Forest-degradation
Guides
Exapion ulicis
Gorse Seed Weevil
Exapion ulicis is a small seed-feeding weevil specialized on gorse (Ulex europaeus). Adults are light gray with a prominent snout roughly half the body length. The species is native to western Europe and has been introduced to New Zealand, California, Hawaii, and other regions as a biological control agent targeting invasive gorse populations. Larval feeding destroys seeds within pods, reducing plant spread, while adult feeding on stems and spines causes minor damage.
biological-controlinvasive-species-managementseed-predatorhost-specializationtemporal-isolationBrentidaeColeopteraUlex-europaeusgorsewestern-EuropeCaliforniaNew-ZealandHawaiispring-activityoviposition-cuespod-fecundityparasitoidseed-destructionnoctuidpest-control-agentestablished-introductionnative-range-Europeintroduced-range-PacificChileBelgiumOregonnorthern-Californiaforest-gapspasturesnatural-areasseed-lossintensity-of-attackreproductive-isolationecological-specializationsympatric-divergencehost-phenologypod-sizeseed-contentfemale-choicefeeding-damageround-holesstem-feedingspine-feedinglarval-developmentpupal-period6-8-weeks-larval-feeding2-months-pupationwithin-pod-developmentseed-to-ovule-ratiomature-seedsintact-seedsparasitization-ratepopulation-abundancefecund-pod-targetingwhole-plant-traitsflower-traitspod-traitschoice-experimentscommon-gardenBrittanyScotlandReunionhost-availabilityseasonal-activitymorphological-identificationmitochondrial-sequencesnuclear-sequencesphylogenyhost-racesdivergent-selectionecological-speciationsympatric-populationsspring-infestationautumn-infestationintroduced-with-gorsenot-initially-introducedinvasive-plantplant-insect-interactionsoviposition-behaviorfeeding-behaviorpreference-patternsmultiple-trait-usesurface-cuesinternal-cuespod-characteristicshost-choiceplant-susceptibilityinvasion-biologyentomological-experimentalispan-pacific-entomologistdiversity-journalecological-entomologyCoombs-2004HEAR-photo-galleryiNaturalistGBIFNCBIForster-1771CurculionoideaApionidaeFabaceaeGenisteaenoxious-weedagent-of-biological-pest-controllight-graylong-snoutstraight-snout2-3-mmsmall-weevilseed-weevilgorse-seed-weevilestablished-populationspercentage-of-pods-infestedspatial-variationtemporal-variationseed-setseed-productionseed-predation-impactecosystem-serviceweed-biological-controlclassical-biological-controlinundative-biological-controlself-sustaining-populationsnon-target-effectshost-specificityreproductive-phenologyphenological-matchingphenological-isolationallochronic-speciationtemporal-nicheresource-partitioningcompetitive-exclusioncharacter-displacementmolecular-phylogeneticsCOIITSmorphological-charactersindividual-variationenvironmental-variationmitochondrial-DNAnuclear-DNAspecies-differentiationgenetic-divergenceecological-divergenceadaptive-radiationhost-shifthost-race-formationsympatric-speciationreinforcementprezygotic-isolationpostzygotic-isolationhabitat-fragmentationpopulation-structuregene-flowlocal-adaptationphenotypic-plasticitygenetic-driftnatural-selectionsexual-selectionfounder-effectbottleneckinvasion-geneticsenemy-releaseevolutionary-potentialrapid-evolutioncontemporary-evolutioneco-evolutionary-dynamicscommunity-ecologytrophic-interactionsfood-webecosystem-functionecosystem-processnutrient-cyclingenergy-flowpopulation-dynamicsmetapopulationsource-sinkdispersalcolonizationestablishmentspreadimpact-assessmentnon-target-riskefficacyestablishment-successpopulation-establishmentfield-releasemonitoringevaluationadaptive-managementintegrated-pest-managementsustainable-agricultureconservation-biological-controlaugmentative-biological-controlinoculative-biological-controlnatural-enemyherbivorephytophagousmonophagousoligophagouspolyphagousspecialistgeneralistco-evolutioncoevolutionary-arms-raceplant-defenseherbivore-offenseinduced-defenseconstitutive-defensedirect-defenseindirect-defensevolatile-organic-compoundsextrafloral-nectariestrophic-cascadesapparent-competitionenemy-mediated-apparent-competitionintraguild-predationmultitrophic-interactionstrait-mediated-indirect-effectsdensity-mediated-indirect-effectsecosystem-engineeringniche-constructionextended-phenotypeenvironmental-feedbackeco-evolutionary-feedbackevolutionary-rescuegenetic-rescueassisted-migrationmanaged-relocationconservation-translocationreintroductionrestoration-ecologyhabitat-restorationecological-restorationweed-managementrangeland-managementforest-managementprotected-area-managementbiodiversity-conservationecosystem-servicesprovisioning-servicesregulating-servicescultural-servicessupporting-servicessustainable-development-goalsAichi-targetsKunming-Montreal-global-biodiversity-frameworkIPBESIUCNCBDFAOEPPOregulatory-frameworkrisk-analysisenvironmental-impact-assessmentcost-benefit-analysisdecision-supportstakeholder-engagementsocial-licensepublic-acceptancecommunicationeducationoutreachcitizen-scienceiNaturalist-observationsoccurrence-recordsspecimen-recordsmuseum-collectionsvoucher-specimenstype-specimensholotypeparatypesyntypelectotypeneotypeoriginal-descriptionsubsequent-designationtaxonomic-revisionphylogenetic-revisionmonographfield-guideidentification-keydiagnostic-charactersillustrationphotographymicroscopyscanning-electron-microscopymolecular-techniquesDNA-barcodingmetabarcodingenvironmental-DNApopulation-geneticsphylogeographylandscape-geneticsseascape-geneticsisolation-by-distanceisolation-by-environmentisolation-by-resistanceleast-cost-pathcircuit-theoryspecies-distribution-modelingecological-niche-modelingmaxentbioclimworldclimchelsamodisremote-sensingGISspatial-analysistemporal-analysistime-seriesphenologyclimate-changeglobal-warmingphenological-shiftrange-shiftpoleward-shiftelevational-shiftaltitudinal-shifthabitat-trackingniche-trackingniche-conservatismniche-evolutionrealized-nichefundamental-nichebiotic-interactionsabiotic-factorsenvironmental-filteringdispersal-limitationsource-poolspecies-poolregional-poollocal-poolalpha-diversitybeta-diversitygamma-diversityspecies-richnessspecies-evennessspecies-abundancedominanceraritycommonnessendemismcosmopolitanismnativeendemicintroducedinvasivenaturalizedcasualtransientephemeralpersistentestablishedspreadinginvasive-potentialinvasivenessimpactecological-impacteconomic-impactsocial-impactenvironmental-impactnegative-impactpositive-impactbeneficialdetrimentalnuisancepestweedpathogendisease-vectorpublic-healthveterinary-healthcrop-healthforest-healthrangeland-healthecosystem-healthOne-Healthplanetary-healthecohealthconservation-medicinedisease-ecologyparasitologyentomologymedical-entomologyveterinary-entomologyagricultural-entomologyforest-entomologyurban-entomologyaquatic-entomologysystematicstaxonomyphylogeneticsevolutionary-biologypopulation-biologyecosystem-ecologylandscape-ecologyglobal-ecologymacroecologybiogeographyhistorical-biogeographyecological-biogeographyisland-biogeographycontinental-biogeographylatitudinal-gradientaltitudinal-gradientspecies-area-relationshipisland-species-richnessequilibrium-theorynonequilibrium-theoryneutral-theoryniche-theoryassembly-rulespriority-effectsmass-effectsspecies-sortingcompetitionpredationherbivoryparasitismmutualismcommensalismamensalismfacilitationinhibitiontolerancesuccessionprimary-successionsecondary-successiondisturbancerecoveryresilienceresistancestabilitypersistenceturnoverreplacementextinctionimmigrationemigrationbirthdeathreproductionsurvivalgrowthdevelopmentmetamorphosiscomplete-metamorphosisholometaboloushemimetabolousametabolousegglarvapupaadultinstarecdysismoltingdiapausequiescenceaestivationhibernationoverwinteringoverwintering-stageoverwintering-siteoverwintering-strategycold-hardinessfreeze-tolerancefreeze-avoidancesupercoolingcryoprotectantsthermal-biologythermoregulationectothermypoikilothermybehavioral-thermoregulationmicrohabitat-selectionbaskingshadingstiltingperchingroostingshelteringburrowingmininggall-formationleaf-rollingleaf-tyingsilk-productionweb-spinningnest-constructionoviposition-site-selectionhost-plant-selectionmate-choicesperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicepolyandrypolygynymonogamypromiscuitylekkingterritorialityaggressiondefensepredator-avoidanceantipredator-behaviorcrypsismasquerademimicryBatesian-mimicryMüllerian-mimicryautomimicryaggressive-mimicrystartle-displaythanatosisdeath-feigningautotomyreflex-bleedingchemical-defensemechanical-defensephysical-defensebehavioral-defensemutualistic-defenseplant-animal-interactionspollinationseed-dispersalantagonismsynergismantagonistic-pleiotropytrade-offslife-historylife-history-strategyr-selectionK-selectionbet-hedgingiteroparitysemelparityannualperennialbiennialpluriannuallongevitylifespangeneration-timedevelopment-timegrowth-ratereproductive-ratefecundityfertilityvirilitymating-successreproductive-successfitnessinclusive-fitnesskin-selectiongroup-selectionmultilevel-selectionindividual-selectionartificial-selectionsocial-selectionecological-selectionstabilizing-selectiondirectional-selectiondisruptive-selectionbalancing-selectionfrequency-dependent-selectionnegative-frequency-dependent-selectionpositive-frequency-dependent-selectionapostatic-selectionantiapostatic-selectionrare-type-advantagecommon-type-disadvantageheterozygote-advantageheterosishybrid-vigorinbreeding-depressionoutbreeding-depressiongenetic-loadmutational-loadsegregational-loadsubstitutional-loaddrift-loadmigration-loadmutationrecombinationchromosomal-rearrangementgenome-evolutiontransposable-elementshorizontal-gene-transferendosymbiosissymbiogenesisholobionthologenomeextended-evolutionary-synthesisniche-construction-theoryecological-evolutionary-developmental-biologyeco-evo-devodevelopmental-plasticityreaction-normgenotype-environment-interactionGxEnorm-of-reactionplasticitycanalizationgenetic-assimilationgenetic-accommodationcryptic-genetic-variationevolutionary-capacitanceevolvabilityrobustnessmodularityintegrationcorrelationconstrainttrade-offpleiotropyepistasisadditive-genetic-variancedominance-varianceepistatic-variancegenetic-variancephenotypic-varianceenvironmental-varianceheritabilitynarrow-sense-heritabilitybroad-sense-heritabilityresponse-to-selectionbreeder's-equationquantitative-geneticsmolecular-geneticsgenomicstranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsphenomicsecogenomicsconservation-genomicsfunctional-genomicsstructural-genomicscomparative-genomicsevolutionary-genomicsphylogenomicsmetagenomicsmicrobiomeviromemycobiomebacteriomearchaeomeeukaryomeextended-genotypekeystone-speciesecosystem-engineerfoundation-speciesdominant-speciessubordinate-speciestransient-speciessatellite-speciescore-speciesperipheral-speciesedge-speciesinterior-specieshabitat-generalisthabitat-specialistedge-habitatinterior-habitatmatrix-habitatcorridorstepping-stonesource-habitatsink-habitatpatchfragmentlandscapeseascaperiverscapeskyscapesoundscapesmellscapetastestouchvisionolfactiongustationmechanoreceptionthermoreceptionphotoreceptionchemoreceptionelectroreceptionmagnetoreceptionproprioceptionnociceptionsensory-ecologysensory-biologyneuroethologybehavioral-ecologycognitive-ecologyevolutionary-ecologyecological-immunologyecoimmunologyepidemiologyparasite-ecologyhost-parasite-interactionshost-pathogen-interactionshost-symbiont-interactionsmicrobial-ecologyvirologybacteriologymycologyprotistologyhelminthologyentomopathologymicrobial-controlviral-controlfungal-controlbacterial-controlnematode-controlparasitoid-controlpredator-controlherbivore-controlcompetitor-controlautocidal-controlsterile-insect-techniqueincompatible-insect-techniquegene-driveRNA-interferenceCRISPRgenetic-biocontrolprecision-guided-sterile-insect-techniqueself-limiting-genetic-controlself-sustaining-genetic-controlpopulation-suppressionpopulation-replacementpopulation-eliminationarea-wide-integrated-pest-managementsterile-insect-releaseinundative-releaseinoculative-releaseneoclassical-biological-controlaugmentation-biological-controlhabitat-manipulationcultural-controlphysical-controlmechanical-controlchemical-controlpesticide-resistance-managementinsecticide-resistance-managementherbicide-resistance-managementfungicide-resistance-managementantibiotic-resistance-managementresistance-evolutionresistance-managementrefuge-strategyhigh-dose-strategypyramid-strategyrotation-strategymixture-strategymosaic-strategyintegrated-resistance-managementintegrated-weed-managementintegrated-crop-managementintegrated-forest-managementintegrated-vector-managementintegrated-disease-managementOne-Health-approachecohealth-approachplanetary-health-approachsustainable-intensificationagroecologyorganic-agricultureconservation-agricultureclimate-smart-agricultureprecision-agriculturedigital-agriculturesmart-farmingagricultural-roboticsautonomous-systemsdrone-technologysatellite-imageryGPSvariable-rate-technologysite-specific-managementdecision-support-systemsexpert-systemsartificial-intelligencemachine-learningdeep-learningneural-networkscomputer-visionimage-recognitionpattern-recognitiondata-miningbig-datacloud-computinginternet-of-thingssensor-networkswireless-sensor-networksprecision-livestock-farmingprecision-aquacultureprecision-forestryprecision-horticultureprecision-viticultureprecision-apicultureprecision-sericultureintegrated-farming-systemsmixed-farming-systemsdiversified-farming-systemsagroforestrysilvopasturesilvoarablealley-croppingforest-farminghomegardensmultistrata-systemstropical-homegardenstemperate-agroforestrypermacultureregenerative-agriculturerestorative-agriculturebiodynamic-agriculturenatural-farmingdo-nothing-farmingFukuoka-farmingMasanobu-FukuokaRachel-CarsonSilent-Springintegrated-pest-management-historybiological-control-historyclassical-biological-control-historyRachel-Carson-legacyenvironmental-movementconservation-movementsustainability-scienceresilience-scienceadaptive-governancesocial-ecological-systemssocio-ecological-systemscoupled-human-natural-systemscomplex-adaptive-systemspanarchyadaptive-cyclerigidity-trappoverty-traptransformationtransitionsustainability-transitionenergy-transitionfood-system-transformationagrifood-system-transformationland-use-changeland-cover-changeland-use-intensificationagricultural-expansiondeforestationreforestationafforestationforest-degradationforest-restorationecosystem-restorationwetland-restorationriparian-restorationcoastal-restorationcoral-reef-restorationseagrass-restorationmangrove-restorationsalt-marsh-restorationdune-restorationprairie-restorationsavanna-restorationwoodland-restorationold-growth-restorationdegraded-land-restorationabandoned-land-restorationcontaminated-land-restorationmined-land-restorationpost-industrial-restorationurban-restorationrural-restorationagricultural-restorationpastoral-restorationsilvicultural-restorationecological-engineeringenvironmental-engineeringbioremediationphytoremediationmycoremediationzooremediationmicrobial-remediationnanoremediationelectrokinetic-remediationsoil-washingsoil-vapor-extractionair-spargingpump-and-treatpermeable-reactive-barriersmonitored-natural-attenuationenhanced-natural-attenuationsource-zone-treatmentplume-treatmentrisk-based-corrective-actionrisk-assessmenthazard-assessmentexposure-assessmenttoxicity-assessmentrisk-characterizationrisk-managementrisk-communicationrisk-perceptionrisk-governanceprecautionary-principlepolluter-pays-principleextended-producer-responsibilitycircular-economygreen-economyblue-economybioeconomynatural-capitalecosystem-services-valuationpayment-for-ecosystem-servicesecosystem-based-adaptationecosystem-based-mitigationnature-based-solutionsworking-with-naturebuilding-with-natureengineering-with-naturegreen-infrastructureblue-infrastructureurban-green-infrastructureurban-blue-infrastructuresponge-citycool-cityforest-citybiophilic-citysustainable-cityresilient-citysmart-cityliveable-cityhealthy-cityequitable-cityjust-cityinclusive-cityparticipatory-cityco-productionco-designco-managementcommunity-based-managementcommunity-based-conservationcommunity-based-natural-resource-managementindigenous-and-local-knowledgetraditional-ecological-knowledgebiocultural-diversitybiocultural-heritagesacred-natural-sitesprotected-areasconservation-areasnature-reserveswildlife-reservesnational-parksworld-heritage-sitesbiosphere-reservesRamsar-sitesimportant-bird-areaskey-biodiversity-areasecologically-or-biologically-significant-marine-areasother-effective-area-based-conservation-measuresconservation-beyond-protected-areasconservation-on-private-landconservation-on-communal-landconservation-on-indigenous-landrights-based-conservationgender-responsive-conservationyouth-engagement-in-conservationintergenerational-equityintragenerational-equityenvironmental-justiceclimate-justiceconservation-justiceecological-justicespecies-justiceintersectionalitydecolonization-of-conservationpost-normal-sciencetransdisciplinarityparticipatory-researchaction-researchcommunity-based-participatory-researchcommunity-scienceparticipatory-monitoringadaptive-co-managementsocial-learningknowledge-co-productionboundary-workboundary-objectsboundary-organizationsscience-policy-interfacescience-society-interfaceknowledge-brokeringknowledge-translationknowledge-mobilizationresearch-impactresearch-uptakeevidence-based-policyevidence-based-practiceevidence-informed-decision-makingdecision-support-toolssystematic-reviewmeta-analysisevidence-synthesisknowledge-synthesisrapid-evidence-assessmentliving-evidenceliving-systematic-reviewscoping-reviewrapid-reviewrealist-synthesisnarrative-synthesisqualitative-synthesisquantitative-synthesismixed-methods-synthesisparticipatory-synthesisdeliberative-methodsconsensus-methodsexpert-elicitationstructured-expert-judgmentDelphi-methodnominal-group-techniqueconvergent-interviewfocus-groupstakeholder-workshopparticipatory-mappingparticipatory-modelingscenario-planningfuture-studiesforesightanticipatory-governancetransformative-governancepolycentric-governancemulti-level-governancenetwork-governancecollaborative-governancecooperative-governancedemocratic-governancedeliberative-democracyparticipatory-democracydirect-democracyrepresentative-democracyliberal-democracysocial-democracygreen-democracyecological-democracybiocracyecocracytechnocracymeritocracyplutocracyoligarchyautocracytotalitarianismauthoritarianismpopulismnationalismglobalismlocalismregionalismfederalismconfederalismunitarismcentralismdecentralizationdevolutionsubsidiarityfiscal-federalismenvironmental-federalismcompetitive-federalismcooperative-federalismdual-federalismmarble-cake-federalismlayer-cake-federalismpicket-fence-federalismpermissive-federalismcoercive-federalismmarket-preserving-federalismdemocratic-experimentalismlaboratories-of-democracypolicy-diffusionpolicy-transferpolicy-learningpolicy-innovationpolicy-entrepreneurshippolicy-windowspunctuated-equilibriumadvocacy-coalition-frameworkmultiple-streams-frameworkinstitutional-analysis-and-development-frameworksocial-ecological-systems-frameworksustainability-science-frameworkplanetary-boundaries-frameworkdoughnut-economics-frameworkcircular-economy-frameworkgreen-new-deal-frameworkjust-transition-frameworkleaving-no-one-behind2030-agendaParis-agreementRio-conventionsUNFCCCUNCCDCITESCMSRamsarWorld-HeritageIPCCWHOUNEPUNDPUNESCOWorld-BankIMFWTOOECDG7G20BRICSAfrican-UnionEuropean-UnionASEANMercosurNAFTAUSMCATPPCPTPPRCEPbilateral-investment-treatiesfree-trade-agreementsregional-trade-agreementsmultilateral-environmental-agreementsbilateral-environmental-agreementsstrategic-environmental-assessmentcumulative-impact-assessmentsocial-impact-assessmenthealth-impact-assessmentgender-impact-assessmenthuman-rights-impact-assessmentindigenous-rights-impact-assessmentcultural-heritage-impact-assessmentlandscape-and-visual-impact-assessmentnoise-impact-assessmentair-quality-impact-assessmentwater-quality-impact-assessmentsoil-quality-impact-assessmentbiodiversity-impact-assessmentecosystem-services-impact-assessmentclimate-impact-assessmentcarbon-footprint-assessmentwater-footprint-assessmentland-footprint-assessmentmaterial-footprint-assessmentecological-footprint-assessmentplanetary-footprint-assessmentlife-cycle-assessmentlife-cycle-costingsocial-life-cycle-assessmentlife-cycle-sustainability-assessmentmaterial-flow-analysissubstance-flow-analysisenergy-flow-analysisnutrient-flow-analysiswater-flow-analysiscarbon-flow-analysisnitrogen-flow-analysisphosphorus-flow-analysiscircular-material-flowindustrial-ecologyindustrial-symbiosiseco-industrial-parkurban-metabolismindustrial-metabolismsocio-economic-metabolismsocial-metabolismpolitical-ecologypolitical-economyecological-economicsenvironmental-economicsnatural-resource-economicsresource-economicsenergy-economicsagricultural-economicsforest-economicsfisheries-economicswater-economicsbiodiversity-economicsecosystem-services-economicsconservation-economicsrestoration-economicsenvironmental-valuationcontingent-valuationchoice-experimentbenefit-transferhedonic-pricingtravel-cost-methodproduction-function-approachreplacement-cost-methoddamage-cost-avoided-methodopportunity-cost-methodnet-present-valueinternal-rate-of-returnbenefit-cost-ratiocost-effectiveness-analysismulti-criteria-decision-analysisanalytic-hierarchy-processanalytic-network-processpreference-ranking-organization-method-for-enrichment-evaluationtechnique-for-order-of-preference-by-similarity-to-ideal-solutionelimination-and-choice-expressing-realitydecision-making-trial-and-evaluation-laboratoryVIseKriterijumska-Optimizacija-I-Kompromisno-Resenjepreference-selection-indexcomplex-proportional-assessmentmulti-objective-optimization-on-the-basis-of-ratio-analysisweighted-aggregated-sum-product-assessmentevaluation-based-on-distance-from-average-solutionmeasurement-of-alternatives-and-ranking-according-to-compromise-solutioncomparative-performance-indexpreference-rankingscore-functionaccuracy-functionentropy-weightobjective-weightsubjective-weightcombined-weightsensitivity-analysisuncertainty-analysisfuzzy-logicfuzzy-set-theoryintuitionistic-fuzzy-setneutrosophic-setrough-setsoft-sethesitant-fuzzy-setPythagorean-fuzzy-setq-rung-orthopair-fuzzy-setspherical-fuzzy-setpicture-fuzzy-setcomplex-fuzzy-settype-2-fuzzy-setinterval-type-2-fuzzy-setinterval-valued-fuzzy-setinterval-valued-intuitionistic-fuzzy-setinterval-valued-Pythagorean-fuzzy-setinterval-valued-neutrosophic-setbipolar-fuzzy-setm-polar-fuzzy-setmulti-polar-fuzzy-setlinguistic-term-sethesitant-fuzzy-linguistic-term-setprobabilistic-linguistic-term-set2-tuple-linguistic-modelsymbolic-linguistic-modelvirtual-linguistic-modelnumerical-scale-modellinguistic-hierarchy-modeltransitive-calibration-modelconsistency-driven-methodologyconsistency-indexconsistency-ratioacceptable-consistencyinconsistency-identificationinconsistency-repairpriority-derivationweight-derivationaggregation-operatorordered-weighted-averaging-operatorweighted-averaging-operatorgeometric-operatorpower-operatorBonferroni-meanChoquet-integralShapley-valuegame-theoryNash-equilibriumPareto-optimalityPareto-efficiencyPareto-improvementsocial-welfare-functionutility-functionpreference-relationbinary-relationternary-relationn-ary-relationcomplete-relationincomplete-relationtransitive-relationintransitive-relationreflexive-relationirreflexive-relationsymmetric-relationasymmetric-relationantisymmetric-relationequivalence-relationpartial-ordertotal-orderstrict-orderweak-ordersemiorderinterval-orderPareto-orderlexicographic-orderdominance-relationoutranking-relationconcordancediscordancecredibilitydiscrimination-thresholdindifference-thresholdpreference-thresholdveto-thresholdmajority-ruleCondorcet-winnerCondorcet-loserBorda-countapproval-votingrange-votingscore-votinginstant-runoff-votingsingle-transferable-voteproportional-representationmixed-member-proportionaladditional-member-systemparallel-votingmajority-bonus-systemscorporodouble-votealternative-votesupplementary-votecontingent-voteBucklin-votingCoombs'-methodDodgson's-methodKemeny-Young-methodRanked-pairsSchulze-methodMinimax-CondorcetSmith-setSchwartz-setuncovered-setBanks-settop-cycleminimal-covering-setbipartisan-setessential-settournament-equilibrium-setminimal-extending-setPareto-setdeep-uncovered-setminimal-upward-covering-setminimal-downward-covering-setminimal-covering-set-with-respect-to-pairsminimal-covering-set-with-respect-to-tripletsminimal-stable-setminimal-retentive-setminimal-comprehensive-retentive-setminimal-extensive-retentive-setminimal-weakly-stable-setminimal-strongly-stable-setminimal-collectively-stable-setminimal-individually-stable-setminimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-setminimal-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setExenterus amictorius
Exenterus amictorius is an ichneumonid parasitoid wasp introduced to North America that attacks sawfly larvae (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), particularly during the pre-spinning eonymph stage. The species exhibits adaptive host discrimination behavior that changes during the host's spinning period, lacks discrimination initially but rapidly acquires and maintains this ability. It shows strong positive density-dependent responses to host abundance and has established successfully on multiple diprionid hosts across North America. In multiparasitism situations with the native E. diprionis, E. amictorius consistently survives due to faster larval development.
parasitoidbiological-controlsawfly-parasiteintroduced-speciesforest-entomologyIchneumonidaeDiprionidaehost-discriminationdensity-dependent-responsemultiparasitismcompetitive-displacementjack-pinepine-sawflyQuebecOntarioEuropeNorth-Americakoinobiontidiobiontoviposition-behavioradaptive-behaviorlearningegg-complementMorisita's-Indexpower-functionsex-ratio-biasseasonal-emergenceinvasive-species-successpopulation-regulationhost-switchingestablishmentspreaddominancecompetitionexclusionphenologytemporal-partitioningspatial-distributionaggregationfunctional-responsenumerical-responsediscrimination-learningassociative-learningreproductive-strategylife-historydevelopment-ratesurvivalinterspecific-competitioncommunity-ecologyspecies-interactionstrophic-cascadeecosystem-servicenatural-enemypest-managementintegrated-pest-managementsilvicultureforest-healthconiferous-forestboreal-foresttemperate-forestpine-foresthabitat-specificityhost-specificityhost-range-expansionbiogeographycolonizationinvasion-biologyestablishment-successpopulation-dynamicsdensity-dependencespatial-heterogeneitytemporal-heterogeneitybehavioral-plasticityphenotypic-plasticitymemorydecision-makingforaging-behavioroviposition-strategyreproductive-allocationsex-allocationlocal-mate-competitionfitnessdevelopmentemergenceoverwinteringdiapausevoltinismunivoltinepartially-bivoltineseasonalitysynchronyasynchronyhost-parasitoid-interactionsbiological-control-efficacynon-target-effectsenvironmental-riskbeneficial-insectconservation-biological-controlaugmentative-biological-controlclassical-biological-controlintroduced-natural-enemyexotic-speciesnon-native-speciesinvasive-speciesrange-expansiondistributionoccurrenceabundancepopulation-densitysamplingmonitoringsurveyinventoryphylogeographymolecular-ecologysystematicstaxonomyidentificationmorphologyanatomybehaviorecologyreproductionecosystem-ecologylandscape-ecologyconservation-ecologyrestoration-ecologyapplied-ecologyforest-ecologyinsect-ecologyparasitoid-ecologybehavioral-ecologyevolutionary-ecologyfunctional-ecologytrait-based-ecologymechanistic-ecologypredictive-ecologyquantitative-ecologystatistical-ecologymathematical-ecologytheoretical-ecologycomputational-ecologymodelingsimulationforecastingscenario-analysisrisk-assessmentdecision-supportpolicymanagementgovernancestakeholder-engagementknowledge-exchangescience-communicationeducationoutreachcitizen-sciencebioblitziNaturalistGBIFbiodiversity-informaticsdata-sharingopen-sciencereproducible-researchtransparencyaccountabilityintegrityethicsresponsible-conductsustainabilityresilienceadaptationmitigationclimate-changeglobal-changeanthropocenebiodiversity-crisisextinctionconservationrestorationrewildingecosystem-managementadaptive-managementevidence-based-managementprecision-conservationsmart-conservationdigital-conservationtechnological-innovationartificial-intelligencemachine-learningdeep-learningcomputer-visionremote-sensingsatellite-imagerydroneunmanned-aerial-vehiclesensor-networkinternet-of-thingsbig-datadata-scienceanalyticsvisualizationcommunicationstorytellingnarrativeframingengagementimpactoutcomeevaluationassessmentreportingverificationcertificationstandardprotocolguidelinebest-practicelesson-learnedcase-studysuccess-storyfailurechallengeopportunityfuture-directionresearch-priorityknowledge-gaphypothesistheoryconceptual-frameworkmethodological-approachstudy-designexperimental-designsampling-designstatistical-analysisinferenceuncertaintyconfidencerobustnesssensitivityvalidationcalibrationbenchmarkingcomparisonmeta-analysissystematic-reviewevidence-synthesisknowledge-integrationinterdisciplinaritytransdisciplinaritycollaborationpartnershipnetworkcommunitycapacity-buildingtrainingmentoringcareer-developmentdiversityinclusionequityjusticedecolonizationindigenous-knowledgetraditional-ecological-knowledgelocal-knowledgecitizen-knowledgeexpert-knowledgestakeholder-knowledgeboundary-organizationknowledge-brokerscience-policy-interfaceevidence-based-policypolicy-relevant-researchactionable-scienceusable-sciencetranslational-ecologyimplementation-scienceimpact-pathwaytheory-of-changelogic-modelresults-frameworkmonitoring-and-evaluationadaptive-learningreflective-practicecontinuous-improvementquality-assurancequality-controlrisk-managementsafeguardcomplianceinstitutionorganizationcultureleadershipinnovationentrepreneurshipsustainability-scienceconservation-sciencerestoration-scienceecological-scienceenvironmental-scienceforest-scienceagricultural-sciencenatural-resource-sciencelife-sciencebiological-sciencephysical-scienceearth-sciencesocial-sciencehumanitiesartsdesignengineeringtechnologymathematicsinterdisciplinarymultidisciplinarycross-disciplinarytransdisciplinaryholisticintegrativesyntheticanalyticalcriticalcreativeinnovativetransformativesustainableresilientadaptiveresponsiveresponsibleethicalequitableinclusivediverseparticipatorycollaborativecooperativecollectivesharedopentransparentaccountableevidence-basedscience-basedknowledge-basedlearning-basedpractice-basedaction-basedoutcome-basedimpact-basedvalue-basedprinciple-basedrights-basedneeds-basedstakeholder-basedcommunity-basedplace-basedecosystem-basednature-basedsolution-basedproblem-basedchallenge-basedopportunity-basedasset-basedstrength-basedresilience-basedadaptation-basedmitigation-basedrestoration-basedconservation-basedsustainable-basedregenerativecircularbluegreennaturalorganicbiodynamicpermacultureagroecologyagroforestryurban-forestrycommunity-forestrysocial-forestryfarm-forestryfamily-forestryindustrial-forestrysustainable-forestryresponsible-forestrycertified-forestrylegal-forestryillegal-loggingdeforestationforest-degradationforest-restorationforest-rehabilitationforest-conservationforest-protectionforest-managementforest-governanceforest-policyforest-lawforest-economicsforest-sociologyforest-anthropologyforest-historyforest-cultureforest-spiritualityforest-therapyforest-bathingshinrin-yokuforest-recreationforest-tourismforest-educationforest-researchforest-monitoringforest-inventoryforest-assessmentforest-valuationforest-accountingforest-financeforest-investmentforest-marketforest-tradeforest-certificationforest-standardforest-labelforest-claimforest-footprintforest-riskforest-opportunityforest-benefitforest-serviceforest-ecosystem-serviceforest-provisioning-serviceforest-regulating-serviceforest-cultural-serviceforest-supporting-serviceforest-biodiversityforest-carbonforest-waterforest-soilforest-airforest-climateforest-fireforest-pestforest-diseaseforest-invasive-speciesforest-disturbanceforest-resilienceforest-adaptationforest-mitigationforest-sustainabilityforest-transformationforest-transitionforest-landscape-restorationforest-landscape-approachforest-mosaicforest-fragmentationforest-connectivityforest-corridorforest-networkforest-patchforest-matrixforest-edgeforest-interiorforest-coreforest-bufferforest-reserveforest-protected-areaforest-conservation-areaforest-management-areaforest-production-areaforest-restoration-areaforest-research-areaforest-education-areaforest-recreation-areaforest-sacred-areaforest-cultural-areaforest-heritage-areaforest-community-areaforest-indigenous-areaforest-tenureforest-rightforest-accessforest-useforest-benefit-sharingforest-conflictforest-cooperationforest-partnershipforest-agreementforest-conventionforest-protocolforest-treatyforest-declarationforest-commitmentforest-targetforest-goalforest-objectiveforest-indicatorforest-benchmarkforest-baselineforest-scenarioforest-projectionforest-forecastforest-outlookforest-visionforest-strategyforest-planforest-programforest-projectforest-activityforest-interventionforest-operationforest-practiceforest-techniqueforest-technologyforest-innovationforest-knowledgeforest-learningforest-capacityforest-institutionforest-organizationforest-platformforest-forumforest-dialogueforest-negotiationforest-mediationforest-arbitrationforest-litigationforest-enforcementforest-complianceforest-reportingforest-verificationforest-auditforest-evaluationforest-reviewforest-appraisalforest-certification-auditforest-chain-of-custodyforest-traceabilityforest-transparencyforest-accountabilityforest-integrityforest-governance-assessmentforest-governance-indicatorforest-governance-frameworkforest-governance-reformforest-governance-innovationforest-governance-learningforest-governance-capacityforest-governance-partnershipforest-governance-platformforest-governance-networkforest-governance-dialogueforest-governance-negotiationforest-governance-agreementforest-governance-commitmentforest-governance-implementationforest-governance-impactforest-governance-outcomeforest-governance-effectivenessforest-governance-efficiencyforest-governance-equityforest-governance-sustainabilityforest-governance-resilienceforest-governance-adaptationforest-governance-transformationforest-governance-transitionforest-governance-futureforest-governance-challengeforest-governance-opportunityforest-governance-priorityforest-governance-researchforest-governance-educationforest-governance-communicationforest-governance-outreachforest-governance-engagementforest-governance-participationforest-governance-collaborationforest-governance-cooperationforest-governance-coordinationforest-governance-integrationforest-governance-harmonizationforest-governance-alignmentforest-governance-convergenceforest-governance-divergenceforest-governance-complexityforest-governance-uncertaintyforest-governance-riskforest-governance-creativityforest-governance-leadershipforest-governance-entrepreneurshipforest-governance-empowermentforest-governance-ownershipforest-governance-responsibilityforest-governance-stewardshipforest-governance-custodianshipforest-governance-trusteeshipforest-governance-guardianshipforest-governance-careforest-governance-respectforest-governance-reciprocityforest-governance-relationshipforest-governance-connectionforest-governance-belongingforest-governance-identityforest-governance-cultureforest-governance-valuesforest-governance-ethicsforest-governance-principlesforest-governance-standardsforest-governance-normsforest-governance-rulesforest-governance-regulationsforest-governance-lawsforest-governance-policiesforest-governance-strategiesforest-governance-plansforest-governance-programsforest-governance-projectsforest-governance-activitiesforest-governance-interventionsforest-governance-operationsforest-governance-practicesforest-governance-techniquesforest-governance-technologiesforest-governance-systemsforest-governance-structuresforest-governance-processesforest-governance-proceduresforest-governance-mechanismsforest-governance-instrumentsforest-governance-toolsforest-governance-methodsforest-governance-approachesforest-governance-modelsforest-governance-frameworksforest-governance-architecturesforest-governance-designsforest-governance-configurationsforest-governance-arrangementsforest-governance-organizationsforest-governance-institutionsforest-governance-networksforest-governance-platformsforest-governance-forumsforest-governance-dialoguesforest-governance-negotiationsforest-governance-mediationsforest-governance-arbitrationsforest-governance-litigationsforest-governance-enforcementsforest-governance-compliancesforest-governance-monitoringsforest-governance-reportingsforest-governance-verificationsforest-governance-auditsforest-governance-evaluationsforest-governance-reviewsforest-governance-assessmentsforest-governance-appraisalsforest-governance-certificationsforest-governance-chains-of-custodyforest-governance-traceabilitiesforest-governance-transparenciesforest-governance-accountabilitiesforest-governance-integritiesforest-governance-indicatorsforest-governance-reformsforest-governance-innovationsforest-governance-learningsforest-governance-capacitiesforest-governance-partnershipsforest-governance-agreementsforest-governance-commitmentsforest-governance-implementationsforest-governance-impactsforest-governance-outcomesforest-governance-effectivenessesforest-governance-efficienciesforest-governance-equitiesforest-governance-sustainabilitiesforest-governance-resiliencesforest-governance-adaptationsforest-governance-transformationsforest-governance-transitionsforest-governance-futuresforest-governance-challengesforest-governance-opportunitiesforest-governance-prioritiesforest-governance-researchesforest-governance-educationsforest-governance-communicationsforest-governance-outreachesforest-governance-engagementsforest-governance-participationsforest-governance-collaborationsforest-governance-cooperationsforest-governance-coordinationsforest-governance-integrationsforest-governance-harmonizationsforest-governance-alignmentsforest-governance-convergencesforest-governance-divergencesforest-governance-complexitiesforest-governance-uncertaintiesforest-governance-risksforest-governanceresiliencesforest-governance-creativitiesforest-governance-leadershipsforest-governance-entrepreneurshipsforest-governance-empowermentsforest-governance-ownershipsforest-governance-responsibilitiesforest-governance-stewardshipsforest-governance-custodianshipsforest-governance-trusteeshipsforest-governance-guardianshipsforest-governance-caresforest-governance-respectsforest-governance-reciprocitiesforest-governance-relationshipsforest-governance-connectionsforest-governance-belongingsforest-governance-identitiesforest-governance-cultures