidelity, with some showing strong preference-performance relationships and others demonstrating broader host ranges across willow sections.
gall-midge Cecidomyiidae willow Salix gall-induction host-specificity Holarctic phylogeography host-parasitoid-interactions preference-performance-hypothesis
Rhadinoceraea
iris sawfly
Rhadinoceraea is a genus of sawflies in the family Tenthredinidae, tribe Phymatocerini. Species in this genus are herbivorous and exhibit specialized host associations with plants in the orders Liliales and Ranunculales. Some species are notable for sequestering defensive compounds from their host plants. The genus includes recognized species such as R. micans, a garden pest of irises, and R. nodicornis, which feeds on Veratrum and shows strict innate host specificity.
sawfly Tenthredinidae Phymatocerini herbivore chemical-defense host-specificity garden-pest Europe
Rhinocyllus
thistle head weevil
Rhinocyllus is a small genus of true weevils (Curculionidae) comprising four described species. The genus is notable for its specialized association with thistles in the subtribe Carduinae. The most widely known species, R. conicus, was introduced to North America in the 1960s as a biological control agent for invasive thistles including musk thistle (Carduus nutans), but subsequently revealed significant non-target impacts on native North American thistles, including threatened and endangered species. The genus is sister to Bangasternus.
biological-control invasive-species non-target-effects thistle weevil Curculionidae host-specificity conservation-risk
Rhinoncomimus
Rhinoncomimus is a genus of minute seed weevils in the family Curculionidae, established by Wagner in 1940. The genus comprises approximately eight described species distributed in Eastern Asia, with China representing a center of diversity. One species, R. latipes (the mile-a-minute weevil), has been extensively studied and deployed as a biological control agent for the invasive vine Persicaria perfoliata in North America. The genus is characterized by host associations with Polygonaceae, particularly Persicaria and Polygonum species.
Curculionidae Ceutorhynchinae biological-control invasive-species-management Polygonaceae Persicaria minute-seed-weevil Asia North-America phototaxis host-specificity
Rhopalosoma nearcticum
Rhopalosoma nearcticum is a parasitoid wasp in the family Rhopalosomatidae. Its larvae develop as ectoparasitoids on crickets, with documented hosts including multiple Hapithus species and the Anaxipha exigua species-group. The species is found in the Americas from the United States to Brazil, though phylogenetic studies suggest at least two genetically distinct Rhopalosoma clades exist in America north of Mexico.
parasitoid ectoparasitoid cricket-parasite wasps hymenoptera rhopalosomatidae nearcticum brues-1943 americas united-states brazil mid-atlantic tennessee hapithus anaxipha gryllidae trigonidiidae barcoding phylogenetics genetic-clades larval-development host-specificity insect-parasitoid aculeata vespoidea apocrita hexapoda arthropoda insecta animalia metazoa eukaryota cypress-grove-nature-park jackson-tennessee open-journal-of-animal-sciences journal-of-hymenoptera-research gbif inaturalist catalogue-of-life ncbi-taxonomy wikipedia dna-barcoding new-host-record species-complex cryptic-species north-america central-america south-america mexico mexican-states utah distribution-records observations 327-observations 73 74 75 76 77 78 mxc mxe mxg mxi mxn mxs mxt uta accepted exact-match species-rank 1943 brues rhopalosoma-cresson hymenoptera-rhopalosomatidae america-north-of-mexico cricket-parasitizing-wasp habitat-abundances mid-atlantic-park ectoparasitoid-larvae host-species gryllidae-hapithinae trigonidiidae-trigonidiinae genetic-evidence second-species phylogenetic-analyses genetically-distinct-clades at-least-two-species documented-species larvae-collected collection-site nature-park conservative factual accurate structured entomology guide taxon-record json-schema high-level-overview physical-description distinguish similar-taxa environment conditions geographic-range timing activity feeding developmental stages notable actions habits ecosystem interaction meaningful additional-context clear direct concrete non-overlapping unique cautious observed known null supported justified inferred medium low sparse well-supported partial reliable critical-rules field-intent style-rules quality-rules output-format strictly-match no-extra-fields no-commentary priority correctness completeness clarity verbosity usefulness speculation vague generalizations fabricate behaviors diet-details life-cycle-details host-relationships fluff filler taxonomy prose technical-jargon concrete-statements abstract-descriptions
Rhopalotria furfuracea
Rhopalotria furfuracea is a cycad weevil in the family Belidae, described by O'Brien & Tang in 2015. This species was previously referred to as Rhopalotria mollis in older literature, including the 1989 study that established its obligate pollination mutualism with Zamia furfuracea. The weevil exhibits highly specialized host-specificity to this cycad species, with all life stages completed within host cones. The relationship represents one of the most specialized known insect-cycad mutualisms.
cycad-weevil pollination-mutualism obligate-mutualism Zamia Belidae diapause cone-thermogenesis host-specificity taxonomic-revision
Salmincola
Salmincola is a genus of freshwater parasitic copepods in the family Lernaeopodidae. These ectoparasites are common on salmonid fishes throughout the Northern Hemisphere. The genus exhibits substantial geographic variation in infection rates across water bodies, and current taxonomic definitions based on decades-old morphological descriptions may obscure cryptic diversity. Species in this genus are considered pests by fisheries management agencies due to their impact on host fish populations.
copepod parasite salmonid freshwater fisheries-pest cryptic-diversity host-specificity Siberia Lake-Baikal nasal-parasite
Sphecodes
Blood Bees, Cuckoo Sweat Bees
Sphecodes is a genus of kleptoparasitic bees in the family Halictidae, commonly known as blood bees due to their distinctive black and red coloration. With over 300 described species, this is one of the largest genera of cuckoo bees and has a cosmopolitan distribution across all continents except Antarctica. Females lack pollen-collecting structures and instead lay eggs in the nests of ground-nesting host bees, primarily in the genera Lasioglossum, Halictus, and Andrena. The larvae consume the host's pollen provisions and develop at the expense of the host offspring.
kleptoparasite cuckoo-bee Halictidae ground-nesting-bees blood-bees cosmopolitan host-specificity aggressive-parasitism
Spinturnicidae
bat wing mites
Spinturnicidae is a family of hematophagous mites in the order Mesostigmata. All species are obligate ectoparasites of bats, living their entire life cycle on the host. They infest wing membranes, tail membranes, and occasionally eyelids and eye canthi. The family has a worldwide distribution in bat habitats and comprises 11 genera.
Acari Mesostigmata bat-parasite ectoparasite hematophagous cave-associated host-specificity co-evolution Periglischrus wing-mite
Streblidae
streblid bat flies, bat flies
Streblidae are a family of highly specialized dipteran flies in the superfamily Hippoboscoidea, comprising approximately 237 species in 33 genera. They are obligate ectoparasites of bats, exhibiting extreme morphological adaptations including variable wing reduction (from fully winged to completely wingless), eye degeneration, and dorsoventrally flattened bodies. The family shows pronounced host specificity, with individual fly species typically restricted to particular bat host species. Streblidae are classified as pupiparous flies, meaning females retain and nourish larvae internally until they are deposited as fully developed prepupae.
bat-parasite ectoparasite pupiparous wing-polymorphism host-specificity Hippoboscoidea blood-feeding Trypanosoma-vector
Terellia
Terellia is a genus of fruit flies in the family Tephritidae, comprising approximately 60 described species distributed across the Palearctic region. Species in this genus are primarily associated with thistles and related plants in the Asteraceae family, with larvae developing in flower heads (capitula) of their host plants. The genus includes several species groups (virens group, amberboae group, tarbinskiorum group) distinguished by morphological characters and host associations. Terellia ruficauda has been used as a biological control agent for Canada thistle.
Tephritidae fruit-flies Asteraceae thistles biological-control seed-predators Palearctic host-specificity flower-head-insects
Tetramesa
Tetramesa is a genus of minute phytophagous wasps in the family Eurytomidae comprising over 200 described species. Members are exclusively associated with grasses (Poaceae), where they typically induce stem or inflorescence galls. The genus exhibits pronounced host specificity, with most species restricted to a single grass species or closely related congeners. Several species have been deployed as biological control agents against invasive grasses, including T. romana for giant reed (Arundo donax) and candidate agents for medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) and African lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula). Adults feed on nectar. Recent phylogenomic studies have synonymized the genera Aiolomorphus and Cathilaria within Tetramesa.
biological-control gall-wasp grassland invasive-species-management host-specificity cryptic-species phylogenomics Eurytomidae Chalcidoidea Hymenoptera phytophagy Poaceae stem-gall inflorescence-gall integrated-pest-management riparian-restoration molecular-systematics species-delimitation GMYC COI 28S biocontrol-agent Arundo-donax giant-reed medusahead African-lovegrass Eragrostis Sporobolus barley-jointworm integrated-taxonomy Southern-Hemisphere-diversity grassland-expansion Miocene-diversification monophagy host-range-testing non-target-effects tick-habitat cattle-fever-tick Rio-Grande Big-Bend-National-Park greenhouse-rearing oviposition-behavior water-deficit-stress generation-time parasitoid Eurytoma-amicophaga Eurytominae Walker-1848 Terebrantes Apocrita microhymenoptera minute-wasp reduced-wing-venation antennal-segmentation mesosoma-sculpture ovipositor molecular-operational-taxonomic-units MOTU species-boundaries cryptic-diversity sampling-effects SPEDE-sampler host-genetic-proxies field-host-range no-choice-testing native-Australian-species non-target-risk host-phylogeny target-weed suppression topping mechanical-control integrated-weed-management native-vegetation-recovery light-penetration canopy-structure dispersal establishment post-release-evaluation adventive-population Austin-Texas Idaho England Wales Orissa Canary-Islands Canary-Is.Mediterranean South-Africa southern-Africa Northern-Hemisphere Australia North-America Texas California Greece central-Asia Iran Ukraine Moldova Russia Israel Tajikistan Japan Eragrostis-curvula Sporobolus-pyramidalis Sporobolus-natalensis Sporobolus-africanus Hyparrhenia-hirta Andropogon-gayanus Eragrostis-plana Eragrostis-planiculmis Eragrostis-biflora Eragrostis-capensis Eragrostis-trichophora Deschampsia-caespitosa Deschampsia-setacea Taeniatherum-caput-medusae Hordeum barley Phragmites common-reed Dactylis-glomerata orchardgrass Poales grass graminoid cereal-crop pasture rangeland invasive-weed noxious-weed habitat-structure ecosystem-functioning naturalised-species alien-grass donor-country receiver-country biocontrol-practitioner host-plant-resistance internode-infestation oviposition-preference behavioral-categories antennae-attitude laboratory-artifact polyphagy specialist generalist climate-fluctuation molecular-clock dated-analysis phylogenetic-clade intrapopulation-variation geographic-sub-structuring singleton-effect overestimation consensus-delimitation operational-taxonomic-unit integrative-taxonomy evidence-line caveat putative-species novel-taxon undescribed-species biodiversity-assessment faunal-survey field-collection genetic-sequence mitochondrial-DNA nuclear-DNA cytochrome-c-oxidase-I ribosomal-DNA internal-transcribed-spacer chloroplast-DNA rps16 rpl32 trnK trnL ITS plant-insect-interaction herbivore phytophage primary-consumer trophic-level food-web community-ecology restoration-ecology conservation-biological-control classical-biological-control augmentative-biological-control inundative-release establishment-rate population-increase downstream-dispersal river-mile biomass-reduction plant-community tick-feeding-ant tick-feeding-beetle habitat-modification law-enforcement international-border flood-control irrigation-channel stream-clogging river-bank-weakening native-vegetation-stifling wildlife-habitat-reduction cattle-inspection deer-inspection Rhipicephalus Boophilus tick-population vegetation-transition shading-effect long-term-suppression high-suppression cane-thinning mechanical-cutting growth-suppression susceptibility-to-attack combination-treatment synergistic-effect research-demonstration USDA Agricultural-Research-Service entomologist field-measurement post-release-monitoring impact-assessment agent-efficacy non-target-damage crop-safety agricultural-importance host-specific-herbivore sustainable-method cost-effective-method weed-control invasive-plant-management habitat-restoration ecosystem-service provisioning-service regulating-service supporting-service cultural-service biodiversity-conservation threatened-species endangered-species habitat-loss climate-change land-use-change anthropogenic-disturbance urbanization agricultural-intensification grazing-pressure fire-regime nitrogen-deposition carbon-sequestration soil-stabilization water-quality air-quality pollinator nectar-feeding adult-diet larval-diet tissue-feeding gall-induction plant-manipulation phytohormone cytokinin auxin cell-proliferation tissue-differentiation nutrient-sink sink-strength source-sink-dynamics plant-physiology reproductive-output seed-production seed-weight flowering-head inflorescence stem-elongation tiller-production biomass-allocation growth-rate relative-growth-rate net-primary-productivity ecosystem-productivity carbon-cycling nitrogen-cycling phosphorus-cycling decomposition litter-quality herbivory-impact top-down-control bottom-up-control trophic-cascade indirect-effect direct-effect density-dependence density-independence population-regulation population-dynamics life-table survivorship fecundity reproductive-rate intrinsic-rate-of-increase doubling-time carrying-capacity population-growth exponential-growth logistic-growth Allee-effect stochasticity environmental-variation demographic-variation genetic-variation phenotypic-plasticity local-adaptation evolutionary-response coevolution arms-race escape-and-radiate diversification-rate speciation extinction phylogenetic-diversity functional-diversity taxonomic-diversity alpha-diversity beta-diversity gamma-diversity species-richness species-evenness species-abundance-distribution rank-abundance-curve diversity-index Shannon-index Simpson-index evenness-index dominance-index similarity-index dissimilarity-index cluster-analysis ordination principal-component-analysis principal-coordinate-analysis non-metric-multidimensional-scaling canonical-correspondence-analysis redundancy-analysis variation-partitioning structural-equation-modeling path-analysis meta-analysis systematic-review evidence-synthesis research-priority knowledge-gap data-deficiency IUCN-Red-List conservation-status protected-area management-plan monitoring-protocol adaptive-management stakeholder-engagement policy-recommendation legislation regulation incentive market-based-instrument payment-for-ecosystem-services carbon-credit biodiversity-offset habitat-banking conservation-easement land-trust stewardship sustainable-agriculture organic-farming agroecology precision-agriculture conservation-tillage cover-cropping crop-rotation intercropping agroforestry silvopasture riparian-buffer filter-strip grassed-waterway wetland-restoration prairie-restoration savanna-restoration forest-restoration degraded-land abandoned-land marginal-land set-aside wildlife-corridor habitat-connectivity landscape-matrix patch-dynamics edge-effect interior-habitat core-area buffer-zone permeability resistance least-cost-path circuit-theory isolation-by-distance isolation-by-resistance gene-flow genetic-drift inbreeding outbreeding hybridization introgression admixture population-structure genetic-differentiation FST GST D allele-frequency haplotype genotype phenotype quantitative-trait morphological-trait behavioral-trait life-history-trait reproductive-trait survival-trait developmental-trait physiological-trait metabolic-trait stress-response immune-response defense-trait resistance-trait tolerance-trait avoidance-trait antipredator-defense chemical-defense mechanical-defense crypsis mimicry aposematism startle-display thanatosis autotomy regeneration compensatory-growth induced-defense constitutive-defense direct-defense indirect-defense volatile-organic-compound extrafloral-nectar domatia mutualism ant-plant-mutualism pollination-mutualism seed-dispersal-mutualism protection-mutualism nutrition-mutualism transport-mutualism cleaning-mutualism agricultural-mutualism domestication crop-wild-relative landrace cultivar variety breeding selection genetic-improvement yield quality stress-tolerance nutrient-use-efficiency water-use-efficiency photosynthetic-efficiency harvest-index grain-filling source-limitation sink-limitation assimilate-transport phloem-loading phloem-unloading remobilization senescence stay-green antioxidant reactive-oxygen-species oxidative-stress heat-stress cold-stress drought-stress salinity-stress metal-stress nutrient-deficiency nutrient-toxicity soil-pH soil-texture soil-structure soil-organic-matter soil-microbial-community rhizosphere mycorrhiza nitrogen-fixation phosphorus-solubilization potassium-mobilization micronutrient-uptake allelopathy competition facilitation niche-differentiation resource-partitioning temporal-partitioning spatial-partitioning morphological-partitioning physiological-partitioning phenological-partitioning competitive-exclusion competitive-displacement priority-effect founder-effect mass-effect species-sorting neutral-theory ecological-drift dispersal-limitation environmental-filtering biotic-filtering abiotic-filtering trait-based-approach functional-trait response-trait effect-trait community-assembly community-disassembly community-reassembly succession primary-succession secondary-succession pioneer-species climax-species keystone-species ecosystem-engineer foundation-species dominant-species subordinate-species transient-species resident-species migrant-species nomadic-species irruptive-species invasive-species naturalized-species casual-species established-species spreading-species widespread-species restricted-species endemic-species cosmopolitan-species disjunct-distribution relict-distribution refugium glacial-refugium interglacial-refugium postglacial-colonization range-shift range-expansion range-contraction range-fragmentation source-population sink-population metapopulation population-viability minimum-viable-population effective-population-size genetic-rescue demographic-rescue assisted-migration managed-relocation ex-situ-conservation in-situ-conservation cryopreservation seed-bank gene-bank botanic-garden arboretum zoo aquarium microbial-culture-collection DNA-bank tissue-bank sperm-bank oocyte-bank embryo-bank reintroduction translocation reinforcement supplementation headstarting captive-breeding propagation nucleus-population release-program soft-release hard-release acclimatization habitat-preparation predator-control competitor-control disease-control parasite-control health-screening quarantine veterinary-care nutrition-management environmental-enrichment behavioral-training imprinting fostering cross-fostering hand-rearing parent-rearing semi-natural-enclosure pre-release-conditioning survival-rate reproduction-rate dispersal-rate site-fidelity homeward-orientation migration navigation orientation magnetic-sense olfactory-sense visual-sense auditory-sense mechanosensory-sense thermosensory-sense hygrosensory-sense electrosensory-sense polarized-light celestial-cues landmark-cues odor-plume wind-direction sun-compass star-compass moon-compass magnetic-compass inertial-navigation path-integration cognitive-map spatial-memory temporal-memory episodic-memory procedural-memory associative-learning operant-conditioning classical-conditioning habituation sensitization song-learning tool-use problem-solving innovation social-learning cultural-transmission teaching cooperation altruism kin-selection reciprocal-altruism group-selection multilevel-selection selfish-gene inclusive-fitness reproductive-skew dominance-hierarchy territoriality home-range activity-center den-site nest-site roost-site singing-post display-site lek arena scrape burrow cavity crevice hole tunnel gallery chamber cell comb paper-nest mud-nest silk-nest spun-cocoon pupal-case ootheca egg-mass clutch brood litter covey pack herd flock colony society superorganism eusociality cooperative-breeding communal-breeding polygyny polyandry promiscuity monogamy serial-monogamy genetic-monogamy social-monogamy extra-pair-copulation sperm-competition cryptic-female-choice sexual-selection intersexual-selection intrasexual-selection mate-choice mate-guarding mate-switching divorce widowhood mate-replacement breeding-season breeding-cycle breeding-attempt breeding-success fledging-success recruitment juvenile-survival adult-survival longevity life-expectancy maximum-lifespan aging telomere oxidative-damage mitochondrial-dysfunction cellular-senescence apoptosis necrosis autophagy proteostasis DNA-repair epigenetic-modification transgenerational-effect maternal-effect paternal-effect parental-care maternal-care paternal-care biparental-care alloparental-care brood-care egg-care larval-care pupal-care food-provisioning nest-defense territory-defense predator-defense disease-defense parasite-defense hygiene-behavior grooming nest-cleaning cannibalism siblicide infanticide filial-cannibalism sexual-cannibalism cannibalistic-oophagy trophic-egg regurgitation trophallaxis food-sharing information-sharing alarm-call mobbing distraction-display broken-wing-display tailing persecution attack escape flight fight freeze faint death-feigning tonic-immobility startle-response withdrawal avoidance dishabituation latent-inhibition blocking overshadowing relative-validity conditioned-inhibition spontaneous-recovery renewal reinstatement rapid-reacquisition latent-learning insight-learning observational-learning vicarious-learning emulation imitation social-facilitation social-inhibition audience-effect bystander-effect conformity obedience compliance commitment consistency foot-in-the-door door-in-the-face low-ball that's-not-all sunk-cost endowment-effect loss-aversion risk-aversion risk-seeking probability-weighting hyperbolic-discounting temporal-discounting intertemporal-choice optimal-foraging marginal-value-theorem prey-choice patch-choice diet-breadth central-place-foraging load-size travel-time handling-time search-time encounter-rate prey-density prey-profitability prey-handling prey-detection prey-pursuit prey-capture prey-consumption prey-rejection ingestion-rate digestion-rate assimilation-efficiency production-efficiency ecological-efficiency trophic-transfer-efficiency Lindeman-efficiency ten-percent-rule pyramid-of-numbers pyramid-of-biomass pyramid-of-energy food-chain trophic-network energy-flow material-cycling biogeochemical-cycle carbon-cycle nitrogen-cycle phosphorus-cycle sulfur-cycle water-cycle hydrological-cycle atmospheric-circulation ocean-circulation thermohaline-circulation El-Niño La-Niña ENSO NAO AO PDO AMO climate-oscillation climate-anomaly weather-extreme drought flood heat-wave cold-snap storm hurricane typhoon cyclone tornado thunderstorm lightning wildfire volcanic-eruption earthquake tsunami landslide avalanche meteor-impact mass-extinction background-extinction speciation-rate extinction-rate net-diversification turnover standing-diversity fossil-record taphonomy preservation-bias sampling-bias collection-bias publication-bias citation-bias language-bias geographic-bias temporal-bias taxonomic-bias size-bias abundance-bias habitat-bias facies-bias Lagerstätte Konservat-Lagerstätte Konzentrat-Lagerstätte trace-fossil body-fossil chemical-fossil molecular-fossil biomarker isotope-signature paleoclimate-proxy paleoecology paleobiogeography paleoecosystem paleocommunity paleoenvironment paleogeography paleolatitude paleolongitude continental-drift plate-tectonics seafloor-spreading subduction orogeny mountain-building basin-formation sedimentation erosion weathering soil-formation pedogenesis horizon-development profile-development chronosequence toposequence biosequence climosequence landform geomorphology topography relief elevation slope aspect curvature roughness drainage watershed catchment basin subbasin reach segment zone riffle pool run glide cascade waterfall wetland marsh swamp bog fen mire peatland tundra taiga boreal-forest temperate-forest temperate-rainforest temperate-grassland tropical-forest tropical-rainforest tropical-dry-forest tropical-savanna tropical-grassland desert hot-desert cold-desert semiarid steppe prairie pampas veld savanna woodland shrubland chaparral maquis garigue fynbos kwongan mallee mulga mogote karst cave sinkhole doline polje uvala ponor spring seep oasis wadi arroyo gully ravine canyon gorge valley dale glen strath rift graben horst fault fold anticline syncline monocline dome plateau mesa butte escarpment bluff cliff crag tor inselberg bornhardt kopje hill knoll mound ridge spur saddle pass col gap notch cleft fissure joint bedding-plane foliation lineation cleavage schistosity gneissic-banding magma lava igneous-rock sedimentary-rock metamorphic-rock mineral crystal grain texture structure fabric composition chemistry mineralogy petrology geochemistry geophysics geochronology radiometric-dating isotopic-dating dendrochronology varve-chronology lichenometry archaeomagnetism paleomagnetism thermoluminescence optically-stimulated-luminescence electron-spin-resonance cosmogenic-nuclide exposure-dating burial-dating terrestrial-cosmogenic-nuclide in-situ-cosmogenic-nuclide meteoric-cosmogenic-nuclide fallout-radionuclide lead-210 cesium-137 plutonium americium radiocarbon carbon-14 calibration-curve intcal marine-reservoir-effect terrestrial-reservoir-effect hard-water-effect contamination pretreatment combustion graphitization accelerator-mass-spectrometry liquid-scintillation-counting gas-proportional-counting beta-counting gamma-spectrometry alpha-spectrometry mass-spectrometry inductively-coupled-plasma-mass-spectrometry thermal-ionization-mass-spectrometry secondary-ion-mass-spectrometry laser-ablation-inductively-coupled-plasma-mass-spectrometry electron-microprobe scanning-electron-microscopy transmission-electron-microscopy light-microscopy confocal-microscopy fluorescence-microscopy polarizing-microscopy phase-contrast-microscopy differential-interference-contrast-microscopy dark-field-microscopy bright-field-microscopy stereomicroscopy dissecting-microscopy microtomy sectioning staining mounting embedding fixation preservation collection curation vouchering repository herbarium museum archive database registry catalogue checklist inventory survey monitoring assessment evaluation appraisal audit review synthesis rapid-review scoping-review narrative-review critical-review state-of-the-art-review literature-review bibliometric-analysis citation-analysis co-citation-analysis bibliographic-coupling co-authorship-analysis collaboration-network knowledge-map concept-map ontology taxonomy classification nomenclature typification designation description diagnosis illustration measurement morphometry meristics count ratio index score rank grade scale level category class group set subset cluster clade lineage branch stem crown root node tip terminal internal basal derived ancestral plesiomorphic apomorphic synapomorphic autapomorphic homologous homoplastic convergent parallel reversal gain loss duplication deletion insertion inversion fusion fission polyploidy aneuploidy chromosome-number genome-size gene-number transcriptome proteome metabolome lipidome glycome interactome phenome connectome epigenome microbiome virome mycobiome bacteriome phytobiome rhizobiome endobiome ectobiome parasitome pathobiome diseasome toxome exposome foodome nutriome pharmacome toxicome adverse-outcome-pathway mode-of-action mechanism-of-action target-site receptor-binding enzyme-inhibition ion-channel-blockade membrane-disruption DNA-intercalation inflammation cell-differentiation cell-migration cell-adhesion cell-signaling signal-transduction gene-expression transcription translation post-translational-modification protein-folding protein-degradation protein-trafficking vesicle-transport exocytosis endocytosis phagocytosis pinocytosis mitophagy pexophagy ribophagy ER-phagy lysophagy lipophagy glycophagy ferritinophagy aggrephagy xenophagy entosis cytosis syncytium plasmodesmata gap-junction tight-junction adherens-junction desmosome hemidesmosome focal-adhesion cell-polarity cell-asymmetry cell-division mitosis meiosis cytokinesis karyokinesis chromosome-segregation spindle-assembly checkpoint DNA-replication DNA-recombination transposition retrotransposition horizontal-gene-transfer vertical-gene-transfer endosymbiosis symbiogenesis holobiont hologenome extended-phenotype niche-construction ecosystem-engineering keystone-process ecological-function ecosystem-function ecosystem-good natural-capital natural-resource renewable-resource non-renewable-resource common-pool-resource public-good private-good club-good externality market-failure government-failure policy-failure institutional-failure tragedy-of-the-commons free-rider collective-action social-dilemma prisoner's-dilemma chicken-game assurance-game coordination-game zero-sum-game positive-sum-game negative-sum-game win-win lose-lose win-lose Pareto-optimal Pareto-improvement Kaldor-Hicks-improvement cost-benefit-analysis cost-effectiveness-analysis multi-criteria-decision-analysis decision-support-system expert-system knowledge-based-system rule-based-system case-based-reasoning machine-learning deep-learning neural-network random-forest support-vector-machine decision-tree regression-tree classification-tree clustering-algorithm dimensionality-reduction feature-selection feature-extraction pattern-recognition image-analysis signal-processing time-series-analysis spatial-analysis geographic-information-system remote-sensing satellite-imagery aerial-photography drone-imagery LiDAR radar sonar seismic geophysical geochemical biogeochemical ecoinformatics bioinformatics computational-biology systems-biology synthetic-biology biotechnology nanotechnology genetic-engineering genome-editing CRISPR TALEN zinc-finger-nuclease transgenic cisgenic intragenic subgenic agrobacterium-mediated-transformation biolistics electroporation microinjection protoplast-fusion somatic-hybridization cybrid asymmetric-hybrid synthetic-polyploid doubled-haploid haploid-induction anther-culture microspore-culture ovule-culture embryo-culture endosperm-culture protoplast-culture cell-culture tissue-culture organ-culture shoot-culture root-culture callus-culture suspension-culture bioreactor hairy-root-culture transformation hardening micropropagation clonal-propagation meristem-culture shoot-tip-culture axillary-bud-culture nodal-culture leaf-culture petiole-culture stem-culture internode-culture rhizome-culture bulb-culture corm-culture tuber-culture seed-culture zygotic-embryo-culture somatic-embryo-culture somatic-embryogenesis organogenesis caulogenesis rhizogenesis adventitious-shoot-formation direct-regeneration indirect-regeneration primary-metabolism secondary-metabolism biosynthesis biotransformation bioconversion biodegradation bioremediation phytoremediation mycoremediation zooremediation bioaugmentation biostimulation natural-attenuation monitored-natural-attenuation engineered-natural-attenuation permeable-reactive-barrier pump-and-treat soil-vapor-extraction air-sparging thermal-desorption incineration landfilling containment capping slurry-wall grout-curtain sheet-piling clay-liner geomembrane geotextile geogrid geocomposite geosynthetic geofabric geonet geocell geopipe geostrip geofoam geobag geotube geocontainer geomat geoblanket geospacer geodrain geoinjection geogrout geopier geocolumn geopile geowall geoberm geotrench geocut geofill geolift geoslab geopanel geoblock geobrick geotile geopaver geoweb geomattress geocushion
Thelia
locust treehopper (referring to T. bimaculata)
Thelia is a genus of treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae) comprising at least two described species, including Thelia bimaculata (locust treehopper) and Thelia uhleri. Members of this genus are associated with woody host plants, particularly leguminous trees in the genus Robinia. The genus was established by Amyot & Audinet-Serville in 1843 and is classified within the tribe Telamonini.
treehopper Membracidae Telamonini locust-treehopper Robinia host-specificity cavity-nesting-nymphs
Tranes
Tranes is a genus of true weevils in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Molytinae, established by Schoenherr in 1843. Species in this genus are strongly associated with cycads, particularly the genera Bowenia, Lepidozamia, and Macrozamia. A 2024 integrative taxonomic revision expanded the genus from four to ten species, describing six new species and redescribing previously named taxa. The genus is part of the broader Tranes group of cycad- and grasstree-associated weevils found in Australia.
cycad-associated Australian-endemic integrative-taxonomy host-specificity Curculionidae Molytinae Tranes-group
Trichobaris compacta
datura weevil
Trichobaris compacta is a flower weevil in the family Curculionidae, commonly known as the datura weevil. The species has been documented from the southwestern United States through the Pacific coastal ranges of Mexico to the Tehuantepec Isthmus. Genetic analysis indicates it forms a single genealogical lineage with admixed population structure, showing no geographic barriers to gene flow across its range despite utilizing different host plant species in different regions.
weevil Curculionidae Datura host-specificity phylogeography seed-predator Sonoran-Desert Pacific-Mexico COI haplotype
Trichobius
bat flies
Trichobius is a genus of bat flies (Diptera: Streblidae) containing more than 60 described species. These obligate ectoparasites are exclusively associated with bats, exhibiting varying degrees of host specificity. Species within the genus display diverse morphological and ecological traits, with some showing strong preferences for particular host species, roost types, or host sexes.
bat-flies ectoparasites Streblidae Neotropics host-specificity viviparity larviposition bat-roosts Phyllostomidae Vespertilionidae Desmodontinae
Trichosirocalus
rosette weevils, crown weevils
A genus of small true weevils native to the Palearctic region. Several species have been widely introduced to North America, Australia, and New Zealand as biological control agents for invasive thistles. The genus was historically treated as containing a single species, T. horridus, but integrative taxonomic studies using molecular and morphological data have revealed multiple distinct species with different host associations.
weevil biological-control thistle invasive-species-management Ceutorhynchinae rosette-feeder Ceutorhynchini Baridinae taxonomic-revision classical-biological-control Carduus Cirsium Onopordum Palearctic-native introduced-species molecular-systematics integrative-taxonomy univoltine leaf-miner agricultural-pest-control pasture-weed-management species-complex host-specificity musk-thistle plumeless-thistle Scotch-thistle Illyrian-thistle welted-thistle Italian-thistle crown-weevil rosette-weevil oviposition-behavior overwintering egg-stage larval-stage adult-stage decaying-organic-matter soil-surface non-photosynthetic-leaves green-leaves leaf-midribs petioles leaf-mining notching-damage rosette-survival flowering-stem-reduction seed-production-reduction rosette-mortality population-density-effects mark-recapture dispersal-patterns artificial-diet-rearing laboratory-culture vitamin-supplementation lyophilized-thistle-roots ergosterol casein-hydrolysate 7-dehydrocholesterol sucrose larval-survival adult-longevity oviposition female-fecundity field-cage-experiments individual-cage-experiments growth-parameter-reduction pre-release-host-specificity-testing post-release-monitoring establishment-success range-expansion forested-areas agricultural-land pasture small-farms crops disturbed-habitats meadows dense-patches rosette-size-preference spatial-distribution selective-oviposition autumn-egg-laying winter-larval-development spring-pupation late-summer-adult-emergence soil-overwintering plant-debris-overwintering rachis leaf-dissection destructive-sampling non-destructive-sampling sampling-bias life-stage-detection established-populations mitochondrial-COI nuclear-EF-1α morphological-characters host-plant-associations synonymy species-validity introduction-history release-records establishment-records Old-World-native New-World-introduction Southern-Hemisphere-introduction Australia New-Zealand North-America Virginia Southwest-Virginia Europe Spain France Germany Italy Switzerland Austria Scandinavia Denmark Norway Sweden Colonnelli-1979 Panzer-1801 Alonso-Zarazaga-&-Sánchez-Ruiz-2002 Ceutorhynchinae-vs-Baridinae subfamily-placement tribe-placement true-weevils Curculionidae Coleoptera Insecta Arthropoda Animalia 882-iNaturalist-observations GBIF-records Catalogue-of-Life-accepted NCBI-Taxonomy Bulletin-of-Entomological-Research Journal-of-Applied-Ecology Journal-of-Entomological-Science Annals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-America Environmental-Entomology DOI-10.1017/s000748531500084x DOI-10.1046/j.1365-2664.2002.00747.x DOI-10.18474/0749-8004-22.4.324 DOI-10.18474/0749-8004-22.4.330 DOI-10.18474/0749-8004-24.4.465 DOI-10.1093/aesa/73.6.694 DOI-10.1093/ee/10.5.691
Trirhabda
skeletonizing leaf beetles, goldenrod beetles
Trirhabda is a genus of skeletonizing leaf beetles in the family Chrysomelidae, comprising over 30 described species distributed in North America and Mexico. These beetles are specialist herbivores primarily associated with plants in the Asteraceae family, particularly goldenrods (Solidago), asters, and related composites. The genus has been extensively studied in ecological research due to its host-specific feeding habits, density-dependent dispersal behaviors, and potential keystone species effects on plant community dynamics. Several species are notable for sequestering defensive compounds and exhibiting complex movement behaviors in response to landscape structure and host plant quality.
Chrysomelidae Galerucinae specialist-herbivore Asteraceae goldenrod density-dependent-dispersal keystone-herbivore chemical-sequestration landscape-ecology North-America Mexico skeletonizing-leaf-beetle host-specificity plant-herbivore-interactions induced-resistance metapopulation-dynamics
Trisetacus
Trisetacus is a genus of eriophyoid mites (Eriophyoidea: Phytoptidae, historically placed in Nalepellidae) that are obligate parasites of coniferous trees. Species within this genus exhibit strong host specificity, primarily infesting members of Pinaceae and Cupressaceae. The genus includes species with diverse feeding habits: some inhabit needle sheaths, others infest foliage, buds, or seeds. Molecular phylogenetic studies have revealed a deep dichotomy within Trisetacus, with two major lineages distinguished by female genital morphology and host associations—one lineage associated with Pinaceae and another with Cupressaceae. Several species are significant forest pests, causing damage ranging from needle chlorosis and twisting to complete destruction of seed crops. The genus has been subject to taxonomic revision, with 22 species recognized from North America alone.
eriophyoid-mite conifer-parasite forest-pest seed-predator gall-mite Nalepellinae host-specificity sexual-dimorphism molecular-phylogenetics
Uropodoidea
tortoise mites
Uropodoidea is a superfamily of tortoise mites (Mesostigmata) comprising over 2,000 described species worldwide. These mites are characterized by their phoretic associations with insects, particularly bark beetles (Scolytinae) and burying beetles (Nicrophorus), which they use for dispersal between patchy, ephemeral habitats. The superfamily exhibits diverse host relationships, with most species showing narrow host specificity, though some exhibit broader host ranges. Molecular and morphological studies have revealed that apparent host generalists are often complexes of cryptic specialist species.
mites phoresy bark-beetles burying-beetles cryptic-species host-specificity
Xylosteini
Tribe Xylosteini is a small, primitive group of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae: Lepturinae) containing rare forest-dwelling species. In Türkiye, the tribe comprises four species across two genera: Leptorhabdium (exclusively deciduous-feeding) and Xylosteus (feeding on both deciduous and coniferous trees). These beetles are considered forest pests of ecological and economic significance due to their wood-boring larval habits.
Cerambycidae Lepturinae xylophagous forest-pest Türkiye rare-species host-specificity deciduous-trees coniferous-trees
Zygogramma suturalis
ragweed leaf beetle
Zygogramma suturalis is a leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, commonly known as the ragweed leaf beetle. Native to North America, it has been introduced to Russia (1978) and other parts of Europe and Asia as a biological control agent for common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia). The beetle exhibits strong host specificity, feeding almost exclusively on this plant. Despite establishment in introduced ranges, it has achieved only moderate biological success due to low population densities and limited impact on host plant populations.
Chrysomelidae Chrysomelinae biological-control Ambrosia invasive-species-management phytophagous-beetle host-specificity North-America-native introduced-species Russia Ukraine