Host-parasite-interactions

Guides

• Amblyomma cajennense

  Cayenne tick

  Amblyomma cajennense, commonly known as the Cayenne tick, is a hard tick species historically considered to range from the southern United States through Central America and the Caribbean to northern Argentina. Molecular studies have revealed this 'species' is actually a complex of multiple cryptic species, with A. cajennense sensu stricto now restricted to the Amazonian region of South America. The species complex is of significant medical and veterinary importance as a vector of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and other rickettsial diseases.

  tickvectorrickettsiarocky-mountain-spotted-feveramazonsouth-americacryptic-species-complexixodidaemedical-entomologyveterinary-importanceclimate-changehost-parasite-interactionssaliva-proteomicsbacterial-symbionts

• Asobara

  Asobara is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae containing approximately forty species. The genus is best known as parasitoids of Drosophila larvae, with Asobara tabida serving as a major model organism for studying parasitoid-host interactions and the hologenome concept. Members of this genus lack polydnaviruses, instead employing venom-based strategies to suppress host immune defenses. Several species, including A. tabida and A. japonica, exhibit obligate or facultative associations with Wolbachia endosymbionts that influence reproduction and host-finding behavior.

  parasitoidDrosophila-parasitoidWolbachiamodel-organismhologenomevenomhost-parasite-interactions

• Epeolini

  cuckoo bees

  Epeolini is a tribe of cleptoparasitic bees within the subfamily Nomadinae. Members are commonly known as cuckoo bees and are obligate cleptoparasites that exploit the nest provisions of other bee species for their own offspring development. The tribe comprises five subtribes and approximately ten genera, including Epeolus, Triepeolus, Odyneropsis, Doeringiella, and Thalestria. Several European species are considered endangered or nearly extinct, while others remain widespread.

  cleptoparasitecuckoo-beeNomadinaeground-nesting-beesendangered-speciesbee-conservationhost-parasite-interactionsopen-cell-parasitism

• Exapion ulicis

  Gorse Seed Weevil

  Exapion ulicis is a small seed-feeding weevil specialized on gorse (Ulex europaeus). Adults are light gray with a prominent snout roughly half the body length. The species is native to western Europe and has been introduced to New Zealand, California, Hawaii, and other regions as a biological control agent targeting invasive gorse populations. Larval feeding destroys seeds within pods, reducing plant spread, while adult feeding on stems and spines causes minor damage.

  biological-controlinvasive-species-managementseed-predatorhost-specializationtemporal-isolationBrentidaeColeopteraUlex-europaeusgorsewestern-EuropeCaliforniaNew-ZealandHawaiispring-activityoviposition-cuespod-fecundityparasitoidseed-destructionnoctuidpest-control-agentestablished-introductionnative-range-Europeintroduced-range-PacificChileBelgiumOregonnorthern-Californiaforest-gapspasturesnatural-areasseed-lossintensity-of-attackreproductive-isolationecological-specializationsympatric-divergencehost-phenologypod-sizeseed-contentfemale-choicefeeding-damageround-holesstem-feedingspine-feedinglarval-developmentpupal-period6-8-weeks-larval-feeding2-months-pupationwithin-pod-developmentseed-to-ovule-ratiomature-seedsintact-seedsparasitization-ratepopulation-abundancefecund-pod-targetingwhole-plant-traitsflower-traitspod-traitschoice-experimentscommon-gardenBrittanyScotlandReunionhost-availabilityseasonal-activitymorphological-identificationmitochondrial-sequencesnuclear-sequencesphylogenyhost-racesdivergent-selectionecological-speciationsympatric-populationsspring-infestationautumn-infestationintroduced-with-gorsenot-initially-introducedinvasive-plantplant-insect-interactionsoviposition-behaviorfeeding-behaviorpreference-patternsmultiple-trait-usesurface-cuesinternal-cuespod-characteristicshost-choiceplant-susceptibilityinvasion-biologyentomological-experimentalispan-pacific-entomologistdiversity-journalecological-entomologyCoombs-2004HEAR-photo-galleryiNaturalistGBIFNCBIForster-1771CurculionoideaApionidaeFabaceaeGenisteaenoxious-weedagent-of-biological-pest-controllight-graylong-snoutstraight-snout2-3-mmsmall-weevilseed-weevilgorse-seed-weevilestablished-populationspercentage-of-pods-infestedspatial-variationtemporal-variationseed-setseed-productionseed-predation-impactecosystem-serviceweed-biological-controlclassical-biological-controlinundative-biological-controlself-sustaining-populationsnon-target-effectshost-specificityreproductive-phenologyphenological-matchingphenological-isolationallochronic-speciationtemporal-nicheresource-partitioningcompetitive-exclusioncharacter-displacementmolecular-phylogeneticsCOIITSmorphological-charactersindividual-variationenvironmental-variationmitochondrial-DNAnuclear-DNAspecies-differentiationgenetic-divergenceecological-divergenceadaptive-radiationhost-shifthost-race-formationsympatric-speciationreinforcementprezygotic-isolationpostzygotic-isolationhabitat-fragmentationpopulation-structuregene-flowlocal-adaptationphenotypic-plasticitygenetic-driftnatural-selectionsexual-selectionfounder-effectbottleneckinvasion-geneticsenemy-releaseevolutionary-potentialrapid-evolutioncontemporary-evolutioneco-evolutionary-dynamicscommunity-ecologytrophic-interactionsfood-webecosystem-functionecosystem-processnutrient-cyclingenergy-flowpopulation-dynamicsmetapopulationsource-sinkdispersalcolonizationestablishmentspreadimpact-assessmentnon-target-riskefficacyestablishment-successpopulation-establishmentfield-releasemonitoringevaluationadaptive-managementintegrated-pest-managementsustainable-agricultureconservation-biological-controlaugmentative-biological-controlinoculative-biological-controlnatural-enemyherbivorephytophagousmonophagousoligophagouspolyphagousspecialistgeneralistco-evolutioncoevolutionary-arms-raceplant-defenseherbivore-offenseinduced-defenseconstitutive-defensedirect-defenseindirect-defensevolatile-organic-compoundsextrafloral-nectariestrophic-cascadesapparent-competitionenemy-mediated-apparent-competitionintraguild-predationmultitrophic-interactionstrait-mediated-indirect-effectsdensity-mediated-indirect-effectsecosystem-engineeringniche-constructionextended-phenotypeenvironmental-feedbackeco-evolutionary-feedbackevolutionary-rescuegenetic-rescueassisted-migrationmanaged-relocationconservation-translocationreintroductionrestoration-ecologyhabitat-restorationecological-restorationweed-managementrangeland-managementforest-managementprotected-area-managementbiodiversity-conservationecosystem-servicesprovisioning-servicesregulating-servicescultural-servicessupporting-servicessustainable-development-goalsAichi-targetsKunming-Montreal-global-biodiversity-frameworkIPBESIUCNCBDFAOEPPOregulatory-frameworkrisk-analysisenvironmental-impact-assessmentcost-benefit-analysisdecision-supportstakeholder-engagementsocial-licensepublic-acceptancecommunicationeducationoutreachcitizen-scienceiNaturalist-observationsoccurrence-recordsspecimen-recordsmuseum-collectionsvoucher-specimenstype-specimensholotypeparatypesyntypelectotypeneotypeoriginal-descriptionsubsequent-designationtaxonomic-revisionphylogenetic-revisionmonographfield-guideidentification-keydiagnostic-charactersillustrationphotographymicroscopyscanning-electron-microscopymolecular-techniquesDNA-barcodingmetabarcodingenvironmental-DNApopulation-geneticsphylogeographylandscape-geneticsseascape-geneticsisolation-by-distanceisolation-by-environmentisolation-by-resistanceleast-cost-pathcircuit-theoryspecies-distribution-modelingecologica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• Gryllidea

  crickets

  Gryllidea is an infraorder within the suborder Ensifera comprising crickets and their relatives. The group contains two superfamilies—Grylloidea (true crickets, tree crickets, scaly crickets, and allies) and Gryllotalpoidea (mole crickets and ant crickets)—encompassing more than 6,000 described species globally. Members are characterized by acoustic communication through stridulation, with males producing species-specific songs to attract mates. The infraorder originated in the Triassic period approximately 250–200 million years ago and represents the third most diverse group within Orthoptera.

  cricketsOrthopteraEnsiferaacoustic-communicationstridulationmole-cricketsant-cricketsmyrmecophilybioacousticsedible-insectsagricultural-pesthousehold-pestTriassic-originhemimetabolous-developmentkleptoparasitismchemical-mimicryautotomythigmotaxisinvasive-speciesDiestrammena-asynamoraAcheta-domesticusGryllodes-sigillatusGryllus-firmusParagordius-variushost-parasite-interactionsmitochondrial-genomicspositive-selectioncox1Nearctic-faunaYunnan-biodiversityurban-ecologysoil-ecosystem-engineeringdecomposerfood-securityalternative-protein

• Myrmica

  Furrowed Ants

  Myrmica is a genus of ants in the subfamily Myrmicinae containing approximately 200 described species. The genus is widespread across temperate regions of the Holarctic and occurs in high mountain habitats of Southeast Asia. Myrmica species exhibit diverse colony structures, including both monogynous and polygynous forms. The genus is notable for its complex ecological relationships, including associations with parasitic butterflies, inquiline ant species, and various other organisms.

  antsformicidaemyrmicinaeholarcticsocial-insectschemical-ecologyhost-parasite-interactions