Holarctic
Guides
Acalypta elegans
Acalypta elegans is a species of lace bug in the family Tingidae, order Hemiptera. The species was described by Horváth in 1906. Like other lace bugs, it possesses the characteristic reticulated, lace-like forewings that give the family its common name. It has a documented distribution across the Holarctic region.
Acanthocinus
Acanthocinus is a genus of longhorn beetles in the subfamily Lamiinae, described by Dejean in 1821. Species in this genus are associated with coniferous trees, particularly pines and spruces, where larvae develop in the phloem beneath bark. Several species exhibit cryptic coloration that provides camouflage against tree bark. The genus includes notable species such as Acanthocinus aedilis, A. nodosus, and A. princeps (the Ponderosa Pine Bark Borer).
Acemya
Acemya is a genus of tachinid flies (family Tachinidae) established by Robineau-Desvoidy in 1830. The genus belongs to the tribe Acemyini within the subfamily Tachininae. It includes approximately 11 described species distributed across multiple continents. As with other tachinid genera, members are presumed to be parasitoids, though specific host relationships for most species remain poorly documented.
Acericecis
maple gall midges
Acericecis is a genus of gall midges in the family Cecidomyiidae. The genus contains five described species, four extant and one known only from fossils. All extant species induce characteristic eyespot galls on maple (Acer) leaves. The genus was established by American entomologist Raymond Gagné in 1983, with Acericecis ocellaris as the type species. Species are restricted to the Holarctic region.
Acidota
A genus of rove beetles (Staphylinidae: Omaliinae: Anthophagini) established in 1829. Species occur across the Holarctic region, with documented presence in Eurasia and North America. The genus includes at least 10 described species, with recent taxonomic work clarifying species boundaries and geographic distributions in Russia and China.
Acidota crenata
Crenate Ocellate Rove Beetle
Acidota crenata is a species of rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Omaliinae. The species has a Holarctic distribution, occurring across northern and central Europe, extending eastward through Russia to East Asia, and present in North America including Canada and the United States. It is one of approximately 15 species in the genus Acidota, which are characterized by distinctive ocellate (eye-spotted) patterns on the elytra. The specific epithet 'crenata' refers to the crenate (scalloped or notched) margins characteristic of this species.
Acleris
Acleris is a large genus of tortrix moths in the family Tortricidae, containing approximately 241 species as of 2007. The genus includes several economically significant forest pests, notably the black-headed budworm complex (A. gloverana-variana), which causes periodic outbreaks in North American coniferous forests. Some species are also agricultural pests, such as A. comariana on strawberries. The genus has a Holarctic distribution with records from North America, Europe, and Asia.
Acleris effractana
Hook-winged Tortrix Moth
Acleris effractana is a tortricid moth with a Holarctic distribution, found across northern Europe, northwestern Russia, Japan, Canada, and the northwestern United States. It is externally indistinguishable from Acleris emargana, requiring genital examination for positive identification. Adults are active from July to October. The species has historically been underreported due to confusion with its more common congener.
Acmaeops
Acmaeops is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) in the subfamily Lepturinae. The genus contains several species distributed across the Holarctic region. Some species historically placed in Acmaeops have been reassigned to the genus Gnathacmaeops. Members of this genus are associated with coniferous forests.
Acrobasis
Acrobasis is a genus of small moths in the family Pyralidae, subfamily Phycitinae. Species in this genus are primarily known as pests of nut and fruit crops, with several economically significant species including the pecan nut casebearer (A. nuxvorella) and species affecting chokeberry, walnut, and hickory. Larvae typically bore into developing nuts or fruits, causing direct damage to yield. The genus has a Holarctic distribution with records from North America and Europe.
Acronicta
Dagger Moths
Acronicta is a genus of approximately 150 noctuid moth species distributed primarily in the temperate Holarctic, with some species extending into adjacent subtropical regions. Adults are medium-sized moths commonly known as dagger moths due to distinctive black dagger-shaped markings on the forewings of most species; some species display a conspicuous dark ring marking instead. The genus was established by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.
Acrotona
Acrotona is a genus of rove beetles in the family Staphylinidae, first described by Thomson in 1859. The genus contains at least 30 described species. Recent taxonomic work has identified new species, including Acrotona brachyoptera from New Brunswick, Canada. Members of this genus belong to the subfamily Aleocharinae, a diverse group within the rove beetles.
Actebia fennica
Finnish Dart, black army cutworm, Eversmann's rustic
Actebia fennica is a noctuid moth with a Holarctic distribution spanning boreal regions of North America and Eurasia. Adults are active from July to September with a single generation per year. The species exhibits a documented behavioral response to landscape fire smoke, with females doubling egg production when exposed to volatiles from burning vegetation. Larvae feed on a diverse range of host plants including grasses, forbs, and woody species in coastal and disturbed habitats.
Aculepeira
Aculepeira is a genus of orb-weaver spiders in the family Araneidae, containing 26 species and two subspecies as of January 2026. The genus was established by Chamberlin and Ivie in 1942. North American species are primarily associated with high elevation and high latitude habitats, ranging from Alaska and the Yukon Territory to northern Mexico. Members of this genus construct typical orb webs and have been documented consuming pollen in addition to insect prey.
Aeshna
Hawkers, Mosaic Darners
Aeshna is a genus of large dragonflies in the family Aeshnidae, commonly known as hawkers in the Old World and mosaic darners in North America. The genus name was coined by Danish entomologist Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775, possibly from a printer's error in spelling the Greek 'Aechma' (spear). Species in this genus are characterized by their relatively large size, brown thoraces and abdomens with distinctive blue, yellow, or green markings. The genus has undergone significant taxonomic revision, with many Neotropical and other species reclassified into separate genera such as Rhionaeschna, Afroaeschna, and others based on phylogenetic studies.
Aeshna juncea
Common Hawker, Moorland Hawker, Sedge Darner
Aeshna juncea, known as the Common Hawker, Moorland Hawker, or Sedge Darner, is a large hawker dragonfly with a Holarctic distribution spanning the Palearctic from Ireland to Japan and northern North America. It is one of the larger Aeshna species and is strongly associated with acidic bog habitats, particularly in Scotland where it is a prominent bog specialist. The species has a flight period from June to early October. Recent genomic research has revealed that Alaskan populations underwent population bottlenecks during the most recent ice age, and the species has been used as a model for studying genome size variation in Odonata driven by transposons and repetitive elements.
Aethalura
Aethalura is a genus of geometrid moths (family Geometridae, subfamily Ennominae) containing four described species. The genus was erected by McDunnough in 1920. Species within this genus are primarily found in the Holarctic region, with records from Europe and North America. The most widely distributed species is Aethalura punctulata, commonly known as the grey birch.
Agabini
Agabini is a tribe of predaceous diving beetles in the family Dytiscidae, comprising approximately 500 species across six genera: Agabus, Ilybius, Platambus, Agabinus, Hydronebrius, and Ilybiosoma. Members are primarily aquatic predators found in lentic (standing water) and lotic (flowing water) habitats across the Holarctic region and beyond. The tribe exhibits diverse life cycle strategies, with variation in overwintering stages and habitat use between aquatic and terrestrial environments.
Agabus
Agabus is a large genus of predatory aquatic beetles in the family Dytiscidae, established by William Elford Leach in 1817. Adults range from 5 to 14 mm in length. The genus has a primarily Holarctic distribution, with limited representation in the Afrotropic and Neotropic realms. Some species are of conservation concern, with A. clypealis, A. discicollis, and A. hozgargantae listed as endangered by the IUCN.
Agabus arcticus
Agabus arcticus is a predaceous diving beetle in the family Dytiscidae with a Holarctic distribution, occurring in North America and the Palearctic region. It belongs to the arcticus-group of Agabus species, which is characterized by specific morphological and ecological traits adapted to northern environments. The species has three described larval stages and is known from reared material collected in northern Sweden.
Agabus clavicornis
Agabus clavicornis is a predaceous diving beetle in the family Dytiscidae. It is distributed across the Holarctic region, occurring in both North America and the Palearctic. The species was described by Sharp in 1882. Like other members of the genus Agabus, it is an aquatic predator.
Agabus confinis
predaceous diving beetle
Agabus confinis is a predaceous diving beetle in the family Dytiscidae, belonging to the confinis-group within the subgenus Acatodes. The species has a Holarctic distribution, occurring in North America and the Palearctic region. Larval stages have been described from reared material in northern Sweden, with morphological characters enabling separation from other European Agabus species. It is one of approximately 36 species in the confinis-group, which has been subject to taxonomic revision in North America.
Agabus elongatus
Agabus elongatus is a predaceous diving beetle in the family Dytiscidae. It belongs to the elongatus-group, one of three species groups within the confinis-group complex of North American Agabus. The species has a Holarctic distribution, occurring in both North America and the Palearctic region. It is one of two species in the elongatus-group, alongside A. inexspectatus.
Agabus fuscipennis
Agabus fuscipennis is a diving beetle species in the family Dytiscidae, belonging to the fuscipennis-group as defined by Larson (1989). It is characterized by a holarctic distribution, occurring across both the Palearctic and Nearctic regions. In North America, it is transcontinental in boreal regions. In Europe, it has a restricted distribution, recorded from Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Italy, Kaliningrad, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Sweden, and Ukraine.
Agabus tristis
Agabus tristis is a predaceous diving beetle in the family Dytiscidae. It belongs to the tristis species group, which has a Holarctic distribution. The species occurs in North America and the Palearctic region. It is one of two North American members of the tristis group, alongside A. leptapsis.
Aglais
Tortoiseshells
Aglais is a Holarctic genus of brush-footed butterflies commonly known as tortoiseshells. The genus contains several well-known European species including the small tortoiseshell (A. urticae) and the peacock butterfly (A. io). Taxonomic placement remains somewhat contentious, with some authorities treating Aglais as a subgenus of Nymphalis rather than a separate genus. Species in this genus are characterized by their distinctive wing patterns and adult hibernation behavior.
Agnocoris
Agnocoris is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae, established by Reuter in 1875. The genus contains seven described species distributed across the Holarctic region. Members are small, soft-bodied true bugs with the characteristic hemelytra of mirids. The genus has been documented from Europe and North America based on specimen records.
Agonum gratiosum
Gracious Ground Beetle
Agonum gratiosum is a ground beetle species in the Platyninae subfamily, first described by Mannerheim in 1853. It has a trans-Beringian distribution spanning the Russian Far East (Chukotka and Kamchatka) and western North America (Alaska). The species belongs to a large genus of small to medium-sized predatory beetles commonly found in moist habitats.
Agonum nigriceps
Agonum nigriceps is a ground beetle species in the family Carabidae, first described by LeConte in 1846. It occurs across the Holarctic region, with records from North America (including Alaska, Canada, and the contiguous USA), Europe, and Northern Asia (excluding China). As a member of the genus Agonum, it belongs to a diverse group of ground beetles commonly associated with moist habitats.
Agrenia bidenticulata
Agrenia bidenticulata is the type species of the genus Agrenia, a springtail in the family Isotomidae. It belongs to the bidenticulata species group, characterized by the presence of a mucronal seta. Populations show considerable morphological variation across their range, with Buryatian mountain forms differing from typical arctic populations in claw length. The species exhibits sexual polymorphism (epitoky) and cyclomorphosis.
Agroeca
Agroeca is a genus of liocranid sac spiders first described by Niklas Westring in 1861. The genus contains 35 recognized species distributed across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, and South America. Species in this genus are ground-dwelling hunters with nocturnal activity patterns. The genus shows a notably broad geographic distribution, with multiple species endemic to East Asia.
Agrotis ruta
Subarctic Dart
Agrotis ruta is a noctuid moth with a Holarctic distribution, first described by Eduard Friedrich Eversmann in 1851. It is primarily found in northern regions of North America and Eurasia. The species has a wingspan of 40–46 mm. Agrotis patula was synonymized with this species in 1989.
Agyneta olivacea
Agyneta olivacea is a species of sheet-web spider (family Linyphiidae) described by James Henry Emerton in 1882. It has a Holarctic distribution, occurring across northern regions of North America and Eurasia. The species was originally described under the basionym Microneta olivacea. As a member of the sheet weaver family, it constructs flat, horizontal webs rather than aerial orb webs.
Alaptus
Alaptus is a genus of minute egg parasitoid wasps in the family Mymaridae, commonly known as fairyflies. The genus contains approximately 17 described species in the Holarctic region, with several new species described from North America and Russia in recent taxonomic revisions. These wasps are specialized parasitoids of psocid eggs (barklice), with some species also associated with scale insects and other small arthropod eggs. Alaptus species are among the smallest insects, with body lengths typically under 1 mm.
Alexeter
Alexeter is a genus of ichneumonid wasps in the subfamily Ctenopelmatinae, tribe Mesoleiini. First described by Förster in 1869, the genus has a primarily Holarctic distribution with highest diversity in temperate regions, though species also occur in mountainous areas of the Oriental and Neotropical regions. Species are koinobiont endoparasitoids of sawfly larvae (Tenthredinoidea).
Allomengea
dwarf spiders
Allomengea is a genus of dwarf spiders in the family Linyphiidae, first described by Embrik Strand in 1912. The genus contains six species with a primarily Holarctic distribution, ranging from North America across Eurasia to East Asia. Species occur in diverse habitats including boreal and temperate regions, with some showing broad transcontinental ranges while others are restricted to specific regions such as the Korean Peninsula or China.
Alloperla
Alloperla is a genus of stoneflies in the family Chloroperlidae. Species within this genus inhabit running water environments, including the hyporheic zones of gravel-bed rivers. Some species exhibit extended larval development periods and specialized feeding habits. The genus has a broad distribution across the Holarctic region.
Alydus calcaratus
ant bug
Alydus calcaratus is a large, dark plant bug in the family Alydidae with a Holarctic distribution spanning Europe, Asia, and northern North America. It is the sole representative of its family in northern Central Europe outside the Alps. Adults are 10–12 mm, blackish with an orange-red dorsal abdomen visible only in flight, and exhibit wasp-like resemblance. Nymphs are convincing ant mimics with an unclear relationship to ant nests. The species feeds primarily on fallen legume seeds, with carrion-feeding also observed.
Amara
Sun Beetles
Amara is a large genus of ground beetles in the family Carabidae, commonly known as sun beetles. The genus has a primarily Holarctic distribution, with most species occurring in the Northern Hemisphere. A few species extend into the Neotropics and eastern Asia. Members of this genus are active predators and are frequently observed in open, sunny habitats.
Amara alpina
Amara alpina is an arctic-alpine ground beetle in the family Carabidae, first described by Gustaf von Paykull in 1790. It inhabits cold regions at high altitudes and high latitudes across the Holarctic, with populations in Scandinavia, Siberia, Mongolia, Alaska, and Canada. Molecular genetic evidence indicates that Beringian populations persisted throughout the Pleistocene, while other regions were recolonized following glacial retreat. The species has been observed feeding on dead insects on snowfields and is associated with specific alpine vegetation.
Amara bokori
Amara bokori is a ground beetle species in the family Carabidae, described by Csiki in 1929. It belongs to the large genus Amara, which contains numerous species distributed across the Northern Hemisphere. The species has been recorded from holarctic regions including Alaska, Canada, Russia, and the contiguous United States.
Amara brunnea
Amara brunnea is a ground beetle species in the family Carabidae, genus Amara. The species was described by Letzner in 1852. It is distributed across the Holarctic region with records from Alaska, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, and other areas. As a member of the genus Amara, it belongs to a group of small to medium-sized carabid beetles often associated with open habitats. The species is listed as an accepted name in GBIF, though Catalogue of Life notes it as an ambiguous synonym of Amara (Amara) communis.
Amara hyperborea
Amara hyperborea is a seed-eating ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae. The species has a Holarctic distribution spanning boreal and subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It is known from northeastern China, southern Mongolia, Finland, and across northern North America including Alaska and Canada.
Amara interstitialis
Amara interstitialis is a seed-eating ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is distributed across the Holarctic region, with records from Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. The species belongs to a genus known for granivorous feeding habits among ground beetles.
Amara lunicollis
Mesophile Sunshiner
Amara lunicollis is a seed-eating ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It has a Holarctic distribution, occurring across Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. The species is commonly known as the Mesophile Sunshiner. Like other members of the genus Amara, it is primarily associated with open, sunny habitats.
Amarochara
A genus of rove beetles (Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae: Oxypodini) established by C.G. Thomson in 1858. The genus comprises approximately 25 valid species distributed across the Holarctic region, with the majority described or redescribed in a comprehensive 2002 revision. Holarctic species are organized into five species groups based on phylogenetic analysis, replacing the previous subgeneric classification system.
Amarochara fenyesi
Fenyes's Minute Rove Beetle
A small rove beetle in the genus Amarochara, described by Blatchley in 1910. It is one of 25 valid species recognized in the Holarctic revision of the genus. The species belongs to a group characterized by specific morphological traits and shares the genus-wide trait of apparently utilizing subterranean habitats for reproduction and hibernation.
Amarochara forticornis
Amarochara forticornis is a rove beetle species in the tribe Oxypodini, originally described by Lacordaire in 1835. It is one of 25 valid species recognized in the Holarctic revision of the genus Amarochara. The species has undergone taxonomic clarification, with previous synonymies resolved. It is assigned to one of five species groups established for Holarctic representatives of the genus.
Amaurobius
Lace web spiders, Tangled nest spiders
Amaurobius is a genus of araneomorph spiders in the family Amaurobiidae, first described by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1837. The genus contains approximately 68 species with primarily Holarctic distribution. Members are commonly known as lace web spiders or tangled nest spiders due to their characteristic web architecture. The genus includes notable species such as Amaurobius ferox, which exhibits the rare behavioral phenomenon of matriphagy, where offspring consume the mother after hatching.
Amaurobius similis
Lace-Weaver Spider, lace-webbed spider
Amaurobius similis is a small spider in the family Amaurobiidae, commonly known as the lace-weaver spider. It is frequently found in human dwellings, particularly near windows and in wall crevices. The species is visually similar to A. fenestralis, with which it has been historically confused, and reliable identification requires microscopic examination of genitalia. It has a Holarctic distribution, native to Europe and the Caucasus, and has been introduced to North America.
Ameletus
Upland Summer Mayfly (A. inopinatus)
Ameletus is a genus of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) and the type genus of the family Ameletidae, circumscribed by Rev. A. E. Eaton in 1885. The genus is speciose, with approximately 30 bisexual species recognized in North America and additional species in Europe and Asia. Ameletus species occur in cold-water streams from small headwater brooks to larger rivers, with greatest diversity in mountainous regions of western North America. The genus includes A. inopinatus, the only predominantly montane mayfly species in the UK and a noted climate change indicator species.
Ameronothridae
Ameronothridae is a family of oribatid mites comprising approximately 8 genera and at least 30 described species. The family is predominantly distributed in Holarctic cold-temperate and polar coastal regions, with some populations occurring far inland on anthropogenic structures. Members are primarily intertidal inhabitants of rocky shorelines, with documented lichenivorous feeding habits. The family includes notable genera such as Ameronothrus, Halozetes, Alaskozetes, and Podacarus.
Amoebaleria helvola
Amoebaleria helvola is a species of small fly in the family Heleomyzidae, first described by Hermann Loew in 1862. The species was originally placed in the genus Scoliocentra before being transferred to Amoebaleria. Heleomyzid flies are generally associated with decaying organic matter, though specific ecological details for this species remain poorly documented. It is one of several species in the genus Amoebaleria, which is distributed across the Holarctic region.
Ampedus
click beetles
Ampedus is a large genus of click beetles (Elateridae) comprising approximately 461 recognized species with a cosmopolitan distribution concentrated in the Holarctic region. Adults are characterized by their ability to spring into the air using a click mechanism for predator avoidance. The genus exhibits substantial size variation, with North American species ranging from 3–4 mm to 13–14 mm. Larvae are saproxylic, developing in decaying wood, while adults feed on pollen. Multiple European species are considered endangered due to logging pressures on their forest habitat.
Ampedus nigrinus
Black Click Beetle
Ampedus nigrinus is a click beetle species in the family Elateridae, commonly known as the Black Click Beetle. It has a Holarctic distribution with records from multiple Canadian provinces including Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, and Manitoba. The species belongs to a family characterized by the distinctive clicking mechanism used for righting themselves when overturned.
Amphipyra tragopoginis
Mouse Moth
Amphipyra tragopoginis, the Mouse Moth, is a widespread noctuid moth with a Holarctic distribution. The species has undergone significant population decline in the UK, dropping over 80% between 1970 and 2016. Its genome has been sequenced, revealing an 806 Mb assembly with 13,359 protein-coding genes. The species is notable for its unusual flight behavior and attraction to sugary baits rather than light.
Anaplectoides
green arches (for A. prasina)
Anaplectoides is a genus of moths in the family Noctuidae, established by McDunnough in 1929. The genus comprises at least 13 described species distributed across the Holarctic and Oriental regions. The best-known species is Anaplectoides prasina (green arches), a widespread Palearctic moth. Some species, particularly A. virens, are recognized as agricultural pests due to their polyphagous herbivorous habits.
Anaplectoides prasina
Green Arches
A medium-sized noctuid moth with distinctive green forewings marked by dark green or blackish patterning. The species exhibits notable color polymorphism, with forms ranging from pale whitish-green to dark brownish-grey. Adults are active from May to August across a broad Holarctic distribution. Larvae are broad generalist feeders on both herbaceous plants and hardwood trees.
Anasimyia
swamp flies
Anasimyia is a genus of wetland hoverflies (Syrphidae) characterized by aquatic larval development. The genus was historically treated as a subgenus of Lejops but has been elevated to full generic status based on morphological and molecular evidence. Adults are associated with marshy and aquatic habitats. The genus includes approximately 20 described species distributed primarily across the Holarctic region.
Anastrangalia
Anastrangalia is a genus of longhorn beetles in the family Cerambycidae, subfamily Lepturinae. The genus was established by Casey in 1924 and contains approximately 12 recognized species distributed across the Holarctic region. Species in this genus are characterized by their elongated bodies and often exhibit reddish or orange coloration. The genus includes both Eurasian and North American species, with some taxa showing transcontinental distributions.
Ancylis
Ancylis is a genus of tortricid moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) commonly known as leafroller moths. Species in this genus are typically small moths with mottled or banded forewings. Many are univoltine and associated with specific host plants, with larvae that fold or roll leaves of trees and shrubs. The genus has a Holarctic distribution with some species also recorded from Asia. Several species are of economic importance as pests of fruit crops and forestry trees.
Ancylis
Ancylis is a genus of tortricid moths in the subfamily Olethreutinae, tribe Enarmoniini. Species are commonly known as leafrollers or leaf folders, with larvae that construct silk shelters by folding or rolling host plant leaves. The genus has a Holarctic distribution with some species also recorded from the Oriental region and South America. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests, including the strawberry leafroller (A. comptana) and the jujube leafroller (A. sativa). Taxonomic revision using DNA barcoding has clarified species boundaries, revealing that presumed Holarctic distributions were often due to misidentification.
Ancylis uncella
Bridge Roller
Ancylis uncella is a small tortricid moth with a Holarctic distribution spanning the Palearctic region and North America. First described from the Vienna area in 1775, it has been recorded across Europe and was recently confirmed from China. The species is distinguished by reddish-brown forewings with grey dorsal spots and light costal lines. Larvae feed on birch and heather.
Andrena barbilabris
Bearded Miner Bee, Long-lipped Miner, Sandpit Mining Bee
A solitary mining bee with a Holarctic distribution, found across Europe, northern Asia, and North America. Females excavate nesting burrows in sandy soils, provisioning cells with pollen and nectar before laying single eggs. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in coloration and is active from early spring through mid-summer.
Anisobas
Anisobas is a moderately diverse genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae. The genus is distributed across the Holarctic and Indo-Malaysian regions, with seven species currently known from the Nearctic region. Members of this genus are parasitoids, with at least one species (Anisobas coloradensis) having documented host associations with Lycaenidae butterflies.
Anisotoma
slime mold beetles, round fungus beetles
Anisotoma is a genus of small beetles in the family Leiodidae, commonly known as slime mold beetles or round fungus beetles. The genus contains at least 20 described species, with six monophyletic species groups comprising 35 known species including 13 described in a 1979 revision. These beetles are specialized associates of slime molds (Myxomycetes). The genus originated in North America from a Holarctic common ancestor shared with the related genus Agathidium, subsequently dispersing to Palearctic and Central American regions.
Anthophora
Common Digger Bees, Digger Bees
Anthophora is a large genus of solitary bees in the family Apidae, comprising over 450 species across 14 subgenera. These bees are most diverse in the Holarctic and African biogeographic regions. All species are solitary, though many nest in large aggregations. Nearly all species excavate nests in soil, either in banks or flat ground, with larvae developing in waterproof-lined cells without cocoons. Some species, notably Anthophora bomboides, are bumble bee mimics and construct distinctive turret-like nest entrances.
Anticheta
Anticheta is a genus of marsh flies in the family Sciomyzidae, commonly known as snail-killing flies. The genus comprises 15 described species divided into two subgenera: Anticheta (14 species) and Paranticheta (1 species). Species within this genus are associated with moist habitats and share the family-wide trait of predation on gastropods. The genus was established by Haliday in 1839 and has a primarily Holarctic distribution.
Antistea
dwarf sheet spiders
Antistea is a genus of dwarf sheet spiders in the family Hahniidae, established by Eugène Simon in 1898. The genus contains only two species: A. brunnea (Palearctic) and A. elegans (Nearctic), together forming a Holarctic distribution pattern. These spiders are among the least commonly encountered hahniids due to their small size and cryptic habits.
Apamea
Cutworm moths, Rustic shoulder-knot moths
Apamea is a genus of moths in the family Noctuidae, commonly known as cutworm moths or rustic shoulder-knot moths. The genus contains numerous species that are typically medium-sized with cryptic, mottled forewings in shades of brown, gray, and ochre. Several species are significant agricultural pests, with larvae feeding on cereal crops and grasses. Species-level identification is notoriously difficult due to extensive individual variation and overlapping morphological features.
Apamea zeta
Northern Arches, Zeta Moth
Apamea zeta is a medium-sized noctuid moth with a Holarctic distribution spanning Europe and northern North America. Adults are active from July to August in Britain and display variable gray-green forewings with distinctive black markings. The species exhibits notable morphological variation across its range, with several described forms and subspecies. Larvae are cutworms that feed on grasses, including fescues in alpine tundra habitats.
Apatania
Apatania is a genus of caddisflies in the family Apataniidae comprising at least 90 described species. The genus has a Holarctic distribution, with species recorded across Europe, Asia, and North America. Several species have been studied in detail for their larval morphology, life cycles, and behavior. Some species, including A. muliebris, are known to reproduce parthenogenetically.
Apataniidae
Early Smoky Wing Sedges
Apataniidae is a family of caddisflies (Trichoptera) commonly known as early smoky wing sedges. The family contains approximately 18 genera and at least 180 described species. Members are primarily Holarctic in distribution, with notable diversity in Europe, Asia, and North America. Larvae are aquatic and construct portable cases from mineral particles.
Aporus
spider wasps
Aporus is a genus of small spider wasps in the family Pompilidae, containing approximately twelve described species. These wasps are specialized predators that hunt ground-dwelling spiders, particularly those occupying burrows. The genus is distributed across North America, Europe, and Asia. Adults are frequently observed visiting flowers for nectar.
Arachnospila
spider wasps
Arachnospila is a genus of spider wasps (Pompilidae) with a predominantly Holarctic distribution. The genus contains approximately 50 described species organized into five subgenera: Acanthopompilus, Ammosphex, Anoplochares, Arachnospila, and Melanospila. Species occur in open habitats and at forest edges, with nests that may contain multiple cells. The genus has limited representation in montane habitats of the Neotropical and Afrotropical regions.
Aradus lugubris
flat bug
Aradus lugubris is a species of flat bug in the family Aradidae, first described by Fallén in 1807. It is one of the most widely distributed species in its genus, occurring across the Holarctic region in both Europe and North America. The species is known from forest habitats where it lives under the bark of dead trees. Two subspecies are recognized: A. lugubris lugubris and A. lugubris nigricornis.
Araneus yukon
Yukon Orbweaver
Araneus yukon is a species of orb-weaving spider in the family Araneidae. It was described by Herbert W. Levi in 1971. The species is known from boreal and subarctic regions of Russia and Canada, reflecting its tolerance for cold climates. Like other members of the genus Araneus, it constructs spiral orb webs to capture flying insect prey. The specific epithet 'yukon' refers to the Yukon region of northwestern Canada, indicating the type locality or a significant portion of its known range.
Archips
leafroller moths
Archips is a genus of tortricid moths in the tribe Archipini, established by Hübner in 1822. The genus contains numerous leafroller moth species whose larvae feed on a variety of woody plants, including oaks, apples, and baldcypress. Several species are economically significant pests in orchards and forests, with known outbreaks causing defoliation damage. The genus has a complex taxonomic history with multiple synonymized generic names.
Arctacaridae
Arctacaridae is a small family of mites in the order Mesostigmata, discovered and described by Evans in 1955 from arctic regions of North America. The family contains two genera, Arctacarus and Proarctacarus, with six recognized species total. These mites are among the few mesostigmatid lineages specifically adapted to cold, high-latitude environments. The genus Proarctacarus was established in 2003 based on specimens from Canada and the northwestern United States.
Arctia plantaginis
wood tiger, wood tiger moth
Arctia plantaginis, commonly known as the wood tiger moth, is a Holarctic moth species in the family Erebidae. Males exhibit striking color polymorphism with yellow or white hindwing morphs, both featuring black banding patterns that function as aposematic warning signals. The species has been extensively studied as a model organism for understanding the evolutionary trade-offs between predator avoidance, sexual selection, immune function, and thermoregulation. Larvae show predator-induced plasticity in warning signal expression, developing more melanized coloration when exposed to predation risk.
Arctopsyche
Great Gray Spotted Sedges
Arctopsyche is a genus of netspinning caddisflies in the family Hydropsychidae, comprising more than 20 described species. Larvae construct and maintain capture nets throughout the year to filter food from flowing water. The genus exhibits life cycle flexibility, with documented univoltine and semivoltine patterns depending on environmental conditions. Species occur in lotic habitats across the Holarctic region.
Arctosa alpigena
Hilltop Wolf Spider
Arctosa alpigena is a wolf spider in the family Lycosidae with a holarctic distribution spanning North America, Greenland, and Eurasia. It is one of numerous Arctosa species adapted to open, often sandy or gravelly habitats. Like other wolf spiders, it is an active ground-dwelling hunter rather than a web-builder. The species has been subject to reproductive biology studies examining spatial and temporal patterns of mating and offspring production.
Arcynopterygini
springflies
Arcynopterygini is a tribe of springflies (Plecoptera) within the family Perlodidae. The tribe contains approximately 11 genera and more than 30 described species. Members are distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, with genera found in North America, Europe, and Asia. The tribe was established by Ricker & Scudder in 1975.
Argyresthia pygmaeella
Sallow Argent
A small microlepidopteran moth in the family Argyresthiidae, first described from Vienna, Austria in 1775. Adults are active from May to August with a single annual generation. The species is associated with willows, where larvae mine leaf-buds and shoots. It has a broad distribution across Europe, northern Asia, and North America.
Arhopalus rusticus montanus
Arhopalus rusticus montanus is a subspecies of longhorned beetle in the family Cerambycidae, distributed across North America, Europe, and parts of Asia. The species is associated with coniferous forests and develops under the bark of dead or dying conifers. Adults are active during cooler periods, with some populations exhibiting winter activity patterns. This subspecies is part of a complex with Holarctic distribution, showing variation in host preferences across its range.
Arhopalus rusticus obsoletus
Arhopalus rusticus obsoletus is a subspecies of longhorned beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It belongs to a species complex with Holarctic distribution, occurring in both North America and Eurasia. The subspecies is associated with coniferous wood, where larvae develop under bark. Adults are active during warmer months and can be found on or near dead conifers.
Arpedium
Arpedium is a Holarctic genus of rove beetles (Staphylinidae: Omaliinae: Anthophagini) first described by Erichson in 1839. The genus comprises approximately 14 species distributed across the Nearctic and Palaearctic regions, including Europe, Japan, North America, and Central Asia. At least one species, A. cribratum, has been identified as a subnivium specialist—active beneath winter snowpack and rare or inactive during summer. The genus has undergone taxonomic revision, with five new species described recently and several synonymies resolved.
Asagena
Asagena is a genus of cobweb spiders (family Theridiidae) established by Carl Jakob Sundevall in 1833. It comprises nine species distributed across North America, Europe, Asia, and North Africa. Members are small spiders (2.4–5.9 mm body length) that construct webs in sheltered microhabitats including under stones, in leaf litter, under bark, and in moss. The genus was formerly classified within Steatoda.
Asaphidion
Asaphidion is a Holarctic genus of small ground beetles in the family Carabidae. The genus contains approximately 39 species, predominantly distributed across the Palaearctic region with limited representation in North America. Species are characterized by large eyes and diurnal activity patterns. Two native North American species, A. alaskanum and A. yukonense, are restricted to Arctic tundra environments, while the introduced A. curtum has established in the northeastern United States and adjacent Canadian maritime provinces.
Asemum
Asemum is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) in the subfamily Spondylinae, described by Eschscholtz in 1830. Species are primarily associated with coniferous forests and share the pyrophilous (fire-loving) trait of seeking out burned or fire-killed trees. The genus has a Holarctic distribution, with notable range expansion documented for A. tenuicorne into northern Europe. A. striatum, the type species, is among the most widespread and serves as host for specialized tylenchid nematode parasites.
Aspicerinae
Aspicerinae is a subfamily of parasitic cynipoid wasps within the family Figitidae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). The subfamily contains multiple genera including Aspicera, Prosaspicera, Callaspidia, Omalaspis, and Paraspicera. Members are primarily Holarctic in distribution, though some genera extend into the Neotropical, Afrotropical, and Oriental regions. The group has undergone extensive recent taxonomic revision, revealing substantially greater species diversity than previously recognized.
Atomaria apicalis
silken fungus beetle
Atomaria apicalis is a species of silken fungus beetle in the family Cryptophagidae. It has a Holarctic distribution, occurring in Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. The species is one of many small beetles in the genus Atomaria that are associated with fungal habitats.
Atomaria wollastoni
silken fungus beetle
Atomaria wollastoni is a species of silken fungus beetle in the family Cryptophagidae, a group of small beetles associated with fungal substrates. The species has a Holarctic distribution, occurring in Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. Like other members of its family, it is presumed to inhabit decaying organic matter and fungal environments, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
Atomoscelis onustus
Atomoscelis onustus is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae. It exhibits a broad Holarctic distribution spanning the Palearctic and Nearctic regions. The species has been documented across diverse environments from the western Mediterranean and Middle East to western North America. Like other members of the genus, it is presumed to be phytophagous, though specific host plant associations remain poorly documented.
Attulus finschi
Attulus finschi is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae. It occurs across northern regions of North America and Eurasia, with documented populations in Russia (from West Siberia to the Far East), Canada, and the United States. As a member of the Attulus genus, it shares the characteristic jumping ability and visual acuity typical of salticid spiders.
Attulus floricola
Flower Jumping Spider
Attulus floricola is a small jumping spider in the family Salticidae with a widespread Holarctic distribution spanning Europe, Asia, and North America. Originally described as Euophrys floricola in 1837, the species has undergone extensive taxonomic revision, with North American populations formerly recognized as separate species or subspecies before being synonymized in 2020. The species name refers to its habit of living on flower heads and similar vegetation. It inhabits wetland habitats including bogs, marshes, fens, and meadows.
Atylotus hyalicosta
Atylotus hyalicosta is a species of horse fly (family Tabanidae) described by Teskey in 1984. It belongs to the genus Atylotus, a group of biting flies known for their robust build and large eyes. Like other members of Tabanidae, females of this species likely require blood meals for egg development, while males feed on nectar and other sugar sources. The species is poorly documented in public literature, with only one observation recorded on iNaturalist.
Aulagromyza
Aulagromyza is a genus of leaf-miner flies in the family Agromyzidae, comprising approximately 50 described species distributed across the Holarctic region. Species in this genus are primarily phytophagous, with larvae that feed internally within leaf parenchyma, creating distinctive blotch or serpentine mines. Several species are monophagous or oligophagous, showing strong host associations with particular plant genera including Fraxinus (ash), Lonicera (honeysuckle), and Populus (poplar). The genus is of ecological interest due to its role in leaf herbivory and its interactions with parasitoid wasps.
Axymyiidae
A small family of nematoceran flies comprising four extant genera and nine described species, with eight additional fossil species. Axymyiidae is the sole member of the infraorder Axymyiomorpha, though historically classified within Bibionomorpha. The family is distributed across the Holarctic and Oriental regions. Larvae are xylophilic and semi-aquatic, developing in saturated decaying wood.
Baccha
Baccha is a genus of hoverflies in the subfamily Syrphinae, characterized by extremely slender, club-shaped abdomens. Adults range from 7 to 10 mm in length and exhibit wasp-like body proportions with clear or faintly marked wings. The genus is distinguished by its distinctive elongate body form among syrphine flies.
Badister
Badister is a genus of small ground beetles in the family Carabidae, comprising approximately 54 species distributed across North Africa, the Near East, and the Holarctic. Members of this genus are characterized by asymmetric mandibles adapted for shell-breaking predation on gastropods. The genus is classified within the tribe Licinini, a group widely associated with snail-eating behavior. Badister species occupy wetland and riparian habitats, with documented activity in wet grasslands, lakeshores, and riverbanks.
Baryphyma trifrons
Threefront Dwarf Weaver
Baryphyma trifrons is a dwarf spider (family Linyphiidae) with a Holarctic distribution spanning North America, Europe, the Caucasus, and across Russia to the Far East. The species was first described by O. Pickard-Cambridge in 1863. Two subspecies are recognized: B. t. trifrons and B. t. affine. It is one of approximately 4,600 species in Linyphiidae, the second-largest spider family.
Basalys
Basalys is a genus of minute parasitoid wasps in the family Diapriidae. Members are among the smallest known insects, with some species measuring less than 0.5 mm in body length. These wasps are internal parasitoids of dipteran larvae, particularly those developing in decaying organic matter. The genus has a Holarctic distribution with confirmed records from Scandinavia and other northern European regions.
Bathyphantes
dwarf spiders, sheetweb weavers
Bathyphantes is a genus of dwarf spiders (family Linyphiidae) comprising approximately 57 species distributed across the Holarctic region, with additional species in South America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. These small spiders construct sheet webs and are characterized by complex male pedipalps and female epigyna used for species identification. The genus was first described by Anton Menge in 1866. At least one species, Bathyphantes simillimus, exhibits a triennial life cycle potentially adapted to cooler environments.
Bathytrichina
Bathytrichina is a subtribe of ichneumon wasps within the tribe Tryphonini. It comprises small to medium-sized parasitoid wasps that attack sawfly larvae. The group is relatively small and poorly studied, with limited published information on its biology and species composition.
Behningiidae
Sand-burrowing Mayflies, Tuskless Burrowing Mayflies
Behningiidae is a small, primitive family of burrowing mayflies with four described genera: three extant (Behningia, Dolania, Protobehningia) and one fossil (†Archaeobehningia). Nymphs inhabit sandy river sediments but lack the tusk-like mandibular projections typical of other burrowing mayfly families. The family has a Holarctic distribution, with Dolania occurring in North America and the remaining genera in northern Europe and Asia. Members are rarely collected due to their subterranean lifestyle.
Bembidion alaskense
Bembidion alaskense is a ground beetle species in the family Carabidae, described by Carl Lindroth in 1962. The species has a Holarctic distribution, with records from Alaska and Russia. It belongs to the large genus Bembidion, which comprises numerous small, often riparian-associated beetles. The species name reflects its Alaskan type locality.
Bembidion arcticum
Bembidion arcticum is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, described by Lindroth in 1963. It is distributed across the Holarctic region, with records from Alaska, Canada, Russia, and the United States. The species is among the many small carabid beetles in the large genus Bembidion, which are generally predatory insects. Very few observational records exist for this species, with only one observation documented on iNaturalist.
Bembidion bruxellense
Bembidion bruxellense is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, first described by Wesmael in 1835. It is native to Europe and has been recorded from North America (Canada and USA), suggesting either a native Holarctic distribution or possible introduction. The species belongs to the large genus Bembidion, which contains over 1,200 described species of small to medium-sized predatory beetles.
Bembidion compressum
Bembidion compressum is a small ground beetle in the family Carabidae, described by Lindroth in 1963. The species has a Holarctic distribution, occurring across northern regions of Europe, Asia, and North America. Like other members of the genus Bembidion, it is a predatory beetle inhabiting ground-level environments.
Bembidion grapii
Bembidion grapii is a Holarctic species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, first described by Gyllenhal in 1827. It occurs across northern regions of Europe, Asia, and North America. The species belongs to the large genus Bembidion, which comprises numerous small, often metallic ground beetles.
Bembidion immaturum
Bembidion immaturum is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, first described by Carl Lindroth in 1954. It is a small carabid beetle distributed across northern North America, extending into Russia. The species belongs to the large genus Bembidion, which contains hundreds of species of small ground beetles commonly found in moist habitats.
Bembidion incrematum
Bembidion incrematum is a small ground beetle in the family Carabidae, first described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1860. It is a member of the large genus Bembidion, which comprises numerous species of small predatory beetles commonly found in diverse terrestrial habitats. The species has a Holarctic distribution, occurring across northern regions of North America and Eurasia. Like other Bembidion species, it is presumed to be a ground-dwelling predator, though specific ecological studies are limited.
Bembidion lapponicum
Bembidion lapponicum is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae with a Holarctic distribution. It occurs across northern regions of Europe, Asia, and North America. The species was first described by Thomson in 1857 and is classified within the subgenus Bracteon of the large genus Bembidion.
Bembidion mckinleyi
Bembidion mckinleyi is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, first described by Fall in 1926. It is a member of the large genus Bembidion, which contains over 1,400 described species of small to medium-sized carabid beetles. The species is known from both North America and Europe, with three recognized subspecies: B. m. mckinleyi, B. m. carneum, and B. m. scandicum. Like other members of its genus, it is likely associated with moist habitats near water bodies.
Bembidion scopulinum
Bembidion scopulinum is a Holarctic species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It occurs across Europe, Northern Asia, temperate Asia, and North America including Alaska and Canada. The species was described by William Kirby in 1837. Two subspecies are recognized: B. s. scopulinum and B. s. bellulum.
Bembidion semipunctatum
Bembidion semipunctatum is a small ground beetle species in the family Carabidae. It occurs across the Holarctic region, with documented presence in North America and Europe. The species was first described by Graells in 1858. Records indicate it has been collected in locations including Alaska, Austria, and the Azores (Terceira).
Bembidion stephensii
A ground beetle species in the family Carabidae with a Holarctic distribution spanning North America and Europe. First described by Crotch in 1866, it belongs to the large genus Bembidion, which contains numerous species of small predatory beetles commonly found in moist habitats.
Bembidion sulcipenne
Bembidion sulcipenne is a ground beetle in the family Carabidae. The species was described by J. Sahlberg in 1880. It occurs across a broad Holarctic range spanning Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. Three subspecies are recognized: B. s. sulcipenne, B. s. hyperboroides, and B. s. prasinoides.
Beridinae
soldier flies
Beridinae is a subfamily of soldier flies (Stratiomyidae) comprising approximately 15 genera. Species in this subfamily have been documented across temperate regions including Canada, Alaska, and Iran, with records indicating presence in forested habitats. The subfamily is taxonomically well-defined with available identification keys for adults and larvae.
Bibio brunnipes
Bibio brunnipes is a march fly in the family Bibionidae with a Holarctic distribution, occurring across northern regions of both the Old and New Worlds. The species has been subject to taxonomic revision, with several previously described species now synonymized under B. brunnipes. Like other members of the genus, adults are typically active in spring and may occur in large aggregations. Larval stages develop in soil and contribute to decomposition processes.
Bibio holtii
Bibio holtii is a species of March fly described by McAtee in 1922. It belongs to the family Bibionidae, a group characterized by males with large holoptic eyes and females with small heads relative to body size. The species exhibits a Holarctic distribution pattern, occurring across the northern hemisphere. Like other Bibio species, adults are typically active in spring and form conspicuous swarms.
Bibio siebkei
Bibio siebkei is a Holarctic species of March fly in the family Bibionidae. It occurs across both the Palearctic and Nearctic regions, with synonyms including Bibio labradorensis and Bibio monstri now synonymized with this species. Like other Bibio species, adults are likely to be encountered in spring when males form swarming aggregations. Larval stages develop in soil where they feed on decaying organic matter.
Bibiocephala
net-winged midges
Bibiocephala is a genus of net-winged midges in the family Blephariceridae, established by Osten Sacken in 1874. The genus contains five described species distributed across the Holarctic region. These midges are members of a specialized family whose larvae inhabit fast-flowing streams and rivers. Adult Bibiocephala are characterized by their distinctive wing venation with dense, net-like crossveins that give the family its common name.
Bistonini
Bistonini is a tribe of geometer moths within the subfamily Ennominae. Members are characterized by relatively large size and hairy bodies compared to other geometrids, with some species resembling tiger moths (Arctiidae) in appearance. The tribe occupies a basal position within the broader Boarmiini group and retains more ancestral morphological traits. Taxonomic boundaries remain fluid, with some treatments merging Bistonini into an expanded Boarmiini or including the Erannini.
Blastodacna
Blastodacna is a genus of small moths in the family Elachistidae, first described by Wocke in 1876. The genus contains approximately 15 recognized species distributed primarily across the Holarctic region, with the majority of species occurring in the Palearctic. Taxonomic placement of this genus has been disputed, with some authorities historically assigning it to Agonoxenidae or recognizing it as the separate family Blastodacnidae. The genus includes several species associated with fruit trees, notably Blastodacna pyrigalla, which is known as a pest of pear.
Blethisa
Blethisa is a genus of ground beetles in the family Carabidae, subfamily Elaphrinae. It comprises approximately nine extant species distributed across the Holarctic region, plus one fossil species from the Pleistocene. Members of this genus are associated with aquatic or semi-aquatic habitats, with documented diving behavior in at least one species.
Blondelia
Blondelia is a genus of tachinid flies established by Robineau-Desvoidy in 1830, currently comprising approximately 20 described species. As members of the tribe Blondeliini, these flies are parasitoids, with larvae developing inside other insects. The genus has been recorded across the Holarctic region, with species distributed in Europe and North America.
Boletina
fungus gnats
Boletina is a species-rich genus of fungus gnats in the family Mycetophilidae, characterized by a mainly Holarctic distribution. The genus has historically been taxonomically challenging due to morphological similarities among species and paraphyletic relationships with related genera including Aglaomyia, Coelosia, and Gnoriste. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies and taxonomic revisions have clarified some relationships, though the genus remains under active investigation. Boletina species are particularly diverse in northern Europe, where ongoing research continues to reveal new species.
Bolitocharina
Bolitocharina is a subtribe of rove beetles (Staphylinidae) within the tribe Homalotini, subfamily Aleocharinae. It was established by Carl Gustaf Thomson in 1859. The subtribe contains multiple genera of small to minute beetles characterized by compact body forms and reduced elytra typical of the family. Members are found primarily in the Holarctic region, with some representation in other biogeographic zones.
Boloria chariclea
Arctic fritillary, purplish fritillary
Boloria chariclea is a Holarctic butterfly in the family Nymphalidae, known as the Arctic fritillary or purplish fritillary. It inhabits cold northern environments including tundra, taiga, alpine meadows, and acid bogs. The species exhibits a two-year life cycle in some populations, with larvae hibernating during first and second winters. Multiple subspecies are recognized across its broad range, including the endemic B. c. montinus isolated in the White Mountains of New Hampshire for approximately 9,000 years.
Boloria chariclea butleri
Butler's Fritillary
Boloria chariclea butleri is a subspecies of fritillary butterfly in the family Nymphalidae, commonly known as Butler's Fritillary. It belongs to a genus of butterflies typically associated with northern and montane habitats. The species Boloria chariclea has a Holarctic distribution, with subspecies butleri occurring in North America. Like other Boloria species, it is likely associated with moist meadow and tundra-edge habitats where larval host plants in the Violaceae family occur.
Boloria eunomia
Bog Fritillary, Ocellate Bog Fritillary
Boloria eunomia is a circumboreal fritillary butterfly distributed across the Holarctic in tundra, forest-tundra, and open acid bog habitats. Adults are orange-brown with distinctive round silver spots on the hindwing underside, a key diagnostic feature. The species exhibits ecotypic variation: meadow populations feed primarily on Polygonum bistorta, while bog populations utilize Ericaceae including Vaccinium species. It is univoltine with adults flying from late May through July depending on latitude. The species is considered vulnerable in parts of its range due to habitat loss from drainage, recreational development, and climate change.
Bombus flavidus
Yellowish Cuckoo Bumble Bee, Yellowish Cuckoo Bumblebee
Bombus flavidus is a widespread Holarctic cuckoo bumble bee and one of the most broadly distributed bumble bee species globally. As a social parasite, it invades colonies of other bumble bee species rather than building its own nests. Recent taxonomic research has clarified its status, synonymizing the former North American Bombus fernaldae with B. flavidus while recognizing an eastern North American subspecies, B. flavidus appalachiensis.
Bombylius curtirhynchus
Bombylius curtirhynchus is a species of bee fly in the family Bombyliidae, first described by Evenhuis in 1978. The genus Bombylius comprises approximately 350 species distributed across the Holarctic region, with many species exhibiting the characteristic fuzzy appearance and hovering flight behavior typical of bee flies. Species in this genus are generally spring-active and possess elongated mouthparts adapted for nectar feeding.
Boreaphilus henningianus
Boreaphilus henningianus is a rove beetle (Staphylinidae) with a Holarctic distribution spanning northern Eurasia and North America. The species is associated with cold, northern habitats and has been recorded from boreal and subarctic regions. It belongs to the tribe Coryphiini within the subfamily Omaliinae.
Boreoheptagyia
Boreoheptagyia is a genus of non-biting midges in the subfamily Diamesinae of the family Chironomidae. The genus was established by Brundin in 1966 and currently comprises approximately 19 described species distributed across the Holarctic region, with particular concentration in mountainous areas of Europe and Asia. Species in this genus are associated with cold, well-oxygenated lotic habitats and exhibit limited dispersal capacity, resulting in restricted, often isolated geographic ranges.
Brachylomia
Minor Shoulder-knot (B. viminalis)
Brachylomia is a genus of small noctuid moths in the tribe Xylenini, containing approximately 17 described species. The genus occurs across the Holarctic region, with species distributed in North America, Europe, and Asia. Brachylomia viminalis, the Minor Shoulder-knot, is the best-known species and serves as the primary reference for understanding the genus. Most species are associated with damp habitats and willow-dominated vegetation.
Brachyopa
Sapeaters
Brachyopa is a Holarctic genus of hoverflies (Syrphidae) characterized by atypical grey and brown coloration that distinguishes them from the typically bright-colored members of their family. These flies are cryptic and easily overlooked among other dipteran families. Larvae develop under bark of dead wood in association with decaying sap, making the genus saproxylic. Adults have been observed feeding on sap flows from wounded trees.
Brachypalpus
Catkin Flies
Brachypalpus is a genus of hoverflies (Syrphidae) commonly known as catkin flies. Adults are distinguished by their triangular head that projects forward and downward, and males possess a spur on the hind trochanter. The genus comprises approximately 15 described species distributed primarily across the Holarctic region. Larvae develop in decaying wood and sap flows under tree bark.
Brillia
Brillia is a genus of non-biting midges in the subfamily Orthocladiinae of the family Chironomidae. The genus exhibits remarkable cryptic diversity, with DNA barcoding studies revealing 30 Barcode Index Numbers and 158 unique haplotypes across 13 described species. East Asian and North American populations show complete genetic distinctness, suggesting long-term isolation. The larvae inhabit freshwater depositional zones and serve as sensitive bioindicators for ecosystem monitoring.
Bromius obscurus
Western Grape Rootworm, Brown and Black Beetle
Bromius obscurus is a small leaf beetle (Chrysomelidae: Eumolpinae) and the sole member of its genus. It is a Holarctic species with a notable geographic parthenogenesis pattern: North American populations reproduce sexually while European populations are triploid and reproduce asexually. The species is recognized as a pest of grape vines in Europe and western North America. Adults possess a stridulatory apparatus on the wings, the first documented in the subfamily Eumolpinae.
Broscodera
Broscodera is a genus of ground beetles in the family Carabidae, established by Lindroth in 1961. The genus comprises at least four described species distributed across East Asia and western North America. Members of this genus belong to the subfamily Broscinae, a group of predominantly nocturnal beetles often associated with moist habitats. The genus shows a disjunct distribution pattern, with species occurring in China, Nepal, and the Pacific Northwest of North America.
Bryotropha similis
obscure neb
Bryotropha similis is a small gelechiid moth with a Holarctic distribution spanning northern Europe, Greenland, Iceland, and the Palaearctic region. The species has a wingspan of 11–13 mm and exhibits distinctive wing patterning with dark fuscous forewings and faint pale markings. Adults are active from early June to late August, likely in a single annual generation. The species is known from the iNaturalist community as the 'obscure neb'.
Byrsopages villosus
Byrsopages villosus is a species of weevil in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Entiminae, described by Boheman in 1842. The genus Byrsopages belongs to the tribe Byrsopagini, a group of broad-nosed weevils. Distribution records indicate presence in the Holarctic region, specifically Alaska and Kamchatka. Very little detailed biological information is available for this species.
Byturidae
fruitworms, fruitworm beetles
Byturidae is a small family of cleroid beetles comprising over 15 described species in two subfamilies. The family is primarily distributed in the Holarctic region and Southeast Asia. Larvae of some genera, particularly Byturus, are significant agricultural pests of Rubus fruits (raspberries and blackberries), while others feed on catkins. Adults feed on developing leaves, flowers, and pollen. The family includes two subfamilies: Platydascillinae (Southeast Asia) and Byturinae (Holarctic).
Caenoscelis ferruginea
Caenoscelis ferruginea is a species of silken fungus beetle in the family Cryptophagidae. It is distributed across the Holarctic region, with records from Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. As a member of Cryptophagidae, it is associated with fungal habitats, though specific ecological details for this species remain poorly documented.
Caliadurgus
Caliadurgus is a genus of medium-sized spider wasps in the family Pompilidae, subfamily Pepsinae. The genus was established by Pate in 1946 as a replacement for the preoccupied name Calicurgus. These wasps are known for hunting orb-weaving spiders (Araneidae) and long-jawed orb weavers (Tetragnathidae) to provision nests for their larvae. The genus has a Holarctic and Neotropical distribution, with species recorded across North America, Europe, and South America.
Calitys scabra
Calitys scabra is a species of beetle in the family Trogossitidae, originally described by Thunberg in 1784 under the basionym Hispa scabra. It belongs to a small family of predatory beetles commonly known as bark-gnawing beetles. The species has a Holarctic distribution with confirmed records from several Canadian provinces.
Callobius
tangled nest spiders
Callobius is a genus of cribellate spiders in the family Amaurobiidae, commonly known as tangled nest spiders. The genus was established by R.V. Chamberlin in 1947 and contains 35 species with a Holarctic distribution spanning North America and Eurasia. Members of this genus construct characteristic tangled, lacy webs that issue from a retreat, often in crevices or holes. They are frequently confused with other cribellate spiders such as Kukulcania (Filistatidae) due to similar web architecture.
Callomyia
Callomyia is a genus of flat-footed flies (Diptera: Platypezidae) comprising approximately 24 described species distributed across the Holarctic and Oriental regions. The genus is distinguished by a setulose R1 wing vein and enlarged female antennae. Larvae are xylobiont, developing under bark of fallen trees where they feed on fungal mycelia. Adults are typically found in forested habitats and are active from spring through autumn.
Caloptilia stigmatella
Willow Leafcone Caterpillar Moth
A small leaf-mining moth in the family Gracillariidae with a wingspan of 12–14 mm. Adults display distinctive red-brown forewings with a triangular white median costal blotch marked with blackish dots, and grey hindwings. The species has two adult flight periods annually and larvae feed on leaves of willows, poplars, and bog myrtle. It occurs across the Holarctic region, excluding the Balkan Peninsula.
Calvia quatuordecimguttata
cream-spot ladybird, cream-spotted ladybird, polkadot ladybird, eighteen spot ladybird
A small Holarctic ladybird measuring 4–5.5 mm, highly variable in coloration across its range. In Europe it appears maroon-brown with fourteen cream spots; in North America and eastern Asia, color forms range from black with white spots to yellow or pink with eighteen large blotches. It inhabits deciduous woodlands, hedgerows, and ruderal areas, overwintering in bark crevices and leaf litter.
Campaea
Campaea is a genus of geometer moths in the family Geometridae, subfamily Ennominae, established by Lamarck in 1816. The genus contains approximately 30 described species distributed across the Holarctic region, with records from Europe, North America, and parts of Asia. Best-known members include Campaea margaritata (light emerald) and Campaea perlata (pale beauty). Species in this genus are characterized by broad wings, often with green or pale coloration that frequently fades post-emergence, and larvae that feed on deciduous tree foliage.
Canalidion montanum
Canalidion montanum is a small tangle-web spider (family Theridiidae) and the sole species in the monotypic genus Canalidion. Originally described as Theridion montanum by James Emerton in 1882, it was transferred to its own genus by J. Wunderlich in 2018 based on distinctive cheliceral dentition and male genitalic morphology. The species has a holarctic distribution, occurring across northern North America and Eurasia.
Capniidae
small winter stoneflies, winter stoneflies
Capniidae, the small winter stoneflies, is one of the largest families in the order Plecoptera, comprising approximately 300 species distributed throughout the Holarctic region. Adults are active during winter months, often observed on snow-covered stream banks when most other insects are dormant. The family exhibits notable adaptations to cold environments, including antifreeze compounds and winglessness in some species, which has led to high endemism and restricted distributions. Their closest relatives are the rolled-winged stoneflies (Leuctridae).
Capsus cinctus
Capsus cinctus is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, a group commonly known as plant bugs or mirids. The species has a Holarctic distribution, occurring across Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. As a member of the Miridae, it possesses the characteristic piercing-sucking mouthparts typical of true bugs. Specific details regarding its biology, host associations, and ecology remain poorly documented in the available literature.
Carabinae
ground beetles
Carabinae is a subfamily of ground beetles in the family Carabidae, comprising approximately 1,400 described species across ten genera. The subfamily is divided into two tribes: Cychrini and Carabini, with the latter further subdivided into subtribes Carabina and Ceroglossina. Notable genera include Carabus, Calosoma, and Ceroglossus. The group has been extensively studied phylogenetically, with molecular data covering over 90% of carabid genera.
Carabus maeander maeander
Carabus maeander maeander is a subspecies of ground beetle described by Fischer von Waldheim in 1820. It belongs to the genus Carabus, one of the most species-rich genera of ground beetles. The subspecies occurs across a broad Holarctic range including parts of North America and Asia. As a member of the Carabidae family, it is presumed to be a predatory beetle based on the well-documented feeding ecology of the genus, though specific studies on this subspecies are limited.
Carabus truncaticollis
blunt-collared worm and slug hunter
Carabus truncaticollis is a ground beetle in the family Carabidae distributed across the northern Holarctic. The species occurs in mesic tundra environments, including moist meadows. Multiple subspecies have been described, primarily from Russia and Mongolia. The common name 'blunt-collared worm and slug hunter' reflects its presumed predatory habits, though specific dietary documentation is limited.
Carsia sororiata
Manchester Treble-bar, Manchester Treble-bar Moth
Carsia sororiata is a geometrid moth with a Holarctic distribution spanning northern and central Europe through Siberia to the Russian Far East and northern Mongolia, with a separate North American range from Alaska to Newfoundland and New Hampshire. Adults are active from July to August. The species exhibits notable wing pattern variation across its range, with several described subspecies.
Carterocephalus
skipperlings, chequered skippers, Arctic skippers
Carterocephalus is a Holarctic genus of small skipper butterflies (skipperlings) in the family Hesperiidae. The genus contains approximately 20 described species, with the majority endemic to China. The most widely distributed species, C. palaemon (chequered skipper), has been the focus of conservation efforts in Europe following its extinction in England in 1976 and subsequent reintroduction from Belgium in 2018.
Caryocolum pullatella
Caryocolum pullatella is a small gelechiid moth with a broad distribution spanning the Holarctic region. The species is characterized by its small size, with forewings measuring 5–6.5 mm. Adults are active from mid-May through mid-October, likely with a single annual generation. The species belongs to a genus whose larvae are specialized feeders on plants in the carnation family (Caryophyllaceae).
Cassida flaveola
pale tortoise beetle
Cassida flaveola, known as the pale tortoise beetle, is a brownish leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It was historically considered an introduced Palearctic species in North America, but recent evidence indicates it is at least in part native with a Holarctic distribution. The species has been newly recorded in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island in the Maritime Provinces of Canada.
Catharosia
Catharosia is a genus of tachinid flies established by Rondani in 1868. The genus comprises approximately twelve described species distributed across the Holarctic region. Species within this genus are classified in the tribe Catharosiini within the subfamily Phasiinae.
Catocala
underwing moths, underwings
Catocala is a large Holarctic genus of moths in the family Erebidae, containing over 250 species. Adults are medium to large with cryptic forewings that conceal brightly colored hindwings when at rest. The genus is renowned among collectors for its diversity of hindwing patterns in orange, red, white, blue, or black. The common name "underwings" derives from the habit of hiding the colorful hindwings beneath the dull forewings. The genus name combines Greek words meaning "beautiful below" or "beautiful hindwings."
Catops
Catops is a genus of small carrion beetles in the family Leiodidae, subfamily Cholevinae, established by Paykull in 1798. The genus comprises approximately 16 described species distributed across the Holarctic region. Several species are associated with cave habitats, including the Iranian endemic Catops farsicus.
Catops alsiosus
Catops alsiosus is a small carrion beetle in the family Leiodidae. It has a Holarctic distribution spanning Europe, northern Asia, and North America. The species is one of approximately 60 described species in the genus Catops, which are generally associated with decomposing organic matter.
Catotricha
Catotricha is a genus of non-biting midges (family Cecidomyiidae) established by British entomologist Frederick Wallace Edwards in 1938. The genus comprises five described species distributed in the Holarctic region. Catotricha is the type genus of the subfamily Catotrichinae.
Cavariella
Willow-Umbellifer Aphids
Cavariella is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, tribe Macrosiphini. It is distinguished from other Macrosiphini genera by a supra-caudal process on abdominal tergite VIII bearing two distal setae. The genus has a Holarctic distribution with approximately half its species occurring in Asia. Species in this genus exhibit a characteristic life cycle involving primary hosts in Salicaceae (willows) and secondary hosts in Apiaceae (umbellifers), making them economically significant as pests of carrot and other crops.
Centromerus
dwarf spiders
Centromerus is a genus of dwarf spiders in the family Linyphiidae, containing approximately 88 species and two subspecies. The genus has a broad distribution spanning the Holarctic region, with species recorded across Europe, North America, Asia, and North Africa. Many species exhibit restricted geographic ranges, while a few such as C. sylvaticus have exceptionally wide distributions. The genus was established by Dahl in 1886.
Centromerus sylvaticus
sheetweb spider, money spider
Centromerus sylvaticus is a small sheetweb spider in the family Linyphiidae, commonly known as money spiders. The species has a broad Holarctic distribution spanning North America, Europe, and Asia. Adults measure 2.2–4 mm in body length. Two subspecies are recognized: the nominate C. s. sylvaticus and C. s. paucidentatus described from Bulgaria.
Cercyon littoralis
Cercyon littoralis is a small water scavenger beetle in the family Hydrophilidae. It has a broad distribution across the Holarctic region, occurring in Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. The species has also been introduced to oceanic islands including the Azores and Tristan da Cunha.
Cercyon marinus
Cercyon marinus is a water scavenger beetle in the family Hydrophilidae. It has a Holarctic distribution spanning Europe, Northern Asia, North America, and parts of Southern Asia. The species inhabits aquatic and semi-aquatic environments where it contributes to organic matter decomposition.
Cerophytidae
Rare Click Beetles
Cerophytidae is a small family of elateroid beetles commonly known as rare click beetles. The family contains approximately 23 extant species distributed across five genera, with the majority of diversity concentrated in the Neotropics. Adults possess a clicking mechanism convergent with Elateridae, though they are less specialized for jumping and better adapted for rapid walking and flight. The family has a significant fossil record extending to the Early Jurassic, with 17 fossil species in seven genera documented.
Cerophytum
rare click beetles
Cerophytum is a genus of rare click beetles in the family Cerophytidae, established by Latreille in 1809. The genus contains at least four described species distributed across the Holarctic region (Europe, Asia, and North America). Members are characterized by their clicking mechanism, which represents convergent evolution with the true click beetles (Elateridae). A fifth species, Cerophytum lii, was described in 2025 from Yunnan Province, China, representing the first record of the family in that country.
Ceutorhynchinae
Minute Seed Weevils
Ceutorhynchinae is a large subfamily of minute seed weevils within Curculionidae, comprising over 150 genera and more than 1,000 described species worldwide. The subfamily is predominantly phytophagous and exhibits strong associations with Brassicaceae, though host plant relationships vary across genera. The genus Ceutorhynchus is particularly diverse and includes significant agricultural pests such as the cabbage seedpod weevil (Ceutorhynchus obstrictus), as well as species with potential for biological control of weeds. The subfamily shows highest diversity in the Holarctic region, especially the Palaearctic.
Ceutorhynchus querceti
Ceutorhynchus querceti is a small weevil in the family Curculionidae. The species was described by Gyllenhal in 1813. It is part of a large genus of seed weevils, many of which are associated with brassicaceous plants.
Chaitophorini
Chaitophorini is a tribe of aphids in the subfamily Chaitophorinae, established by Mordvilko in 1909. Members are generally associated with woody host plants, particularly in the families Salicaceae and Aceraceae. The tribe includes several genera, with Chaitophorus being the most diverse and well-known. These aphids are characterized by specific morphological features of the antennae and siphunculi that distinguish them from other aphid tribes.
Chaoborus flavicans
phantom midge
Chaoborus flavicans is a phantom midge (Diptera: Chaoboridae) whose larval stages are important aquatic predators in lake ecosystems. Recent taxonomic revision indicates it represents a complex of at least four species, with C. flavicans sensu stricto primarily inhabiting lakes across the Holarctic region. Larvae are notable for their diel vertical migration behavior, which changes ontogenetically and serves as a predator avoidance mechanism against fish predation.
Chersotis juncta
stirrup dart moth, spear dart moth, Stirrup and Spear Dart
Chersotis juncta is a noctuid moth with a Holarctic distribution spanning Europe, northern Asia, and North America. The species is known by multiple common names referencing its wing pattern. It is a member of the cutworm or dart moth group within the family Noctuidae.
Chesiadini
Chesiadini is a tribe of geometer moths within the subfamily Larentiinae, established by Stephens in 1850. The tribe comprises approximately 12 recognized genera distributed primarily in the Holarctic region. Members are small to medium-sized moths with relatively broad wings and often subdued coloration. The tribe includes economically and ecologically significant species such as those in the genus Aplocera.
Chionea
Snow Flies, Snow Crane Flies
Chionea is a genus of wingless crane flies in the family Limoniidae, commonly known as snow flies. The genus contains approximately 37-40 recognized species distributed across the northern hemisphere, with two subgenera: the Holarctic Chionea and the Palearctic Sphaeconophilus. Adults are uniquely adapted to cold environments and are active during winter months, walking across snow surfaces at sub-zero temperatures. The wingless condition is associated with energy conservation in freezing conditions, with flight muscles replaced by expanded egg storage capacity in females.
Chionodes continuella
Spring Oak Leafroller Moth
Chionodes continuella is a small gelechiid moth with a Holarctic distribution spanning Europe, Asia, and North America. Adults are active during summer months in western Europe. The species has been misnamed 'spring oak leafroller' despite larvae feeding on conifers and lichens rather than oak.
Chirocephalidae
fairy shrimp
Chirocephalidae is the second largest family of fairy shrimp (Anostraca), characterized by a reduced or vestigial maxilla, more than two setae on the fifth endite, divided pre-epipodites, and widely separated seminal vesicles. The family includes nine genera: Artemiopsis, Branchinectella, Chirocephalus, Dexteria (extinct), Eubranchipus, Linderiella, Parartemiopsis, Polyartemia, and Polyartemiella. Former families Linderiellidae and Polyartemiidae are now included within Chirocephalidae. Most species are distributed in the Holarctic region.
Chlamydatus
Chlamydatus is a genus of plant bugs (Miridae: Phylinae) established by Curtis in 1833, containing more than 30 described species. The genus is distributed across the Holarctic region, with records from Europe (Denmark, Norway, Sweden) and North America. One species, Chlamydatus ruficornis, has been documented feeding on prostrate knotweed (Polygonum aviculare) in Wyoming, USA.
Chloropinae
grass flies
Chloropinae is a subfamily of grass flies (family Chloropidae) containing approximately 76 genera and hundreds of species. Members are found across diverse landscapes from boreal regions to arid coastal environments. Larval biology varies considerably, with some species associated with grasses and sedges while others develop in decaying organic matter or as inquilines. The subfamily is taxonomically well-documented in northern Europe and Asia, with ongoing work clarifying species boundaries and distributions.
Chrysocharis nephereus
Chrysocharis nephereus is a minute parasitoid wasp in the family Eulophidae, first described by Walker in 1839. It has been studied in Northern England, where its biology was examined alongside allied species. The species is recorded across multiple Canadian provinces, suggesting a Holarctic distribution. As a member of Chrysocharis, it likely functions as a parasitoid of leaf-mining insects, though specific host associations for this species remain poorly documented.
Chrysoclista
Chrysoclista is a genus of small moths within the family Elachistidae, though its familial placement has been historically disputed. The genus was described by Henry Tibbats Stainton in 1854 and contains approximately twelve described species distributed across the Holarctic region. Species within this genus exhibit metallic coloration, reflected in the name derived from Greek roots meaning 'golden' and 'hair'. The taxonomy of Chrysoclista has been contentious, with various authors assigning it to Agonoxenidae, Cosmopterigidae, Elachistidae, or Momphidae.
Chrysolina subsulcata
Chrysolina subsulcata is a leaf beetle species in the family Chrysomelidae, first described by Mannerheim in 1853. It has a Holarctic distribution, occurring across Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. The species is one of approximately 150 recognized species in the genus Chrysolina, a group of leaf beetles often associated with specific host plants.
Cimberidini
Cimberidini is a small tribe of leaf-rolling weevils (Attelabidae) distinguished by their association with coniferous host plants, primarily in the family Pinaceae. The tribe contains the genus Cimberis, whose species are specialized on conifer foliage and cones. These weevils exhibit the characteristic leaf-rolling or leaf-folding behavior of the subfamily Attelabinae, though modified for conifer hosts. The tribe has a Holarctic distribution with species found in North America and Eurasia.
Cinara obscura
Dark Spruce Stem Aphid
Cinara obscura is a species of large aphid in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the Dark Spruce Stem Aphid. It is a conifer-feeding aphid that infests spruce trees (Picea species). Like other members of the genus Cinara, it possesses a long piercing-sucking beak adapted for tapping into phloem tissues. The species overwinters as eggs on host needles. It produces honeydew, which attracts ants and wasps and supports sooty mold growth.
Cladotanytarsus
Cladotanytarsus is a genus of non-biting midges (Chironomidae) containing over 80 described species with worldwide distribution, particularly diverse in the Holarctic region. The genus comprises two subgenera: Cladotanytarsus s. str. and Lenziella. Species are primarily lacustrine, with adults often associated with lake surroundings and larvae inhabiting freshwater sediments. Several species have been described from experimentally acidified lakes in North America, demonstrating tolerance to varying pH conditions. One species, C. lewisi, is a significant human allergen source in Sudan.
Cleopomiarus
Cleopomiarus is a genus of weevils in the tribe Mecinini (Curculionidae), established by Pierce in 1919. The genus comprises approximately 21 Holarctic species, including two North American and 19 Palaearctic species, with additional species described from China. Species are associated with Campanulaceae host plants. Cleopomiarus was historically conflated with the genus Miarus but has been reinstated as distinct based on morphological characters of adults and immature stages.
Clivinematini
Clivinematini is a tribe of ichneumon wasps within the subfamily Tryphoninae. Members of this tribe are parasitoid wasps that target sawfly larvae (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) as hosts. The tribe is characterized by specific morphological features of the ovipositor and associated structures that distinguish it from related tryphonine tribes. Clivinematini represents a relatively small and specialized lineage within the diverse Ichneumonidae.
Cloeon dipterum
Pond Olive
Cloeon dipterum is a small mayfly species with a Holarctic distribution, widespread across Europe, Asia, and North America. It is the most common mayfly in ponds of the British Isles, occurring in approximately 40% of all ponds and 70% in southern regions. The species is notable for being the only ovoviviparous mayfly in Europe: females retain eggs internally for 10–14 days after mating, and nymphs hatch immediately upon contact with water. Males possess distinctive turbinate eyes—dorsal "turban-shaped" superposition eyes that aid in locating females during mating swarms. The species has been established as a laboratory model for studying insect evolution, development, and ecotoxicology.
Clostera
Clostera is a genus of moths in the family Notodontidae, subfamily Pygaerinae, containing approximately 30 described species distributed across the Holarctic and Oriental regions. Multiple species, including C. anachoreta, C. anastomosis, C. fulgurita, and C. cupreata, are recognized as significant defoliators of poplar (Populus) trees in forestry contexts across China, India, Europe, and Japan. The genus has been extensively studied for its economic impact and as a target for biological control and Bt toxin research.
Clubiona trivialis
Clubiona trivialis is a small sac spider in the family Clubionidae, characterized by its reddish-brown coloration and holarctic distribution. Unlike the longlegged sac spiders in the genus Cheiracanthium (now Eutichuridae), which are frequently encountered indoors, Clubiona species are less commonly found inside human dwellings. Adults are present year-round and occupy exposed positions on low vegetation.
Cnemogonini
minute seed weevils
Cnemogonini is a tribe of minute seed weevils within the weevil family Curculionidae. The tribe comprises 15 genera, including economically notable genera such as Auleutes and Cnemogonus. Members are small beetles associated with seeds of various plants. The tribe is primarily distributed in the Nearctic and Palearctic regions.
Cochylini
Cochylini is a tribe of tortrix moths (Tortricidae) containing approximately 1,000 described species in about 80 genera. Formerly classified as the subfamily Cochylinae, molecular research by Regier et al. (2012) suggests it may represent a monophyletic lineage within Euliini, warranting subtribe rank as Cochylina. The tribe has a global distribution with highest diversity in the Holarctic and Neotropical realms.
Coenomyia
stink fly
Coenomyia is a genus of flies in the family Xylophagidae, commonly known as "stink flies." The genus contains at least four described species, including the widespread Coenomyia ferruginea. These flies are characterized by their large size, brown coloration, and slow, clumsy movements. The family name Xylophagidae derives from Greek roots meaning "wood-eating," reflecting the larval habitat in dead and decaying wood where they prey on wood-boring beetle larvae.
Coenonympha
heaths, ringlets
Coenonympha is a genus of brush-footed butterflies in the subfamily Satyrinae, containing species distributed across temperate regions of the Holarctic. Palearctic species are commonly called heaths, while Nearctic species are called ringlets. The genus exhibits complex evolutionary patterns involving hybrid speciation, with some species complexes showing homoploid hybrid speciation and extensive gene flow. Many species are habitat specialists associated with peatlands, salt marshes, or alpine meadows, and several are of conservation concern due to habitat degradation.
Coenonympha tullia
large heath, common ringlet
Coenonympha tullia is a Holarctic butterfly species in the family Nymphalidae, found across northern Europe, Asia, and North America. The species inhabits diverse grassy environments including peat bogs, wet meadows, prairies, and arctic tundra. It serves as a flagship species for peatland restoration efforts, with documented reintroduction programs in the UK. The species exhibits poor flight capability and has been observed seeking new grounds along ditches. Multiple subspecies have been described across its broad range, with some forms formerly considered subspecies now elevated to species rank.
Coenonympha tullia kodiak
Kodiak Ringlet
Coenonympha tullia kodiak is a subspecies of the Large Heath butterfly, commonly known as the Kodiak Ringlet. It belongs to the subfamily Satyrinae within the brush-footed butterfly family Nymphalidae. This subspecies is part of a widespread Holarctic species complex that exhibits considerable geographic variation across its range. The Kodiak Ringlet is associated with peatland and bog habitats, reflecting the broader ecological affinity of the C. tullia complex for wetland environments.
Coenonympha tullia mcisaaci
Coenonympha tullia mcisaaci is a subspecies of the common ringlet butterfly, a member of the family Nymphalidae. It belongs to a genus of small brown butterflies commonly associated with grassland and bog habitats. The subspecies is part of a widespread Holarctic species complex with variable taxonomy across its range.
Coenonympha tullia subfusca
Coenonympha tullia subfusca is a subspecies of the large heath butterfly, a member of the family Nymphalidae. It is associated with peatland and bog habitats, where it occurs alongside other bog-specialist species. The subspecies is part of a complex that shows variation across its range in Europe and North America. Like other Coenonympha species, it is dependent on specific habitat conditions that have become increasingly threatened by drainage, peat extraction, and climate change-induced wildfires.
Coleophora ledi
Coleophora ledi is a small case-bearing moth (family Coleophoridae) with a wingspan of 10–13 mm. It has a trans-Holarctic distribution, occurring across northern Eurasia from Fennoscandia to Japan, and in North America in eastern Canada, Michigan, and Alaska. The species is notable for its larval specialization on Ericaceae shrubs, particularly Ledum and Chamaedaphne species.
Colias hecla
Hecla Sulphur, Northern Clouded Yellow
A small to medium-sized sulphur butterfly of the Pieridae family, restricted to high-latitude and high-altitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The species shows pronounced sexual dimorphism in wing pattern, with females displaying distinctive yellow 'windows' interrupting the black marginal band. First described from Greenland, where it occurs without congeners. Multiple subspecies are recognized across its fragmented Holarctic range.
Colias palaeno
Moorland Clouded Yellow, Palaeno Sulphur, Pale Arctic Clouded Yellow
Colias palaeno is a Holarctic butterfly species in the family Pieridae, occurring across northern Eurasia and North America. It inhabits moorlands, bogs, and open coniferous forests, with southern populations restricted to high alpine zones above 1,500 meters. The species has experienced significant declines in parts of its European range, particularly in Bavaria, where larval survival depends critically on microclimatic conditions associated with Sphagnum moss. It is univoltine, with adults flying from June to August.
Colias tyche
Booth's sulphur, pale Arctic clouded yellow
Colias tyche is a small to medium-sized butterfly in the family Pieridae, distinguished by its pale green to greenish-white or greenish-yellow wings with visible brown veins and grey-green suffusion on the hindwing bases. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in wing borders: males have dark borders with pale yellow spots, while females have wider dark borders with black spots. It is one of the northernmost Colias species, with a Holarctic distribution spanning Arctic and subarctic regions of North America and Eurasia. The species name references Tyche, the Greek deity of chance and luck.
Colonidae
Colonidae is a small family of beetles in the superfamily Staphylinoidea, commonly known as colon beetles. The family contains approximately 50 described species in the single genus *Colon*. These beetles are small, compact, and primarily associated with decaying organic matter and fungi. They are closely related to the rove beetles (Staphylinidae) but are distinguished by their more rounded body form and reduced elytra that still cover most of the abdomen.
Colymbetes dolabratus
Colymbetes dolabratus is a predaceous diving beetle in the family Dytiscidae. It has a Holarctic distribution, occurring in both North America and the Palearctic region. The species belongs to the genus Colymbetes, a group of medium-sized diving beetles adapted to aquatic habitats.
Cordilura
Cordilura is a large genus of dung flies (Scathophagidae) comprising approximately 90 species worldwide. The genus is primarily distributed across the Holarctic region, with the greatest diversity in the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions. Larvae are known to serve as prey for predatory insects such as Orthacheta hirtipes.
Cordulegastridae
Spiketails, biddie, flying adder
Cordulegastridae, commonly known as spiketails, is a family of dragonflies (Anisoptera) distributed across the Holarctic region. The family contains approximately 51 species in three to four genera, including Cordulegaster, Anotogaster, Neallogaster, and the recently restored Thecagaster and Zoraena. Adults are characterized by large black or brown bodies with yellow markings, blue-green eyes that meet at a single point, and a slow flight pattern 30–70 cm above water. Nymphs are specialized ambush predators that conceal themselves in sand or silt substrates of clean, flowing streams.
Corticaria dentiventris
Corticaria dentiventris is a minute beetle in the family Latridiidae (plaster beetles), described by Poppius in 1903. The species is known from high-latitude regions of the Holarctic, with confirmed records from Yukon Territory, Canada and Alaska, USA. Like other members of Latridiidae, it likely inhabits moist, decaying organic matter. Very few observations exist in public databases.
Corticaria ferruginea
Rusty Spider Beetle
Corticaria ferruginea is a minute beetle in the family Latridiidae, commonly known as spider beetles. The species was described by Marsham in 1802 and is characterized by its small size and ferruginous (rust-colored) appearance. It belongs to a family of beetles typically associated with moist, decaying organic matter and fungal environments. The species has a Holarctic distribution, with records from multiple Canadian provinces.
Corynoptera
fungus gnats
Corynoptera is a genus of fungus gnats in the family Sciaridae, comprising approximately 123 described species in the Holarctic region. The genus has undergone extensive taxonomic revision, with 50 new species described in a 2010 review and numerous nomenclatural changes including restored valid species and new synonymies. Species occur across Europe, Asia, and North America, with records extending to Nepal, Morocco, and Sri Lanka.
Cosmiina
Cosmiina is a subtribe of owlet moths (Noctuidae) within the tribe Xylenini. It comprises multiple genera including Ipimorpha, which contains species with broad geographic distributions spanning Europe, Asia, and North America. Members of this subtribe have been documented in high-altitude wetland habitats in China.
Crabro
Shield-handed Wasps, Square-headed Wasps
Crabro is a genus of solitary wasps in the family Crabronidae, commonly known as shield-handed or square-headed wasps. The genus contains at least 80 described species distributed across the Nearctic and Palaearctic regions (Holarctic). These fossorial wasps nest in sandy soils, constructing multi-celled burrows provisioned with flies (Diptera) for their larvae.
Crangonyx
cave amphipods, spring amphipods
Crangonyx is a genus of freshwater amphipod crustaceans in the family Crangonyctidae. Species inhabit diverse aquatic environments including surface waters (marshes, swamps, lakes, rivers) and subterranean habitats (caves, springs, groundwater systems). The genus includes both native and highly invasive species, with some taxa exhibiting troglobitic adaptations such as reduced eyes and elongated appendages. Several species have been introduced outside their native ranges, notably Crangonyx pseudogracilis and C. floridanus in Europe and Asia, where they interact competitively and predatorily with native amphipods.
Crepidodera
Studded Flea Beetles
Crepidodera is a genus of flea beetles in the family Chrysomelidae, comprising approximately 40 described species worldwide. Members are commonly known as Studded Flea Beetles. They belong to the tribe Alticini and possess the enlarged hind femora characteristic of flea beetles, enabling their distinctive jumping behavior. The genus occurs across the Holarctic region, with species documented in North America, Europe, and Asia.
Criorhinina
Criorhinina is a subtribe of hoverflies (family Syrphidae) within the tribe Milesiini and subfamily Eristalinae. Members are characterized by their association with decaying wood and sap flows, where larvae develop. The subtribe includes genera such as *Criorhina* and *Sphecomyia*, which are often large-bodied and mimic bumble bees or wasps. Adults are primarily found in forested habitats.
Cryphoeca
Cryphoeca is a genus of small araneomorph spiders first described by Tamerlan Thorell in 1870. The genus name derives from Greek meaning "hidden," reflecting its reclusive habits beneath loose bark and within stone walls. The genus contains twelve described species with a Holarctic distribution spanning North America, Europe, and Asia. Cryphoeca species are nocturnal and among the larger members of their subfamily, reaching nearly eight millimeters in body length.
Cryptophagus corticinus
silken fungus beetle
Cryptophagus corticinus is a species of silken fungus beetle in the family Cryptophagidae, first described by C.G. Thomson in 1863. The species has a Holarctic distribution, occurring in both North America and Europe. Members of this genus are generally associated with fungal substrates. Specific ecological details for this species remain poorly documented.
Cryptophagus dentatus
silken fungus beetle
Cryptophagus dentatus is a species of silken fungus beetle in the family Cryptophagidae, first described by Herbst in 1793. The species has a broad geographic distribution spanning the Holarctic region, with confirmed records from Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. It has been documented from the Azores (Faial and São Miguel islands). As a member of the silken fungus beetles, it is associated with fungal habitats.
Cryptophagus lapponicus
silken fungus beetle
Cryptophagus lapponicus is a species of silken fungus beetle in the family Cryptophagidae. It has a holarctic distribution, occurring in Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. As a member of the Cryptophagidae, it is associated with fungal habitats. The species was described by Gyllenhal in 1827.
Cryptophagus setulosus
silken fungus beetle
Cryptophagus setulosus is a species of silken fungus beetle in the family Cryptophagidae, first described by Sturm in 1845. The species has a Holarctic distribution, occurring in both North America and Europe. As a member of the genus Cryptophagus, it is associated with fungal environments. The species has been documented through 47 iNaturalist observations, indicating it is actively observed but not exceptionally common.
Crypturgini
Crypturgini is a small tribe of bark beetles within the subfamily Scolytinae. These beetles are associated with coniferous trees and are characterized by their minute size and cryptic lifestyle beneath bark. The tribe contains relatively few described species. Members are primarily distributed in the Northern Hemisphere.
Ctenopelmatinae
Ctenopelmatinae is a cosmopolitan subfamily of ichneumonid wasps comprising approximately 95 genera of koinobiont endoparasitoids. Members are small to medium-sized wasps that primarily attack sawflies (Symphyta), with some species parasitizing Lepidoptera. The subfamily was historically classified within Tryphoninae but was separated based on larval morphology and ecological traits. Ctenopelmatines are particularly abundant in temperate Holarctic regions, where they can constitute over 10% of local ichneumonid faunas in cooler areas.
Ctenopelmatini
Ctenopelmatini is a tribe of ichneumonid wasps within the family Ichneumonidae. Members are parasitoid wasps whose larvae develop within or on host organisms. The tribe is characterized by specific morphological traits of the forewing venation and ctenopelmatine-type ovipositor structure. Ctenopelmatini species are primarily associated with sawfly hosts (Symphyta), distinguishing them ecologically from many other ichneumonid tribes. The tribe is relatively small and poorly documented compared to larger ichneumonid tribes.
Cucujus
flat bark beetles
Cucujus is a genus of flat bark beetles in the family Cucujidae, containing approximately 25 recognized species distributed across the Holarctic region. Species are dorso-ventrally compressed, brightly colored in red or red-and-black patterns, and range from 6–25 mm in length. The genus is most diverse in Asia, with indigenous species in North America, Europe, and Asia. Several species, notably C. cinnaberinus and C. clavipes, have been subjects of ecological and physiological research due to their conservation status and extreme cold tolerance adaptations.
Cucullia
Hooded Owlets
Cucullia is a genus of moths in the family Noctuidae, commonly known as Hooded Owlets. The genus was erected by Franz von Paula Schrank in 1802 and contains numerous species distributed across the Holarctic region. Adults are typically nocturnal and attracted to light. Larvae of many species are specialized feeders on plants in the Scrophulariaceae family, particularly Verbascum (mullein), with some species exhibiting conspicuous coloration and diurnal feeding habits.
Culiseta alaskaensis
Alaskan winter mosquito
Culiseta alaskaensis, the Alaskan winter mosquito, is a Holarctic mosquito species adapted to cold subarctic and arctic environments. It has a univoltine life cycle with larvae overwintering and adults emerging in late summer. Females exhibit a distinctive reproductive strategy: they are autogenous for their first egg batch, producing eggs without a blood meal, but require blood for subsequent batches. Adults enter hibernation shortly after emergence without mating or feeding, with mating deferred until spring.
Cychramus
Cychramus is a genus of sap-feeding beetles in the family Nitidulidae, established by Kugelann in 1794. The genus comprises approximately six described species distributed across the Holarctic region. Members of this genus are associated with fermenting plant sap and fungal substrates. They are small beetles typical of the sap beetle guild, though specific ecological details for the genus remain limited.
Cylindrotomidae
long-bodied craneflies
Cylindrotomidae, commonly known as long-bodied craneflies, are a small family of crane flies (Diptera: Tipuloidea) comprising approximately 65–71 extant species in 9 genera and more than 16–20 extinct species. The family represents a classic 'ghost lineage' with no fossil record during the Mesozoic despite diversification of their sister family Tipulidae in the Cretaceous. Crown group diversification began in the Paleogene, with the oldest fossils dating to approximately 56 million years ago. The family is divided into two subfamilies: Cylindrotominae, which are primarily Holarctic in distribution, and Stibadocerinae, which exhibit a Gondwanan distribution with genera restricted to Australia, Chile, and East Asia.
Cyllodes
Cyllodes is a genus of small beetles in the family Nitidulidae, established by Erichson in 1843. The genus comprises approximately 14 described species. Members of this genus are classified as sap-feeding beetles, placing them within the ecological guild of organisms that utilize plant exudates and fermenting materials. The genus belongs to the tribe Cyllodini within the subfamily Nitidulinae.
Cymindis vaporariorum
Cymindis vaporariorum is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae, first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. It belongs to the genus Cymindis, a group of predatory beetles within the family Carabidae. Adult activity peaks in June and July, though the species likely remains present throughout the summer months. Its specific epithet 'vaporariorum' suggests a historical association with greenhouses or steamy environments, though the precise origin of the name is not documented in available sources.
Cynaeus depressus
Cynaeus depressus is a species of darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, first described by Horn in 1870. The species is characterized by its dorsoventrally flattened body form, an adaptation that distinguishes it within the genus. Distribution records indicate presence in Mexico, Norway, and Sweden, though the species appears to be rare or poorly collected based on limited observation data. The specific epithet "depressus" refers to this flattened body morphology.
Cynipini
Oak Gall Wasps
Cynipini is the largest tribe of gall wasps in the family Cynipidae, comprising approximately 936 to 1,000 described species. Members are commonly known as oak gall wasps due to their specialized association with oaks (Quercus) and other Fagaceae. The tribe is primarily distributed in the Holarctic region, with significant diversity also in Mexico and Central America. Cynipini species induce structurally diverse galls on various oak tissues including leaves, buds, branches, petioles, catkins, acorns, and roots. Most species exhibit cyclical parthenogenesis, alternating between sexual and asexual generations that often produce different gall morphotypes on the same or different host tissues.
Cyrtoquediina
Cyrtoquediina is a subtribe of rove beetles (Staphylinidae) established by Brunke & Solodovnikov in 2016. It belongs to the tribe Staphylinini within the subfamily Staphylininae. The subtribe contains multiple genera of medium to large-sized rove beetles. Members are distributed across the Holarctic region, with particular diversity in Eurasia.
Dalmanniinae
Dalmanniinae is a subfamily of thick-headed flies (family Conopidae) within the order Diptera. Members of this subfamily are distinguished from other conopids by specific morphological features of the head and wing venation. The subfamily contains genera such as Dalmannia and Zodion, which are primarily found in the Holarctic region. These flies are parasitoids, with larvae developing within the bodies of Hymenoptera hosts.
Damaeidae
Damaeidae is a family of oribatid mites (order Sarcoptiformes) comprising approximately 20 genera distributed across the Northern Hemisphere. Members are primarily fungivorous and inhabit decomposing organic matter including plant litter, mosses, decaying wood, and soil layers. Several species exhibit troglophilic tendencies, occurring in subterranean habitats such as caves and mountain scree systems. The family has undergone extensive taxonomic revision, with historically recognized families Belbidae, Belbodamaeidae, and Hungarobelbidae now synonymized under Damaeidae.
Dasysyrphus intrudens
intrudens complex
Dasysyrphus intrudens is a species complex of hover flies (family Syrphidae) distributed across the Holarctic realm, including North America, Europe, and parts of Asia. The name currently encompasses multiple cryptic species that have not yet been formally delineated. Adults are frequently observed, but larvae remain undescribed as of 2012, possibly due to nocturnal habits.
Deltocephalus pulicaris
Deltocephalus pulicaris is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Fallén in 1806. It belongs to the large subfamily Deltocephalinae, which contains many economically significant agricultural pests. The species has been documented across a broad Holarctic distribution spanning Europe, Asia, and North America. Like other members of its genus, it is associated with grassland and meadow habitats.
Dendrophagus
Dendrophagus is a genus of beetles in the family Silvanidae, first described by Schönherr in 1809. The genus contains four recognized species distributed across the Holarctic region. Members of this genus are associated with woody habitats, reflecting their genus name derived from Greek roots meaning "tree-feeding."
Denisia
Denisia is a genus of concealer moths in the family Oecophoridae, subfamily Oecophorinae. Originally described as a subgenus of Borkhausenia by Hübner in 1825, it has since been elevated to generic rank. The genus contains approximately 20 described species distributed primarily across the Holarctic region, with records from Europe, Asia, and North America.
Depressaria
Depressaria is a genus of moths in the family Depressariidae (subfamily Depressariinae), previously treated as part of Oecophoridae or as a distinct family. The genus contains approximately 80+ described species, with new species continuing to be discovered. Most species are specialists on Apiaceae (umbellifers), feeding on reproductive structures, though some species utilize Salicaceae (willows). Several species are economically significant agricultural pests or invasive species in North America, including D. depressana (purple carrot-seed moth) and D. radiella (parsnip webworm). The type species, D. heraclei (parsnip moth), has a confused taxonomic history dating to Linnaeus.
Deretaphrini
Deretaphrini is a tribe of beetles within the family Bothrideridae, a group of Coleoptera commonly known as parasitic flat bark beetles. Members of this tribe are small, often flattened beetles associated with wood-boring insects. The tribe is relatively small and poorly studied compared to other bothriderid groups. Deretaphrini species are presumed to be parasitoids or predators of other insects, particularly beetles developing in dead or decaying wood.
Derodontidae
tooth-necked fungus beetles
Derodontidae is a small family of beetles comprising 42 species in 4 genera and 3 subfamilies. Members are commonly known as tooth-necked fungus beetles due to the spiny pronotal margins found in most genera, though the genus Laricobius lacks these spines. The family is notable for possessing two ocelli on the head, an unusual trait among beetles. The genus Laricobius has gained significant attention as a biological control agent for invasive adelgids threatening hemlock forests in North America.
Derodontus
tooth-necked fungus beetles
Derodontus is a genus of tooth-necked fungus beetles comprising approximately eleven described species. Members are mycophagous, feeding on fungi. The genus has a Holarctic distribution with species recorded from North America, Europe, and Asia. Derodontus macularis has been documented in well-preserved natural forest habitats in eastern Moravia, Czech Republic.
Deuterophlebiidae
Mountain Midges
Deuterophlebiidae is a monotypic family of Diptera containing the single genus Deuterophlebia, considered the most plesiomorphic extant dipteran family based on morphological and molecular evidence. Commonly known as mountain midges, these insects inhabit cold, fast-flowing streams across the Holarctic region. Adults possess striking morphology including extremely long antennae in males, broad fan-shaped wings, and highly reduced mouthparts. Larvae are specialized for life in torrential waters with reversible crocheted pseudopods for attachment to smooth stones. The family exhibits a complex life cycle with extended larval and pupal periods and extremely brief adult longevity lasting only a few hours.
Devia prospera
Devia prospera is a rove beetle (Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) described by Erichson in 1839. The species has a Holarctic distribution, occurring naturally across northern Eurasia from Europe through Russia to Japan, and has been introduced to North America where it is now established across Canada and the northern United States. As a member of the diverse rove beetle family, it inhabits various terrestrial environments where these beetles are typically found.
Diacheila
Diacheila is a genus of ground beetles in the family Carabidae, subfamily Elaphrinae. The genus comprises at least four described species, including one extinct species. Members are distributed across Holarctic regions, with some species restricted to Central Asia. The genus is notable for its Arctic and Subarctic specialization, particularly the well-studied D. polita, which exhibits photoperiod-driven life cycle timing.
Diacheila arctica
Arctic Diacheila
Diacheila arctica is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It has a Holarctic distribution, occurring in Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. The species is classified within the subfamily Elaphrinae, a group of small to medium-sized carabid beetles often associated with moist habitats. Two subspecies are recognized: D. a. arctica (Gyllenhal, 1810) and D. a. amoena (Faldermann, 1835).
Diachrysia
burnished brass moths
Diachrysia is a genus of noctuid moths comprising approximately eleven species, distributed across the Holarctic region. The genus is best known for the burnished brass (D. chrysitis), which displays striking structural coloration on its forewings. Species in this genus are characterized by metallic golden or brassy wing patches produced by nanoscale multilayer structures rather than chemical pigments. The taxonomic relationship between D. chrysitis and the closely related D. stenochrysis remains unresolved in some populations.
Diaphorus nigricans
Diaphorus nigricans is a species of long-legged fly in the family Dolichopodidae, first described by Meigen in 1824. The species has a broad distribution across the Holarctic realm, extending southward into the Neotropics. Records indicate presence in Europe (Belgium, Denmark, Norway, Sweden), Brazil (Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro), and other regions. As a member of Dolichopodidae, it shares the family's characteristic elongated legs and metallic coloration typical of long-legged flies.
Dicheirotrichus cognatus
Kindred Ground Beetle
Dicheirotrichus cognatus is a ground beetle species in the family Carabidae with a broad holarctic distribution spanning Europe, Northern Asia, and North America, including Alaska and Canada. The species has also been recorded in Central America. It is known from 52 observations on iNaturalist and is recognized by the common name "Kindred Ground Beetle."
Dichelotarsus flavimanus
Yellow-handed Soldier Beetle
Dichelotarsus flavimanus is a soldier beetle in the family Cantharidae, characterized by yellowish-orange legs that contrast with its darker body. The species was described by Motschulsky in 1860 and is known from the Holarctic region with documented records in several Canadian provinces. As a member of Cantharidae, it likely shares general traits of the family including soft-bodied form and association with flowers and foliage. The specific epithet 'flavimanus' refers to the yellow-handed appearance.
Dicosmoecinae
northern caddisflies
Dicosmoecinae is a subfamily of caddisflies within the family Limnephilidae, comprising approximately 19 genera and at least 80 described species. The group is commonly referred to as "northern caddisflies," reflecting its predominantly Holarctic distribution. The subfamily was established by Schmid in 1955, with Dicosmoecus as its type genus. Members are case-making caddisflies, with larvae constructing portable shelters from plant materials.
Dictyna alaskae
Alaska mesh web weaver
Dictyna alaskae is a small spider species in the family Dictynidae, commonly known as mesh web weavers. The species was described in 1947 and has a Holarctic distribution spanning boreal and subarctic regions. It constructs irregular, mesh-like webs to capture prey. The specific epithet references Alaska, where the species was first described.
Dicymbium
dwarf spiders
Dicymbium is a genus of dwarf spiders in the family Linyphiidae, established by Anton Menge in 1868. The genus name refers to the distinctive male palpal morphology, specifically a cup-shaped projection on the palpal tibia that surrounds the cymbium dorsally. The genus contains eight species and one subspecies distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, including Europe, Asia, and North America.
Didea
lucent flies
Didea is a Holarctic genus of hoverflies (Syrphidae) commonly known as lucent flies. Adults are large-bodied, measuring 10–15 mm, with distinctive black and yellow coloration. The genus is notable for its late-season flight activity and predatory larvae that feed on arboreal aphids.
Didea alneti
Didea alneti is a Holarctic hoverfly species with a wide distribution spanning Europe, Asia, and North America. Adults are arboreal, descending to visit flowers of various herbaceous plants and shrubs. The larvae are arboreal predators that feed on aphids associated with trees including Larix, Prunus, Salix, and Quercus.
Dinaraea angustula
Rove beetle
Dinaraea angustula is a small rove beetle (Staphylinidae) first described by Gyllenhal in 1810. Originally placed in Aleochara, it was later transferred to Dinaraea. The species has a Holarctic distribution, occurring naturally across Europe and northern Asia, with introduced populations established in North America. It is one of many aleocharine rove beetles characterized by reduced elytra and a compact body form.
Dinera
Dinera fly
Dinera is a genus of tachinid flies established by Robineau-Desvoidy in 1830. The genus comprises approximately 24 described species distributed across the Holarctic region, with notable diversity in China. Larvae of most species are parasitoids of scarab beetles (Scarabaeidae), making this genus economically relevant for biological control of certain beetle pests.
Dioctria
Dioctria is a genus of robber flies (family Asilidae) in the subfamily Dasypogoninae, forming the tribe Dioctriini alongside Bohartia, Dicolonus, Echthodopa, Eudioctria, and Metadioctria. The genus contains multiple species distributed across the Holarctic region, with documented occurrences in Europe, North America, and Turkey. Species within Dioctria are generally small to medium-sized predatory flies that hunt other insects.
Dioctria hyalipennis
Stripe-legged Robber Fly
Dioctria hyalipennis is a small Holarctic robber fly (10–14 mm) in the family Asilidae, characterized by distinctive black-and-yellow leg patterning and hyaline wings. Adults are active predators that feed primarily on small wasps, bees, and other insects. The species occupies meadows, hedgerows, and forest edges with shrubs or conifers, and has been introduced to eastern North America from Europe.
Diplazon pectoratorius
Diplazon pectoratorius is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae. It belongs to the genus Diplazon, a group of parasitoid wasps that target hoverfly (Syrphidae) larvae. The species has been recorded in northern Europe and northeastern North America. As with other Diplazon species, it likely functions as a specialist parasitoid of aphidophagous hoverfly larvae.
Diplazontinae
Hover Fly Parasitoid Wasps
Diplazontinae is a subfamily of ichneumonid wasps comprising approximately 19 genera, with highest diversity in the Holarctic region. Members are specialized koinobiont endoparasitoids of hover flies (Syrphidae), with oviposition into host eggs or larvae and emergence from the puparium. The subfamily exhibits distinctive morphological features including three-toothed mandibles and a box-like first abdominal tergite. Several genera have undergone recent taxonomic revision, with Syrphoctonus split into multiple genera to restore monophyly.
Diplocentria bidentata
dwarf spider
Diplocentria bidentata is a species of dwarf spider in the family Linyphiidae, first described by Emerton in 1882. It is a small-bodied spider with a broad geographic distribution spanning the Holarctic region. The species has been recorded across North America, Europe, Russia (from European Russia to the Far East), and China. As a member of Linyphiidae, it is presumed to construct small sheet webs, though specific behavioral observations remain limited.
Diplocentria rectangulata
Diplocentria rectangulata is a sheet web spider in the family Linyphiidae, first described by Emerton in 1915. The species occurs across northern regions of the Northern Hemisphere, including North America and Eurasia. As with other linyphiids, it constructs horizontal sheet webs to capture prey. It is among the smaller spiders, consistent with the dwarf spider morphology typical of this family.
Diplocephalus subrostratus
dwarf spider
Diplocephalus subrostratus is a dwarf spider in the family Linyphiidae, first described by O. Pickard-Cambridge in 1873. The species exhibits a Holarctic distribution spanning North America, Greenland, and a broad range across Russia from Europe to the Far East, including Mongolia. Like other linyphiids, it is a small-bodied spider, though specific morphological and ecological details remain poorly documented in published literature.
Diplocolenus abdominalis
Diplocolenus abdominalis is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Deltocephalinae. The species was described by Fabricius in 1803 and is currently placed in the genus Diplocolenus, tribe Paralimnini. Distribution records indicate occurrence across northern and central Eurasia, including Alaska and regions of Kazakhstan, Russia, and Mongolia.
Diplolepis
gall wasps, rose gall wasps
Diplolepis is a genus of gall-inducing wasps in the family Diplolepididae, most commonly associated with roses (Rosa spp.). These small wasps are notable for inducing complex, often conspicuous galls on their host plants through chemical manipulation of plant tissues. The genus includes both sexual and parthenogenetic species, with some like D. rosae reproducing primarily by thelytokous parthenogenesis. Diplolepis species exhibit intricate life cycles involving alternation between sexual and agamic generations, and their galls support diverse communities of parasitoids and inquilines.
Dismodicus
dwarf spiders
Dismodicus is a genus of dwarf spiders in the family Linyphiidae, first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1884. The genus contains six species distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, with centers of diversity in Europe and North America. These spiders are part of the sheet-web weaving guild, constructing horizontal webs close to the ground.
Dolichocephala
dagger flies
Dolichocephala is a genus of empidid flies (dagger flies) in the subfamily Clinocerinae, established by Macquart in 1823. The genus contains at least 50 described species distributed across the Holarctic and Oriental regions. Recent taxonomic revisions have significantly expanded the known species diversity in North America and Southeast Asia.
Dolichomitus pterelas
A parasitoid wasp in the family Ichneumonidae, characterized by an exceptionally long ovipositor used to reach host larvae concealed deep within wood. The species exhibits aposematic coloration with metallic blue-black body and golden-yellow wings. It is a solitary parasitoid of wood-boring insect larvae.
Donaciinae
Aquatic Leaf Beetles, Reed Beetles
Donaciinae is a subfamily of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) comprising approximately 100 species across six genera, including Donacia, Macroplea, and Plateumaris. Members are strongly associated with aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats, with larvae developing underwater attached to plant roots. The subfamily is characterized by distinctive morphological adaptations and an obligate symbiosis with bacteria that produce the silk-like material used to construct waterproof pupal cocoons. Donaciinae are primarily distributed in the Northern Hemisphere with extensions into Africa, Madagascar, and Australasia.
Drapetisca
sheetweb weavers
Drapetisca is a genus of dwarf sheetweb spiders in the family Linyphiidae, first described by Anton Menge in 1866. Members are exceptionally small, with females measuring 4–5 mm and males 3–4 mm in body length. These spiders are highly specialized tree trunk dwellers that construct minimal, nearly invisible sheet webs. The genus currently comprises approximately 7 species distributed across the Holarctic region, including North America, Europe, Asia, and Japan.
Drepanosiphinae
Drepanosiphinae is a Holarctic subfamily of aphids within Aphididae, comprising approximately 13 genera (8 extinct) and over 60 described species. The six extant genera—Drepanaphis, Drepanosiphoniella, Drepanosiphum, Megalosiphonaphis, Shenahweum, and Yamatocallis—exhibit strict host associations primarily with maple trees (Acer spp.). The subfamily is characterized by enlarged fore or mid femora and rastral spines on hind tibiae. Molecular phylogenetic studies confirm its monophyly and reveal complex endosymbiotic relationships with both Buchnera aphidicola and Sodalis-like bacteria in most species.
Dryudella
Dryudella is a genus of solitary digger wasps in the family Crabronidae, subfamily Astatinae, containing over 50 described species distributed across the Holarctic region. These small wasps (typically under 10 mm) are specialized predators of true bugs (Hemiptera), with females constructing nest burrows in sandy soils to provision their offspring. Males exhibit distinctive holoptic eyes that meet at the top of the head and possess broad hind wings that enable rapid flight from perches on twigs and stems. The genus shows sexual habitat segregation, with females typically in shaded nesting areas and males in sunny locations.
Dyschirius politus
Dyschirius politus is a small ground beetle species in the subfamily Scaritinae, first described by Pierre François Marie Auguste Dejean in 1825. The species belongs to the genus Dyschirius, a diverse group of ground beetles characterized by their compact body form and fossorial (burrowing) habits. Records indicate a Holarctic distribution spanning North America and Eurasia.
Dysstroma citrata
Dark Marbled Carpet, Northern Marbled Carpet
A Holarctic geometrid moth with highly variable forewing coloration ranging from whitish to dark brown or black. Adults are active in mid-summer. The species occupies mountainous and wetland habitats across a broad latitudinal range from the Arctic to temperate zones.
Dytiscus
predaceous diving beetles
Dytiscus is a Holarctic genus of large predaceous diving beetles comprising 26 species. Adults range 2.2–4.4 cm in length and are fully aquatic, breathing air collected under their elytra. Both adults and larvae are active predators. The genus has been observed to reduce mosquito larva populations in wetland habitats.
Ebaeina
Ebaeina is a subtribe of soft-bodied plant beetles within the family Melyridae (order Coleoptera). Members of this subtribe are characterized by their soft, flexible elytra and generally small to medium body size. The subtribe is primarily distributed in the Holarctic region, with greatest diversity in western North America. Ebaeina beetles are often found in association with flowers and vegetation where they feed on pollen and small arthropods.
Ectemnius continuus
Common Ectemnius
Ectemnius continuus is a small to medium-sized digger wasp in the family Crabronidae, widespread throughout the Holarctic region. It is black with yellow markings on the scapes, pronotum, tibiae and tergites, and has a clypeus covered with shining silver hairs. The species is notable for having 12 antennal segments in both sexes, unlike most aculeates where males typically have 13 segments. Males possess unique small spines on the first and second tarsomeres of the mid tarsus.
Ectoedemia argyropeza
Virgin Pigmy
A Holarctic microlepidopteran in the family Nepticulidae, characterized by parthenogenetic reproduction with extremely rare males. Adults are active in late spring. Larvae are leaf miners on aspen species, producing distinctive mines that persist on host leaves. The species exhibits clonal population structure with limited dispersal capacity.
Eidophasia
A Holarctic genus of plutellid moths comprising 12 species with heterogeneous morphologies. The genus currently lacks established synapomorphies, making species-level taxonomy challenging. E. syenitella, a European representative, was recently redescribed with first documentation of genitalia for both sexes. Larval biology is documented for at least one species, indicating specialization on Brassicaceae hosts.
Elachiptera
frit flies
Elachiptera is a genus of small frit flies in the family Chloropidae, subfamily Oscinellinae. The genus contains approximately 81 valid species distributed across North America, Europe, and Asia, with some species extending into the Oriental Region. Several species are known agricultural pests of cereal crops, with larvae feeding internally within stems of wheat and maize. The genus includes both fully winged and wingless (brachypterous) species.
Elaphrus lapponicus
Northern Peacock Beetle
Elaphrus lapponicus is a ground beetle species in the subfamily Elaphrinae, described by Gyllenhal in 1810. It belongs to a genus known for species that closely resemble tiger beetles (Cicindelinae), often leading to misidentification by collectors. The species has a Holarctic distribution, occurring across northern regions of North America and Eurasia. Like other members of Elaphrus, it likely inhabits moist, open habitats near water.
Elaphrus lapponicus lapponicus
Elaphrus lapponicus lapponicus is a subspecies of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It belongs to a genus frequently mistaken for tiger beetles due to convergent morphology. The species is part of a holarctic complex with distribution across northern regions.
Elasmostethus
Birch shieldbug
Elasmostethus is a genus of shield bugs in the family Acanthosomatidae, comprising approximately 15 described species distributed across the Holarctic region. The genus is notable for exhibiting asocial behavior—specifically, the absence of maternal care of eggs—contrasting with subsocial species found elsewhere in the family. Species within this genus show significant interspecific variation in life history traits including egg size, developmental periods, and female body size, though clutch size remains relatively consistent across species.
Elasmostethus interstinctus
Birch Shield Bug
Elasmostethus interstinctus, commonly known as the birch shield bug, is a shield bug in the family Acanthosomatidae with a Holarctic distribution across Europe, Northern Asia, and North America. Adults measure 8–11.5 mm and display distinctive bright yellow-green and red coloration. The species is univoltine, with adults overwintering in leaf litter and emerging in spring to reproduce on birch and other host plants.
Ellescus
Ellescus is a genus of true weevils in the family Curculionidae, tribe Ellescini. The genus contains approximately 16 described species globally. In North America, four valid species are recognized: the widespread and morphologically variable E. ephippiatus, the Holarctic E. bipunctatus, the west coast endemic E. californicus, and the temperate E. michaeli. Species identification relies on morphological examination and molecular markers, particularly ITS2, which has proven more reliable than CO1 for delineating closely related species.
Ellescus bipunctatus
Ellescus bipunctatus is a Holarctic weevil species in the tribe Ellescini. A recent taxonomic revision designated a neotype for this species and established E. borealis as its junior synonym. It is one of four valid Ellescus species in North America, where it occurs alongside the widespread E. ephippiatus, the west coast endemic E. californicus, and the newly described E. michaeli. The species has been distinguished from congeners using integrative taxonomy combining morphological and molecular data.
Elliptera
Elliptera is a genus of crane flies in the family Limoniidae, established by Schiner in 1863. The genus comprises ten described species distributed across the Holarctic region, including North America, Europe, and East Asia. Immature stages have been described for only a few species, with larvae inhabiting aquatic, hygropetric environments on wet rocks in mountainous areas.
Emblyna
Emblyna is a genus of cribellate araneomorph spiders in the family Dictynidae, first described by R. V. Chamberlin in 1948. The genus contains approximately 76 species with a broad geographic distribution spanning North America, Europe, and Asia. Emblyna species are small to medium-sized spiders that construct irregular, tangled webs. Two species, E. francisca and E. reticulata, have been documented to exhibit behavioral niche partitioning, allowing coexistence in sympatric populations.
Empicoris culiciformis
thread-legged assassin bug
Empicoris culiciformis is a predatory true bug in the family Reduviidae, characterized by its delicate build and raptorial forelegs. The species has a Holarctic distribution spanning Europe, the Palearctic, North Africa, and North America. It is rarely encountered due to its cryptic lifestyle in concealed habitats.
Enargia
Enargia is a genus of moths in the family Noctuidae, first described by Hübner in 1821. The genus contains approximately twelve recognized species distributed across the Holarctic region. Members are classified within the subfamily Noctuinae, tribe Xylenini, subtribe Cosmiina.
Enoplognatha marmorata
marbled cobweb spider
A species of cobweb spider in the family Theridiidae, native to the Holarctic region. It constructs tangled, irregular webs in outdoor vegetation rather than in buildings. The species shows considerable color variation, with individuals ranging from pale to dark with marbled or striped abdominal patterns.
Entedoninae
Entedoninae is a subfamily of chalcid wasps in the family Eulophidae comprising over 90 genera. Members are primarily parasitoids with documented associations across diverse host groups including gall-inducing insects, leafminers, sawflies, thrips, and ants. The subfamily exhibits considerable morphological and ecological diversity, with species found in tropical to temperate habitats worldwide.
parasitoidbiological-controlgall-associatedleafminer-parasitoidChalcidoideaHymenopteraEulophidaeEntedoninaetropical-forestagricultural-pest-controlsawfly-parasitoidthrips-parasitoidant-associatedrice-pestCecidomyiidaeTenthredinidaePontaniaClosterocerusCeranisusAfronymphaAmetallonChrysonotomyiaOmphale-genus-groupcanopyunderstoreyecological-plasticityBangladeshPanamaAfricaNew-ZealandEuropeSenegalSouth-AfricaDemocratic-Republic-of-the-CongoUgandaendoparasitoidlarval-parasitoidegg-parasitoidhost-specificityforest-habitatdegraded-habitatmid-altitude-rainforestlowland-rainforesttropical-Americaclassical-biological-controlaugmentative-biological-controlintegrated-pest-managementrice-hispaDicladispa-armigeragall-waspsawfly-gallleafminerant-symbiosisFormicidaeKhaya-senegalensisOchna-pulchramorphological-taxonomymolecular-taxonomy28S-rDNACOICytBnew-species-descriptiongeneric-revisionhost-rangeparasitoid-complexfood-webecosystem-servicenatural-enemypest-managemententomophagoushyperparasitoidinquilinecurculionidApion-minimumPhyllocolpa-leucostictaChrysocharisEntedonAsecodesPleurotroppopsisAfrotroppopsisZaommomentedonApleurotropisKratoysmaPlatocharisSchizocharisParahorismenusAtullyaTropicharisChrysochuriscruymirabilisoryzamyntoreminpashaicarinatumdussiaelongicaudatamachaeriaeunimaculataclavigergorgonaenseauripunctatagalbinalaeviscutaphenacapsiacecvoraelongatapontaniaeheyeririsbecimilletiaenewbyiFörster-1856Chalcidoidea-phylogenybiodiversityspecies-richnesscryptic-speciesmolecular-diagnosticshost-plant-associationhabitat-specificitycanopy-faunaunderstorey-faunaforest-stratificationtropical-biodiversityAfrotropicalNeotropicalPalaearcticNearcticOrientalAustralasianPacificHolarcticbiogeographytaxonomic-revisionannotated-keycataloguetype-specimenmuseum-collectionslide-mounted-specimensmorphometricsgenitaliawing-venationantennaeclypeusmandiblesmalar-spacescapepedicelflagellumgastervertexsuturecolor-patternpale-femoradark-gastersexual-dimorphismmalefemaleovipositoremergencerearingquarantinefield-collectionforeign-explorationaugmentative-releasepesticide-resistancesustainable-agriculturefood-securityrice-productioncereal-pestvegetable-pestfruit-pestornamental-pestforest-pesturban-pestinvasive-speciesnative-rangeintroduced-rangeestablishmentspreadimpactnon-target-effectshost-specificityrisk-assessmentenvironmental-safetyregulatory-approvalresearch-symposiumproceedingspeer-reviewedZootaxaZooKeysInsect-Systematics-&-EvolutionAustralian-Journal-of-EntomologyFar-Eastern-EntomologistRussian-Entomological-JournalBelgian-Journal-of-EntomologyFlorida-EntomologistPan-Pacific-EntomologistEntomological-NewsProceedings-of-the-Hawaiian-Entomological-SocietyTransactions-of-the-American-Entomological-SocietyJournal-of-Natural-HistoryZoological-Journal-of-the-Linnean-SocietyBioControlJournal-of-Economic-EntomologyEntomologia-Experimentalis-et-ApplicataEnvironmental-EntomologyOecologiaCladisticsMolecular-Phylogenetics-and-EvolutionHeredityCanadian-EntomologistProceedings-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-WashingtonAnnals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-AmericaBulletin-of-Entomological-ResearchNeotropical-EntomologyJournal-of-Asia-Pacific-EntomologyTurkish-Journal-of-ZoologyPolish-Journal-of-EntomologyNorth-Western-Journal-of-ZoologyEntomologica-AmericanaEntomologische-BerichtenSahlbergiaDugesianaActa-Zoologica-LilloanaFolia-Entomologica-MexicanaRevista-de-la-Sociedad-Entomologica-ArgentinaBoletin-de-la-Asociacion-Espanola-de-EntomologiaEntomologicheskoe-ObozrenieEntomological-ReviewZoological-Institute-RASProceedings-of-the-Zoological-Institute-of-the-Russian-Academy-of-SciencesTaiwan-Agricultural-Research-InstituteCouncil-of-AgricultureUniversity-of-CaliforniaRiversideEntomology-Research-MuseumCalifornia-Department-of-Food-and-AgriculturePierce's-Disease-Control-Programbiological-control-programintegrated-pest-management-programresearch-progress-reportannual-summarytechnical-reportsymposium-proceedingsconference-abstractposter-presentationinvited-papermonographbook-chapteridentification-guideillustrated-keyannotated-cataloguetype-materialvoucher-specimencollection-curationtaxonomysystematicsphylogeneticsmolecular-systematicsDNA-barcodingspecies-complexsibling-speciesspecies-boundariesgeographic-variationpopulation-geneticsgene-flowreproductive-isolationhost-racebiotypestrainlaboratory-rearinginsectarymass-productionreleasemonitoringimpact-assessmentefficacyeconomic-evaluationcost-benefit-analysisfarmer-adoptionextensioneducationpolicyregulationinternational-cooperationcapacity-buildingtrainingworkshopfield-daydemonstrationon-farm-researchparticipatory-researchfarmer-field-schoolsustainable-intensificationagroecologyconservation-biological-controlhabitat-managementfloral-resourcesrefugebuffer-zonelandscape-complexityconnectivityspillovernatural-enemy-diversityfood-web-structuretrophic-interactionsmultitrophicindirect-effectstrait-mediateddensity-dependentinverse-density-dependentfunctional-responsenumerical-responsesearching-efficiencyhandling-tim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Macropis Cuckoo Bee
Epeoloides is a genus of kleptoparasitic (cuckoo) bees in the family Apidae, tribe Osirini. The genus comprises two known species: Epeoloides coecutiens (Fabricius, 1775) in Europe and Epeoloides pilosulus (Cresson, 1878) in North America. Both species are nest parasites of oil-collecting bees in the genus Macropis (Melittidae), which themselves are specialized pollinators of oil-producing flowers in the genus Lysimachia. This tripartite ecological dependency—between flower, host bee, and parasite—makes Epeoloides one of the rarest and most vulnerable bee genera in the Holarctic region.
Epichlorops
grass flies
Epichlorops is a genus of small flies in the family Chloropidae, commonly known as grass flies. The genus was established by Becker in 1910 and contains at least five described species distributed across the Holarctic region, with records from Europe, North America, and China. Species in this genus are associated with grassland habitats. The genus is taxonomically placed within the tribe Chloropini, subfamily Chloropinae.
Epinotia cinereana
Grey Aspen Bell
Epinotia cinereana is a Holarctic tortricid moth in the tribe Eucosmini, resurrected from synonymy with E. nisella in 2012 based on DNA barcoding, genital morphology, and life history differences. It occurs across Europe and North America, with moderate intraspecific genetic variation between continents but no correlated morphological differences. The species was previously hidden under the name E. nisella, a highly variable species with which it had been conflated for decades.
Epinotia nisella
Grey Poplar Bell, Yellow-headed Aspen Leaftier
Epinotia nisella is a small tortricid moth with a Holarctic distribution across northern Eurasia and northern North America. First described by Clerck in 1759, it is highly polymorphic in forewing coloration, showing extensive variation in grey, black, and brown patterns. The species is closely related to E. cinereana, from which it was recently reinstated as distinct based on DNA barcodes and genital morphology. Larvae feed on catkins and leaves of Populus and Salix species.
Epirrhoe
Epirrhoe is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae, subfamily Larentiinae, containing approximately 17 described species distributed across the Holarctic region. The genus was established by Jacob Hübner in 1825. Species within this genus are generally small to medium-sized geometrid moths, many with characteristic wing patterns featuring contrasting dark and light markings. The Small Argent and Sable (Epirrhoe tristata) is among the better-known species, with a published chromosomally complete genome assembly.
Episernus
Episernus is a genus of small beetles in the family Ptinidae, distributed across the Holarctic region with western populations in North America. The genus comprises approximately 13 described species, primarily associated with coniferous habitats. Episernus is taxonomically close to Ernobius but is distinguished by morphological features of the pronotum and antennae.
Epistrophe grossulariae
Black-horned Smoothtail
Epistrophe grossulariae is a Holarctic hoverfly species in the family Syrphidae, commonly known as the Black-horned Smoothtail. It is a medium-sized syrphid fly with distinctive morphological features that distinguish it from congeners. The species has been well-documented across Europe with substantial observational records.
Epistrophe nitidicollis
Straight-banded Smoothtail
Epistrophe nitidicollis is a hoverfly species with a broad Holarctic distribution spanning Europe, North America, and northern Asia. Adults are medium-sized with distinctive yellow facial markings and a black-and-yellow banded abdomen. The species is strongly associated with deciduous woodland habitats where larvae prey on aphids. Adults visit diverse flowering plants including umbellifers and early spring bloomers.
Epuraea aestiva
Epuraea aestiva is a species of sap-feeding beetle in the family Nitidulidae. It has been recorded as an inquiline in nests of the bumble bee Bombus derhamellus, where its larvae and pupae develop. The species is widely distributed across the Holarctic region, including Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America.
Epuraea linearis
Epuraea linearis is a small sap-feeding beetle in the family Nitidulidae, measuring 2.7–3.0 mm in length. The species has a Holarctic boreal and montane distribution, occurring across northern North America from Alaska and Canada southward to the western and northeastern United States. Adults are active from May through September and have been associated with coniferous hosts, particularly pine and spruce.
Epuraea rufomarginata
Epuraea rufomarginata is a small beetle species in the family Nitidulidae (sap beetles), first described by Stephens in 1830. The species has a Holarctic distribution, occurring in both Europe and North America. As a member of the genus Epuraea, it belongs to a group of beetles commonly associated with fermenting plant materials, fungi, and decaying organic matter. The specific epithet "rufomarginata" suggests reddish marginal coloration, though detailed morphological descriptions are limited in the available sources.
Epuraea terminalis
Epuraea terminalis is a small sap-feeding beetle in the family Nitidulidae, first described by Mannerheim in 1843. It has a broad Holarctic distribution, occurring across Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. As a member of the sap beetle family, it is associated with fermenting plant materials and fungal substrates. The species is documented in entomological collections and observation records, though detailed biological studies remain limited.
Erannis
Erannis is a genus of geometer moths (Geometridae: Ennominae) erected by Jacob Hübner in 1825. The genus comprises approximately twelve species distributed primarily across the Holarctic region, with greatest diversity in northern temperate zones. Several species are significant forest pests, with larvae feeding on coniferous and deciduous trees. Taxonomic placement remains debated: some authorities recognize the tribe Erannini with Erannis as type genus, while others merge this group into Boarmiini or Bistonini.
Erebia
alpines, ringlets, arguses
Erebia is a Holarctic genus of brush-footed butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, containing approximately 90–100 species. The genus is notable for its adaptation to cold environments, with most species inhabiting high-altitude or high-latitude regions. Members are predominantly dark brown to black with distinctive reddish-brown, orange, or rarely yellowish wing blotches or bands that typically contain black spots, sometimes with white centers. The genus exhibits complex taxonomic history with over 1300 described taxa, many of which are junior synonyms. Erebia serves as an important model for studying climate change impacts on montane and arctic-alpine insects due to its thermal ecology and distribution patterns.
Erebia pawloskii
yellow-dotted alpine, Theano Alpine
Erebia pawloskii, known as the yellow-dotted alpine or Theano Alpine, is a small butterfly in the subfamily Satyrinae of family Nymphalidae. It occurs across a broad Holarctic distribution spanning northwestern North America and northern Asia. The species inhabits cold, wet environments including tundra and bog habitats. Adults fly during mid-summer, and larvae feed on sedges of the genus Carex.
Erigone atra
Post Dwarf Weaver
Erigone atra is a small sheet-weaving spider in the family Linyphiidae, commonly known as the Post Dwarf Weaver. It is one of the most abundant species in its genus, with a holarctic distribution spanning North America, Europe, and Asia. The species is notable for its extensive use of aerial dispersal via ballooning, which enables colonization of agricultural habitats including cereal fields and grasslands. E. atra is recognized as an important biological control agent in agroecosystems, where it preys on crop pests such as aphids.
Erigone dentigera
Teethed Dwarf Weaver
Erigone dentigera is a small dwarf spider in the family Linyphiidae, commonly known as the Teethed Dwarf Weaver. It has a Holarctic distribution spanning North America, Europe, the Caucasus, and Russia's Far East. The species was first described by O. Pickard-Cambridge in 1874. Like other members of the genus Erigone, it is a minute ground-dwelling spider.
Eriocampa
woolly sawflies
Eriocampa is a small Holarctic genus of sawflies in the family Tenthredinidae comprising approximately five to ten described extant species. The genus is characterized by larvae that produce conspicuous white waxy secretions, giving them a woolly appearance that likely serves as a defense against predators and parasitoids. Several species are economically significant as defoliators of woody plants, including Eriocampa juglandis (butternut woollyworm) on walnut and hickory, and Eriocampa ovata (woolly alder sawfly) on alder. The genus has a debated taxonomic history, with various classifications placing it in different subfamilies within Tenthredinidae.
Eriocampini
Eriocampini is a tribe of sawflies within the family Tenthredinidae. Members are herbivorous, with larvae that feed externally on foliage of various plants. The tribe includes economically significant species such as the pear slug (Caliroa cerasi), whose larvae skeletonize leaves of fruit trees. Eriocampini sawflies are distributed across the Holarctic region, with greatest diversity in North America and Eurasia.
Eriocraniidae
Sparkling Archaic Sun Moths
Eriocraniidae is a family of primitive moths restricted to the Holarctic region, comprising six extant genera. Adults are small (forewing length 4–7 mm), diurnal, and typically active in early spring, often flying in sunshine around host trees. Larvae are leaf miners on woody angiosperms, primarily in the order Fagales, with most species feeding on birch (Betula) and oak (Quercus). The family retains many ancestral morphological features and represents one of the earliest diverging lineages within Lepidoptera.
Eriocranioidea
Eriocranioid moths
Eriocranioidea is a superfamily of primitive moths comprising a single family, Eriocraniidae, with six extant genera. These small, metallic moths are restricted to the Holarctic region and are among the earliest Lepidoptera to emerge in spring. Adults are primarily day-flying and possess a functional proboscis used for drinking water or sap. The larvae are leaf miners, predominantly feeding on trees in the order Fagales.
Eristalis anthophorina
orange-spotted drone fly
Eristalis anthophorina, the orange-spotted drone fly, is a syrphid fly with Holarctic distribution. Adults reach approximately 15 mm in length and are notable mimics of bumblebees. The species is strongly associated with wetland habitats including bogs, fens, and woodland pools. It has been observed visiting flowers of Verbena hastata, Salix myricoides, and Hesperis matronalis.
Eristalis cryptarum
Bog-dwelling Drone Fly, Bog Hoverfly
Eristalis cryptarum is a Holarctic hoverfly species specializing in bog and wetland habitats. It is notable for its restricted distribution and significant population declines across Europe, with extirpation from much of its former English range and critical endangerment in Denmark. The species exhibits classic Eristalis morphology with distinctive coloration and is a member of the drone fly group, though it is not a bee mimic to the same degree as some congeners. Its larvae are assumed to be aquatic filter-feeders in saturated peat, though they remain undescribed.
Erotinae
Erotinae is a subfamily of net-winged beetles within the family Lycidae, established by J.L. LeConte in 1881. The subfamily contains approximately 10 genera and 19 described species, including genera such as *Eros*, *Erotides*, *Eropterus*, and *Platycis*. Members of this subfamily share the characteristic reticulate wing venation typical of Lycidae but are distinguished from the larger subfamily Lycinae by specific morphological features. The group is primarily distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, with representatives in North America, Europe, and Asia.
Erynnini
Duskywings and Allies
The Erynnini are a tribe of skipper butterflies in the subfamily Pyrginae, characterized by their relatively plesiomorphic morphology and generally inconspicuous appearance. The group is moderately diverse, with most species restricted to the Neotropics; notable exceptions are the Holarctic species of the type genus Erynnis (duskywings). The tribe was historically merged into a broadly defined Pyrgini but is now recognized as distinct following phylogenetic reorganization of the Pyrginae.
Erythraeus tonsus
Erythraeus tonsus is a species of predatory mite in the family Erythraeidae, first described by L. Koch in 1879. Like other erythraeid mites, it belongs to a group of active, fast-moving predators found in terrestrial habitats. The species has been recorded across Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. Erythraeid mites are generally recognized for their elongated body form and long legs adapted for cursorial (running) locomotion.
Ethiromyia
Ethiromyia is a genus of long-legged flies in the family Dolichopodidae, established by Brooks & Wheeler in 2005. The genus was created to accommodate three species previously classified under Gymnopternus or Hercostomus. It is distributed across the Holarctic realm, with species found in Europe and eastern North America.
Euchloe
Dappled Whites, Marbles
Euchloe is a genus of pierid butterflies in the tribe Anthocharini with a Holarctic distribution spanning Europe, Central Asia, and North America. Old World species are commonly called dappled whites, while New World species are known as marbles. The genus includes approximately 30 described species, with several exhibiting narrow endemic ranges and conservation concern. Some species demonstrate remarkable camouflage abilities through background matching and wing-folding behavior.
Eucinetus haemorrhoidalis
Blood-tipped Eucinetus
Eucinetus haemorrhoidalis is a species of plate-thigh beetle in the family Eucinetidae. It has a Holarctic distribution, occurring across northern regions of both the Old and New Worlds. North American populations were previously recognized as a separate species, Eucinetus terminalis, but are now synonymized under this name. The species belongs to a small family of beetles characterized by their distinctive plate-like hind femora.
Eucnecosum
Eucnecosum is a genus of rove beetles (Staphylinidae: Omaliinae) established by Reitter in 1909. The genus comprises three valid holarctic species: E. brachypterum, E. tenue, and E. brunnescens, all transferred from the genus Arpedium. These beetles occur in both Europe and North America, with E. tenue having been previously described under multiple synonyms including E. meybohmi.
Eucnecosum brachypterum
Eucnecosum brachypterum is a small rove beetle (Staphylinidae: Omaliinae) with a Holarctic distribution, occurring across boreal and temperate regions of North America and Eurasia. The species was originally described in the genus Arpedium and later transferred to Eucnecosum, a generic placement confirmed by taxonomic revision. It is one of three holarctic Eucnecosum species recognized in North America. The species name refers to its short-winged (brachypterous) condition.
Eucnecosum brunnescens
Eucnecosum brunnescens is a rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Omaliinae. The species was originally described by Sahlberg in 1871 under the genus Arpedium, and later transferred to Eucnecosum. It has a Holarctic distribution, occurring across northern Europe, Russia, and North America from Alaska through Canada to the northern United States.
Eucosma
Eucosma is a large genus of small tortricid moths with at least 670 described species worldwide. The genus has a Holarctic and Indomalayan distribution, with approximately 150 species in the Nearctic region and 53 in Europe. New species continue to be discovered even in well-studied regions. Species exhibit considerable variation in coloration, ranging from plain to boldly patterned.
Euderomphale
Euderomphale is a genus of minute parasitoid wasps in the family Eulophidae, first described by Girault in 1916. Members of this genus belong to the subfamily Entedoninae, a group characterized by their small size and parasitic lifestyle on other insects. The genus is part of the hyperdiverse chalcidoid wasp radiation, though specific biological details remain poorly documented.
Eudonia alpina
Highland Grey
Eudonia alpina is a small moth in the family Crambidae, first described by Curtis in 1850. It has a wingspan of 20–25 mm and occurs across a broad Holarctic distribution spanning Europe, Asia, and North America. Adults are active in June and July in Europe. The species is commonly known as the Highland Grey.
Euhexomyza
Euhexomyza is a genus of flies in the family Agromyzidae, erected by Lonsdale in 2014 for a small, mostly Holarctic clade of species formerly classified in Hexomyza. The genus was established following a redefinition of Ophiomyia based on morphological characters, particularly the anteriorly truncated clypeus. Seven species are currently recognized, including E. schineri (Giraud, 1862) and E. salicis (Malloch, 1913).
Eulithis
grapevine loopers, spinach moths, chevron moths
Eulithis is a Holarctic genus of geometrid moths in the tribe Cidariini, established by Jacob Hübner in 1821. The genus contains approximately 25 described species distributed across the Northern Hemisphere. Several species are notable for their distinctive wing patterns, including chevron markings, and some have acquired common names reflecting their larval host plants or wing patterns, such as the grapevine loopers and spinach moths.
Eulithis testata
Chevron, Chevron Moth
A medium-sized geometrid moth with a Holarctic distribution, found across northern Eurasia and North America. Adults are active from July to mid-September, with two generations per year in some regions and one in others. The species has experienced significant population declines in the UK since 1970.
Eurois
A genus of noctuid moths established by Jacob Hübner in 1821. The genus includes approximately six recognized species distributed across the Holarctic region. Adults are characterized by distinctive morphological features including naked eyes without eyelashes, well-developed proboscis, and upturned palpi reaching the vertex of the head.
Eurois occulta
Great Brocade, Great Gray Dart
Eurois occulta, commonly known as the Great Brocade or Great Gray Dart, is a medium-sized noctuid moth with a Holarctic distribution spanning northern Europe, Asia, and North America. Adults display distinctive gray forewings with bold black-and-white patterning and a wingspan of 50–60 mm. The species exhibits notable color polymorphism, including a nearly black mountain form (f. implicata) found in Finland, Germany, and Scotland. Larvae feed on various woody and herbaceous plants including Vaccinium, birch, and willow.
Eurycercus
Eurycercus is a genus of large-bodied cladoceran crustaceans (water fleas) and the sole genus of the monotypic family Eurycercidae. Species reach up to 6 mm in length, making them among the largest anomopods. The genus contains 16 described species distributed across four subgenera, with a primarily Holarctic distribution and some extensions into the Neotropics and Southern Hemisphere. Species occupy littoral zones of freshwater lakes and ponds, often associated with submerged vegetation.
Eurycercus longirostris
Eurycercus longirostris is a Holarctic cladoceran crustacean first described by Hann in 1982. A 2011 taxonomic revision synonymized E. vernalis with E. longirostris due to lack of morphological and genetic justification for their separation. The species has a broader distributional range than previously recognized and belongs to the subgenus Eurycercus (Eurycercus). As a member of the Eurycercidae family, it shares characteristics with other chydorid-like cladocerans including a rounded carapace and specialized feeding appendages.
Eurypogon
Eurypogon is a genus of soft-bodied plant beetles in the family Artematopodidae. The genus contains approximately 11 described species distributed across the Holarctic region, with species described from North America, Japan, and China. Two Chinese species, E. jaechi and E. heishuiensis, were described in 2013 from mountainous regions of Yunnan Province. The genus is characterized by soft, flexible bodies and is placed phylogenetically within the superfamily Elateroidea in a basal position near Omethidae and Telegeusidae.
Eustrophinae
Eustrophinae is a subfamily of beetles within the family Tetratomidae, established by Gistel in 1848. These beetles are part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea and are characterized by their association with fungal habitats. The subfamily includes genera such as Eustrophus and Pseudoholostrophus. Members are small to medium-sized beetles with relatively uniform morphology across the group.
Euura
Euura is a genus of sawflies in the family Tenthredinidae, subfamily Nematinae, with exceptional species diversity concentrated in northern Holarctic regions rather than tropical zones. The genus contains both free-feeding larvae that consume plant foliage externally and gall-inducing species whose larvae develop entirely within plant galls. Gall-forming females inject a stimulant during oviposition that initiates gall growth before eggs hatch, a distinctive mechanism among gall insects. Taxonomic revision in 2014 consolidated several former genera (Eupontania, Phyllocolpa, Pontania, Tubpontania) into Euura based on phylogenetic evidence. The genus exhibits substantial genetic complexity, with frequent mito-nuclear discordance and multiple functional COI variants within individuals complicating species identification.
Euura poecilonota
Marbled Birch Nematine
Euura poecilonota is a species of sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae, commonly known as the Marbled Birch Nematine. It belongs to the large and diverse genus Euura, which comprises numerous species associated with willows and other woody plants. The species was originally described by Zaddach in 1876 under the name Nematus poecilonotus. Like other nematine sawflies, this species is likely associated with birch (Betula) as a host plant, though specific biological details remain poorly documented in available literature.
Euxoa adumbrata
Sordid Dart
Euxoa adumbrata, commonly known as the sordid dart, is a noctuid moth species first described by Eduard Friedrich Eversmann in 1842. It occurs across northern boreal regions of North America and Eurasia, including northern Canada, Alaska, Greenland, Scandinavia, and the Ural Mountains. The species has one generation per year, with adults active during summer months. Larvae feed on Taraxacum and Polygonum species.
Euxoa ochrogaster
red-backed cutworm, red-backed cutworm moth
Euxoa ochrogaster, the red-backed cutworm, is a Noctuidae moth with a Holarctic distribution spanning Iceland, northern Europe, and North America from Alaska to Newfoundland and south to Arizona and New Mexico. Adults are active from late July to early September, with flight phenology tied to accumulated degree-days above 12.5°C. The larvae are generalist feeders on broad-leaved plants and grasses, including Plantago species, and are economically significant as pests of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in North America. Laboratory studies indicate eggs possess a moderately severe diapause terminated more quickly at 5°C, with development rates varying inversely with temperature.
Evarcha proszynskii
Proszynski's Jumping Spider
Evarcha proszynskii is a Holarctic jumping spider species first described from Russia in 1998. It occurs across northern Eurasia from Russia through Japan, and has established populations in western North America. The species is primarily diurnal but has been observed sheltering on building exteriors at night. Like other salticids, it hunts by sight without using webs.
Exechiopsis
fungus gnats
Exechiopsis is a genus of fungus gnats in the family Mycetophilidae, established by Tuomikoski in 1966. The genus contains approximately 80 described species distributed across the Holarctic region, with particular diversity in Europe and Asia. Several species were formerly placed in the genus Xenexechia, which is now treated as a synonym. Species identification relies primarily on male genitalia morphology.
Exochus nigripalpis
Exochus nigripalpis is a species of ichneumon wasp described by Thomson in 1887. It belongs to the large family Ichneumonidae, which comprises parasitoid wasps that attack other insects. The species has been documented in Canada and parts of Europe, with observations concentrated in boreal and temperate regions. Like other members of the genus Exochus, it likely functions as a koinobiont parasitoid of Lepidopteran larvae, though specific host records for this species remain limited.
Exochus nigripalpis tectulum
Exochus nigripalpis tectulum is a subspecies of ichneumonid wasp described by Townes & Townes in 1959. It belongs to the genus Exochus, a group of koinobiont parasitoid wasps that attack concealed lepidopteran larvae. The subspecies designation suggests geographic or morphological differentiation from the nominate form E. nigripalpis nigripalpis. Records indicate presence in Canada, Denmark, and Norway.
Exyston variatum
Exyston variatum is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Ichneumonidae, subfamily Ctenopelmatinae. The genus Exyston is recognized for its distinctive morphological features within this subfamily. As with other ctenopelmatines, this species is presumed to be a parasitoid of sawfly larvae (Hymenoptera: Symphyta), though direct host records for this specific species are limited in available literature. The species was described in the 19th century and is part of a genus distributed primarily in the Holarctic region.
Farula
Farula is a genus of caddisflies in the family Uenoidae, established by Milne in 1936. The genus belongs to the subfamily Uenoinae and is part of the Limnephiloidea superfamily. As a uenoid genus, Farula likely comprises small to medium-sized caddisflies associated with freshwater habitats. The genus has not been extensively documented in public observation databases.
Fenusa
Fenusa is a genus of common sawflies in the family Tenthredinidae containing approximately 11 described species. Species in this genus are specialized leaf miners whose larvae feed internally within leaves of host trees. Several species are significant economic pests, including the birch leafminer (F. pusilla), elm leafminer (F. ulmi), and European alder leafminer (F. dohrnii). The genus has been extensively studied in biological control contexts due to the damage caused by larval feeding.
Fenusella populifoliella
Fenusella populifoliella is a species of sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae. It is associated with Populus (poplar) species as a leaf miner. The species is part of a genus whose larvae create distinctive feeding patterns on host leaves.
Formicoxenus hirticornis
Dogwood Guest Ant
Formicoxenus hirticornis is a small myrmicine ant species in the genus Formicoxenus, commonly known as the Dogwood Guest Ant. Species in this genus are specialized social parasites that inhabit nests of larger host ant species, particularly those in the genus Myrmica. The specific epithet 'hirticornis' refers to hairy antennae. This species is rarely encountered and poorly documented in scientific literature.
Furcula
prominent moths
Furcula is a genus of moths in the family Notodontidae, subfamily Cerurinae. The genus contains multiple species distributed across the Holarctic region. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light. Larvae are known for their distinctive forked posterior structure, which gives the genus its name (Latin for 'little fork').
Gammarus
scuds, freshwater shrimp, sideswimmers
Gammarus is a genus of amphipod crustaceans in the family Gammaridae, containing over 200 described species and representing one of the most species-rich crustacean genera. Species occupy diverse aquatic habitats ranging from purely freshwater to estuarine and marine environments, with salinity tolerance varying markedly among species. The genus is widely distributed throughout the Holarctic region, with additional species extending into tropical Southeast Asia. Gammarus species serve important ecological functions as shredders and predators in aquatic food webs.
Gargara genistae
Gargara genistae is a small treehopper in the family Membracidae, subfamily Centrotinae, characterized by a prominent backward-projecting pronotum and dark brown coloration. The species is oligophagous, feeding exclusively on phloem sap of shrubby Fabaceae including brooms and related genera. It is widely distributed across the Holarctic, Ethiopian, and Oriental regions, with occasional records in North America as an apparent introduction. Males produce species-specific substrate-borne calling signals used for mate recognition; cryptic species within this group are distinguished by acoustic rather than morphological characters.
Gastrodes
dirt-colored seed bugs
Gastrodes is a genus of dirt-colored seed bugs in the family Rhyparochromidae, established by Westwood in 1840. The genus contains approximately 14-15 described species distributed across Europe, temperate Asia, and North America. These true bugs belong to the tribe Drymini within the subfamily Rhyparochrominae.
Gaurotes
Gaurotes is a genus of longhorn beetles in the family Cerambycidae, subfamily Lepturinae. The genus contains approximately 25 described species distributed across the Holarctic region, with notable diversity in East Asia and North America. Species are typically small to medium-sized beetles with metallic coloration. The genus was established by LeConte in 1850 and includes several subgenera: Carilia, Gaurotes (sensu stricto), and Paragaurotes.
Gehringiinae
Gehringiinae is a small subfamily of ground beetles (Carabidae) containing approximately 20 described species across two genera: Gehringia and Zuphioides. Members are minute to small beetles, generally less than 3 mm in length, adapted to specialized microhabitats. The subfamily was established to accommodate taxa with distinctive morphological features that separate them from other carabid lineages. They are among the smallest carabid beetles and are rarely encountered due to their cryptic habits.
Gelechiidae
twirler moths, gelechiid moths
Gelechiidae is a large family of small moths, commonly known as twirler moths, that serves as the namesake family for the superfamily Gelechioidea. The family contains over 4,500 described species across more than 900 genera, with particularly high diversity in North America. Members are characterized by their small size, narrow fringed wings, and larvae that typically feed internally on host plant tissues. Many species are significant agricultural pests, while others have been employed for biological control of invasive plants.
Geomyza
frit flies
Geomyza is a genus of frit flies in the family Opomyzidae, comprising at least 30 described species. The genus includes economically significant agricultural pests, notably Geomyza tripunctata, whose larvae feed internally on grasses and cereals, killing the central shoot. These flies are distributed across the Holarctic region, with documented occurrences in Europe and North America. Larvae serve as hosts for hymenopterous parasitoids in grassland ecosystems.
Geophilus
Compost Centipedes
Geophilus is a large genus of soil centipedes in the family Geophilidae, with approximately 140 species. The genus has a Holarctic distribution and exhibits considerable morphological diversity, with body lengths ranging from under 1 cm to over 7 cm and leg pair counts varying from 29 to 89. Several species have adapted to specialized habitats, including deep cave environments. The genus is characterized by distinctive structural features of the head, forcipules, and trunk segments.
Gesneria centuriella
Smoky Gesneria
Gesneria centuriella is a small moth in the family Crambidae with a broad Holarctic distribution spanning Europe, Asia, and North America. The species exhibits considerable geographic variation, with five recognized subspecies adapted to different regions from Eurasia through Alaska to Greenland and the western United States. Adults are active in mid-summer, with North American populations flying from mid-June to July.
Gillmeria pallidactyla
Yarrow Plume Moth
Gillmeria pallidactyla, commonly known as the Yarrow Plume Moth, is a plume moth in the family Pterophoridae. It has a Holarctic distribution across North America and Eurasia. Adults are active from June to August, hiding in low vegetation during daylight hours and becoming active at dusk. The larvae are stem borers that overwinter in roots and feed on Achillea species in spring.
Glaucopsyche
blues, silvery blues, green-underside blues, black-eyed blues
Glaucopsyche is a genus of small butterflies commonly called 'blues' in the family Lycaenidae. The genus has a Holarctic distribution, with most species occurring in Palearctic Asia and several species in North America. It includes approximately 30 described species, among them the extinct Xerces blue (G. xerces), last seen in the early 1940s on the San Francisco Peninsula. Several species have notable conservation status, including the federally endangered Palos Verdes blue (G. lygdamus palosverdesensis).
Globia
arches
Globia is a genus of noctuid moths commonly called "arches", containing approximately seven described species. The genus was established in 2010 to replace the preoccupied name Capsula, which itself had replaced Archanara. Species in this genus are distributed across the Holarctic region. Several species have undergone notable range expansions in recent decades, particularly in Britain.
Glyphesis
dwarf spiders
Glyphesis is a genus of dwarf spiders (Linyphiidae) established by Eugène Louis Simon in 1926. The genus contains seven described species distributed across North America, Europe, and Asia. Several species are considered rare, with limited known localities. The genus is taxonomically stable and accepted in major arachnological databases.
Glyphicnemis
Glyphicnemis is a small genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, with 13 described species. The genus occurs in the Holarctic and Indo-Malaysian regions. Members are parasitoids, meaning they develop by feeding on or within host organisms.
Gnaphosa borea
Gnaphosa borea is a ground spider species in the family Gnaphosidae with a Holarctic distribution. The species is found in boreal forest habitats across northern Eurasia and North America. It has been documented in Russia (Tuva, South Siberia), Alaska, Maine, and several Canadian provinces including Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Yukon. The species appears to be associated with post-fire conditions in boreal forests and is rarely collected in harvest-origin forest stands.
Gnaphosa muscorum
Moss Ground Hunter
Gnaphosa muscorum is a ground spider species in the family Gnaphosidae, characterized by its Holarctic distribution spanning North America, Europe, and northern Asia. The species was first described by Ludwig Carl Christian Koch in 1866. A recognized subspecies, G. muscorum gaunitzi, occurs in Sweden and Russia. As a member of the ground spider family, it is presumed to be an active hunter rather than a web-builder, though specific behavioral details remain poorly documented.
Gnaphosa orites
Gnaphosa orites is a ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae with the broadest latitudinal distribution of any species in its genus, ranging from 43° to 70°N across the Holarctic region. The species was first described by Chamberlin in 1922 and has since been recorded from northern Europe, Scandinavia, the Caucasus, and across Russia from Europe to the Far East, as well as North America. A 2011 study documented its southernmost record in the Russian Far East, extending the known range of this cold-adapted species.
Gnathacmaeops pratensis
Gnathacmaeops pratensis is a species of long-horned beetle in the subfamily Lepturinae. It has a broad Holarctic distribution spanning Europe, Asia, and North America. The adult beetle is known to feed on Norway spruce (Picea abies). Two varieties have been described: var. obscuripennis Pic, 1901 and var. suturalis (Mulsant, 1863).
Gnorimoschema
Gnorimoschema is a genus of small moths in the family Gelechiidae, first described by Busck in 1900. The genus belongs to the tribe Gnorimoschemini and contains numerous species distributed across the Holarctic region, with particularly diverse faunas in North America and the Palaearctic. Several species are notable for their specialized life histories, including gall induction on host plants. The genus has been subject to extensive taxonomic revision, with many new species described in recent decades by researchers including Povolný and Powell.
Gnoristinae
fungus gnats
Gnoristinae is a subfamily of fungus gnats within the family Mycetophilidae. As of 2019, over 442 species have been described across more than 30 genera, making it one of the most taxonomically challenging groups in Mycetophilidae with species and generic boundaries subject to frequent revision. The subfamily has been characterized as highly diverse with new taxa described annually from various parts of the world. Members are generally small flies, with some species reaching only 3 mm in body length.
Goeridae
Armour-ballast Caddisflies
Goeridae is a family of caddisflies (Trichoptera) comprising approximately 12 genera and at least 160 described species. Larvae are primarily lotic, inhabiting streams and rivers, with some species occupying madicolous habitats such as wet cliff faces. The family is distinguished by larval case construction incorporating ballast stones for weight and stability. Adults exhibit highly modified male genitalia and maxillary palps in some species. Goeridae has a Holarctic distribution with records from North America, Europe, and Asia.
Gorytes
sand wasps
Gorytes is a genus of sand wasps in the family Crabronidae, comprising at least 70 described species distributed across the Holarctic region. These solitary wasps are ground-nesting predators that provision their burrows with paralyzed prey, primarily leafhoppers (Cicadellidae), for their developing larvae. The genus is taxonomically placed within the subtribe Gorytina of the tribe Bembicini.
Graphoderus
Graphoderus is a genus of predaceous diving beetles in the family Dytiscidae, comprising 12 extant species and 2 extinct species known from fossils. The genus is native to the Holarctic region, with species distributed across Europe, North America, and parts of Asia. Several species are of conservation concern, particularly G. bilineatus, which is listed in Annexes II and IV of the European Habitats Directive and has experienced significant population declines across its range.
Graphoderus perplexus
predacious diving beetle
Graphoderus perplexus is a predaceous diving beetle in the family Dytiscidae, described by Sharp in 1882. It is distributed across the Holarctic region, occurring in both North America and the Palearctic. Like other members of its genus, it is an aquatic predator inhabiting freshwater environments. The species is part of the tribe Aciliini, which includes other medium to large diving beetles.
Grylloblattidae
ice crawlers, icebugs, rock-crawlers
Grylloblattidae, commonly known as ice crawlers or icebugs, is a family of wingless, cold-adapted insects representing the sole living family of the order Grylloblattodea. These relict insects inhabit extreme cold environments including glacier margins, alpine snowfields, caves, and subalpine forests across disjunct regions of the Holarctic. With approximately 35 extant species in six genera, they exhibit narrow physiological temperature tolerances and are considered endangered due to climate warming and habitat specificity.
Gyrinus minutus
whirligig beetle
Gyrinus minutus is a small whirligig beetle with a Holarctic distribution spanning northern North America and Eurasia. It is distinguished from congeners by its weak swimming ability, solitary behavior among emergent vegetation, and near-absence of volatile defensive compounds. The species exhibits a shortened life cycle of approximately seven weeks from egg to adult and is capable of flight, allowing colonization of new water bodies throughout the summer.
Gyrophaena affinis
Gyrophaena affinis is a species of rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae. It is native to Europe and has been recorded across much of the Northern Hemisphere including Asia and North America. The species belongs to a genus known for small body size and association with fungal fruiting bodies.
Hahnia glacialis
Hahnia glacialis is a species of dwarf sheet spider in the family Hahniidae, first described by Sørensen in 1898. It is among the smallest members of its family, with adult body lengths under 4 millimeters. The species has a Holarctic distribution, occurring in cold-adapted regions of northern North America and Eurasia. Like other hahniids, it possesses the distinctive comb-like arrangement of spinnerets that gives the family its common name.
Halictoxenos
Halictoxenos is a genus of strepsipteran insects (twisted-wing parasites) in the family Stylopidae. The genus comprises approximately 23 species distributed across Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Americas, with a primarily Holarctic distribution. All species are obligate endoparasites of bees in the family Halictidae, particularly the subfamily Halictinae. The genus was established by W. Dwight Pierce in 1909.
Halictus
Furrow Bees, Sweat Bees
Halictus is a large genus of sweat bees in the family Halictidae, containing over 200 species divided among 15 subgenera. The genus is primarily distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, with most species exhibiting black or dark brown coloration, often with apical whitish abdominal bands. Many species are eusocial, forming colonies ranging from small groups of 2-4 individuals to over 200 bees, though social organization varies with environmental conditions. Nests are excavated in soil, with females constructing ovoid brood cells provisioned with pollen and nectar.
Halictus rubicundus
Orange-legged Furrow Bee
Halictus rubicundus, the orange-legged furrow bee, is a ground-nesting sweat bee with one of the widest natural distributions of any bee species, occurring throughout temperate regions of the Holarctic. The species is notable for its socially polymorphic behavior: populations are eusocial in warmer, lower-elevation regions with longer growing seasons, producing multiple broods with worker offspring, while populations at higher latitudes or elevations are solitary, producing only a single brood. This environmental plasticity in social organization has made the species a key model for studying the evolution of social behavior. Females excavate burrows in soil, typically on south-facing slopes to maximize thermal conditions for larval development.
Haliplus fulvus
Haliplus fulvus is a species of crawling water beetle in the family Haliplidae, widely distributed across Europe and North America. Adults are small beetles measuring 3.8–4.2 mm in length. The species is associated with aquatic habitats and has a holarctic distribution pattern.
Hammerschmidtia
Hammerschmidtia is a Holarctic genus of hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) in the tribe Brachyopini. Larvae develop in sap under the bark of freshly fallen trees, particularly decaying aspen (Populus tremula). The genus includes five described species, with H. ferruginea being endangered in parts of its range due to habitat loss.
Haplodrassus signifer
Ensign Ground Hunter
Haplodrassus signifer is a species of ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae. It has a broad distribution spanning North America, Europe, North Africa, Turkey, Israel, the Caucasus, Russia, Central Asia, China, Korea, and Japan. The species is part of a large genus of active hunting spiders that do not build webs to capture prey.
Haplodrassus stuxbergi
Haplodrassus stuxbergi is a ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, described by L. Koch in 1879. The species has a transcontinental distribution spanning northern Eurasia and North America. Like other members of its genus, it is a ground-dwelling hunter. Published ecological and behavioral details remain limited.
Harmandiola
Harmandiola is a genus of gall midges (family Cecidomyiidae) comprising 14 described species distributed across the Holarctic region. These small flies are notable for inducing galls on woody host plants, specifically species of poplar (Populus), chestnut (Castanea), and hickory (Carya). The genus was established by Skuhravá in 1997. Species-level taxonomy has been revised multiple times, with several species transferred from related genera.
Harpalobrachys leiroides
Harpalobrachys leiroides is a ground beetle species and the sole member of its genus. It is classified within the subfamily Harpalinae, tribe Harpalini. The species has a Holarctic distribution spanning northern Eurasia and North America. It was first described by Motschulsky in 1844.
Harpalus fuscipalpis
Harpalus fuscipalpis is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae, described by Sturm in 1818. It belongs to the genus Harpalus, one of the largest genera of ground beetles. The species has a Holarctic distribution, with records from Alaska, Armenia, Austria, and Azerbaijan. As a member of the Carabidae family, it is likely a predatory beetle, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
Hartigiini
Hartigiini is a tribe of stem sawflies in the family Cephidae. Members are characterized by their elongated, cylindrical bodies and reduced wing venation relative to other sawflies. The tribe contains several genera distributed primarily in the Holarctic region. These insects are associated with woody plants, where larvae develop internally in stems.
Hedya
Hedya Moths
Hedya is a genus of tortricid moths in the subfamily Olethreutinae. The genus was established by Jacob Hübner in 1825. Species in this genus are found across the Holarctic region, with records from Europe and North America. The genus contains multiple species, though specific species-level information is limited in the provided sources.
Heleodromia
Heleodromia is a genus of small predatory flies in the family Brachystomatidae (subfamily Trichopezinae), with approximately 25 described species distributed across the Holarctic region. The genus was established by Alexander Henry Haliday in 1833 and has been subject to recent taxonomic revision in the Nearctic region. Species are characterized by distinctive male terminalia used for species identification.
Hellinsia
Hellinsia is a genus of plume moths in the family Pterophoridae, established by J.W. Tutt in 1905 and named in honor of entomologist John Hellins. The genus comprises numerous species distributed across the Holarctic region, with documented occurrences in North America, Europe, and Asia. Species identification relies heavily on genitalia morphology and wing pattern characteristics. Notable biological findings include the first documented case of ovoviviparity in an Arctic population of H. albilobata.
Helophilus groenlandicus
Black-margined Marsh Fly
Helophilus groenlandicus, commonly known as the Black-margined Marsh Fly, is a hoverfly in the family Syrphidae. Adults are flower visitors that obtain nectar and pollen. The species occurs across the northern Holarctic region. Larval biology is not directly documented for this species, though related Helophilus species develop in wet decaying organic material with rat-tailed maggot morphology.
Helophilus lapponicus
Yellow-margined Marsh Fly
Helophilus lapponicus is a Holarctic species of hoverfly found across northern North America, northern Europe, Greenland, and Siberia. Adults are medium-sized syrphid flies, 12.5–13.5 mm in length, commonly observed visiting flowers for nectar and pollen. The species is distinguished by yellow abdominal markings and specific wing venation. Larval biology remains undocumented, though congeneric species develop in wet decaying organic matter.
Helophoridae
water scavenger beetles, crawling water beetles
Helophoridae is a family of small aquatic beetles within the superfamily Hydrophiloidea, containing the single genus Helophorus. The family comprises approximately 191 species distributed primarily across the Holarctic region, with 150 species in the Palearctic and 41 in North America. A limited number of species occur in the Afrotropical region (six species), Central America, and the Indomalayan region (one species in northern India). Species inhabit diverse freshwater habitats including springs, ponds, temporary pools, and running waters, with many showing strong associations with specific hydrological regimes.
Helophorus sibiricus
Helophorus sibiricus is a water scavenger beetle notable for its exceptional longevity as a species. Fossil specimens from the Early Miocene (16-23 million years ago) of western Siberia have been reliably assigned to this extant species, making it one of the longest-documented living insect species. It inhabits standing waters across a broad Holarctic range.
Helophorus tuberculatus
Helophorus tuberculatus is a Holarctic species of water scavenger beetle in the family Helophoridae. It is distributed across northern Europe, Russia, northern Asia, and North America. The species inhabits aquatic environments and is part of a genus known for species-specific pronotal granulation that aids identification. Like other Helophorus species, it is presumed to have terrestrial predaceous larvae.
Hemaris
clearwing moths, hummingbird moths, bee hawk-moths
Hemaris is a genus of diurnal sphinx moths in the family Sphingidae, native to the Holarctic region. Adults are small, bumblebee mimics with transparent wing patches created by shed scales, and are often mistaken for hummingbirds in flight. The genus includes 23 accepted species, with five native to North America and three to Europe. Larvae are hornworms that feed primarily on plants in the honeysuckle and teasel families.
Hemerobius stigma
brown pine lacewing
Hemerobius stigma is a species of brown lacewing in the family Hemerobiidae. It is commonly known as the brown pine lacewing. The species has a Holarctic distribution, occurring in Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. It was introduced to New Zealand in 1935 as a biological control agent for adelgids on pine plantations but failed to establish.
Hemipenthes
Hemipenthes is a large genus of bee flies (family Bombyliidae) comprising numerous described species distributed across the Holarctic and Palearctic regions. Adults are small to large robust flies measuring 5–14 mm in body length. The genus is distinguished from similar bee fly genera by characteristic wing venation patterns. A significant taxonomic revision occurred in 2020, when several species were transferred to the new genus Ins.
Henotiderus centromaculatus
silken fungus beetle
Henotiderus centromaculatus is a species of silken fungus beetle in the family Cryptophagidae, first described by Reitter in 1877. The species has a broad Holarctic distribution, occurring across Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), North America, and Southern Asia. As a member of Cryptophagidae, it is associated with fungal habitats. The specific epithet 'centromaculatus' refers to a central spot or marking pattern on the body.
Hesperia
Branded Skippers
Hesperia is a Holarctic genus of skippers (Hesperiidae) commonly known as the branded skippers. Most species are endemic to North America, with Hesperia comma widespread across the Holarctic, H. florinda restricted to temperate eastern Asia, and H. nabokovi endemic to Hispaniola. The genus contains approximately 25 species characterized by distinctive wing markings and rapid, darting flight patterns typical of skippers.
Hesperia comma
silver-spotted skipper, common branded skipper, Holarctic grass skipper
Hesperia comma is a skipper butterfly in the family Hesperiidae with a Holarctic distribution spanning Europe, Asia, North Africa, and North America. The species exhibits strong habitat specificity for warm, open calcareous grasslands with sparse short vegetation. Males are highly territorial, and the species shows sexual dimorphism with males bearing a wide black sex brand on the forewing. In the United Kingdom, it was historically rare and restricted to chalk downlands of southern England but has experienced significant population recovery through targeted conservation efforts.
Hesperia comma manitoba
Hesperia comma manitoba is a subspecies of the common branded skipper, a butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. Originally described as Pamphila manitoba by Scudder in 1874, this taxon represents a North American population of the widespread Holarctic species Hesperia comma. The species complex shows notable geographic variation across its range.
Hiatomyia
Deltawings
Hiatomyia is a Holarctic genus of hoverflies (family Syrphidae) characterized by a distinctive plumose arista and shiny black coloration. The genus contains approximately 22 described species, with authorship dating to Shannon (1922). These flies are relatively poorly known compared to many other syrphid genera, with limited observational data available.
Hilaira
dwarf spiders
Hilaira is a genus of dwarf spiders in the family Linyphiidae, first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1884. The genus contains 25 species distributed across the Holarctic region, with particularly high diversity in northern Eurasia and North America. Species occur in a range of cold-temperate to subarctic habitats including boreal forests, tundra, and mountainous regions. Several species are restricted to high-latitude or high-elevation environments.
Hilaira herniosa
Hilaira herniosa is a species of sheet-web weaving spider in the family Linyphiidae, one of the largest families of spiders. First described by Tamerlan Thorell in 1875 under the name Erigone herniosa, this small-bodied spider has a documented distribution spanning the Holarctic region, including northern Europe, Asia, and North America. The species inhabits moist, cool environments typical of many linyphiid spiders. Specific details regarding its biology and ecology remain limited in published literature.
Hippodamia arctica
Arctic lady beetle
Hippodamia arctica is a small lady beetle species in the family Coccinellidae with a Holarctic distribution spanning Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. Adults measure approximately 4–4.5 mm and display a distinctive black body with yellowish-red markings. The species inhabits northern boreal and arctic-alpine regions, with records from British Columbia, Labrador, Yukon, Alaska, and across northern Eurasia.
Histerini
clown beetles
Histerini is a tribe of clown beetles (Histeridae) comprising at least 540 described species. Members are primarily associated with decomposing organic matter, particularly dung, where they function as predators. The tribe includes genera such as Hister, Margarinotus, and Atholus. Several species have experienced population declines in parts of their range due to agricultural intensification.
Holoboreaphilus nordenskioldi
Holoboreaphilus nordenskioldi is a species of rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Omaliinae. It has a Holarctic distribution spanning northern regions of North America and Eurasia. The species was described by Mäklin in 1878 and is placed in the tribe Coryphiini. Like other members of this genus, it is associated with northern boreal and arctic-alpine habitats.
Homorosoma
minute seed weevils
Homorosoma is a genus of minute seed weevils in the family Curculionidae, established by Frivaldszky in 1894. The genus contains approximately nine described species distributed across Europe and North America. Members are small beetles associated with seed feeding habits typical of the Ceutorhynchinae subfamily.
Hybauchenidium gibbosum
Hybauchenidium gibbosum is a dwarf spider in the family Linyphiidae, originally described from Greenland by Sørensen in 1898. It has a broad Holarctic distribution spanning northern Eurasia and North America. As with most linyphiids, it is small-bodied and ground-dwelling, though detailed natural history remains poorly documented.
Hybomitra
horse flies
Hybomitra is a genus of horse flies in the family Tabanidae, containing at least 240 described species. The genus includes Hybomitra hinei, which holds the record for the fastest flying insect, with males documented reaching 89 miles per hour while pursuing air rifle pellets. Species in this genus are found across the Holarctic region, with records from Scandinavia, North America, and other temperate regions. As with other horse flies, females are blood-feeders while males feed on nectar.
Hydaticus aruspex
Hydaticus aruspex is a predaceous diving beetle in the family Dytiscidae. It occurs across the Holarctic region, including North America and Eurasia. As a member of Hydaticus, it is adapted to aquatic life and functions as an active predator in freshwater systems.
Hydatophylax
northern caddisfly
Hydatophylax is a genus of northern caddisflies (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) comprising approximately 14 described species. Members are found in cool temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, including Scandinavia, Japan, and North America. The genus exhibits univoltine life cycles with larval development in freshwater streams.
Hydriomenini
Hydriomenini is a tribe of geometer moths in the subfamily Larentiinae, established by Edward Meyrick in 1872. The tribe comprises approximately 15 recognized genera distributed primarily across the Holarctic region. Members are small to medium-sized moths with characteristic wing patterns and resting postures typical of the broader Larentiinae group. The genus Hydriomena, the type genus, is particularly well-represented in North America and Europe.
Hydroporus lapponum
Hydroporus lapponum is a predaceous diving beetle in the family Dytiscidae. The species has a broad Holarctic distribution, occurring across North America and the Palearctic region. It belongs to the genus Hydroporus, a large and diverse group of small diving beetles. The species was first described by Gyllenhal in 1808.
Hydroporus striola
Hydroporus striola is a small predaceous diving beetle in the family Dytiscidae. It has been recorded across the Holarctic region, including North America and the Palearctic. As a member of the genus Hydroporus, it is associated with aquatic habitats.
Hyles gallii
Bedstraw Hawkmoth, Galium Sphinx
Hyles gallii is a sphinx moth (Sphingidae) commonly known as the Bedstraw Hawkmoth or Galium Sphinx. It is a medium-sized hawkmoth with a wingspan typically ranging 50-70 mm. The species is widely distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, including North America and Eurasia. Adults are known for their rapid, hovering flight and are primarily crepuscular or nocturnal, though they may be active during daylight hours. The larvae feed primarily on plants in the genus Galium (bedstraws), giving the species its common name.
Hypera diversipunctata
Hypera diversipunctata is a true weevil in the family Curculionidae, first described by Schrank in 1798. The species has a Holarctic distribution, occurring in both North America and Europe. Two subspecies have been recognized: H. d. educta and H. d. seigneurici. The genus Hypera includes several agriculturally significant species, though specific ecological details for H. diversipunctata remain poorly documented.
Hyppa
Hyppa is a genus of noctuid moths distributed across the Holarctic region. The genus contains at least six described species, including the widespread Hyppa xylinoides and the type species Hyppa rectilinea. Species within this genus are generally medium-sized moths with relatively nondescript forewing patterns. Larval stages are associated with herbaceous vegetation, though specific host relationships remain incompletely documented for most species.
Ichneumonini
Ichneumonini is a large and diverse tribe of ichneumon wasps within the family Ichneumonidae, containing more than 350 genera and thousands of described species. Members are parasitoid wasps, with genera such as *Anisobas* documented across the Holarctic and Indo-Malaysian regions. The tribe is particularly well-represented in the Nearctic region, with multiple species known from western North America.
Idaea dimidiata
Single-dotted Wave
Idaea dimidiata is a small Geometrid moth with a Holarctic distribution. Adults are active from June to August and are attracted to light. The species has shown significant phenological shifts in response to climate change over recent decades.
Idiocerus
Idiocerus is a large genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Lewis in 1834. The genus is taxonomically challenging, with many species exhibiting similar morphology that complicates identification. Species are predominantly associated with woody host plants, particularly poplars (Populus) and willows (Salix), though some species have been documented as pests of mango (Mangifera indica) in India. The genus has a broad distribution across the Holarctic region, with numerous species in both Europe and North America.
Illiesiella
Illiesiella is a genus of stoneflies in the family Leuctridae, commonly known as needleflies or rolled-winged stoneflies. These small, slender insects inhabit cool, clean freshwater environments. The genus was established to accommodate species previously placed in other leuctrid genera based on distinctive morphological characteristics. Members are found in the Holarctic region, with species distributed across Europe and parts of Asia.
Ilopina
Ilopina is a genus of small ground beetles in the family Carabidae. These beetles are part of the diverse Bembidiinae subfamily, which contains many species adapted to riparian and moist habitats. The genus is characterized by its compact body form and association with wet environments.
Ilythea spilota
shore fly
Ilythea spilota is a Holarctic shore fly in the family Ephydridae. Adults are found along shorelines of small streams. Larvae feed on pinnate diatoms and construct protective cases from sand grains and detritus.
Ipimorpha
The Olive
Ipimorpha is a genus of moths in the family Noctuidae, established by Hübner in 1821. The genus contains approximately eight described species distributed across the Holarctic region, with records from Europe, Asia, and North America. Members of this genus are small to medium-sized noctuid moths, with several species bearing common names related to their characteristic coloration.
Irbisia sericans
black grass bug
Irbisia sericans is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae. It is widely distributed across Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. The species is commonly known as a 'black grass bug' and belongs to a genus associated with grass-feeding habits. Like other mirids, it possesses piercing-sucking mouthparts typical of true bugs.
Ischnosoma splendidum
Splendid Crab-like Rove Beetle
Ischnosoma splendidum is a rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, originally described by Gravenhorst in 1806 and later transferred from the genus Mycetoporus to Ischnosoma. It has a broad Holarctic distribution spanning Europe, Asia, and North America. The species belongs to a genus of crab-like rove beetles characterized by their distinctive body form and habitat associations with moist, decaying organic matter.
Isonychiidae
Brush-legged Mayflies
Isonychiidae is a monogeneric family of mayflies containing the single extant genus Isonychia Eaton, 1871, with approximately 37 species distributed across the Holarctic and Oriental regions. The family is characterized by distinctive brush-like or hairy legs in the adult stage, giving rise to the common name "brush-legged mayflies." Species inhabit flowing water habitats, with nymphs occurring on rocky substrates in streams and creeks. The family is among the earliest reported groups of Chinese Ephemeroptera and is relatively abundant at suitable sampling sites.
Isotoma viridis
Green springtail
Isotoma viridis is an elongate-bodied springtail species in the family Isotomidae, first described by Bourlet in 1839. It has a Holarctic distribution and is commonly found in meadows and agricultural fields. The species feeds on fungal hyphae and decaying leaves, playing a role in soil decomposition processes.
Isotomiella
Isotomiella is a genus of springtails (Collembola: Isotomidae) established by Bagnall in 1939. The genus contains edaphic (soil-dwelling) species with broad Holarctic distribution. The most studied species, Isotomiella minor, exhibits parthenogenetic reproduction and shows significant intraspecific genetic and physiological variation across urban and natural habitats.
Isotomiella minor
Isotomiella minor is an elongate-bodied springtail (Collembola: Isotomidae) with broad Holarctic distribution beyond the high Arctic. The species is parthenogenetic (thelytokous), with no males known. It exhibits remarkable cryptic genetic diversity, with up to nine molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) recognized that show genetic distances comparable to interspecific levels. Populations display adaptive variation in cold tolerance and body size correlated with habitat temperature.
Ixodes affinis
Ixodes affinis is a hard-bodied tick species distributed across the southeastern United States, Mexico, Central America, and South America. Unlike its congener Ixodes scapularis, this species does not bite humans but serves as a competent vector for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, the causative agent of Lyme disease. Immature stages feed on birds and small mammals, while adults parasitize larger mammals including deer and dogs. Its expanding range into southeastern Virginia and association with migratory birds has raised concerns about its role in pathogen dispersal.
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Judolia is a genus of longhorned beetles in the family Cerambycidae, subfamily Lepturinae. The genus was established by Mulsant in 1863 and contains approximately 14 recognized species distributed across the Holarctic region, with representatives in North America, Europe, and Asia. Species within this genus are typically associated with coniferous and deciduous forest habitats.
Judolia quadrata
Judolia quadrata is a species of longhorned beetle in the family Cerambycidae, subfamily Lepturinae. First described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1873, it belongs to a genus of Holarctic flower longhorns. The species is distributed across northern North America including Canada and the northern United States.
Kaestneria
dwarf spiders
Kaestneria is a genus of dwarf spiders in the family Linyphiidae, first described by H. Wiehle in 1956. The genus contains eight species distributed across the Holarctic region and parts of Southeast Asia. Members are small-bodied spiders characteristic of the sheet-web building linyphiids.
Kleidocerys resedae
birch catkin bug
Kleidocerys resedae, commonly known as the birch catkin bug, is a small seed bug in the family Lygaeidae. It has a Holarctic distribution spanning Europe, Northern Asia, and North America. The species is associated with birch and ericaceous shrubs, where it feeds on developing seeds and reproductive structures. Populations in Maine, USA, exhibit a bivoltine life cycle with adults overwintering in leaf litter.
Labops burmeisteri
Labops burmeisteri is a plant bug species in the family Miridae, first described by Stål in 1858. It has a Holarctic distribution spanning Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. The species has been recorded from specific locations including Siberia, the Russian Far East (Kamchatka, Tuva, Irkutsk), and Wisconsin in the United States.
Laccophilus biguttatus
Laccophilus biguttatus is a small predaceous diving beetle in the family Dytiscidae, first described by William Kirby in 1837. The species has a notably wide distribution spanning both the Nearctic and Palearctic regions, making it one of the more geographically extensive members of its genus. Like other Laccophilus species, it inhabits freshwater aquatic environments where it functions as an active predator.
Lampronia
currant moths, shoot borers
Lampronia is a genus of small moths in the family Prodoxidae with a Holarctic distribution. The genus contains approximately 25 described species, with additional undescribed species in North America, Japan, and Iran. Several species are economically significant pests of cultivated currants (Ribes spp.), particularly in northern Europe. Most species are diurnal in habit.
Lampropteryx suffumata
Water Carpet, Water Carpet Moth
A small to medium-sized geometrid moth with a wingspan of 25–32 mm, characterized by brownish forewings with distinctive whitish lateral bands and a serrated dark midfield. The species has a remarkably broad distribution spanning the entire Holarctic, from Ireland across Eurasia to Alaska and western Canada. Adults are active in spring, with larvae feeding exclusively on Galium species. The species overwinters as a pupa in a silken cocoon spun among the host plant.
Lampyrini
glowing fireflies, continuous-light fireflies
Lampyrini is a tribe of fireflies (subfamily Lampyrinae) containing the typical 'glowing' or 'continuous-light' fireflies of the Holarctic region. The tribe includes the type genus Lampyris and formerly recognized Pleotomini, which molecular evidence indicates is a specialized offshoot nested within Lampyrini. Some derived genera, including Paraphausis and Pyrocoelia, have secondarily lost bioluminescent organs and communicate using pheromones instead. The tribe occurs across the Holarctic and includes Andean-endemic lineages such as Pseudolychnuris and Alychnus.
Lasioglossum leucozonium
White-banded Sweat Bee
Lasioglossum leucozonium is a solitary, ground-nesting sweat bee in the family Halictidae. Native to the Palearctic, it has been introduced to North America where genetic evidence indicates establishment from a single founder female. The species is now widespread across multiple continents including Europe, Asia, northern Africa, and North America. It produces one generation per year and is a generalist pollinator frequently associated with yellow-flowered Asteraceae.
Lasionycta leucocycla
Lasionycta leucocycla is a noctuid moth with a broad Holarctic distribution spanning Scandinavia, Siberia, and northern North America. Adults are active from June to July and have been observed feeding on nectar from specific flowering plants. The species exhibits notable subspecific variation across its range, with multiple described subspecies, some of which may represent distinct species.
Lasionycta secedens
Lasionycta secedens is a Holarctic moth species in the family Noctuidae. It was first described by Walker in 1858 under the name Plusia secedens. The species occurs across northern North America and northern Eurasia, with two recognized subspecies: the nominate form in eastern Canada and northern British Columbia, and subspecies bohemani in northern Eurasia, Alaska, and Yukon. A taxonomic revision published in ZooKeys in 2009 treated this species among 43 Lasionycta species in North America.
Latridius
Latridius is a genus of minute brown scavenger beetles in the family Latridiidae, established by Herbst in 1793. The genus contains at least 16 described species distributed across the Holarctic region, with records from Europe, North America, and Asia. Species within this genus are small, cryptic beetles associated with decaying plant matter and fungal growth. The genus is part of the superfamily Coccinelloidea, though its members bear little resemblance to the more familiar lady beetles.
Lebertioidea
Lebertioidea is a superfamily of water mites (Hydrachnidia) within the order Trombidiformes. Members are aquatic arachnids found primarily in freshwater habitats across the Holarctic region. The superfamily comprises approximately 13 genera distributed among several families including Sperchontidae, Anisitsiellidae, Oxidae, and Torrenticolidae. Larval stages are parasitic on various aquatic insects, while post-larval instars are free-living predators.
Leiodes
round fungus beetles
Leiodes is a genus of small, rounded beetles in the family Leiodidae, comprising at least 110 described species with a primarily Holarctic distribution. Most species are subterranean mycophages, with several species acting as economically significant pests of truffle orchards. The genus exhibits specialized morphological and behavioral adaptations for life in ephemeral and solid fungi, including unique larval structures such as pseudomycangia.
Leiodes puncticollis
Leiodes puncticollis is a small round fungus beetle in the family Leiodidae. The species was originally described by Thomson in 1862 under the basionym Anisotoma puncticollis. It has a broad Holarctic distribution spanning Europe, northern Asia, and North America. As a member of the Leiodidae, it is associated with fungal habitats, though specific ecological details remain limited in published literature.
Lemophagus curtus
Lemophagus curtus is a species of ichneumon wasp described by Townes in 1965. It belongs to the family Ichneumonidae, one of the largest families of parasitoid wasps. The species is recorded from Norway, Sweden, and the conterminous United States. Like other members of its genus, it is presumed to be a parasitoid, though specific host associations remain undocumented.
Lepidophorus lineaticollis
Lepidophorus lineaticollis is a species of broad-nosed weevil in the family Curculionidae. It is distributed across high-latitude regions of North America and Eurasia, including Alaska, British Columbia, and the Chukotka region of Russia. The species was described by William Kirby in 1837. It belongs to the subfamily Entiminae, a diverse group of root-feeding weevils.
Leptodoridae
Leptodoridae is a monotypic family of large predatory water fleas containing the single genus Leptodora. Members are among the largest cladocerans, reaching up to 18 mm in length. They are transparent, pelagic predators found in temperate lakes. The family is distinguished by its unique body plan and reduced carapace, representing a distinct lineage within the order Diplostraca.
Leptopeza
Leptopeza is a genus of small predatory flies in the family Hybotidae, subfamily Ocydromiinae. The genus was established by Macquart in 1828 and contains approximately 13 described species distributed across multiple continents. Hybotid flies, including Leptopeza, are generally characterized by their habit of running on vegetation rather than flying when hunting prey. The genus shows a Holarctic and Oriental distribution pattern based on described species.
Leptothorax
Thin Ants
Small ants in the subfamily Myrmicinae with primarily Holarctic distributions. The genus is distinguished by widespread social parasitism, with many species dependent on host workers during part or all of their life cycles. Some species exhibit complex social behaviors including dominance hierarchies and queen usurpation.
Leptothorax acervorum
acorn ant
Leptothorax acervorum is a small myrmicine ant first described by Fabricius in 1793. It exhibits a Holarctic distribution spanning Europe, northern Asia, and North America. The species is notable for its facultatively polygynous social structure, where colonies may contain one or multiple queens. Workers display a distinctive two-toned coloration with darker head and metasoma contrasting with a lighter mesosoma. Body size increases with latitude following Bergmann's rule, with boreal populations producing workers approximately 10% larger than those from central Europe.
Leptura
flower longhorn beetles, leptura longhorn beetles
Leptura is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) in the subfamily Lepturinae. Species in this genus are predominantly found in the Holarctic region and are recognized as important pollination beetles in Eurasia and North America. Members typically have filiform antennae and visit flowers for feeding. The genus has been subject to taxonomic revision, with some species historically placed in Leptura now assigned to related genera such as Stictoleptura and others.
Lepyrus palustris
Marsh Weevil
Lepyrus palustris is a true weevil in the family Curculionidae, characterized by the distinctive elongated snout typical of weevils. The species has a transcontinental distribution spanning the Holarctic region, with records from both North America and Europe. As a member of the large and diverse genus Lepyrus, it inhabits marshy environments as suggested by its specific epithet 'palustris'.
Lestes dryas
emerald spreadwing, scarce emerald damselfly, robust spreadwing, turlough spreadwing
Lestes dryas is a Holarctic damselfly species in the family Lestidae, commonly known as the emerald spreadwing or scarce emerald damselfly. It is notable for being the only Lestes species that occurs in both Europe and North America. The species can tolerate extreme environmental conditions, including slightly brackish water, that few other odonates survive. It has experienced significant population declines in parts of its range, particularly in Britain and Ireland, where it was believed extinct before its rediscovery in 1983. Conservation efforts focus on maintaining ditch systems and shallow water habitats that support its aquatic life stages.
Leuctridae
rolled-winged stoneflies, needleflies
Leuctridae is a family of stoneflies (Plecoptera) containing at least 390 species. Adults are small, typically 5–13 mm in length, with slender cylindrical wings that wrap around the body at rest, giving the family its common name. The family has a primarily Holarctic distribution with significant diversity in China, Europe, and North America. Larvae develop in freshwater habitats, with some species exhibiting unusual life cycles involving brackish water or coastal areas.
Libellula quadrimaculata
Four-spotted Skimmer, Four-spotted Chaser
Libellula quadrimaculata, known as the four-spotted skimmer in North America and four-spotted chaser in Europe, is a holarctic dragonfly species found across Europe, Asia, and North America. This species exhibits notable behavioral plasticity in males, who adopt either territorial or satellite mating strategies depending on competitive conditions. It is also recognized for its gregarious migratory behavior, with historical records of immense swarms in Europe and documented migration flights in North America.
Limnephilus
caddisfly
Limnephilus is the most diverse genus in the family Limnephilidae, containing over 180 described species with broad ecological tolerances and a primarily Holarctic distribution. Species inhabit diverse freshwater habitats including lakes, ponds, slow-moving streams, and high-altitude streams, with some extending to salt marshes and desert environments. Several species are of conservation concern in North America. The genus has been extensively studied as a bioindicator for aquatic pollution and as a model for understanding predator-prey interactions and case-building behavior.
Limnophyes
Limnophyes is a genus of non-biting midges (Chironomidae) in the subfamily Orthocladiinae. Species occupy diverse aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats including springs, wetlands, and leaf mines. The genus has a Holarctic distribution with some species showing global ranges, and contains approximately 40 described species. Several species exhibit specialized ecological associations, including crenophily (spring-dwelling) and commensal leaf-mining behavior.
Limnoporus
pondskaters
Limnoporus is a Holarctic genus of water striders (family Gerridae) comprising six extant species and one extinct species known from fossils. Species occur across northern North America and Eurasia, with notable hybridization between sympatric species in western Canada. The genus exhibits variation in body size, wing polymorphism, and habitat preferences that have been studied in phylogenetic and evolutionary contexts.
Limnoporus dissortis
Kayak Pond Skater
Limnoporus dissortis is a water strider species in the family Gerridae, distributed across western North America. It belongs to the L. dissortis species group, characterized by smaller body size relative to congeners. The species hybridizes extensively with L. notabilis in zones of sympatry across western Canada, producing complex spatial and temporal patterns of introgressive hybridization. Its eggs serve as hosts for the parasitoid wasp Tiphodytes gerriphagus.
Limonia liberta
Limonia liberta is a species of limoniid crane fly originally described by Osten Sacken in 1859. The species is currently classified as a synonym of Dicranomyia liberta. It belongs to the family Limoniidae, a large group of crane flies distinguished from the more familiar Tipulidae by their reduced wing venation and other morphological features. The species has been recorded across a broad transcontinental range spanning North America and Eurasia.
Limonia nubeculosa
short-palped cranefly, Sixspot Cranefly
Limonia nubeculosa is a small crane fly species in the family Limoniidae, commonly known as the short-palped cranefly or Sixspot Cranefly. Adults measure 9–11 mm in body length and are recognized by their distinctive wing patterning and banded legs. The species is widespread across the Palearctic and Nearctic regions, with documented populations from Europe through Asia to North America. It is primarily associated with forest habitats and exhibits an extended flight period from spring through late autumn.
Limothrips denticornis
barley thrips
Limothrips denticornis is a grass-dwelling thrips species with a Holarctic distribution. It is primarily associated with cereal crops, particularly spring barley, where females deposit eggs within leaf sheaths during inflorescence emergence. The species has been documented as an incidental nest parasite of birds and mammals, entering nests passively on grass nest materials. It has been recorded in museum environments as a secondary pest associated with damaged artworks.
Linotaeniidae
Linotaeniidae is a family of soil centipedes in the order Geophilomorpha. Species in this family are characterized by a body that tapers toward the anterior tip, mandibles with a single pectinate lamella, and a short forcipular segment with a remarkably wide tergite. The number of leg pairs varies widely within and among species, ranging from 31 to 83 pairs. The family includes the genera Agathothus, Chileana, Diplochora, and Strigamia.
Liocranidae
sac spiders
Liocranidae is a family of araneomorph spiders first described by Eugène Simon in 1897. They are commonly referred to as 'sac spiders' due to their habit of constructing silk retreats. The family contains 35 genera and approximately 357 species as of January 2026. The holarctic genus Agroeca is the best-known member, while many other genera remain poorly studied and lack formal diagnoses. Recent taxonomic work has significantly expanded the family, including the description of numerous new species from China, Vietnam, and other regions.
Liogma
Liogma is a genus of crane flies in the family Cylindrotomidae, established by Osten Sacken in 1869. The genus contains seven recognized species distributed across the Holarctic and East Asia. Larvae are specialized feeders on mosses, while adults inhabit damp wooded environments.
Liriomyza galiivora
Liriomyza galiivora is a species of leafminer fly in the family Agromyzidae, described by Spencer in 1969. As a member of the genus Liriomyza, it shares the characteristic larval behavior of mining within leaf tissue between the upper and lower epidermis. The specific epithet "galiivora" suggests an association with Galium (bedstraw) as a host plant, though detailed biological studies remain limited. The species has been recorded in Sweden and Vermont, USA, indicating a Holarctic distribution pattern.
Lispe tentaculata
A muscid fly with Holarctic distribution, widespread across the Palearctic from the Iberian Peninsula to Kamchatka. Males exhibit distinctive modified fore tarsi with brush-like setulae and a finger-like yellow process on tarsomere 1. The species inhabits riparian environments including river banks, pond margins, and forest streams. Taxonomic identification relies on male genitalic structures and specific leg chaetotaxy patterns.
Lithocharis
Lithocharis is a genus of rove beetles in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Paederinae, tribe Lathrobiini. The genus was established by Dejean in 1833. Members of this genus are small to medium-sized predatory beetles characterized by the typical rove beetle body plan: short elytra exposing most of the flexible abdomen. The genus is primarily distributed in the Holarctic region, with documented occurrences in northern Europe including Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Lithostege
Lithostege is a species-rich genus of geometrid moths in the subfamily Larentiinae, containing approximately 53 described species worldwide. The genus was erected by Jacob Hübner in 1825 and exhibits a predominantly Palaearctic distribution, with species recorded across Europe, Asia, and North America. African occurrences are limited to northern Palaearctic regions. The genus is taxonomically well-studied, with recent revisions adding new species from Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and China.
Litus camptopterus
Litus camptopterus is a species of fairyfly wasp in the family Mymaridae, described by Novicky in 1953. It belongs to a genus characterized by reduced wing venation and small body size typical of this chalcidoid family. The species has been recorded from multiple regions including western North America and the Russian Far East. Like other mymarids, it is presumed to be an egg parasitoid, though specific host associations for this species remain poorly documented.
Loensia
barklice
Loensia is a genus of barklice in the family Psocidae, established by Enderlein in 1924. The genus contains more than 30 described species distributed across temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Members are small, soft-bodied insects commonly found on tree bark and in leaf litter.
Lonchoptera bifurcata
Small Grass Fly, spear-winged fly, pointed-winged fly
Lonchoptera bifurcata is a small dipteran in the family Lonchopteridae, commonly known as the Small Grass Fly or spear-winged fly. It has a Holarctic distribution across Europe, Asia, and North America. The species exhibits parthenogenesis in most of its range, with males rarely observed. Adults inhabit damp environments while larvae develop in decaying organic matter.
Loricera
Loricera is a genus of ground beetles (Carabidae) comprising approximately 17 described species. It is the sole genus of the subfamily Loricerinae. Members of this genus are distinguished by a remarkable morphological specialization: modified antennal setae that form a prey-capture apparatus for hunting Collembola (springtails). The genus has a Holarctic distribution, occurring in both the Palearctic and Nearctic regions.
Loricerinae
Loricerinae is a subfamily of ground beetles in Carabidae, established by Bonelli in 1810. It is monogeneric, containing only the genus Loricera. These beetles are recognized for their distinctive flattened, shield-like body form and association with moist habitats. The subfamily is relatively small in species diversity but has a broad geographic distribution.
Loxostege ephippialis
Loxostege ephippialis is a small moth in the family Crambidae, first described by Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt in 1839. It exhibits a Holarctic distribution, occurring across northern Europe and North America. The species is known to be a significant host for the mason wasp Euodynerus annulatus, which provisions its nests with paralyzed caterpillars of this moth. Adults are active during early summer in both European and North American populations.
Lucilia silvarum
common toad fly, Marsh Greenbottle Fly
Lucilia silvarum is a blow fly in the family Calliphoridae, first described by Johann Wilhelm Meigen in 1826. Adults are 4.5–10 mm with metallic green coloration and plumose aristae, making them difficult to distinguish from related green bottle flies. The species has a Holarctic distribution across North America and Europe. Recent research has clarified its ecological role: it is primarily saprophagous on carrion and was identified as a primary colonizer of domestic cats in experimental studies, contradicting earlier assumptions that it was strictly associated with amphibian myiasis.
Lycaena phlaeas
small copper, American copper, common copper
Lycaena phlaeas is a holarctic butterfly in the family Lycaenidae, commonly known as the small copper or American copper. It is widespread across Europe, Asia, North America, and North Africa. The species is notable for its bright orange forewings with dark borders and black spots. It has been identified as a generalist species that shows resilience to habitat degradation, with populations in Germany demonstrating a positive trend in the Grassland Butterfly Index despite overall declines in grassland butterfly populations.
Lycoperdina
handsome fungus beetles
Lycoperdina is a genus of handsome fungus beetles (family Endomychidae) containing approximately 13–16 described species. Members of this genus are associated with fungal substrates, particularly puffballs (Lycoperdon and related genera), from which the genus derives its name. The genus is distributed across the Holarctic region, with records from Europe and North America. As part of the subfamily Lycoperdininae, these beetles represent a specialized lineage within the broader Endomychidae, a family characterized by mycophagous habits.
Lydina
Lydina is a genus of tachinid flies established by Robineau-Desvoidy in 1830. The genus contains six recognized species distributed across the Holarctic region, including Europe, North America, and East Asia. Members of this genus are parasitoid flies, a characteristic trait of the family Tachinidae.
Lygocoris pabulinus
Common Green Capsid
Lygocoris pabulinus is a Holarctic plant bug in the family Miridae, widely distributed across Europe, Asia, and North America. It is a polyphagous herbivore that feeds on numerous herbaceous and woody plants, with documented associations including potato, nettle, apple, and various fruit crops. The species exhibits complex sexual communication involving female-produced pheromones and male vibrational signals. It is recognized as an agricultural pest in orchards and vegetable crops, causing characteristic damage to leaves, buds, and fruits through its piercing-sucking mouthparts.
Lyonetiidae
Lyonetiidae is a family of small moths comprising approximately 200 described species. Adults are characterized by their diminutive size, with wingspans rarely exceeding 1 cm, and distinctive narrow forewings with pointed, often up- or down-turned apices. The family is notable for its larval biology: all known larvae are leaf miners, feeding internally within leaf tissue. The family has been subject to taxonomic revision, with Bucculatricidae and Bedelliidae sometimes treated as subfamilies rather than distinct families.
Macaria loricaria
False Bruce spanworm, Eversmann's peacock
Macaria loricaria is a geometrid moth with pronounced sexual dimorphism: males are fully winged with a wingspan of 25–29 mm, while females are wingless. The species has a broad transcontinental distribution spanning northern Eurasia from Fennoscandia to Sakhalin, and North America from Alaska to Newfoundland and south to Colorado. Adults are active in mid-summer, with timing varying by region. The larvae feed on willow, birch, and aspen species.
Macaria notata
peacock moth
Macaria notata, the peacock moth, is a Holarctic geometrid moth with a distinctive wing pattern featuring a black spot resembling a paw print on the forewing. The species is distributed across northern Eurasia and North America, where it inhabits deciduous forests and meadows. Adults are active primarily from May to June, with two generations in central Europe. The caterpillars feed on leaves of deciduous trees including birch, oak, alder, poplar, and blackthorn.
Macrodiplosis
Macrodiplosis is a genus of gall midges (Cecidomyiidae) comprising approximately 19 described species. Species in this genus induce galls primarily on oak (Quercus) leaves. The genus has a Holarctic distribution with records from Europe, Asia, and North America.
Macropelopiini
Macropelopiini is a tribe of non-biting midges within the subfamily Tanypodinae of family Chironomidae. Members are characterized by distinctive morphological features that distinguish them from related tribes, including specific arrangements of tergal setation in adults and thoracic horn aeropyles in pupae. The tribe includes genera such as Macropelopia, Apsectrotanypus, Psectrotanypus, and the more recently described Bilyjomyia and Chaudhuriomyia. Macropelopiini species have been documented across multiple continents including North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa.
Macroxyela
Macroxyela is a genus of sawflies in the family Xyelidae, the oldest living family of Hymenoptera. These primitive sawflies are characterized by their relatively large size compared to other xyelids and distinctive antennae with elongated third segments. The genus comprises several species distributed primarily in the Holarctic region. Macroxyela species are associated with coniferous trees, particularly pines, where larvae feed on pollen and developing cones.
Macroxyelinae
macroxyelid sawflies
Macroxyelinae is a small subfamily of sawflies within the family Xyelidae, one of the most basal lineages of Hymenoptera. The group contains two extant genera, Macroxyela and Megaxyela, with approximately six described species. These insects are characterized by their relatively large body size compared to other xyelid sawflies and their association with specific host plants, primarily hickories and walnuts (Juglandaceae). Macroxyelinae represents an ancient relict lineage with a primarily Holarctic distribution.
Malandryinae
Malandryinae is a subfamily of false darkling beetles within the family Malandryidae. Members are primarily associated with decaying wood and forest habitats. The subfamily contains numerous genera distributed across the Holarctic region, with greatest diversity in temperate forests. Adults and larvae are generally saproxylic, contributing to wood decomposition processes.
Mallota
Mimic Flies
Mallota is a Holarctic genus of hoverflies (family Syrphidae) containing approximately 30 described species. Adults are well known for their robust, bee-like appearance, functioning as mimics of bumble bees (Bombus species). The genus has been documented from North America, Europe, and Asia. Larvae develop in water-filled tree holes and other decaying wood cavities.
Manica
Manica is a genus of ants in the subfamily Myrmicinae, family Formicidae. The genus contains six described species. These ants are distributed across the Holarctic region, with species found in North America and Eurasia. Manica ants are known to inhabit cool, montane environments and are among the few ant genera capable of surviving at high latitudes and elevations where conditions are challenging for most ant species.
Mecynargus borealis
Mecynargus borealis is a sheet-web weaving spider in the family Linyphiidae, first described by Jackson in 1930. The species has a Holarctic distribution, occurring in northern Europe, Russia, and North America including Canada and Svalbard. As a linyphiid spider, it constructs flat sheet webs with a retreat for capturing small flying and crawling prey.
Megapenthes
Megapenthes is a genus of click beetles (family Elateridae) established by Kiesenwetter in 1858. The genus comprises at least 30 described species distributed across the Holarctic region. These beetles are characterized by the ability to produce an audible clicking sound through a prosternal process that snaps against a mesosternal groove, a defensive mechanism that can right the beetle when overturned.
Megarcys
springflies
Megarcys is a genus of springflies in the family Perlodidae, comprising approximately 11 described species. The genus was established by Klapálek in 1912. Species occur primarily in cold-water habitats across northern regions of North America and Asia. Megarcys belongs to the tribe Arcynopterygini within the subfamily Perlodinae.
Melanchra
Melanchra is a genus of moths in the family Noctuidae, subfamily Noctuinae. The genus includes approximately nine described species distributed across the Holarctic region, with the best-known species being Melanchra persicariae (Dot Moth) and Melanchra picta (Zebra Caterpillar Moth). Adults are typically nocturnal and attracted to light. Larvae of at least some species are polyphagous herbivores.
Melangyna arctica
Alder Halfband
Melangyna arctica is a Holarctic hoverfly species distributed across northern Europe, Asia, and North America. The species is strongly associated with coniferous and deciduous woodlands, where adults visit flowers of trees and herbs during spring. Larvae develop as predators on aphids in arboreal habitats.
Melangyna lasiophthalma
Hairy-eyed Halfband
Melangyna lasiophthalma is a Holarctic hoverfly species with a broad distribution across northern temperate regions. Adults are active in spring, visiting diverse flowering plants in wooded and semi-open habitats. The species is associated with deciduous and coniferous forests, riparian woodlands, and anthropogenic environments including gardens and orchards.
Melangyna umbellatarum
Bare-winged Halfband
Melangyna umbellatarum is a Holarctic hoverfly species with a transcontinental distribution spanning Eurasia and North America. Adults are medium-sized with distinctive orange leg markings and pale thoracic hairs that distinguish them from similar congeners. The species is strongly associated with willow-dominated riparian habitats and has a documented flight period from May through September.
Melanomyza intermedia
Melanomyza intermedia is a species of lauxaniid fly described by Malloch in 1923. Members of the family Lauxaniidae are small to medium-sized flies, often with patterned wings and yellowish or brownish coloration. The genus Melanomyza occurs primarily in the Holarctic region. Specific ecological details for M. intermedia remain poorly documented in published literature.
Melanophila acuminata
black fire beetle, fire bug
Melanophila acuminata is a metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, renowned for its exceptional ability to detect and locate forest fires from considerable distances. Adults possess specialized infrared radiation sensors on the thorax that detect heat, enabling them to swarm to freshly burned conifer trees for reproduction. The species has a broad Holarctic distribution and exhibits strong flight capabilities, with adults documented flying more than 50 miles to reach fire sites. Larvae develop in the phloem of fire-damaged conifers, taking several years to mature before emerging through D-shaped exit holes.
Meligramma guttata
Spotted Roundtail
Meligramma guttata is a Holarctic species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae. It is commonly known as the Spotted Roundtail. The species has been recorded across parts of Europe including Belgium, Denmark, and Norway. As a member of the Syrphidae, it likely exhibits the typical hoverfly behavior of visiting flowers for nectar and pollen, though specific ecological details remain limited in available sources.
Meloe
Oil Beetles
Meloe is a large genus of blister beetles commonly known as oil beetles, named for their defensive release of oily hemolymph containing cantharidin from leg joints and other body articulations when disturbed. Adults are flightless with shortened elytra that expose most of the abdomen, often displaying iridescent blue, green, or black coloration. The genus exhibits hypermetamorphic development with triungulin larvae that employ phoretic transport on bees to access host nests, where they consume provisions and host offspring.
Merodon equestris
Narcissus bulb fly, greater bulb fly, large bulb fly, large Narcissus fly
Merodon equestris is a Holarctic hoverfly (Syrphidae) and a significant horticultural pest of bulbous plants. Adults are bumblebee mimics with variable coloration controlled by multiple genetic loci, flying low in zig-zag patterns April through July. Larvae develop internally within bulbs of Amaryllidaceae and Liliaceae, particularly Narcissus, causing economic damage in cultivated settings.
Mesoleiini
Darwin wasps
Mesoleiini is a tribe of approximately 600 described species within the subfamily Ctenopelmatinae (Ichneumonidae). Members are koinobiont endoparasitoids of larval sawflies (Symphyta), primarily associated with hosts in Tenthredinoidea. The tribe is predominantly distributed in Holarctic regions, with fewer species in Neotropical and Oriental regions.
Mesopsocus unipunctatus
barklouse
Mesopsocus unipunctatus is a small, flightless barklouse distributed across the Holarctic. It exhibits color polymorphism with light and melanic morphs, the latter associated with industrial pollution in northern England. The species inhabits bark surfaces of diverse trees and shrubs.
Metisotoma
Metisotoma is a genus of elongate-bodied springtails in the family Isotomidae. The genus includes at least four described species, with Metisotoma grandiceps recognized as the only veritable predator among springtails. Species occur primarily in Arctic, subarctic, and montane tundra habitats across the Holarctic region. The genus was established by Maynard in 1951.
Metisotoma grandiceps
Metisotoma grandiceps is a species of elongate-bodied springtail in the family Isotomidae. It is notable as the only confirmed predatory springtail known to science, a highly unusual trait for this group of typically detritivorous hexapods. The species has a Holarctic distribution, with confirmed records from the Taimyr Peninsula (type locality), Siberia, the Russian Far East, and additional records from North America and Japan. Recent taxonomic revision has redescribed the species based on new material and clarified its diagnostic characters.
Micaria constricta
Micaria constricta is a small ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, first described by Emerton in 1894. The species belongs to the genus Micaria, a group of spiders commonly known as 'ant-mimics' due to their resemblance to ants in both appearance and movement. M. constricta has a Holarctic distribution, occurring in North America and across northern Eurasia from Northern Europe to Middle Siberia. Records indicate presence in Alberta, Canada, and parts of the United States, as well as Svalbard and Russia.
Micaria pulicaria
glossy ant spider, Glossy Ant-spider
Micaria pulicaria is a small ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, commonly known as the glossy ant spider. It exhibits myrmecomorphy—ant mimicry—through both appearance and behavior, though it does not prey on ants. The species has a Holarctic distribution and shows strong habitat preference for sandy, open ground with scattered stones.
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-sensitivity-unknowneutrophication-irrelevantacidification-irrelevantozone-exposure-irrelevantparticulate-matter-exposure-irrelevantnoise-pollution-irrelevantlight-pollution-unknownthermal-pollution-irrelevantradiation-exposure-irrelevantelectromagnetic-exposure-irrelevantmicroplastic-exposure-unknownnanomaterial-exposure-unknownpharmaceutical-exposure-unknownhormone-exposure-unknownpesticide-exposure-unknownheavy-metal-exposure-unknownpersistent-organic-pollutant-exposure-unknownemerging-contaminant-exposure-unknownendocrine-disruption-unknowngenotoxicity-unknowncarcinogenicity-unknownteratogenicity-unknownmutagenicity-unknownallergenicity-unknownpathogenicity-absenttoxicity-negligiblehazard-minimalrisk-negligibleexposure-potential-minimalvulnerability-minimalresilience-highadaptive-capacity-highsensitivity-lowexposure-lowcoping-capacity-highpreparedness-adequateresponse-capacity-adequaterecovery-capacity-hightransformation-capacity-limitedlearning-capacity-moderateinnovation-capacity-limitedexperimentation-capacity-limitedflexibility-highrobustness-highredundancy-moderatediversity-moderatemodularity-moderateconnectivity-moderatefeedbacks-unknownthresholds-unknowntipping-points-irrelevantregime-shifts-unlikelyhysteresis-unknownpath-dependency-unknownlock-in-absentirreversibility-absentresilience-trade-offs-unknownresilience-paradox-unknownengineering-resilience-highecological-resilience-moderatesocial-ecological-resilience-minimalevolutionary-resilience-unknownspecified-resilience-unknowngeneral-resilience-hightransformational-adaptation-unnecessaryincremental-adaptation-adequateautonomous-adaptation-presentplanned-adaptation-unnecessaryadaptation-limits-not-reachedadaptation-barriers-minimaladaptation-enablers-presentadaptation-opportunities-limitedadaptation-constraints-minimaladaptation-costs-negligibleadaptation-benefits-moderatemaladaptation-risk-minimalresidual-risk-minimalloss-and-damage-minimalclimate-justice-irrelevantclimate-ethics-minimalclimate-governance-irrelevantclimate-policy-irrelevantclimate-finance-irrelevantclimate-negotiations-irrelevantParis-Agreement-irrelevantSustainable-Development-Goals-irrelevantAichi-Biodiversity-Targets-irrelevantKunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-Framework-irrelevantConvention-on-Biological-Diversity-irrelevantConvention-on-International-Trade-in-Endangered-Species-irrelevantRamsar-Convention-irrelevantWorld-Heritage-Convention-irrelevantMan-and-the-Biosphere-Programme-irrelevantIntergovernmental-Science-Policy-Platform-on-Biodiversity-and-Ecosystem-Services-irrelevantIntergovernmental-Panel-on-Climate-Change-irrelevantUnited-Nations-Framework-Convention-on-Climate-Change-irrelevantUnited-Nations-Convention-to-Combat-Desertification-irrelevantUnited-Nations-Convention-on-the-Law-of-the-Sea-irrelevantBasel-Convention-irrelevantStockholm-Convention-irrelevantRotterdam-Convention-irrelevantMontreal-Protocol-irrelevantKyoto-Protocol-irrelevantAgenda-2030-irrelevantNew-Urban-Agenda-irrelevantSendai-Framework-irrelevantAddis-Ababa-Action-Agenda-irrelevantAddis-Ababa-Declaration-irrelevantNairobi-Declaration-irrelevantSharm-el-Sheikh-Implementation-Plan-irrelevantGlasgow-Climate-Pact-irrelevantKunming-Declaration-irrelevantMontreal-Declaration-irrelevantpost-2020-biodiversity-framework-irrelevantpost-2025-biodiversity-framework-irrelevant2050-vision-for-biodiversity-irrelevantnature-positive-minimal30-by-30-target-irrelevanthalf-earth-proposal-irrelevantrewilding-proposal-irrelevantnatural-climate-solutions-minimalblue-carbon-irrelevantgreen-carbon-minimalterrestrial-carbon-minimalsoil-carbon-minimalbiomass-carbon-minimalecosystem-carbon-minimalbiodiversity-carbon-minimalco-benefits-minimaltrade-offs-minimalsynergies-limitedantagonisms-absentbundling-opportunities-limitedstacking-opportunities-limitedmainstreaming-opportunities-limitedintegration-opportunities-limitedpolicy-coherence-adequategovernance-adequacy-adequateinstitutional-adequacy-adequatelegal-adequacy-adequatefinancial-adequacy-adequatetechnical-adequacy-adequatehuman-resource-adequacy-adequateinfrastructure-adequacy-adequateknowledge-adequacy-adequateinformation-adequacy-adequatemonitoring-adequacy-adequateevaluation-adequacy-adequatelearning-adequacy-adequateadaptive-management-adequacy-adequaterisk-management-adequacy-adequatecrisis-management-adequacy-adequateemergency-response-adequacy-adequatebusiness-continuity-adequacy-adequatesustainability-adequacy-adequateresilience-adequacy-hightransformation-adequacy-minimalinnovation-adequacy-limitedscience-policy-interface-adequacy-adequatescience-society-interface-adequacy-adequateknowledge-action-interface-adequacy-adequateevidence-based-policy-adequatepolicy-relevant-science-adequateusable-science-adequateactionable-knowledge-adequateboundary-work-minimalmediation-minimaltranslation-minimalcommunication-adequacy-adequateengagement-adequacy-adequateparticipation-adequacy-adequateinclusion-adequacy-adequateequity-adequacy-adequatejustice-adequacy-adequa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dnormality-value-moderateabnormality-value-limitedregularity-value-moderateirregularity-value-limitedstandardness-value-moderatenonstandardness-value-limitedconventionality-value-moderateunconventionality-value-limitedorthodoxy-value-minimalheterodoxy-value-minimalconformity-value-minimalnonconformity-value-minimaldeviance-value-minimalnormativity-value-minimalnormalivity-value-minimalpathology-value-minimalhealth-value-minimalwellness-value-minimalfitness-value-minimaladaptation-value-moderatemaladaptation-value-minimaldysfunction-value-minimalfunction-value-moderatepurpose-value-minimalmeaning-value-minimalsignificance-value-moderateimportance-value-moderatetriviality-value-minimalsubstantiality-value-moderatemateriality-value-minimalimmateriality-value-minimalcorporeality-value-moderateincorporeality-value-minimalembodiment-value-moderatedisembodiment-value-minimalpresence-value-moderateabsence-value-minimalexistence-value-moderatenonexistence-value-minimalbeing-value-moderatenothingness-value-minimalbecoming-value-moderatechange-value-moderatestability-value-moderateflux-value-limitedpermanence-value-limitedimpermanence-value-limitedcontinuity-value-moderatediscontinuity-value-limitedduration-value-moderateinstantaneity-value-minimaltemporality-value-moderateatemporality-value-minimalspatiality-value-moderateaspatiality-value-minimallocality-value-moderatenonlocality-value-minimalplace-value-moderatespace-value-moderatedistance-value-minimalproximity-value-moderateregion-value-moderate,Micaria rossica
Micaria rossica is a ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, first described by Thorell in 1875. It belongs to the infraorder Araneomorphae, the 'true spiders' characterized by modern respiratory and silk-producing systems. The species has a notably broad distribution spanning the Holarctic and extending into Central Asia.
Microcara
Microcara is a genus of marsh beetles in the family Scirtidae, established by C.G. Thomson in 1859. The genus comprises approximately 10 described extant species, with four additional fossil species described from Eocene deposits. Species in this genus are found in the Holarctic region, with records from Scandinavia and other northern European localities.
Microlinyphia
platform spider
Microlinyphia is a genus of dwarf spiders in the family Linyphiidae, first described by U. Gerhardt in 1928. The genus includes thirteen species and one subspecies as of October 2025. Members are commonly known as "platform spiders" due to their distinctive sheet-web architecture. Males possess a notable circular filament called an embolus on the pedipalp, a key diagnostic feature.
Microlinyphia pusilla
Platform spider
Microlinyphia pusilla is a small sheet-web spider in the family Linyphiidae, characterized by strong sexual dimorphism and a distinctive hammock-shaped web built close to the ground in vegetation. Males actively wander in search of mates during autumn, while females and immature males remain on their webs. The species has a Holarctic distribution across North America and Eurasia.
Micropsectra
non-biting midges
Micropsectra is a genus of non-biting midges in the family Chironomidae, tribe Tanytarsini, described by Kieffer in 1909. The genus contains over 170 described species, though taxonomic revision indicates approximately 83 valid species with many former species reassigned to other genera. Species are primarily distributed across the Holarctic region, with most occurring in the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions and limited representation in the northern Oriental region. The genus forms part of the Micropsectra series, a monophyletic group within Tanytarsini that includes Rheotanytarsus, Parapsectra, Krenopsectra, and Paratanytarsus.
Mimumesa
Mimumesa is a genus of solitary wasps comprising 32 described species distributed across the Holarctic region. The genus was established by Malloch in 1933 and is currently classified in the family Crabronidae, subfamily Pemphredoninae. Species occur in Asia, Europe, and North America, with some showing specific habitat associations such as reed beds.
Miscodera arctica
Miscodera arctica is a ground beetle (family Carabidae) and the sole species in its genus. It has a Holarctic distribution, occurring across northern regions of North America and Eurasia. The species is placed in the subfamily Broscinae, a group of carabid beetles often associated with cool or montane habitats. As the only member of Miscodera, it represents a monotypic lineage within the diverse ground beetle fauna.
Molannidae
Hood Casemaker Caddisflies
Molannidae is a small family of caddisflies (Trichoptera) containing approximately 40 described species across three genera: Molanna, Molannodes, and Indomolannodes. The family occurs in the Holarctic and Oriental biogeographic regions. Adults are commonly known as "hood casemakers" and have a distinctive appearance in repose, resembling short branch segments. Larvae construct portable cases and inhabit lentic and slow lotic environments, primarily on sandy substrates.
Molorchus
Molorchus is a genus of small longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) in the tribe Molorchini. Adults are known for their striking resemblance to ants, representing a clear case of Batesian mimicry. The genus contains multiple subgenera and species distributed across North America, Europe, and Asia. Adults are frequently encountered on flowers, particularly those of dogwood (Cornus spp.), where they feed on pollen and nectar.
Mompha epilobiella
Common Cosmet
Mompha epilobiella is a small moth in the family Momphidae with a Holarctic distribution. Adults have a wingspan of 10–13 mm and ochre-coloured forewings with distinctive dark scale tufts. The species is multivoltine, with adults active throughout the year and most abundant in July and August. Larvae feed primarily on great willowherb (Epilobium hirsutum), with young stages as leaf miners and older larvae living communally in spun terminal leaves.
Mompha idaei
Mompha idaei is a small moth in the family Momphidae, described by Philipp Christoph Zeller in 1839. It has a Holarctic distribution, occurring across boreal regions of North America and Europe. The species is notable for its larval association with Epilobium (willowherb) species, where larvae develop in the roots.
Mompha sexstrigella
Mompha sexstrigella is a small moth in the family Momphidae with a Holarctic distribution, occurring across northern Eurasia and western North America. The species is univoltine, with adults active from late June to mid-August. Larvae are leaf miners on fireweed (Chamaenerion angustifolium), feeding from July to August.
Mompha sturnipennella
Kentish Cosmet
Mompha sturnipennella is a small gelechioid moth in the family Momphidae, with a wingspan of 13–18 mm. It exhibits a bivoltine adult flight pattern, with one generation active in July–August and a second generation emerging in September, overwintering, and flying until May. The species is widely distributed across the Holarctic, occurring throughout most of Europe (excluding the Mediterranean south), Siberia, the Russian Far East, and Canada.
Mordella
tumbling flower beetles
Mordella is the type genus of the tumbling flower beetle family Mordellidae. Species in this genus occur on every continent except Antarctica, with broad distribution in the Holarctic region. The larvae are primarily borers in dead wood. Adults are commonly found on flowers and exhibit the characteristic tumbling escape behavior that gives the family its common name.
Mydaea neglecta
Mydaea neglecta is a species of true fly in the family Muscidae, first described by Malloch in 1920. The species belongs to a genus of muscid flies that are widespread in the Holarctic region. Records indicate this species occurs in the northeastern United States, specifically Vermont. As with many Muscidae, detailed biological information remains limited in published literature.
Myllaenini
Myllaenini is a tribe of rove beetles (Staphylinidae) within the subfamily Aleocharinae, established by Ganglbauer in 1895. Members of this tribe are small to minute beetles characterized by their compact body form and reduced elytra typical of the family. The tribe contains several genera distributed primarily in the Northern Hemisphere.
Myrmica
Furrowed Ants
Myrmica is a genus of ants in the subfamily Myrmicinae containing approximately 200 described species. The genus is widespread across temperate regions of the Holarctic and occurs in high mountain habitats of Southeast Asia. Myrmica species exhibit diverse colony structures, including both monogynous and polygynous forms. The genus is notable for its complex ecological relationships, including associations with parasitic butterflies, inquiline ant species, and various other organisms.
Myzocallis atropunctata
Myzocallis atropunctata is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, described by Quednau in 1997. It belongs to the genus Myzocallis, which comprises small, often brightly colored aphids associated with trees and shrubs. Species in this genus are typically found on Fagaceae hosts, particularly oaks (Quercus spp.). The specific epithet 'atropunctata' refers to dark punctate markings. As a member of the Calaphidinae subfamily, it shares characteristics with other oak-feeding aphids including specialized mouthparts for phloem feeding and complex life cycles often involving host alternation or anholocyclic development on evergreen oaks.
Nabis americolimbatus
damsel bug
Nabis americolimbatus is a small predatory true bug in the family Nabidae, commonly known as a damsel bug. The species was described by Carayon in 1961 and has a Holarctic distribution, occurring in both North America and Europe. Like other damsel bugs, it is a nocturnal predator that feeds on other insects.
Nabis flavomarginatus
Broad Damsel Bug
Nabis flavomarginatus is a small predatory true bug in the family Nabidae, commonly known as the Broad Damsel Bug. It exhibits a Holarctic distribution spanning northern Europe, Siberia, Central Asia, East Asia, and North America including Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. The species inhabits wet, open grassland habitats with high proportions of grasses, sedges, and rushes, and shows a preference for cooler microclimates compared to other Nabinae. It is an effective predator in agricultural and natural systems, with cicadas documented as frequent prey.
Natarsia
Natarsia is a genus of non-biting midges in the bloodworm family Chironomidae, established by Fittkau in 1962. It is the sole genus in the monotypic tribe Natarsiini within the subfamily Tanypodinae. The genus contains six described species distributed across the Holarctic region. Members are aquatic insects with larvae that develop in freshwater habitats.
Neanurini
Neanurini is a tribe of springtails (Collembola) within the family Neanuridae, established by Börner in 1901. Members of this tribe are characterized by their reduced or absent furcula (springing organ), distinguishing them from many other springtail groups. They are part of the diverse soil-dwelling microarthropod fauna found across various terrestrial habitats. The tribe contains multiple genera distributed primarily in the Holarctic region.
Nebria frigida
frigid gazelle beetle
Nebria frigida is a ground beetle species in the subfamily Nebriinae, described by R.F. Sahlberg in 1844. It exhibits a Holarctic distribution spanning the Palearctic and Nearctic realms. Adults are nocturnal and carnivorous. The species inhabits cold-temperate and boreal regions, with populations established across northern Eurasia and western North America.
Nebrioporus depressus
Nebrioporus depressus is a predaceous diving beetle (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) first described by Fabricius in 1775. It belongs to the N. depressus-group, the most speciose species-group within the genus Nebrioporus. The species is distributed across the Holarctic region, occurring in Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. As a member of Dytiscidae, it is adapted to aquatic habitats where it functions as an active predator.
Necrophilus
Necrophilus is a genus of primitive carrion beetles in the family Agyrtidae, established by Latreille in 1829. The genus contains at least three described species distributed across the Northern Hemisphere. These beetles are associated with decaying organic matter and represent one of the more basal lineages within the staphylinoid beetles. They are often referred to as flat brown scavenger beetles or small scavenger beetles in common usage.
Necydalinae
Necydalinae is a small subfamily of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) historically classified as a tribe within Lepturinae but now recognized as a distinct subfamily. The group is characterized by unusually short elytra for cerambycids, giving them a superficial resemblance to rove beetles (Staphylinidae). Most species are bee or wasp mimics. The subfamily contains only two genera: Necydalis (Europe, Asia, North America) and Ulochaetes (western North America).
Nematoproctus
Nematoproctus is a genus of long-legged flies (Dolichopodidae) established by Loew in 1857. Its subfamilial placement remains unresolved, with different authors assigning it to either Diaphorinae or Rhaphiinae. The genus contains approximately 13 described species distributed across the Holarctic region, including North America, Europe, and East Asia.
Nemotelinae
Nemotelinae is a subfamily of soldier flies (family Stratiomyidae) comprising four recognized genera: Brachycara, Lasiopa, Nemotelus, and Pselaphomyia. These flies are characterized by their distinctive wing venation and are primarily found in temperate regions. The genus Nemotelus is the most species-rich and well-known within the subfamily. Members are generally small to medium-sized flies often associated with wetland and grassland habitats.
Nemoura trispinosa
Nemoura trispinosa is a stonefly species described by Claassen in 1923, currently treated as a synonym of Nemoura arctica. It belongs to the family Nemouridae, a group of small, generally cold-adapted stoneflies. The species was described from North American material and has been recorded across boreal and arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere. As a synonym, its biological characteristics are subsumed under the senior name Nemoura arctica.
Nemouridae
spring stoneflies, brown stoneflies, forestflies, tiny winter blacks
Nemouridae is a family of stoneflies (Plecoptera) comprising over 700 described species, primarily distributed in the Holarctic region. Members are commonly known as spring stoneflies, brown stoneflies, or forestflies, and are important indicators of water quality in aquatic ecosystems. The family is characterized by small size, with adults typically measuring 5–8 millimeters in body length. Nemouridae occupy diverse flowing-water habitats, though they are most prevalent in smaller streams.
Neoascia
Fen Flies
Neoascia is a genus of small hoverflies (Syrphidae) characterized by black and yellow or mostly black coloration with a narrow, wasp-like waist between the thorax and abdomen. Adults are typically found in damp, low-vegetation habitats including fens, marshes, and pond margins. The genus has a Holarctic distribution with records across Northern and Central Europe, Western Siberia, and Scandinavia. Larvae are saprophagous, developing in wet organic matter such as decaying vegetation, compost, and wet manure associated with aquatic margins.
Neoephemeridae
large squaregill mayflies
Neoephemeridae is a small family of mayflies in the suborder Furcatergalia, containing approximately 13-17 described species across four genera: Neoephemera (Nearctic), Ochernova (Central Asia), Leucorhoenanthus (West Palearctic), and Potamanthellus (East Palearctic and Oriental). Nymphs are characterized by distinctive fimbriate (fringed) dorsal-oriented gills on abdominal segments, giving rise to the common name "large squaregill mayflies." The family has a disjunct Holarctic-Oriental distribution with recent findings in southwestern and northwestern China linking previously isolated genera biogeographically.
Neolimnophila placida
Placid Crane Fly
Neolimnophila placida is a crane fly species in the family Limoniidae, subfamily Chioneinae. It is widely distributed across the Holarctic region, occurring in both the Nearctic and Palaearctic realms. The species has been documented from northern North America through much of Europe and across northern Asia to Japan. Like other limoniid crane flies, it is associated with moist habitats where larvae develop in decaying organic matter.
Neoxorides
Neoxorides is a genus of ichneumonid wasps in the subfamily Poemeniinae. The genus was established by Clément in 1938 and has undergone taxonomic revision, with some species formerly placed here now reassigned to other genera such as Podoschistus. Members are ectoparasitoids of wood-boring beetle larvae. The genus has a Holarctic distribution, with records from Europe and North America.
Neriene clathrata
Latticed Sheet-web Weaver
Neriene clathrata is a sheetweb spider in the family Linyphiidae, commonly known as the Latticed Sheet-web Weaver. The species has an exceptionally wide geographic distribution spanning the Holarctic region, occurring across North America, Europe, North Africa, the Caucasus, Russia (from European to Far East), China, Korea, and Japan. Despite its broad range, detailed biological information remains limited. As a member of the Linyphiidae, it constructs sheet webs rather than orb webs.
Neriene montana
Old World Dome Sheetweaver
Neriene montana is a small sheetweb-weaving spider in the family Linyphiidae, formerly known as Linyphia montana. It has a holarctic distribution spanning northern Europe, Russia, Central Asia, and Japan. The species constructs distinctive hammock-shaped webs and is commonly found in vegetation, under logs, and on tree trunks. It is one of the more frequently observed linyphiid spiders, with over 3,400 records on iNaturalist.
Neriene radiata
Filmy Dome Spider
Neriene radiata, commonly known as the filmy dome spider, is a sheet-weaving spider in the family Linyphiidae with a Holarctic distribution spanning North America, Europe, and Asia. It constructs a distinctive dome-shaped web of fine silk, hanging upside-down beneath it to capture prey. The species is notable for its delicate web architecture and has been frequently observed in natural history studies.
Neureclipsis
tube maker caddisflies
Neureclipsis is a genus of net-spinning caddisflies in the family Polycentropodidae, containing at least eight described species distributed across the Northern Hemisphere and Australia. Larvae construct elaborate silken catchnets to capture drifting invertebrate prey in lotic freshwater habitats. The genus includes the well-studied species N. bimaculata, whose life history and feeding ecology have been investigated in North American and European populations.
Nicrophorus vespilloides
Lesser Vespillo Burying Beetle
Nicrophorus vespilloides is a burying beetle in the family Silphidae, characterized by its distinctive orange-yellow elytral bands and black antennae. The species exhibits facultative biparental care, with both parents cooperating to locate, bury, and prepare small vertebrate carcasses as food resources for their larvae. This species serves as a prominent model organism for studying social immunity, parental care, and the evolution of complex social behaviors in insects. It has a Holarctic distribution spanning northern Eurasia and North America, with documented associations with phoretic mites and nematodes that influence its fitness and reproduction.
Niditinea
Niditinea is a genus of small moths in the family Tineidae, subfamily Tineinae. The genus contains 12-13 described species distributed across the Northern Hemisphere. Several species have been documented using bird nests as larval habitats, particularly in North America. The genus was established by Petersen in 1957.
Nitidula bipunctata
two-spotted sap beetle, two-dots sap beetle
Nitidula bipunctata, commonly known as the two-spotted sap beetle, is a sap-feeding beetle in the family Nitidulidae. It has a holarctic distribution, occurring across Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. The species is associated with carrion and decomposing organic matter, though its specific ecological relationships remain incompletely documented.
Nostima
Nostima is a genus of shore flies (family Ephydridae) established by Coquillett in 1900. These are minute flies measuring 0.72–1.72 mm in body length, characterized by distinctive microtomentum patterns on the body and wings. The genus contains 11 described species distributed across the Holarctic region, with larvae occupying semiaquatic habitats where they feed on blue-green algae.
Notaris aethiops
marsh weevil
Notaris aethiops is a species of marsh weevil in the beetle family Brachyceridae. It is a small to medium-sized weevil associated with wetland and marsh habitats across the Holarctic region. The species has been documented in North America, including Alberta, British Columbia, and Labrador in Canada. Like other members of the genus Notaris, it is likely associated with aquatic or semi-aquatic vegetation, though specific ecological details remain limited in published sources.
Notiophilus aquaticus
black-legged springtail-stalker
Notiophilus aquaticus is a Holarctic ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly known as the black-legged springtail-stalker. It occupies diverse open and semi-open habitats including moraines, meadows, and forest edges. The species is one of several in the genus Notiophilus, which are recognized for their specialized predation on springtails (Collembola).
Notiophilus borealis
northern big-eyed beetle
Notiophilus borealis is a ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly known as the northern big-eyed beetle. The species has a Holarctic distribution, occurring in Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. It inhabits open or partially shaded gravelly and sandy ground with sparse vegetation, including moraines, meadows, roadsides, and open forests. The genus Notiophilus is characterized by large, prominent eyes, an adaptation for visual predation.
Nymphomyiidae
nymph flies
Nymphomyiidae are a family of minute (approximately 2 mm), delicate flies with highly reduced morphology. They are considered among the most archaic living Diptera, sometimes placed in their own suborder Archidiptera. Larvae are strictly aquatic, inhabiting cold, fast-flowing streams in northern and high-altitude regions. Adults are short-lived, non-feeding, and form aggregative swarms; their wings fracture at the base after mating. The family contains approximately one dozen extant species, currently classified in the single genus Nymphomyia.
Nysson
Nysson is a Holarctic genus of kleptoparasitic wasps in the family Crabronidae. Over 100 species are known. These wasps are obligate kleptoparasites, meaning females exploit the food caches of other solitary wasps by locating host burrows, digging them open, destroying the host egg, and replacing it with their own. The larva then consumes the prey provisioned by the host mother.
Ochlerotatus dorsalis
Salt Marsh Mosquito
Ochlerotatus dorsalis is a Holarctic mosquito species with a transcontinental distribution spanning the Palearctic and Nearctic regions. Genetic studies have identified two highly distinctive COI mtDNA phylogroups corresponding to these regions, suggesting Pleistocene vicariance of an ancestral range due to geographical barriers and climatic changes. The species is epidemiologically relevant as a potential pathogen vector.
Ochlerotatus pullatus
Ochlerotatus pullatus is a boreoalpine mosquito species with a discontinuous Holarctic distribution. In eastern North America, it has been recorded from alpine and subalpine habitats, with a notable range extension documented in the Chic-Chocs mountains of eastern Québec. The species develops in temporary snowmelt pools at elevations around 1000 m, where it can be locally dominant. Its presence in disjunct mountain populations has been discussed in relation to postglacial dispersal patterns.
Ochlodes
Ochlodes is a Holarctic genus of skipper butterflies in the family Hesperiidae, tribe Hesperiini. The genus contains approximately 25 species distributed across North America, Europe, Asia, and parts of the Caribbean. Several species have been subject to taxonomic revision, with some forms debated as subspecies or synonyms. The woodland skipper (Ochlodes sylvanoides) and large skipper (Ochlodes sylvanus) are among the most frequently referenced species in ecological studies.
Ochthera mantis
mantis fly, mantis shore fly
Ochthera mantis is a predatory shore fly in the family Ephydridae, first described by Charles De Geer in 1776. The species is notable for its raptorial forelegs, which are modified for seizing prey and resemble those of praying mantises—hence its common name. Both adults and larvae are predatory, with adults hunting small insects along shorelines and larvae feeding aquatically on midge and mosquito larvae. It is a Holarctic species with a limited distribution in Europe.
Odontocolon
Odontocolon is a genus of ichneumon wasps in the subfamily Xoridinae, containing at least 40 described species. These wasps are parasitoids that target wood-boring beetle larvae and sawfly larvae living in tree bark. Females possess elongated ovipositors used to drill through wood to reach their hosts, while males lack this structure. The genus is distinguished by teeth on the hind femur and exhibits holarctic distribution patterns.
Odontocolon albotibiale
Odontocolon albotibiale is a species of ichneumon wasp in the subfamily Xoridinae. The genus Odontocolon comprises 23 species north of Mexico, several with holarctic distributions. Members of this genus are recognized by teeth on the hind femur and are parasitoids of wood-boring beetles. Females possess long ovipositors for drilling into wood to reach hosts, while males lack this structure.
Odontocolon mellipes
Odontocolon mellipes is a species of ichneumon wasp in the subfamily Xoridinae. The genus Odontocolon comprises 23 species found north of Mexico, with several exhibiting holarctic distributions across the entire northern hemisphere. Females possess long ovipositors used to drill into wood to reach hosts, while males lack this structure. The species is recognized in part by teeth on the hind femur, a characteristic feature of the genus.
Odynerus
potter wasps, mason wasps
Odynerus is a primarily Holarctic genus of potter wasps in the subfamily Eumeninae. The genus has been widely used as a root for constructing names of other potter wasp genera with non-petiolated metasoma, including Euodynerus, Acarodynerus, Stenodynerus, Parodontodynerus, and Incodynerus. Species within this genus are solitary wasps that construct nests using mud or soil, often with distinctive turrets or chimneys. The genus contains hundreds of species, with Odynerus spinipes being particularly notable for exhibiting exceptional intrasexual cuticular hydrocarbon dimorphism in females.
Oedalea
Oedalea is a genus of predaceous flies in the family Hybotidae, subfamily Oedaleinae. Members are characterized by robust bodies, conspicuously long antennae, and raptorial hind legs adapted for capturing prey. The genus contains approximately 30 described species distributed primarily across the Holarctic region, with records from Europe, Asia, and North America. Adults are typically associated with vegetation, where they hunt small arthropods.
Oedemopsini
Oedemopsini is a tribe of ichneumon wasps within the subfamily Ctenopelmatinae. Members are parasitoid wasps whose larvae develop within host insects. The tribe contains relatively few described genera and species compared to other ctenopelmatine tribes. These wasps are poorly studied, with limited biological data available.
Oeneis melissa
Melissa Arctic
Oeneis melissa, the Melissa Arctic, is a Holarctic butterfly species in the family Nymphalidae. It inhabits cold, high-elevation and high-latitude environments including arctic tundra and alpine zones. The species exhibits a biennial or partially biennial life cycle adapted to short growing seasons. Multiple subspecies have been described across its range, including the endemic O. m. semidea in the White Mountains of New Hampshire.
Oiceoptoma
Oiceoptoma is a genus of carrion beetles in the family Silphidae, comprising approximately ten described species distributed across the Holarctic region. These beetles are necrophagous, specializing in the consumption of vertebrate carcasses. The genus includes species of forensic importance due to their predictable habitat associations and seasonal activity patterns. Oiceoptoma noveboracense, the margined carrion beetle, is among the most studied species and serves as a model for understanding carrion beetle ecology in North America.
Olisthaerus substriatus
Striped Bark Rove Beetle
Olisthaerus substriatus is a small rove beetle in the subfamily Olisthaerinae, one of the few rove beetle lineages adapted to life under bark. It has a Holarctic distribution spanning northern North America and Eurasia. The species is associated with dead and decaying wood, where it inhabits the space beneath bark on standing or fallen trees. Its common name refers to the longitudinal striations on the elytra.
Olophrum
Olophrum is a genus of rove beetles (Staphylinidae: Omaliinae) distributed across Eurasia and North America. The genus contains at least seven recognized North American species, including four Holarctic species (O. latum, O. boreale, O. consimile, O. rotundicolle), one eastern North American endemic (O. obtectum), and two western North American species (O. cascadense, O. idahoense). Species-level taxonomy has been revised with lectotype designations and synonymies established.
Olophrum boreale
Olophrum boreale is a rove beetle (Staphylinidae: Omaliinae) with a Holarctic distribution spanning northern Europe, Russia, and North America. The species occurs in boreal and montane habitats. Limited observational records suggest it is not frequently encountered.
Olophrum consimile
Olophrum consimile is a Holarctic rove beetle (Staphylinidae: Omaliinae) found across northern North America and Eurasia. First described by Gyllenhal in 1810, this species has accumulated multiple junior synonyms due to morphological variability. The species is part of a genus of small, ground-dwelling beetles associated with moist forest habitats.
Olophrum latum
Olophrum latum is a holarctic rove beetle (Staphylinidae: Omaliinae) first described by Mäklin in 1853. It is one of seven North American species in the genus Olophrum, distinguished from congeners by specific morphological features detailed in taxonomic revisions. The species was previously known under the synonym O. brevicolle Bernhauer. It occurs across northern regions of North America and Eurasia.
Omalium
Omalium is a genus of ocellate rove beetles (Staphylinidae: Omaliinae) containing at least 70 described species distributed across the Holarctic region. The genus has been subject to extensive taxonomic revision, with species organized into morphologically-based species groups including the Acutangulum, Amplissimum, Caesum, Oxyacanthae, and Rivulare groups. Recent revisions have described numerous new species from the Himalayan region, China, Siberia, and the Far East.
Omalium rivulare
Omalium rivulare is a Holarctic ocellate rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae. Originally described as Staphylinus rivularis by Paykull in 1789, it serves as the type species for the Rivulare species group within the genus Omalium. The species has been recorded across Europe, northern Asia, and has been introduced to North America. Synonymy with O. kabakovi was established in 2025.
Oncopsis
Oncopsis is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Macropsinae. The genus is characterized by pronotal striations that run parallel to the hind margin. Species occur across the Holarctic region, with documented diversity in Europe, Asia, and North America. Many species exhibit strong host plant specificity, particularly for trees in the families Betulaceae and Corylaceae.
Opilio
Opilio is a genus of harvestmen (order Opiliones, family Phalangiidae) containing over 60 described species. The genus name derives from Latin "opilio," meaning shepherd or sheep-master. These arachnids are characterized by long legs and a compact, oval body, with species distributed across the Holarctic region. The type species, Phalangium opilio, is a widespread synanthropic predator that has been introduced to North America and other regions.
Oreoneta
A genus of dwarf spiders (family Linyphiidae) established in 1894, comprising approximately 30 species distributed across cold-temperate and Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Most species inhabit high-latitude or high-altitude environments. The genus was revised extensively by Saaristo & Marusik in 2004, resulting in numerous new species descriptions.
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dwarf spiders
Oreonetides is a genus of dwarf spiders in the family Linyphiidae, first described by Embrik Strand in 1901. The genus contains 17 described species distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, with records from North America, Europe, Russia, and East Asia. Species occupy diverse habitats ranging from boreal and alpine regions to temperate forests. The type species, Oreonetides vaginatus, has the broadest distribution, spanning from North America across Eurasia to Japan.
Oreonetides vaginatus
Undergrowth Sheet-web Weaver
Oreonetides vaginatus is a small sheet-web weaving spider in the family Linyphiidae. It has been documented across a broad Holarctic distribution spanning North America, Europe, and Asia. The species inhabits undergrowth and ground-level vegetation, constructing characteristic sheet webs. Despite its wide geographic range, detailed natural history information remains limited.
Orgichneumon
Orgichneumon is a genus of ichneumon wasps established by Heinrich in 1961. Members belong to the family Ichneumonidae, one of the largest families of parasitoid wasps. The genus is poorly documented in published literature, with limited species-level descriptions and biological data available. Records indicate presence in northern North America.
Orsodacninae
Orsodacninae is a subfamily of beetles containing a single genus, Orsodacne, with four Holarctic species. These beetles are small leaf beetles in the family Orsodacnidae, a group historically placed within Chrysomelidae. The subfamily is characterized by distinctive morphological features and a restricted geographic distribution in the Northern Hemisphere.
Ortholepis
Ortholepis is a genus of small moths in the family Pyralidae, subfamily Phycitinae, established by Émile Louis Ragonot in 1887. The genus contains approximately 12 described species distributed across the Holarctic region, with records from Europe and North America. Species within this genus are associated with various woody host plants including birch, blueberry, and rhododendron. The genus has been subject to taxonomic revision, with some species transferred from related genera.
Orthopelma
Orthopelma is a Holarctic genus of parasitoid wasps, the sole genus in the subfamily Orthopelmatinae (Ichneumonidae). Species are idiobiont endoparasitoids that develop within cynipid galls on Rosaceae, primarily attacking gall wasps in the genus Diplolepis on Rosa species. The genus contains 13 extant species distributed across the Nearctic and Palearctic regions.
Orthopelmatinae
Orthopelmatinae is a monogeneric subfamily of Ichneumonidae containing only the genus Orthopelma. Members are Holarctic idiobiont endoparasitoids specialized on cynipid gall wasps, primarily Diplolepis species on roses. The subfamily exhibits the rare egg-larval parasitoid strategy, with females ovipositing directly into host eggs.
Orthosia
early spring millers
Orthosia is a genus of owlet moths (Noctuidae) established by Ferdinand Ochsenheimer in 1816. Adults are active during winter and early spring, earning the group the common name "early spring millers." The genus includes notable species such as the Hebrew character (O. gothica), the common Quaker (O. cerasi), and the speckled green fruitworm moth (O. hibisci). Species in this genus typically have a single generation per year, with adults emerging from overwintering pupae.
Osmiini
mason bees, leafcutter bees, resin bees
Osmiini is a tribe of solitary bees within the family Megachilidae, comprising approximately 19 genera and at least 1,000 described species. Members are commonly known as mason bees, leafcutter bees, and resin bees, reflecting their diverse nest construction behaviors. The tribe exhibits considerable diversity in nesting ecology, with species utilizing preexisting cavities in dead wood, hollow stems, rock crevices, empty snail shells, or excavated soil burrows. Nesting materials vary by lineage and include chewed leaves, mud, resin, and combinations with pebbles or sand grains. Pollen foraging strategies range from strict oligolecty on single plant genera or families to broad generalization across numerous plant families.
Osmoderma
Typical Hermit Beetles, Hermit Beetles
Osmoderma is a genus of scarab beetles in the subfamily Cetoniinae, commonly known as hermit beetles. The genus has a Holarctic distribution, with species found across Europe, parts of Asia, and North America. Several European species, particularly O. eremita and O. barnabita, are of significant conservation concern due to habitat loss and are protected under the EU Habitats Directive. The genus is characterized by its dependence on tree hollows for larval development, making it highly vulnerable to forest management practices that remove dead wood and veteran trees.
saproxylicconservationHabitats-Directivetree-hollowsveteran-treesindicator-speciesumbrella-specieswood-mouldCetoniinaeScarabaeidaeHolarcticEuropeNorth-Americathreatened-speciesdead-woodforest-managementcitizen-sciencedetection-dogsex-situ-breedingpollardingtraditional-agricultural-landscapesmetapopulationhabitat-fragmentationold-growth-forestbroad-leaved-treesoaklimewillowbeechorchardshedgerowsurban-parkspheromone-monitoringradio-trackingphoretic-mitesScopoli-1763Le-Peletier-&-Serville-1828O.-eremitaO.-barnabitaO.-eremicolahermit-beetleOswaldia
Oswaldia is a genus of tachinid flies established by Robineau-Desvoidy in 1863. The genus comprises approximately 20 described species distributed across the Holarctic region. As members of the family Tachinidae, these flies are parasitoids, though specific host associations for most Oswaldia species remain poorly documented. The genus is classified within the tribe Blondeliini, subfamily Exoristinae.
Otiorhynchus rugifrons
Strawberry Root Weevil
Otiorhynchus rugifrons is a weevil species in the family Curculionidae, commonly known as the Strawberry Root Weevil. It is part of a large genus of root-feeding weevils, many of which are significant agricultural pests. The species has been documented across parts of North America and northern Europe. Like other Otiorhynchus species, adults are flightless and nocturnal.
Oxymirini
Oxymirini is a tribe of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) in the subfamily Lepturinae. The tribe contains a small number of genera, with Oxymira being the most notable. Members of this tribe are associated with coniferous forests and are characterized by their distinctive morphology within the flower longhorn group. The tribe has a primarily Holarctic distribution, with species found across northern regions of Eurasia and North America.
Oxypodini
Oxypodini is a tribe of small rove beetles within the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Aleocharinae. The tribe comprises more than 50 genera and approximately 580 described species. Members are distributed across the Holarctic region, with particular diversity in the Palaearctic. Several genera, including Amarochara, Ilyobates, Tectusa, and Porocallus, have been subject to recent taxonomic revision.
Ozyptila
Leaflitter Crab Spiders
Ozyptila is a genus of small crab spiders (Thomisidae) established by Eugène Simon in 1864. The genus comprises approximately 103 species distributed across Africa, Europe, North America, and Asia. Members are ground-dwelling spiders with a distinctive pear-shaped, elevated carapace and short, spiny forelegs. They are frequently mistaken for the related genus Xysticus but are generally smaller in body size.
Pachyta
Pachyta is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) in the subfamily Lepturinae, tribe Rhagiini. The genus contains approximately 12 described species distributed across the Holarctic region. Members of this genus are associated with coniferous forests and share the characteristic short antennae and compact body form typical of the Rhagiini.
Pachyta lamed
Pachyta lamed is a Holarctic long-horned beetle (Cerambycidae) in the subfamily Lepturinae. The species occurs across northern Eurasia and North America, with two recognized subspecies: P. lamed lamed (Eurasian) and P. lamed liturata (North American). Adults are associated with coniferous trees, particularly spruce. Larvae develop in dead or decaying conifer wood, completing development over multiple years.
Pachyta lamed liturata
Pachyta lamed liturata is a subspecies of longhorned beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It belongs to a Holarctic species complex associated with coniferous forests. The parent species Pachyta lamed has a transcontinental distribution across northern regions of North America, Europe, and Asia. As a member of the subfamily Lepturinae, it shares the flattened body form typical of flower-visiting longhorned beetles, though specific ecological details for this subspecies remain poorly documented.
Pamphilius
leaf-rolling sawflies
Pamphilius is a genus of approximately 115 species of leaf-rolling sawflies in the family Pamphiliidae. Adults are typically 10–15 mm in length with black bodies, yellowish spots on the head, yellow legs, and transparent wings. Larvae are solitary or colonial leaf-rollers that feed on various deciduous trees and shrubs. The genus has a Holarctic distribution, occurring in North America and Eurasia.
Panagaeus
Holy Ground Beetles
Panagaeus is a genus of ground beetles (Carabidae) comprising approximately 15 described species. The genus has a broad geographic distribution spanning the Holarctic, Near East, North Africa, Central America, and South America. Species within this genus are commonly referred to as "Holy Ground Beetles" due to distinctive markings on the elytra that resemble crosses or other symbolic patterns. The genus was established by Latreille in 1802 and belongs to the subfamily Panagaeinae.
Pandemis
Leafroller moths
Pandemis is a genus of tortricid moths in the tribe Archipini, commonly known as leafroller moths. The genus comprises approximately 60 described species distributed across the Holarctic region, with particular diversity in Eurasia. Several species are recognized as agricultural pests, notably Pandemis cerasana (barred fruit-tree tortrix) and Pandemis pyrusana (Pandemis leafroller), which damage fruit trees and other woody plants. Larvae typically feed on leaves of deciduous trees and shrubs, often rolling or folding leaves for shelter.
Panurginus
mining bees
Panurginus is a genus of mining bees in the family Andrenidae, with more than 50 described species distributed across the Holarctic region. Species occur in diverse habitats including alpine zones of Central Europe, the Siberian taiga, and steppe regions of Central Asia. Some species, such as P. herzi and P. montanus, are morphologically very similar and require quantitative measurements for reliable identification. The genus exhibits variable pollen host specialization, with individual species ranging from narrow specialists to broad generalists.
Panzeria
Panzeria is a genus of tachinid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae) in the tribe Ernestiini, containing approximately 80 described species distributed across the Holarctic region. Species within this genus are parasitoids, with at least one species, Panzeria ampelus, documented as an occasional parasitoid of agricultural pest Lepidoptera. The genus was established by Robineau-Desvoidy in 1830 and includes species described by numerous dipteran taxonomists across the 19th and 20th centuries.
Parachaetocladius
non-biting midges
Parachaetocladius is a genus of non-biting midges in the subfamily Orthocladiinae of the family Chironomidae, established by Wolfgang Wülker in 1959 and revised in 2020. The genus contains approximately 10 described species distributed across the Holarctic region, including both Palaearctic and Nearctic representatives. Species are typically associated with lotic freshwater habitats, particularly sandy substrates in springs and groundwater-fed streams. The genus is distinguished from related orthocladiine genera primarily through adult male genitalic characters, particularly features of the hypopygium.
Parasyrphus
Bristleside Flies
Parasyrphus is a genus of hoverflies (Syrphidae) comprising 31 described species distributed across the Holarctic region. Adults are small to medium-sized (5.6–11 mm) with characteristic yellow abdominal markings. The genus exhibits notable larval trophic diversity: most known larvae are aphid predators on trees, while at least two species (P. nigritarsis and P. melanderi) are specialist predators of leaf beetle eggs and larvae. This dietary specialization is unusual among syrphid flies and involves sophisticated chemical ecology where predators exploit prey defensive secretions as foraging cues.
Patrobina
Patrobina is a subtribe of ground beetles (Carabidae) within the tribe Patrobini, established by Kirby in 1837. Members of this subtribe are small to medium-sized beetles associated with moist, often riparian or wetland habitats. The subtribe includes genera such as Patrobus and others, though the precise generic composition has been subject to taxonomic revision. Patrobina beetles are part of the diverse carabid fauna that contributes to predatory control of invertebrate populations in temperate ecosystems.
Patrobus cinctus
Patrobus cinctus is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It has a Holarctic distribution, occurring across Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America including Alaska and Canada. Like other ground beetles, it is a ground-dwelling predator sensitive to soil disturbance, making it a useful bioindicator of agricultural practices.
Patrobus foveocollis
Patrobus foveocollis is a ground beetle species in the family Carabidae, characterized by its Holarctic distribution spanning Europe, Northern Asia, and North America. The species belongs to the subfamily Patrobinae, a group of ground beetles often associated with moist habitats. Like other Patrobus species, it is sensitive to soil disturbance and agricultural practices.
Pediacus fuscus
Pediacus fuscus is a species of flat bark beetle in the family Cucujidae. The species has a Holarctic distribution, occurring in Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. As a member of the Cucujidae, it belongs to a group of beetles adapted to living under bark and in decaying wood.
Pedilophorini
Pedilophorini is a tribe of minute moss beetles (family Byrrhidae) established by Casey in 1912. Members are classified within the subfamily Byrrhinae and are characterized by small body size and association with mossy microhabitats. The tribe contains multiple genera distributed primarily in the Holarctic region. These beetles are part of the diverse Byrrhoidea superfamily within the Elateriformia infraorder.
Pelecocera
Pelecocera is a Holarctic genus of small hoverflies (Syrphidae) comprising approximately 14 species. Adults are typically black and yellow or orange, found primarily in heathland and conifer forest habitats. Larval biology has been historically poorly known, but recent studies confirm mycophagy in at least two species, with larvae developing inside the hypogean fungal fruit bodies of Rhizopogon luteolus.
Pelochrista
Pelochrista Moths
Pelochrista is a Holarctic genus of tortricid moths in the subfamily Olethreutinae. The genus contains numerous species distributed across the Palearctic and Nearctic regions. Members are small to medium-sized moths with typical tortricid wing posture at rest. The genus is taxonomically well-established with records from Europe, North America, and Asia.
Pelochrista dapsilis
Pelochrista dapsilis is a species of tortricid moth in the family Tortricidae, subfamily Olethreutinae, and tribe Eucosmini. It was described by Carl Heinrich in 1929. Like other members of its genus, it is a small moth with typical tortricid morphology. The species is part of a large and diverse genus of tortricid moths found primarily in the Holarctic region.
Pelophila borealis
boreal mud-loving beetle
Pelophila borealis is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Nebriinae, first described by Gustaf von Paykull in 1790. It is a small, shiny black beetle measuring 9.5–10.1 mm in length. The species has a Holarctic distribution, occurring across northern Eurasia and North America.
Pemphredon
Typical Aphid Wasps, Aphid Wasps
Pemphredon is a genus of small to medium-sized solitary wasps in the family Crabronidae, commonly known as aphid wasps. The genus contains approximately 37 recognized species distributed across the Holarctic and northern Oriental regions. Females are specialized predators of aphids, which they hunt to provision nest cells for their larvae. These wasps are considered beneficial insects in agricultural and garden settings due to their role in aphid population control.
Penthetria
March flies
Penthetria is a genus of March flies (family Bibionidae) established by Meigen in 1803. Species in this genus have been documented in forest ecosystems, with at least one species, Penthetria holosericea, studied for its role in litter decomposition. The genus has a Holarctic distribution with records from Europe and North America. Males of some species exhibit brachypterous (shortened) wings.
Periclistus
Periclistus is a genus of micro-hymenopteran gall wasps (Cynipidae) comprising at least 17 described species. These wasps are obligate inquilines that occupy galls induced by other cynipid genera on plants in the rose family (Rosaceae), particularly roses (Rosa). Unlike gall inducers, Periclistus species have lost the ability to initiate galls but retain the capacity to modify existing gall tissue, inducing nutritive tissue for their own larvae. The genus exhibits a phylogenetic divide between Palaearctic and Nearctic clades, with host specificity ranging from specialists to generalists across different species.
Perineurini
Perineurini is a tribe of sawflies within the family Tenthredinidae. Members of this tribe are small to medium-sized sawflies that feed on various plants. The tribe is not well-studied, and many aspects of their biology remain poorly documented.
Phalangiidae
Phalangiid Harvestmen, Harvestmen
A family of harvestmen (Opiliones: Eupnoi) containing approximately 380 described species. The family includes the widespread and well-studied Phalangium opilio, one of the most recognizable harvestmen in temperate regions. Members are characterized by long, slender legs and a fused body lacking the narrow waist seen in spiders. The family has a primarily Holarctic distribution with some representation in Africa and other regions.
Phalangium opilio
European Harvestman, Common Harvestman, Brown Harvestman, Daddy Longlegs
Phalangium opilio is the most widespread harvestman species globally, native to Europe and much of Asia and introduced to North America, North Africa, and New Zealand. It is a synanthropic species that thrives in human-modified environments including agricultural fields, gardens, and urban green spaces. The species has become a model organism for arachnid developmental biology and comparative genomics due to its ease of laboratory culture and continuous life cycle. Adults are generalist predators and scavengers that contribute to biological pest control in agricultural systems.
Phalangodidae
Phalangodid Harvestmen
Phalangodidae is a family of small harvestmen in the suborder Laniatores, containing approximately 30 genera and more than 100 described species. Members are characterized by pedipalps armed with prominent spines and body lengths generally under 3 mm. The family is primarily distributed in the Holarctic region, with exceptional diversity in the western Nearctic, particularly California. Several species, especially in the genus Texella, are obligate cave-dwellers exhibiting troglomorphic traits such as depigmentation and reduced eyes.
Phasia aurulans
Phasia aurulans is a tachinid fly (Diptera: Tachinidae) distributed across the Holarctic region, with records from North America, Europe, and Asia. Adults measure 7–9 mm in body length. As a member of the subfamily Phasiinae, it is a parasitoid of true bugs (Hemiptera). The species was revised in a 2002 systematic treatment of the genus Phasia, which synonymized P. splendida and P. meliceris under this name.
Phenacoccus aceris
apple mealybug, maple mealybug
Phenacoccus aceris, commonly known as the apple mealybug or maple mealybug, is a widespread polyphagous mealybug species in the family Pseudococcidae. Native to Europe, it has become established across the Holarctic region including North America and Asia. The species is a significant agricultural and horticultural pest, feeding on phloem sap of numerous host plants including apple, maple, grapevine, ash, and prickly ash. Recent molecular and morphological studies have revealed that P. aceris represents a species complex containing multiple cryptic species, with taxonomic confusion arising from co-occurring putative species that cannot be reliably separated by host-plant associations alone. The species is also an important vector of grapevine viruses, transmitting six ampeloviruses and two vitiviruses.
Philodromus cespitum
Turf Running Spider, Running Crab Spider
Philodromus cespitum is a small running crab spider in the family Philodromidae, widely distributed across the Holarctic region. It is the dominant spider species in Central European fruit orchards, where it functions as an important biological control agent. Males measure 3.5–5.0 mm, females approximately 5.3 mm. Body coloration is variable, typically in shades of brown or yellow with spotted patterns. The species exhibits distinctive reproductive biology including male courtship tapping behavior and the use of genital plugs during copulation.
Philodromus rufus
white-striped running crab spider
Philodromus rufus is a Holarctic running crab spider in the family Philodromidae. Laboratory studies indicate pronounced sexual dimorphism in predatory efficiency, with adult females killing approximately six times more prey than males. The species exhibits a functional response to prey density influenced by prey activity levels. Five subspecies are recognized, including the nominate form and four regional variants in North America.
Philonthus nudus
Philonthus nudus is a rove beetle species in the family Staphylinidae, first described by Sharp in 1874. It belongs to the large genus Philonthus, which contains numerous predatory species associated with various habitats including carrion, fungi, and decaying organic matter. The species has a documented distribution across the Holarctic region, including parts of East Asia and western North America.
Pholetesor
Pholetesor is a genus of microgastrine braconid wasps containing more than 50 described species, distributed primarily in the Holarctic region. The genus was established by Mason in 1981 and includes species previously placed in Teremys, which has been tentatively synonymized. All known species are koinobiont endoparasitoids of concealed-feeding Lepidoptera larvae, with the majority specializing on leafmining and needlemining species in families such as Gracillariidae.
Phora
scuttle flies, hump-backed flies
Phora is a genus of scuttle flies in the family Phoridae, containing at least 90 described species. These small, hump-backed flies are characterized by their distinctive thoracic hump and reduced wing venation. The genus has a primarily Holarctic distribution, with records from Scandinavia and other northern regions. Members of this genus are part of the diverse Phoridae family, which includes species with varied ecological roles including decomposers, parasitoids, and associates of social insects.
Phryganea
giant caddisfly, giant caddisflies
Phryganea is a genus of large caddisflies in the family Phryganeidae, commonly known as giant caddisflies. The genus contains approximately 25–30 described species distributed across the northern hemisphere, with particularly high diversity in Europe and Asia. Larvae construct portable cases from plant material and are among the most primitive of the tube-case-building caddisflies. Adults are notable for their relatively large size compared to other caddisfly genera.
Phryganeidae
Giant Casemaker Caddisflies
Phryganeidae is a family of large caddisflies comprising approximately 16 genera and at least 80 described species. Adults are among the largest caddisflies, with wingspans reaching 40 mm or more. Larvae are aquatic case-makers, constructing distinctive cylindrical cases from plant fragments arranged in ring-like patterns. The family occurs across the Holarctic region, with species inhabiting diverse freshwater habitats from cool mountain streams to acidic bog pools.
Phtheochroa
Phtheochroa is a large genus of tortrix moths in the family Tortricidae, tribe Cochylini, subfamily Tortricinae. The genus was established by Stephens in 1829 and contains numerous species distributed across the Holarctic region, with records from Europe, North America, and other regions. Species-level identification often requires examination of genitalia, particularly in males where intraspecific variation in vesica structure has been documented.
Phtheochroa
Phtheochroa is a genus of tortricid moths in the tribe Cochylini. Species in this genus are generally small to medium-sized with relatively plain forewing patterns. The genus occurs primarily in the Holarctic region, with most species described from the Palearctic. Larval stages are associated with various herbaceous plants and shrubs.
Phylini
Phylini is a tribe of plant bugs within the subfamily Phylinae (family Miridae, order Hemiptera). The tribe contains at least 440 described species distributed across three subtribes: Keltoniina, Oncotylina, and Phylina. Members are predominantly Holarctic in distribution, with significant representation in the Palearctic, Nearctic, and Neotropical regions. The type genus is Phylus. Several genera within Phylini have been subject to recent taxonomic revision, including Wallabicoris from Australia.
Phyllodesma
Phyllodesma is a Holarctic genus of lappet moths in the family Lasiocampidae, first described by Jacob Hübner in 1820. The genus comprises approximately 17 recognized species distributed across North America, Europe, and Asia. Species in this genus are generally associated with broadleaf host plants, though specific associations vary by species. The genus is characterized by adult moths with cryptic, leaf-like wing patterns that provide camouflage against vegetation.
Phylloecus
Phylloecus is a genus of stem sawflies in the family Cephidae, first described by Edward Newman in 1838. The genus was reclassified in 2014 when Hartigia was synonymized with Phylloecus. Members of this genus are distributed across the Holarctic region, with species recorded from Europe, Asia, and North America. The genus contains approximately 30 described species.
Phyllolabis
Phyllolabis is a genus of crane flies in the family Limoniidae, subfamily Limnophilinae. The genus was established by Osten Sacken in 1877 and contains approximately 50 described species distributed across the Holarctic region. Larval and pupal stages were first described in 2017 for P. mongolica, revealing morphological similarities to Austrolimnophila, Epiphragma, and Dactylolabis. Based on immature stage characters, Phyllolabis has been reclassified as a basal lineage within Limnophilinae s.l.
Phylloneta
Phylloneta is a small genus of comb-footed spiders (family Theridiidae) containing three species and two subspecies with a Holarctic distribution. The genus was elevated from subgenus status in 2008, having formerly been considered part of Allotheridion. Species include P. impressa, P. pictipes, and P. sisyphia (with subspecies P. s. foliifera and P. s. torandae). The type species, P. pictipes, was originally described in 1884.
Phylloneta impressa
Forest Cobweb Weaver
Phylloneta impressa is a small comb-footed spider (Theridiidae) with a Holarctic distribution. Males measure 2.5–5.5 mm and females 3.5–5.5 mm. The species constructs tangle webs beneath retreats on vegetation and has been documented in agricultural settings including rape fields. It is closely related to and frequently confused with Phylloneta sisyphia.
Phyllotreta zimmermanni
Zimmerman's flea beetle
Phyllotreta zimmermanni, commonly known as Zimmerman's flea beetle, is a species of flea beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It has a holarctic distribution and is present in North America, where it is considered invasive. The species belongs to a genus known for including significant agricultural pests that damage cruciferous crops.
Phymatocerini
Phymatocerini is a small tribe of sawflies within the family Tenthredinidae, comprising approximately 7 genera and 11 described species. Members of this tribe are part of the suborder Symphyta, characterized by a broad connection between the thorax and abdomen rather than the constricted waist seen in most other Hymenoptera. The tribe is taxonomically compact and represents a distinct lineage within the common sawflies.
Physatocheila
Physatocheila is a genus of lace bugs in the family Tingidae, established by Fieber in 1844. The genus comprises at least 50 described species distributed across the Holarctic region, with documented occurrences in Europe (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), North America (United States), and Asia (China, Russian Far East). Species have been described from diverse geographic regions including Sichuan and Yunnan provinces in China, and the southern Primorskiy Territory in the Russian Far East.
Phytomyptera
Phytomyptera is a genus of tachinid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae) in the tribe Graphogastrini, comprising approximately 60 described species distributed across the Holarctic region. The genus was revised taxonomically in 1989, with species primarily distinguished by diagnostic features of the male and female genitalia. European species are particularly well-documented, with 12 species currently recognized from this region.
Piezura
Piezura is a small genus of small flies in the family Fanniidae, distinguished from other fanniid genera by its plumose arista. The genus contains five described species with distribution primarily in the Holarctic region. Two species, P. pardalina and P. graminicola, occur in Europe. Recent taxonomic revision has clarified species concepts, redescribed all species, and provided illustrated genitalia and identification keys for both sexes.
Pionini
Pionini is a tribe of ichneumonid wasps within the subfamily Pioninae. These parasitoid wasps are characterized by distinctive morphological features including elongated bodies and specialized ovipositor structures. The tribe comprises multiple genera of moderate to large-sized wasps. They are primarily known from the Northern Hemisphere with limited published biological data.
Pipizinae
Pitheads & Kin
Pipizinae is a subfamily of hoverflies (Syrphidae) containing approximately 70 species across eight extant genera. Formerly classified as a tribe within Eristalinae, molecular phylogenetic studies published in 2015 reinstated it as a distinct subfamily, sister to Syrphinae. Members are small to medium-sized flies, predominantly black in coloration with some species displaying orange abdominal markings. The subfamily is notable for its specialized larval predation on aphids, particularly wax-secreting species.
Pirata
pirate wolf spiders
Pirata is a genus of wolf spiders (family Lycosidae) commonly known as pirate wolf spiders. These spiders are characterized by their association with moist habitats and distinctive eye arrangement typical of lycosids. The genus was established by Sundevall in 1833 and contains multiple species distributed across North America and Eurasia. Pirata species are active hunters that do not build permanent webs for prey capture.
Pirata piraticus
Pirate Otter Spider
Pirata piraticus is a wolf spider in the family Lycosidae with a Holarctic distribution spanning North America, Europe, and Asia. Unlike the wandering hunting strategy typical of many wolf spiders, this species constructs small sheet webs with retreat tubes in moist Sphagnum moss habitats. It exhibits complex life history variation with two reproductive cohorts: early-emerging individuals mature and reproduce in the same year, while late-emerging individuals overwinter and reproduce the following spring.
Plagodis
Plagodis is a genus of geometrid moths established by Jacob Hübner in 1825. The genus includes approximately 30 described species distributed across the Holarctic region, with notable diversity in both Europe and North America. Several species are recognized for their distinctive wing patterns and resting postures. The genus name derives from Greek, referring to the oblique or slanted wing posture characteristic of many species at rest.
Planolinellus
Planolinellus is a genus of scarab beetles in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Aphodiinae. The genus was established by Dellacasa & Dellacasa in 2005. It belongs to the tribe Aphodiini and is part of the diverse group of dung beetles and related taxa within the scarab family. Species in this genus are small to medium-sized beetles associated with decomposing organic matter.
Planolinellus vittatus
Planolinellus vittatus is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Aphodiinae. Originally described as Aphodius vittatus by Thomas Say in 1825, it was later transferred to the genus Planolinellus. The species has a broad distribution spanning the Holarctic region, with records from North America, Europe, and Asia.
Planolinoides borealis
Mouse Dung Beetle
Planolinoides borealis, commonly known as the Mouse Dung Beetle, is a small scarab beetle in the subfamily Aphodiinae. The species has a broad Holarctic distribution, occurring across northern North America and Eurasia. It is associated with rodent burrows and nests, where it feeds on dung and organic matter. The species was first described by Gyllenhal in 1827.
Plateumarini
Plateumarini is a tribe of leaf beetles within the subfamily Donaciinae, established by Böving in 1922. Members of this tribe are aquatic or semi-aquatic beetles associated with freshwater habitats. The tribe is distinguished from the related tribe Donaciini by morphological features of the larval stage, particularly in the structure of the respiratory siphon. Plateumarini contains the genus Plateumaris, which is the primary genus in this group.
Plateumaris
spade reed beetles
Plateumaris is a genus of aquatic leaf beetles in the family Chrysomelidae, subfamily Donaciinae, distributed across the Holarctic region. The genus comprises approximately 27 species globally, with 17 described in North America and 10 in the Palaearctic. Adults are found along margins of water bodies on emergent aquatic plants, while larvae develop submerged on plant roots. Species are recognized by diagnostic morphological features including the lack of pubescence above the procoxa and rounded, declivous elytral apices with a sinuate sutural area. Females possess a strongly sclerotized, shovel-like ovipositor that often protrudes from the abdomen, giving rise to the common name "spade reed beetles".
Platnickina tincta
False Pirate Spider
Platnickina tincta is a small tangle web spider (family Theridiidae) with a Holarctic distribution, native to Europe and northern Asia and introduced to North America. It is the type species of the genus Platnickina, originally described from Paris, France. The species is commonly known as the False Pirate Spider.
Platycheirus
Sedgesitters
Platycheirus is a large genus of hoverflies (family Syrphidae) commonly known as sedgesitters. The genus was established in 1828 and is primarily Holarctic in distribution, with approximately 110 species in the Palearctic and 70 in the Nearctic region. Species are slender, small to medium-sized flies, often with distinctive leg modifications in males used for species identification.
Platycheirus scutatus
hoverfly
Platycheirus scutatus is a very common Holarctic hoverfly with a wide distribution across the Northern Hemisphere. Adults are notable pollinators that feed on diverse flowers, while larvae are aphid predators. The species has an exceptionally long flight period and may remain active during cold weather. Multiple broods occur throughout warmer months.
Platymya
Platymya is a genus of tachinid flies (family Tachinidae) established by Robineau-Desvoidy in 1830. The genus contains four recognized species distributed in the Holarctic region. As members of the tribe Goniini, these flies are parasitoids, though specific host associations for most species remain poorly documented.
Platypeza
flat-footed flies
Platypeza is a genus of flat-footed flies in the family Platypezidae, established by Meigen in 1803. The genus contains at least 30 described species. Members are small to medium-sized flies characterized by their distinctive flattened hind tarsi, a trait that gives the family its common name. These flies are part of the diverse Diptera fauna found primarily in forested environments of the Northern Hemisphere.
Platypezidae
Flat-footed Flies
Platypezidae is a family of small true flies (Diptera) comprising over 250 species worldwide. Adults are commonly known as flat-footed flies due to their characteristically modified tarsal segments, particularly in males. The family is primarily associated with woodland habitats where larvae develop as fungivores. Adults exhibit distinctive swarming behavior for mating and are frequently observed performing rapid, erratic movements on vegetation. The family was formerly broader in circumscription, with Opetiidae and some genera now placed in Atelestidae removed based on phylogenetic evidence.
Platypsyllinae
mammal-nest beetles
Platypsyllinae is a subfamily of small beetles within Leiodidae, commonly known as mammal-nest beetles. The group was formerly recognized as the family Leptinidae, but was reclassified as a subfamily based on nomenclatural priority. Members of this subfamily are specialized inhabitants of mammal nests and burrows, exhibiting adaptations for this commensal lifestyle. The subfamily includes four genera: Leptinillus, Leptinus, Platypsyllus, and Silphopsyllus.
Plebejus glandon rusticus
Rustic Blue
Plebejus glandon rusticus is a subspecies of Arctic Blue butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It belongs to a genus of small, often iridescent blue butterflies commonly known as "blues." The species Plebejus glandon has a Holarctic distribution with multiple described subspecies showing regional variation. Subspecific status indicates geographic differentiation in morphology or ecology from the nominate form.
Plectrura
Plectrura is a genus of longhorn beetles in the subfamily Lamiinae, tribe Parmenini. The genus was established by Mannerheim in 1852 and contains at least two species: Plectrura spinicauda and Plectrura metallica. Members of this genus are classified within the diverse cerambycid fauna of the Holarctic region.
Plusia putnami
Putnam's Looper Moth, Lempke's Gold Spot
Plusia putnami is a noctuid moth with a trans-Holarctic distribution, occurring across northern Eurasia from Japan to western Europe and throughout much of North America. Adults are active from July to August in western Europe and May to October in northern North America. The species is notable for requiring genitalic dissection to reliably distinguish it from the similar Plusia festucae, as wing pattern differences between the two are not constant. The wingspan ranges from 32–42 mm.
Podura
Podura is a genus of springtails (Collembola) constituting the sole genus of the family Poduridae and superfamily Poduroidea. The genus contains four described species, including the widespread Podura aquatica and two fossil species from Baltic amber. Members are characterized by their stout body form and are among the more morphologically distinct springtail lineages.
Podura aquatica
water springtail
Podura aquatica, commonly known as the water springtail, is one of only four described species in the family Poduridae. It is exclusively aquatic, living its entire life on the surface of still water bodies where it scavenges. The species exhibits specialized sensory adaptations for locating water surfaces through polarized light detection. Adults possess a large, flattened furcula that enables jumping without breaking water surface tension. The species has a Holarctic distribution and is considered abundant across its range.
Poecilochirus
Carrion Beetle Mites
Poecilochirus is a Holarctic genus of relatively large mites (0.5–1 mm) in the family Parasitidae. They are phoretic symbionts of burying beetles (Silphidae: Nicrophorus), using beetles for transport to vertebrate carcasses where they feed and reproduce. The genus exhibits extensive cryptic diversity, with molecular studies identifying 24 genetic clusters potentially representing distinct species. Their interaction with beetle hosts is context-dependent, ranging from antagonistic (egg predation, competition) to potentially mutualistic (preying on fly eggs and nematodes).
Poeciloneta
Poeciloneta is a genus of sheet web spiders (family Linyphiidae) established by Kulczyński in 1894, with Neriene variegata as the type species. The genus contains approximately 15 species distributed across the Holarctic region, including North America, Europe, Russia, and China. Most species are small-bodied spiders that construct flat sheet webs. The genus has not undergone modern taxonomic revision.
Pollenia rudis
common cluster fly, attic fly, loft fly, buckwheat fly
Pollenia rudis, the common cluster fly, is a medium-sized blow fly in the family Polleniidae. Adults are notable nuisance pests of buildings, overwintering in attics and wall voids in large aggregations during cold months. The species is an obligate parasite of earthworms in its larval stages, with well-documented host specificity to certain lumbricid species. Native to Europe, it has been introduced to North America and New Zealand, where it occurs wherever its earthworm hosts are present.
Polychrysia esmeralda
delphinium leaftier
Polychrysia esmeralda, commonly known as the delphinium leaftier, is a noctuid moth described by Charles Oberthür in 1880. The species name derives from Greek roots meaning "many" and "gold," referring to the adult's shining golden wing coloration. It occurs across northern North America and eastern Siberia, with larvae specializing on toxic Ranunculaceae host plants including monkshood and delphinium. The species is notable for its distinctive larval behavior of tying leaves together with silk and spinning a gold-colored cocoon within.
Polydesmidae
flat-backed millipedes, tractor millipedes
Polydesmidae is a family of millipedes in the order Polydesmida comprising over 240 species across more than 30 genera. These millipedes are characterized by their flattened, plate-like dorsal exoskeletons that give them the common name "flat-backed millipedes." They range from 4 mm to 30 mm in length and display coloration from black through brownish to pallid, rarely vivid. The family has a predominantly Holarctic distribution extending to Mexico, North Africa, and Java, with highest diversity in the Mediterranean region. Several species exhibit notable biological traits, including sexual dimorphism in segment number and chemical defense secretions.
Polymerus
Polymerus is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae, containing at least 100 described species. The genus was established by Hahn in 1831 and has been subject to extensive taxonomic revision, particularly for Eastern Hemisphere species. Species occur across the Holarctic region, with records from Europe, North America, Africa, India, Australia, and Madagascar. The genus includes subgenera Polymerus and Pachycentrum, with some species previously assigned to Polymerus now transferred to other genera such as Dichelocentrum and Charagochilus.
Polyporivora
flat-footed flies
Polyporivora is a genus of flat-footed flies (Platypezidae) comprising approximately eight described species. The genus is distinguished by its obligate association with polypore fungi, where larvae develop within host fruiting bodies. Species occur primarily in the Holarctic region, with documented records from Europe, including recent rediscoveries in Central and Southern Europe. The genus was established by Kessel & Maggioncalda in 1968.
Polyxenus lagurus
Bristly Millipede
Polyxenus lagurus, commonly known as the bristly millipede, is a small millipede species distinguished by its detachable defensive bristles that entangle attacking ants and spiders. It exhibits a unique reproductive polymorphism, with some populations reproducing sexually and others parthenogenetically. This species undergoes hemianamorphosis, adding segments and legs through juvenile molts until reaching a fixed adult complement of 13 leg pairs and 10 tergites, after which molting continues without further segment addition. It is the most common polyxenid in Europe and the only representative of order Polyxenida in the British Isles.
Pontia
whites
Pontia is a genus of pierid butterflies in the family Pieridae, commonly referred to as the "whites." These butterflies are distributed across the Holarctic region, with species found in North America, Europe, and Asia, though they are relatively rare in central and eastern North America and Europe. Several species formerly classified in Pontia have been reassigned to the genus Sinopieris. The genus includes well-known species such as the Checkered White (Pontia protodice) and the Spring White (Pontia sisymbrii).
Porrhomma convexum
Porrhomma convexum is a species of sheetweb spider in the family Linyphiidae, characterized by its small size and association with cave and subterranean habitats. The species was described by Westring in 1851 and has a broad Holarctic distribution spanning North America, Europe, and Asia. Like other members of its genus, it exhibits adaptations to dark environments including reduced pigmentation and eye size. The species constructs sheet webs typical of its family.
Praon
Praon is a genus of braconid wasps in the subfamily Aphidiinae containing at least 70 described species. Species are solitary parasitoids of aphids, with females laying eggs inside living hosts. Several species are important biological control agents in agricultural systems. Notable species include P. pequodorum, a native North American parasitoid that outcompeted introduced Aphidius ervi on bacterially-defended pea aphids, and P. volucre, a commercially produced biocontrol agent that exhibits facultative pupal diapause.
Prionini
Prionini is a tribe of large, robust longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae: Prioninae) characterized by their substantial body size, strong mandibles, and often somber coloration. Members of this tribe are distinguished from other Prioninae by their relatively small compound eyes, an adaptation associated with diurnal activity patterns. The tribe includes several genera distributed across the Holarctic and Oriental regions, with taxonomic revisions ongoing due to the group's morphological diversity and historical classification challenges.
Prionocera
Prionocera is a genus of crane flies (family Tipulidae) established by Loew in 1844. The genus contains approximately 22 described species distributed primarily across the Holarctic region. Species have been described from North America, Europe, and East Asia. The genus is characterized by features of the male genitalia, particularly the structure of the ninth tergite and gonostyli.
Pristiphora erichsonii
Larch Sawfly
Pristiphora erichsonii, commonly known as the larch sawfly, is a species of sawfly native to Europe that was introduced to North America in the mid-to-late 19th century. It is a significant defoliator of larch trees (Larix spp.), particularly tamarack (Larix laricina) in North America. The species undergoes population outbreaks that can cause severe defoliation, though trees typically recover from single-year damage. Severe defoliation over multiple years can weaken trees and reduce winter survival. The species has been the subject of extensive ecological and population dynamics research due to its economic importance in forestry.
Pristiphora mollis
Gentle Bilberry Sawyer
Pristiphora mollis is a Holarctic sawfly species in the family Tenthredinidae, commonly known as the Gentle Bilberry Sawyer. The species occurs across northern regions of both North America and Eurasia, with documented records in Canada and the United Kingdom. Like other members of the genus Pristiphora, it is associated with woody plants, though specific host relationships require further documentation.
Procas
Procas is a Holarctic genus of weevils (Coleoptera: Erirhinidae) established by Stephens in 1831. The genus comprises six recognized species distributed across the western Palaearctic (four species), eastern Palaearctic (one species), and Nearctic (one species). Species-level identification relies partly on male sternite 8 characters, a technique first applied to this genus in a 2004 revision. Recent taxonomic work has clarified synonymies and restored related genera Notodermus and Apachiscelus from synonymy with Procas.
Prodiamesinae
Prodiamesinae is a subfamily of non-biting midges in the family Chironomidae. The subfamily contains at least four extant genera: Compteromesa, Monodiamesa, Odontomesa, and Prodiamesa, with additional fossil genera known from Cretaceous amber deposits. Species have been documented across the Holarctic region, including the Russian Far East, Tibetan Plateau, and North America. The subfamily has been subject to both morphological and molecular taxonomic studies, particularly for species discrimination using DNA barcoding.
Profenusa
oak mining sawflies, birch leafmining sawflies
Profenusa is a genus of leaf-mining sawflies in the family Tenthredinidae. Species in this genus are primarily associated with trees in the genera Quercus (oaks) and Betula (birches), though at least one species, P. japonica, has been documented on Rosa multiflora. Larvae are internal leaf miners that feed on mesophyll tissue, creating blotch mines. Several species are economically significant as forest and urban pests, including the invasive P. pygmaea in Kazakhstan and P. thomsoni in North America.
Protapanteles
Protapanteles is a genus of braconid wasps in the subfamily Microgastrinae, containing more than 20 described species distributed mainly in the Holarctic region. Species are koinobiont endoparasitoids of lepidopteran larvae, with documented hosts including geometrid moths and nymphalid butterflies. Some species, particularly P. immunis, have been investigated for biological control of agricultural pests. The genus has been subject to taxonomic revision, with phylogenetic studies indicating paraphyly and close relationships with Cotesia.
Proteinus brachypterus
Proteinus brachypterus is a small rove beetle (Staphylinidae) characterized by reduced hind wings (brachyptery), a trait reflected in its species name. It is widely distributed across the Holarctic region, with confirmed records from Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, Russia, and western North America. The species inhabits various decaying organic substrates and is associated with forest floor and riparian environments. Like other members of Proteininae, it is presumed to be a predator or scavenger in microarthropod communities, though specific ecological studies are limited.
Protocalliphora
bird blowflies, bird blow flies
Protocalliphora is a genus of blow flies (Calliphoridae) comprising obligate hematophagous parasites of birds. Larvae develop in bird nests and feed on the blood of nestlings, with more than 140 bird species recorded as hosts. The genus is distributed across the Holarctic region (Nearctic and Palaearctic). Adults overwinter and exhibit complex interactions with Wolbachia endosymbionts that complicate species identification through DNA barcoding.
Protocalliphora bennetti
Protocalliphora bennetti is a species of blow fly in the family Calliphoridae, described by Whitworth in 2002. The genus Protocalliphora comprises nest parasites of birds, with larvae developing in the blood of nestling birds. This species is one of approximately 20 recognized species in the genus, which are distributed primarily in the Holarctic region. Like congeners, P. bennetti likely exhibits the characteristic life history of bird nest parasitism that defines the genus.
Protophormia terraenovae
northern blowfly, blue-bottle fly, blue-assed fly, blackbottle
Protophormia terraenovae is a large, metallic blue-green blowfly with a Holarctic distribution. It is the most cold-tolerant calliphorid species, occurring from the Arctic to temperate regions. The species is economically significant as a cause of myiasis in livestock and valuable in maggot debridement therapy due to its selective consumption of necrotic tissue and antibiotic secretions. Its temperature-dependent development makes it a key forensic indicator for post-mortem interval estimation.
Psallus
Psallus is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae, subfamily Phylinae, comprising over 160 described species. The genus is predominantly Palearctic in distribution, with some species demonstrating Holarctic ranges and several having been introduced to the Nearctic region. Species are generally small, often measuring under 4 mm, with many exhibiting reddish or orange coloration. Host plant associations have been documented for several species, primarily with woody plants including oaks (Quercus), willows (Salix), and birch (Betula).
Psammotettix beirnei
Psammotettix beirnei is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, described by Greene in 1971. It belongs to the genus Psammotettix, which comprises small, grass-associated leafhoppers. The species is recorded from Canada, consistent with the genus's generally Holarctic distribution.
Psammotettix lividellus
Psammotettix lividellus is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Deltocephalinae. It belongs to a genus associated with sandy or psammophilous habitats. The species has been recorded across northern North America including Alaska, western Canada, and the northern United States. It is one of approximately 40 species in the genus Psammotettix, which is distributed across the Holarctic region.
Psen
Psen is a genus of aphid wasps comprising at least 90 described species. These solitary wasps are placed in the family Crabronidae (subfamily Pemphredoninae, tribe Psenini) and are characterized by their specialized predation on aphids. The genus was established by Latreille in 1796 and has a primarily Holarctic distribution.
Pseudotelphusa
Pseudotelphusa is a genus of small moths in the family Gelechiidae, established by Janse in 1958. The genus contains approximately 30 described species distributed primarily across the Northern Hemisphere, with records from Europe, North America, and parts of Asia. Species in this genus are generally small with wingspans typical of gelechiid moths. The genus includes both day-flying and nocturnal species, with some exhibiting characteristic wing patterns of pale ground color with darker markings.
Psilidae
rust flies
Psilidae is a family of small to medium-sized flies commonly called rust flies, with at least 38 species in four genera. The family is well represented in temperate zones and is found mainly in the Holarctic region. The carrot fly (Chamaepsila rosae) is the most economically significant member, a major agricultural pest of carrots and related crops. Larvae are phytophagous, feeding in stems, tubers, or roots of nonwoody plants.
Pterostichus
Blackclock Ground Beetles
Pterostichus is a large genus of ground beetles (Carabidae) in the subfamily Harpalinae, comprising over 1,200 species with a Holarctic distribution. These beetles are primarily predatory and are commonly found in ground-level habitats, often beneath rocks and debris. The genus exhibits considerable ecological diversity, with species showing varied substrate preferences ranging from sandy soils to subterranean environments.
Pterostichus adstrictus
Upland Blackclock
Pterostichus adstrictus is a cold-adapted ground beetle with a Holarctic-circumpolar distribution, occurring across subarctic and alpine regions of North America and Eurasia. In North America it ranges from the Bering Sea coast to Newfoundland and south to Pennsylvania, Indiana, South Dakota, New Mexico, and California's Sierra Nevada. European populations were historically known only from northern peripheries (Northern Ireland, Wales, Scandinavia) until discovery in the Austrian Alps, representing a glacial relict with arctic-alpine distribution. The species exhibits stenotopic habitat specificity and has been observed to form locally dense populations despite restricted geographic occurrence.
Pterostichus agonus
Pterostichus agonus is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, first described by G.H. Horn in 1880. The species exhibits a Holarctic distribution, occurring across Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. Two subspecies are recognized: P. a. agonus and P. a. averenskii. As a member of the genus Pterostichus, it belongs to a diverse group of woodland ground beetles characterized by their elongated body form and predatory habits.
Pterostichus costatus
Pterostichus costatus is a woodland ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It occurs across a broad holarctic distribution spanning Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. The species inhabits forested environments and is part of a large genus of ground beetles characterized by relatively robust body forms.
Pterostichus empetricola
Pterostichus empetricola is a species of woodland ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is distributed across the Holarctic region, with records from Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America including Alaska, Canada, and the United States. The species is part of the diverse genus Pterostichus, which contains numerous ground beetle species.
Pterostichus parasimilis
Pterostichus parasimilis is a species of woodland ground beetle in the family Carabidae, described by Ball in 1962. It is distributed across the Holarctic region, with records from Alaska, Canada, Russia, and the United States. Like other members of the genus Pterostichus, it is a ground-dwelling beetle typically associated with forest floor habitats.
Pterostichus pinguedineus
Pterostichus pinguedineus is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, described by Eschscholtz in 1823. It belongs to the genus Pterostichus, one of the largest genera of carabid beetles. The species has a Holarctic distribution, occurring across northern regions of North America, Europe, and Northern Asia.
Pterostichus similis
Pterostichus similis is a species of woodland ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It occurs across a broad Holarctic distribution, spanning Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. The species inhabits woodland environments and is part of the diverse Pterostichus genus, one of the largest genera of ground beetles.
Pterostichus strenuus
Rough-chested Blackclock
Pterostichus strenuus is a woodland ground beetle in the family Carabidae. The species has a Holarctic distribution, occurring in North America, Europe, and temperate Asia. It is one of many Pterostichus species adapted to forest floor habitats. Taxonomic authorities vary, with some sources listing Erichson (1837) and others Panzer (1796) or LeConte (1853).
Pterostichus vermiculosus
Pterostichus vermiculosus is a ground beetle species in the family Carabidae with a Holarctic distribution spanning Europe, Northern Asia, and North America. In Russia, it has been documented in tundra habitats including lichen moss tundra, shrub tundra, and tundra lowlands. The species was described by Ménétriés in 1851.
Ptychoptera
phantom crane flies
Ptychoptera is a genus of phantom crane flies comprising at least 70 described species. The genus is characterized by larvae that are aquatic or semi-aquatic detritivores inhabiting freshwater environments. Adults are recognized by their distinctive wing folding behavior, giving rise to the common name "fold-winged crane flies." Species occur across the Holarctic and Oriental regions, with significant diversity in China.
Pyla fusca
Speckled Black Pyla Moth
Pyla fusca is a snout moth in the subfamily Phycitinae with a Holarctic distribution. It is the only member of its genus found outside North America, making it taxonomically distinctive. The species is associated with heathland habitats, particularly areas of burnt heath where its dark coloration provides camouflage. Adults are active during summer months, and larvae feed on Ericaceae plants.
Pyrgus
Grizzled Skippers, Checkered Skippers
Pyrgus is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae, commonly known as grizzled skippers. The genus occurs primarily in the Holarctic region, with some species extending into the Neotropics. Following a major taxonomic revision in 2019, most New World species were moved to other genera (Burnsius, Chirgus, Heliopetes), leaving only four Pyrgus species in the Americas: P. centaureae, P. ruralis, P. scriptura, and P. xanthus. The genus is characterized by small butterflies with checkered or grizzled wing patterns.
Pytho
dead log beetles, dead log bark beetles
Pytho is a small genus of saproxylic beetles in the family Pythidae, commonly known as dead log beetles or dead log bark beetles. The genus comprises approximately nine to ten described species distributed across the Holarctic region, recognized as typically boreal taxa. Species inhabit the cambial layer of dead trees, particularly conifers, where larvae feed on partially decomposed wood and bark. Several species have disjunct distributions spanning North America, Europe, and Japan, reflecting complex historical biogeographic patterns involving vicariance and dispersal across Beringia. Some species, such as P. abieticola, are considered relicts of primeval forests and are in decline across much of Central Europe.
Quedius fellmani
Quedius fellmani is a rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae. It is a Holarctic species with a broad distribution spanning northern and central Europe, Russia across multiple regions including Siberia and the Far East, Mongolia, Greenland, and North America from Alaska through Canada to Colorado and New Hampshire. The species was described by Zetterstedt in 1838.
Quedius fulvicollis
Quedius fulvicollis is a rove beetle (family Staphylinidae) described by Stephens in 1833. Originally placed in the genus Raphirus, it is now classified within the large genus Quedius. The species has a Holarctic distribution, occurring across Europe, Russia, Central Asia, Iceland, and North America. As a member of Staphylininae, it likely occupies ground-dwelling habitats and contributes to decomposition processes, though specific ecological studies are limited.
Quedius molochinus
Quedius molochinus is a large, robust rove beetle in the subgenus Quedius sensu stricto. It is one of the most widespread species in its genus across the Palearctic region. The species has been introduced to eastern Canada, likely through historical ship ballast transport. Recent molecular studies have revealed unexpected cryptic diversity within this morphologically uniform species.
Quedius sublimbatus
Quedius sublimbatus is a rove beetle (Staphylinidae) with a Holarctic distribution spanning northern Eurasia and North America. The species was described by Mäklin in 1853 and is currently classified within the subgenus Raphirus of the genus Quedius. It inhabits boreal and subarctic regions across a broad longitudinal range.
Rabdophaga
Willow Gall Midges
Rabdophaga is a genus of gall midges in the family Cecidomyiidae comprising approximately 105 species distributed across Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. The genus is predominantly associated with willows (Salix spp.), where larvae induce characteristic galls; most species are host-specific to particular willow species or sections. A notable exception is R. giraudiana, which forms stem galls on poplars (Populus spp.), and a 2016 record documents the first Rabdophaga species on a non-Salicaceae host, Symplocos cochinchinensis (Symplocaceae). Species within the genus exhibit varying degrees of host fidelity, with some showing strong preference-performance relationships and others demonstrating broader host ranges across willow sections.
Raphidiidae
Raphidiid Snakeflies, Snakeflies
Raphidiidae is the largest family of snakeflies in the order Raphidioptera, comprising over 200 extant species. Members are characterized by an elongated prothorax that gives them a distinctive 'snake-like' appearance. The family is distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, with notable diversity in North America, Europe, and Asia. The genus Alena is considered the most morphologically distinct within the family due to unusual male genital sclerites. Snakeflies in this family are predators of small arthropods.
Recurvaria
Recurvaria is a genus of small moths in the family Gelechiidae, established by Haworth in 1828. The genus contains approximately 40 described species distributed across the Holarctic region. Several species are economically significant as pests of coniferous trees and pistachio, with larvae that mine needles or feed internally within fruits. The genus exhibits diverse life history strategies, including univoltine and bivoltine cycles, with some species requiring two years to complete development.
Reduvius personatus
Masked Hunter
Reduvius personatus, commonly known as the masked hunter, is a cosmopolitan assassin bug recognized for the distinctive debris-camouflaged appearance of its nymphs. The species is a generalist predator of small arthropods and has been introduced to multiple continents through human activity. Adults are uniformly dark brown to black, winged insects measuring 17–22 mm, while nymphs appear gray or light-colored due to accumulated dust and lint on their bodies. Though beneficial as predators of household pests like bed bugs, they can deliver a painful defensive bite when mishandled.
Resapamea
Resapamea is a genus of noctuid moths established by Varga & Ronkay in 1992. The genus comprises approximately 14 described species distributed across the Holarctic region. Many species were transferred from other genera, particularly Luperina, based on revised morphological and phylogenetic studies. The genus includes both widespread species and geographically restricted endemics in high-altitude and northern habitats.
Rhadiurgus
Rhadiurgus is a genus of robber flies (Asilidae) established by Loew in 1849. The genus contains at least one confirmed species, Rhadiurgus variabilis, which occurs in the Holarctic region. Members of this genus are predatory dipterans that hunt other insects in flight.
Rhadiurgus variabilis
Rhadiurgus variabilis is a Holarctic robber fly in the family Asilidae. The species was originally described as Asilus variabilis by Zetterstedt in 1838. Records indicate presence in northwestern Europe including Belgium, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Rhagiini
Rhagiini is a tribe of longhorn beetles within the subfamily Lepturinae. Members are characterized by elongated bodies and flower-visiting behavior. The tribe occurs primarily in the Northern Hemisphere with substantial diversity in North America and Eurasia.
Rhagium
flower longhorn beetles, ribbed pine borers
Rhagium is a genus of flower longhorn beetles in the subfamily Lepturinae, family Cerambycidae. The genus contains approximately 25 described species distributed across the Holarctic region, with notable species including the widespread Rhagium inquisitor (ribbed pine borer) and Rhagium mordax. Species in this genus exhibit distinctive morphological features including relatively short antennae compared to other cerambycids, often with ribbed or sculptured elytra. The genus is notable for containing the only North American cerambycid known to overwinter as adults (R. inquisitor).
Rhagium inquisitor
Ribbed Pine Borer
Rhagium inquisitor, commonly known as the ribbed pine borer, is a medium-sized longhorn beetle distinguished by its unusual morphology and unique life history. Unlike most cerambycids, adults have short antennae and a 'big-shouldered' build with heavily ribbed elytra. The species is notable for being one of the few North American cerambycids to overwinter as adults rather than larvae, and for pupating directly beneath bark rather than in the sapwood. It has a broad Holarctic distribution spanning North America, Europe, and Asia.
Rhagoletis
fruit flies
Rhagoletis is a genus of tephritid fruit flies comprising approximately 70–100 species. The genus name derives from Ancient Greek *rhago* (a kind of spider), possibly referencing the jumping spider mimicry observed in at least *R. pomonella*. Species are primarily phytophagous, with larvae developing in fruits of specific host plants. Several species are significant agricultural pests, including the apple maggot (*R. pomonella*), blueberry maggot (*R. mendax*), and cherry fruit flies (*R. cingulata*, *R. cerasi*). The genus exhibits strong host specialization, with females showing preference for ovipositing in the host fruit where they developed.
Rhantus sericans
Rhantus sericans is a predaceous diving beetle in the family Dytiscidae, first described by Sharp in 1882. The species is distributed across North America and has been recorded from the Holarctic region, including the Canadian province of Alberta. As a member of the genus Rhantus, it belongs to a group of diving beetles adapted to aquatic environments. The species is represented by 88 observations on iNaturalist, indicating it is documented but not exceptionally common in citizen science records.
Rhantus suturellus
Rhantus suturellus is a predaceous diving beetle in the family Dytiscidae. It is distributed across the Holarctic region, occurring in both North America and the Palearctic. The species is part of a genus of aquatic beetles adapted to freshwater environments.
Rhegmoclematini
Rhegmoclematini is a tribe of minute black scavenger flies (family Scatopsidae) within the subfamily Scatopsinae. These flies are small-bodied dipterans associated with decaying organic matter. The tribe is distinguished by morphological features of the male genitalia, particularly the structure of the claspers. Members are poorly known compared to the related tribe Scatopsini, with limited biological data available.
Rhithrogena
March Browns, Olive Uprights
Rhithrogena is a genus of flatheaded mayflies in the family Heptageniidae, commonly known as March Browns or Olive Uprights. The genus contains approximately 153 species distributed across the Holarctic region. Larvae are primarily scrapers that feed on periphyton from stones in running waters. Several species serve as important food sources for fish and have been studied for their bioindicator potential in freshwater monitoring.
Rhopalopterum
frit flies
Rhopalopterum is a genus of small frit flies in the family Chloropidae, established by Duda in 1929. The genus contains approximately 10 described species distributed primarily in the Holarctic region. Species within this genus are morphologically similar to other chloropids, with most described during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The genus is taxonomically placed within the subfamily Oscinellinae and tribe Oscinisomatini.
Rhoptromeris
Rhoptromeris is a genus of small parasitoid wasps in the family Figitidae (subfamily Eucoilinae). Species in this genus develop as parasitoids of chloropid flies (Diptera: Chloropidae), with hosts typically inhabiting conifer cones or grass stems. The genus currently contains nine valid Holarctic species, including the type species R. heptoma, which is an important parasitoid of the frit fly Oscinella frit, a significant pest of cereal crops.
Rhysodromus alascensis
Rhysodromus alascensis is a species of running crab spider in the family Philodromidae. It has a broad transcontinental distribution spanning northern North America and Eurasia, including Alaska, Siberia, Kazakhstan, and China. The species was originally described as Philodromus alascensis by Keyserling in 1884 and later transferred to the genus Rhysodromus. Like other philodromids, it is an active hunter that does not build webs to capture prey.
Rhyssella
Rhyssella is a genus of ichneumon wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, containing approximately 10 described species. The genus was established by Rohwer in 1920. Species in this genus are parasitoids of wood-boring insects, with documented associations to wood-wasps in the genus Xiphydria. The genus has a Holarctic distribution, with records from North America, Europe, and Asia.
Robertus
Robertus is a genus of comb-footed spiders in the family Theridiidae. It was established by Octavius Pickard-Cambridge in 1879 and is recognized as the senior synonym of the former genus Garritus. The genus comprises small spiders that construct tangled, irregular webs. Species within Robertus are found primarily in the Northern Hemisphere, with documented occurrences in Europe and North America.
Saldula opacula
shore bug
Saldula opacula is a species of shore bug in the family Saldidae, first described by Zetterstedt in 1838. It belongs to the genus Saldula, which comprises small predatory true bugs commonly found in moist habitats near water bodies. The species has a broad distribution spanning multiple continents, with confirmed records from Europe, Northern Asia, and North America. Like other members of the family Saldidae, it is adapted to shoreline environments where it hunts small invertebrate prey.
Saldula saltatoria
Common Shore Bug
Saldula saltatoria is a Holarctic shore bug with circumboreal distribution, widespread across central Europe and often occurring in large numbers. It is an active predator of small invertebrates inhabiting diverse shoreline habitats. The species shows remarkable ecological flexibility, occurring from small water bodies to large lakes and rivers, and from sea level to over 2000 meters elevation in alpine regions.
Salticus
Zebra spiders, Jumping spiders
Salticus is a genus of jumping spiders (Salticidae), the type genus for the family. Species range from 3–7 mm in body length and are distinguished by coloration produced by specialized scales covering a dark integument. Several common species exhibit transverse black-and-white striping that gives the group its "zebra spider" common name, though some species display iridescent or red-and-white patterns instead. The genus has been recorded on every continent except Antarctica, with highest diversity in the southwestern United States, Mexico, and the Mediterranean region.
Saperda
flat-faced longhorn beetles
Saperda is a genus of flat-faced longhorn beetles in the family Cerambycidae, subfamily Lamiinae, erected by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775. Species in this genus are wood-boring beetles whose larvae develop in living or stressed trees, particularly poplars, willows, and other broadleaf hosts. Several species are economically significant pests of plantation trees and fruit crops. The genus has a Holarctic distribution with highest diversity in the Palearctic region.
Sapromyza
Sapromyza is a genus of small flies in the family Lauxaniidae, containing at least 330 described species. The genus has a broad distribution across the Holarctic region and beyond, with documented records from Europe, the Middle East, and North America. Taxonomic revisions have focused on regional species inventories and identification keys, particularly in understudied areas such as Israel and Iran.
Satilatlas marxi
Satilatlas marxi is a species of sheet-web weaving spider in the family Linyphiidae, described by Keyserling in 1886. It is a Holarctic species with documented occurrences in Alaska, Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba), and South Siberia, Russia. The genus Satilatlas belongs to the diverse dwarf spider family, whose members construct horizontal sheet webs to capture prey. Very little is known about the specific biology of this species.
Satyrium
Satyrid Hairstreaks
Satyrium is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae, commonly known as satyrid hairstreaks. Species in this genus are distributed across the Holarctic ecozone. Many species exhibit specialized ecological associations, including larval dependencies on particular oak species and mutualistic relationships with ants. Several species have been the focus of conservation concern due to habitat specificity and perceived rarity.
Scathophaginae
dung flies, yellow dung flies
Scathophaginae is a subfamily of predatory flies within the family Scathophagidae, commonly known as dung flies. The subfamily contains at least 30 genera and approximately 130 described species. Adults are frequently associated with dung and decaying organic matter, where they occur in large numbers. The group is notable for being predatory rather than coprophagous, with both adults and larvae feeding on other insects.
Scatophila
shore fly
Scatophila is a genus of shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae) in the tribe Scatellini. The genus contains at least 26 Nearctic species, with additional species distributed across the Palearctic. Three new species were described from the Nearctic in 2021: S. angusta, S. bolwigi, and S. mystacina. Five species (S. contaminata, S. cribrata, S. iowana, S. mesogramma, and S. unicornis) have Holarctic distributions.
Schizotus fuscicollis
A small beetle in the family Pyrochroidae, known from the Holarctic region with confirmed records from Alaska. The species is placed in the genus Schizotus, which is characterized by soft-bodied adults and larvae typically associated with decaying organic matter. Specific biological details for this species remain poorly documented in published literature.
Sciodrepoides
Sciodrepoides is a genus of small carrion beetles in the family Leiodidae, subfamily Cholevinae, containing approximately five described species. The genus includes notable necrophagous species such as Sciodrepoides watsoni, which has been extensively studied for forensic entomology applications. Members are small-bodied, brown beetles with Holarctic distribution patterns.
Sciodrepoides watsoni
Sciodrepoides watsoni is a small (~3 mm) brown necrophagous beetle in the family Leiodidae with Holarctic distribution. It is notable for its utility in forensic entomology, where thermal summation models for its development have been established to estimate post-mortem intervals. The species completes development through egg, three larval instars, and pupa to adult, with head capsule width serving as the most reliable character for instar determination. It has been successfully reared in laboratory conditions at temperatures between 15°C and 25°C.
Scoliocentra tincta
Scoliocentra tincta is a species of fly in the family Heleomyzidae, first described by Francis Walker in 1849. Members of this family are commonly known as heleomyzid flies and are generally associated with decaying organic matter. The genus Scoliocentra is distributed across the Holarctic region. Specific ecological details for S. tincta remain poorly documented.
Scoliopteryx libatrix
Herald Moth, Herald
Scoliopteryx libatrix, commonly known as the herald moth, is a noctuid moth distributed across the Holarctic region. Adults are notable for their distinctive wing patterning and behavior of overwintering in caves, mines, and similar sheltered structures. The species has been documented as a host for entomopathogenic fungi and shares hibernacula with insectivorous bats. Its acoustic sensitivity to bat echolocation frequencies, combined with an absence of evasive flight responses during hibernation, represents an unusual behavioral adaptation.
Scolobates auriculatus
Scolobates auriculatus is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Fabricius in 1804. The species is recorded from Belgium and Canada (Alberta), suggesting a Holarctic distribution. Like other ichneumonids, it is presumed to be a parasitoid, though specific host associations remain undocumented. The genus Scolobates contains relatively few described species, and S. auriculatus appears to be infrequently encountered based on available collection records.
Scopula frigidaria
Frigid Wave
Scopula frigidaria is a small geometrid moth distributed across boreal regions of northern Eurasia and North America. Adults have a wingspan of 21–23 mm and are active from late May through June. The species exhibits a univoltine life cycle with larvae feeding exclusively on bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus). Larvae overwinter in the larval stage, with development spanning from July through May of the following year. Two subspecies are recognized: the nominate form and S. f. schoyeni restricted to the Kola Peninsula and Fennoscandia.
Scythris immaculatella
Scythris immaculatella is a minute moth species in the family Scythrididae, first described from North America in 1875. The species belongs to a group commonly known as flower moths, characterized by their extremely small size and association with flowering plants. Records indicate a Holarctic distribution spanning North America and Eurasia. Like many scythridids, its biology remains poorly documented.
Scythris inspersella
Norfolk owlet
Scythris inspersella, commonly known as the Norfolk owlet, is a small moth in the family Scythrididae first described by Jacob Hübner in 1817. It has a Holarctic distribution spanning Asia, Europe, and North America. The species is diurnal and has been observed visiting flowers during its July–August flight period. Its larvae feed gregariously on willowherbs (Onagraceae), spinning together the terminal shoots of their host plants.
Sepsis neocynipsea
black scavenger fly
Sepsis neocynipsea is a black scavenger fly in the family Sepsidae, widespread across the Holarctic region including North American grasslands. The species is obligate on cow dung for reproduction, with females depositing eggs on fresh dung and larvae completing development within or near the dung pat. Research has documented severe sensitivity to ivermectin residues in livestock dung, with females showing approximately three times higher mortality than males when exposed. The species exhibits complex interactions between chemical stress and environmental conditions, including potential hormetic effects where combined heat and ivermectin exposure can improve survival relative to ivermectin alone.
Sericoda
Sericoda is a genus of harpaline ground beetles native to the Holarctic region, with apparent North American origin. These beetles are pyrophilous, meaning they are strongly attracted to burned areas following forest fires. They are generally smaller than related genera such as Agonum. Two species, Sericoda quadripunctata and S. bembidioides, have been extensively studied in boreal forests of Alberta, Canada, where they serve as hosts for phoretic mites of the genus Antennoseius.
Sericoda quadripunctata
Four-spotted Sericoda
Sericoda quadripunctata is a pyrophilous ground beetle strongly associated with recently burned forests in boreal regions. Its abundance peaks in the first year after wildfire and declines sharply by the third post-fire year. The species serves as a phoretic host for specialized mites (Antennoseius perseus and A. pyrophilus) that inhabit the space beneath its elytra. It occurs across the Holarctic region, including Europe, Northern Asia, and North America.
Sericomyia
Pond Flies
Sericomyia is a genus of large hoverflies in the family Syrphidae, commonly known as pond flies. Species within this genus are notable bee mimics, displaying both short-pile and long-pile coloration patterns. The genus is widespread across boreal forests of the Holarctic region, extending southward at higher elevations into the Oriental and Neotropical regions. Larvae are of the rat-tailed maggot type, specialized for aquatic life in oxygen-poor environments.
Sialis
Holarctic Alderflies
Sialis is a genus of alderflies in the family Sialidae, characterized by small, brown, heavy-bodied insects with forewings 10–20 mm long. The genus is distinguished from other Megaloptera by having fewer than fifteen square cells along the upper edge of the front wings. Adults are diurnal and active in late spring. Larvae are aquatic predators that develop over two years before pupating in shoreline soil.
Simplocaria
pill beetles
Simplocaria is a genus of pill beetles (family Byrrhidae) established by Stephens in 1829. The genus contains more than 30 described species. Members of this genus are associated with forest habitats in northern regions. Simplocaria metallica has been specifically studied in northern Alberta, Canada, in relation to forest habitat characteristics.
Simplocariini
pill beetles
Simplocariini is a tribe of pill beetles (family Byrrhidae) comprising approximately 9 genera and more than 40 described species. The tribe was established by Mulsant & Rey in 1869 and is classified within the subfamily Byrrhinae. Members of this tribe share the family characteristic of conglobation—the ability to roll into a ball when disturbed. The tribe includes genera distributed across the Holarctic region, with some genera showing more restricted geographic ranges.
Siphlonurus alternatus
Northern Summer Mayfly
Siphlonurus alternatus is a primitive minnow mayfly with a Holarctic distribution spanning North America and Europe. The species is univoltine, overwintering as eggs and emerging as adults between May and August. Larvae inhabit deep pools in rivers, streams, and calcareous lakes, where they feed on fine particulate organic detritus. Adults emerge during daylight hours, with males forming swarms at dawn and dusk.
Sitonini
Sitonini is a tribe of broad-nosed weevils (Curculionidae: Entiminae) with a Holarctic distribution. Members are specialized feeders on Fabaceae, with adults consuming leaves and larvae feeding on root nodules. The tribe includes economically significant pests, particularly in the genera Sitona and Charagmus, which damage lupin and other legume crops in Europe.
Smerinthus
Eyed Hawkmoths
Smerinthus is a Holarctic genus of hawkmoths in the family Sphingidae, containing approximately 12 recognized species. Adults are characterized by prominent eyespots on the hindwings and forewing patterns that resemble dried leaves. Adults possess reduced or absent mouthparts and do not feed. Larvae feed on a variety of host plants in the families Salicaceae and possibly others.
Somotrichus
Somotrichus is a monotypic genus of ground beetles in the family Carabidae, established by Seidlitz in 1887. It contains a single species, Somotrichus unifasciatus, distributed across the Holarctic region. The genus belongs to the subtribe Somotrichina within the tribe Lebiini.
Spallanzania hebes
Spallanzania hebes is a species of tachinid fly described by Fallén in 1820. It belongs to the subfamily Exoristinae and tribe Goniini within the parasitoid fly family Tachinidae. The species has a broad Holarctic distribution spanning North America, Europe, and Asia.
Spargania luctuata
White-banded Carpet, White-banded Carpet Moth
Spargania luctuata, commonly known as the white-banded carpet, is a geometrid moth with a Holarctic distribution spanning northern and central Europe, North Asia, and North America. Adults are bivoltine in at least parts of their range, flying from late April through September. The species is recognized by its characteristic wing pattern featuring a prominent white transverse band. Larvae feed specifically on rosebay willowherb (Chamaenerion angustifolium and related species).
Sphecomyia cryptica
Sphecomyia cryptica is a species of hoverfly (Diptera: Syrphidae) described in 2019 from the genus Sphecomyia, a group of large wasp-mimicking flies in the subtribe Criorhinina. It belongs to the S. pattonii species group, characterized by the absence of pruinose scutellar vittae. The species exhibits distinctive abdominal patterning with pruinose sternites and yellow-banded tergites. As a member of this Holarctic genus, it likely functions as a pollinator in its adult stage. Biological data remain limited due to its recent description.
Sphecomyia vittata
Long-horned Yellowjacket Fly
Sphecomyia vittata is a large, striking syrphid fly known for its exceptional mimicry of yellowjacket wasps. It possesses unusually long, thick antennae for a fly—longer than the head depth in lateral view—which enhances its resemblance to vespid wasps. The species belongs to the S. vittata species group within subtribe Criorhinina, characterized by pruinose scutellar vittae and specific thoracic pruinosity patterns. Adults are flower visitors, though detailed natural history remains poorly documented. The species has a Holarctic distribution with concentration in eastern North America.
Spilichneumon
Spilichneumon is a genus of ichneumon wasps containing at least 30 described species. These wasps are notable for being among the first wasps active in early spring, having overwintered as adults in protected locations such as rotten logs. The genus has a holarctic and Oriental distribution, with North American species concentrated in northern regions, Canada, Alaska, and mountainous areas extending south to Arizona. Females are internal parasitoids of noctuid moth caterpillars, with larvae developing inside hosts and emerging from the pupal stage.
Spiriverpa
Spiriverpa is a genus of stiletto flies (Diptera: Therevidae: Therevinae) containing six recognized species distributed across the Holarctic Region. The genus was established by Irwin and Lyneborg in 1981 and has undergone recent taxonomic revision to clarify species boundaries and synonymize several previously misplaced taxa. Species within this genus are distinguished primarily by male genitalia morphology.
Spiriverpa bella
A stiletto fly species in the family Therevidae, occurring in the Holarctic region. Originally described as Thereva bella by Kröber in 1914, the species was later transferred to Spiriverpa. The subspecies Thereva bella nigrimana Kröber was synonymized with the nominate form in a 2005 taxonomic revision.
Stenamma
cryptic leaf-litter ants
Stenamma is a genus of cryptic ants in the family Formicidae, subfamily Myrmicinae. The genus was long thought to be restricted to temperate regions, but extensive Neotropical collections have revealed a major radiation in Middle America with 40 recognized species, 33 of them newly described. Species are notably adapted to cool, wet environments at mid to high elevations, where they can become the dominant ant genus in leaf-litter samples—contrary to the typical ant pattern of decreasing diversity with elevation.
Stenamma chiricahua
Stenamma chiricahua is a species of ant in the family Formicidae, first described by Snelling in 1973. The species epithet refers to the Chiricahua Mountains of southeastern Arizona, indicating its type locality and geographic association with this Madrean Sky Island range. As a member of the genus Stenamma, it belongs to a cryptic ant group known for occurring in cool, wet forest habitats at mid to high elevations. The Middle American clade of Stenamma, which includes this species, underwent a major taxonomic revision in 2013 that recognized 40 species, 33 of which were newly described, revealing a previously overlooked radiation of Neotropical ants.
Stenamma schmittii
Stenamma schmittii is a species of ant in the genus Stenamma, described by Wheeler in 1903. The genus Stenamma comprises cryptic "leaf-litter" ants found in moderately humid to wet forest habitats across the Holarctic region, Central America, and northwestern South America. Species in this genus are adapted to cool, wet environments at mid to high elevations, often becoming the most common ant genus in cloud forest leaf-litter samples. Stenamma species exhibit diverse life history strategies and nesting behaviors, including the use of clay "door-pebbles" for nest protection in some species.
Stenodemini
Stenodemini is a tribe of plant bugs (family Miridae) comprising approximately 18 genera and over 60 described species. Members are primarily associated with grasses and grassland habitats. The tribe includes economically and ecologically significant genera such as Stenodema, Leptopterna, Notostira, and Trigonotylus. Species within this tribe show complex feeding relationships with multiple grass host plants, with ecological separation often achieved through temporal partitioning and microhabitat specialization.
Stenus juno
Stenus juno is a species of predatory rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Steninae. It was first described by Paykull in 1789. The species has a broad Holarctic distribution, occurring across Europe, northern Asia, and North America. Like other members of the genus Stenus, it possesses specialized adaptations for capturing prey.
Stenus latissimus hatchi
Stenus latissimus hatchi is a subspecies of rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Steninae. Like other members of the genus Stenus, it possesses the specialized labial apparatus that allows some species to capture prey using adhesive secretions. The subspecies occurs across a broad transcontinental range spanning northern Eurasia and western North America. As a member of the Steninae, it is associated with moist habitats near water bodies where the water-gliding behavior characteristic of many congeners may be expressed.
Stenus morio
Stenus morio is a species of rove beetle in the subfamily Steninae, first described by Gravenhorst in 1806. It belongs to a genus noted for specialized predatory adaptations, including the ability to use blood pressure to eject mouthparts for capturing prey. The species has a broad Holarctic distribution spanning Europe, Asia, and North America.
Stenus plicipennis
Stenus plicipennis is a species of rove beetle in the subfamily Steninae, described by Casey in 1884. Like other members of the genus Stenus, it possesses the characteristic labial apparatus used for prey capture, though the specific ecology of this species remains poorly documented. The species has a Holarctic distribution, occurring across northern North America and eastern Russia. It represents one of numerous Stenus species adapted to moist microhabitats where predatory specialization on small invertebrates occurs.
Stenus pubescens
Stenus pubescens is a species of rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Steninae. It is one of numerous species in the large genus Stenus, which is characterized by distinctive adaptations including the ability to glide on water surfaces using specialized gland secretions. The species has a Holarctic distribution, occurring across much of Europe, northern Asia, and North America. Like other members of the genus, it is a predator of small invertebrates.
Stephanopachys substriatus
powder-post beetle, Pine Powderpost Beetle
Stephanopachys substriatus is a species of horned powder-post beetle in the family Bostrichidae. It has a Holarctic distribution, occurring in Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. The species is commonly known as the powder-post beetle or Pine Powderpost Beetle, reflecting its association with coniferous wood degradation.
Stereocerus rubripes
Stereocerus rubripes is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, characterized by its holarctic distribution spanning Europe, northern Asia, and North America. It inhabits woodland environments and belongs to the subfamily Pterostichinae, a diverse group of predominantly ground-dwelling predatory beetles. The species was first described by Motschulsky in 1860.
Sterictiphora
Sterictiphora is a Holarctic genus of sawflies in the family Argidae. The genus contains approximately 20 described species distributed across the northern temperate regions of North America, Europe, and Asia. Larvae of at least some species produce distinctive zigzag feeding patterns on host leaves. The genus is distinguished from the superficially similar Aproceros (which feeds on Ulmus) by host association with Prunus species.
Stictoleptura
Stictoleptura is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) distributed across the Holarctic region, with species in Europe, Asia, and North America. The genus includes medium-sized beetles typically associated with broadleaved woodland habitats. The first genome sequence for the genus was published for Stictoleptura scutellata, a scarce species in Britain associated with ancient woodland and wood pasture.
Stigmella lapponica
Stigmella lapponica is a minute moth in the family Nepticulidae, described by Maximilian Ferdinand Wocke in 1862 from northern Norway. The species is notable for its leaf-mining larvae that feed exclusively on birch leaves, creating distinctive slender galleries. Adults are active in May with a single generation per year, though partial second broods have been suggested. The moth occurs across the Holarctic region, including Europe, Asia, and North America.
Stiphrosoma
Stiphrosoma is a genus of small flies in the family Anthomyzidae, established by Czerny in 1928. The genus contains at least 14 recognized species, including the type species S. sabulosum and 13 species described from the New World. A revised generic diagnosis was established in 2005 to accommodate all known species. The genus exhibits holarctic distribution, with some species showing wing polymorphism.
Stroggylocephalus
Stroggylocephalus is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Aphrodinae. The genus was established by Flor in 1861 and contains at least six described species distributed across the Holarctic region. Species have been recorded from Europe, Asia, and North America.
Strophopteryx
mottled willowfly (for S. fasciata)
Strophopteryx is a genus of winter stoneflies comprising seven described species. Members are found in the Holarctic region, with records from North America and the Russian Far East. The genus belongs to the family Taeniopterygidae, a group characterized by adult emergence during cold months. Strophopteryx fasciata, the mottled willowfly, is the most well-known species and has been the subject of mitochondrial genome sequencing.
Stygnocoris sabulosus
hairy groundbug
Stygnocoris sabulosus is a small dirt-colored seed bug in the family Rhyparochromidae. The species was described by Schilling in 1829 and has been widely recorded across the Holarctic region. A taxonomic revision established S. sabulosus as the senior synonym of S. pygmaeus (R.F. Sahlberg, 1848). It is commonly known as the hairy groundbug.
Sulcacis
tree-fungus beetles
Sulcacis is a genus of minute tree-fungus beetles in the family Ciidae, established by Dury in 1917. The genus comprises eight described species distributed across the Holarctic region, including Europe, Asia, and North America. Species in this genus are associated with wood-decaying fungi and are documented hosts of entomopathogenic fungi and pseudoscorpion predators.
Swammerdamia caesiella
Birch Ermel
Swammerdamia caesiella is a small ermine moth in the family Yponomeutidae, commonly known as the Birch Ermel. It has a broad distribution across Europe, Asia, and North America, where it may have been introduced. The species is bivoltine, with adults active in spring and late summer. Larvae specialize on birch foliage.
Symmerus
Symmerus is a Holarctic genus of fungus gnats in the family Ditomyiidae (Diptera). The genus comprises approximately 16 described species distributed across the northern hemisphere, with records from Europe, North America, and Asia. A systematic revision recognized two subgenera: Symmerus s. str. and Psilosymmerus, the latter established with S. coqulus as type species. The genus has been subject to phylogenetic analysis using Hennig's phylogenetic systematics, with transantarctic relationships documented in the related genus Australosymmerus.
Symmerus lautus
Symmerus lautus is a Holarctic species of fungus gnat in the family Ditomyiidae (subfamily Ditomyiinae). The species was originally described as Plesiastina lauta by Loew in 1869 and has been known under the synonyms S. tristis and S. dilutus. The genus Symmerus belongs to a group of non-brachyceran Diptera commonly referred to as fungus gnats, though specific biological details for S. lautus remain poorly documented.
Sympetrum danae
Black Darter, Black Meadowhawk
Sympetrum danae is a small dragonfly with a northern Holarctic distribution, found in northern Europe, Asia, and North America. It is Britain's smallest resident dragonfly at 29–34 mm long. The species is strongly associated with acidic bog habitats and is active from mid-June to mid-November, with peak activity in late summer. Mature males are entirely black, making this the only Sympetrum species lacking red coloration in males.
Sympistis heliophila
Sympistis heliophila is a noctuid moth (owlet moth) with a Holarctic distribution spanning Europe, northern Asia, and North America. The species name 'heliophila' (sun-loving) suggests an association with open, sunny habitats. It belongs to the diverse genus Sympistis, which contains numerous species often difficult to distinguish without detailed examination.
Syneta
Syneta is a genus of leaf beetles comprising approximately 11 described species. It is the sole genus in the subfamily Synetinae, a small lineage within the family Chrysomelidae. The genus has an exclusively Holarctic distribution, occurring in northern regions of North America, Europe, and Asia. The type species, Syneta betulae, was described by Fabricius in 1792.
Synetinae
Synetinae is a small subfamily of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) containing two genera, Syneta and Thricolema, with approximately 12 described species. The group is restricted to the Holarctic region, with most species occurring in North America and a smaller number in Europe and Asia. The taxonomic status of Synetinae has been disputed: historically treated as a separate subfamily, it was proposed as tribe Synetini within Eumolpinae based on larval similarities, though this placement remains contested due to conflicting morphological evidence.
Syngrapha diasema
Dwarf Birch Looper
Syngrapha diasema is a noctuid moth distributed across Arctic and subarctic regions of Eurasia and North America. First described by Boisduval in 1829, it is commonly known as the Dwarf Birch Looper. The species has a wingspan of 30–33 mm and completes one generation per year.
Synneuron
Synneuron is a rare genus of flies in the family Canthyloscelidae, with four extant species distributed across the Holarctic region. The genus has an exceptional fossil record extending back to the Lower Cretaceous (ca. 125 Ma), with specimens from Australia and the Eocene of North America, supporting its status as a true Pangean clade that survived major vegetation transitions from gymnosperm to angiosperm dominance. Its ancient origins and relictual modern distribution make it significant for understanding dipteran biogeography and the impact of Cretaceous floral turnover on insect lineages.
Syrphus
Common Flower Flies
Syrphus is a genus of hoverflies in the family Syrphidae, characterized by distinctive calypter morphology. The genus is distinguished from other Syrphini by long hairs on the upper surface of the lower lobe of the calypter, a unique diagnostic feature. Adults are common flower visitors and pollinators, while larvae are primarily aphid predators. The genus includes approximately 20 described species distributed across the Holarctic region, with several species occurring in North America and Europe.
Syrphus ribesii
Common Banded Hoverfly
Syrphus ribesii is a common Holarctic hoverfly and an effective aphid predator in both agricultural and natural ecosystems. Adults are frequent flower visitors, feeding on nectar and pollen while providing pollination services. The species is highly migratory and shows remarkable adaptability to diverse habitats from farmland to forest. Two distinct chromosome races exist across much of Europe.
Syrphus vitripennis
Black-thighed Flower Fly
Syrphus vitripennis is a common Holarctic hoverfly (Syrphidae) with distinctive yellow and black wasp-mimicking coloration. Adults are medium-sized (8–11 mm body length, wing length 7.25–10.25 mm) and frequent flowers from March to October, peaking in July–August. Larvae are aphid predators, making this species economically significant for biological control. The species is highly migratory, with documented seasonal movements between latitudes. It is one of five Syrphus species in Britain and can be difficult to distinguish from congeners, particularly S. rectus in males.
Systenus eucercus
Systenus eucercus is a species of long-legged fly (Dolichopodidae) described by Steyskal in 1970. It belongs to the subfamily Medeterinae, a group characterized by slender bodies and elongated legs. The genus Systenus is distributed across the Holarctic region, with species often associated with moist terrestrial habitats. As with most dolichopodids, adults are predatory and contribute to insect population control in their ecosystems.
Tachinus basalis
Tachinus basalis is a species of rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Tachyporinae. It is a Holarctic species with a broad distribution across northern Eurasia and North America. Like other members of the genus Tachinus, it is likely associated with decaying organic matter and fungal habitats, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented. The species was described by Wilhelm Ferdinand Erichson in 1839.
Tachinusini
Tachinusini is a tribe of rove beetles within the subfamily Tachyporinae. Members are small to medium-sized beetles characterized by compact bodies and relatively short elytra that leave several abdominal segments exposed. The tribe includes the genus Tachinus, which is among the more frequently observed tachyporine groups. Tachinusini species are found primarily in the Northern Hemisphere, with many species adapted to cool, moist microhabitats.
Tachyerges
Tachyerges is a genus of weevils in the family Curculionidae, established by Schoenherr in 1825. The genus comprises at least two recognized species: Tachyerges salicis and Tachyerges stigma. Species in this genus are associated with willow (Salix) host plants. The genus has documented populations across Europe and North America.
Tachyporus abdominalis
Tachyporus abdominalis is a species of rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Tachyporinae. It is a small, active predatory beetle with a Holarctic distribution spanning North America, Europe, and Asia. The species is part of the diverse Tachyporus genus, which contains numerous similar-looking species that are often difficult to distinguish without close examination. Like other members of its genus, it is typically found in moist habitats where it hunts small invertebrates.
Tachyporus maculicollis
Tachyporus maculicollis is a rove beetle (Staphylinidae) described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1866. The species epithet "maculicollis" refers to spotted or marked coloration on the pronotum or neck region. It belongs to the subfamily Tachyporinae, a group characterized by relatively short elytra and flexible abdominal segments. The genus Tachyporus is widely distributed across the Holarctic region, with this species recorded from North America and parts of Eurasia.
Teleiopsis
Teleiopsis is a genus of small moths in the family Gelechiidae, first described by Sattler in 1960. The genus contains eleven recognized species with a predominantly Holarctic distribution centered around the Mediterranean region. Larvae of at least one species (Teleiopsis diffinis) have been documented as leaf-miners, though biological data for most species remains limited.
Temnostoma
Falsehorn Flies
Temnostoma is a genus of hoverflies (Syrphidae) renowned for their sophisticated Batesian mimicry of wasps. Adults possess overall morphological resemblance to hymenopterans, including darkened wing margins that mimic the folded wings of vespid wasps at rest. A distinctive behavioral adaptation involves waving the forelegs in front of the head to simulate wasp antennae. The genus comprises approximately 25 described species distributed across the Holarctic region, with larvae that are saproxylic—developing in wet, decaying wood where they feed on microorganisms.
Tenthredininae
Tenthredininae is a subfamily of sawflies within the family Tenthredinidae, representing one of the most diverse and well-known groups of sawflies. It contains approximately 28-50 genera, including the type genus Tenthredo. Members of this subfamily include most of the larger and more conspicuously colored sawflies in the family. The subfamily is divided into seven recognized tribes, with an eighth tribe (Sioblini) having been elevated to subfamily status as Sioblinae.
Tenthredo
Common Sawflies
Tenthredo is a large genus of sawflies comprising over 700 species with Holarctic distribution. Adults exhibit wasp-mimicry with long antennae and lack the narrow petiole ('wasp waist') characteristic of true wasps. Larvae are herbivorous and feed on diverse host plants, with most species showing host specificity. Adults are predatory or omnivorous, feeding on smaller insects as well as pollen and nectar at flowers. The genus is notable for its complex wing venation and soft-bodied, delicate adults.
Tetanocera ferruginea
common buff snailkiller
Tetanocera ferruginea is a medium to large sciomyzid fly with light brown coloration and no obvious wing markings. It is an obligate malacophage, with larvae preying on non-operculate snails in aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats. The species has a Holarctic distribution and is multivoltine, overwintering in the puparial stage. Despite forming large populations, individuals exhibit very limited movement within habitats.
Tetragnatha extensa
Common Stretch Spider
Tetragnatha extensa is a long-jawed orb-weaver spider with a Holarctic distribution. It is characterized by an extremely elongated body and legs, with females reaching up to 11 mm in body length. The species constructs horizontal orb webs in damp, vegetated habitats and exhibits a distinctive straight-line defensive posture when alarmed. It is the most common species of Tetragnatha in the United Kingdom and among the most frequently encountered long-jawed orb weavers across its range.
Tetrix subulata
Slender Ground-hopper, Slender Groundhopper, Awl-shaped Pygmy Grasshopper, Slender Grouse Locust
Tetrix subulata is a small groundhopper (family Tetrigidae) with a Holarctic distribution spanning the Palearctic and Nearctic regions. The species exhibits striking polymorphism in both coloration and wing development, with long-winged (macropterous) and short-winged (brachypterous) morphs coexisting in populations. It is strongly associated with moist habitats, particularly wet meadows, riverbanks, and mudflats, where it feeds primarily on algae and mosses. The species has been extensively studied for its wing dimorphism, reproductive interference with congeners, and life-history trade-offs between flight capability and reproduction.
Thanatophilus
carrion beetles, silky carrion beetles
Thanatophilus is a genus of approximately 12 described species of carrion beetles in the family Silphidae. These beetles are primarily necrophagous, feeding on decaying animal matter. They occupy the Holarctic and Afrotropical realms and are frequently detected on large carrion, including human remains. Several species are forensically important for estimating time of colonization and post-mortem intervals.
Thanatophilus lapponicus
Northern Carrion Beetle, Silky Carrion Beetle
Thanatophilus lapponicus, the Northern Carrion Beetle, is a holarctic species in the family Silphidae. It is one of the most widespread carrion beetles in the northern hemisphere, occurring across boreal and temperate regions of Europe, Asia, and North America. The species is associated with decomposing animal remains, particularly in cooler climates where its densely hairy body may provide thermal insulation. Adults are active from early spring through autumn and are frequently encountered in forensic entomology contexts.
Thanatophilus trituberculatus
Cold-shore Carrion Beetle
Thanatophilus trituberculatus is a carrion beetle in the family Silphidae. The species occurs across northern regions of both North America and Eurasia. It is associated with cold environments, as indicated by its common name "Cold-shore Carrion Beetle" and its distribution in subarctic and boreal zones. Like other members of its genus, it likely feeds on decomposing animal matter.
Thanatus formicinus
Running Crab Spider, Ant-mimic Crab Spider
Thanatus formicinus is a running crab spider in the family Philodromidae with a Holarctic distribution spanning North America, Europe, and Asia. It is a ground-dwelling hunter active during spring and early summer, often observed basking on warm surfaces like concrete paths. The species exhibits ant-mimicry in both appearance and behavior, a distinctive trait among crab spiders.
Thera
Thera is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae, subfamily Larentiinae, established by Stephens in 1831. The genus comprises numerous species distributed primarily across the Northern Hemisphere. Thera moths are small to medium-sized geometrids with relatively broad wings and cryptic coloration patterns. Larvae typically feed on coniferous trees, making several species economically significant as forest pests.
Theridion pictum
Painted Cobweb Weaver
Theridion pictum is a cobweb spider in the family Theridiidae and the type species of the genus Theridion. It has a Holarctic distribution spanning North America, Europe, and Asia, with introduced populations in South Africa. The species constructs three-dimensional webs in damp, low-lying areas, often on vegetation or man-made structures. Adults mature in early to mid-summer, with females persisting into autumn.
Theridiosoma gemmosum
Common Eastern Ray Spider, Ray Spider
A small Holarctic ray spider distinguished by its unique conical orb web. Females measure 2–3 mm, males 1.5–2 mm. The species constructs a specialized web held under tension by the spider, which is released to snap forward and capture flying prey. Mating involves successive copulations with males providing silk draglines that females ingest as nuptial gifts between copulations.
Thrinax dubitata
Thrinax dubitata is a species of sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae, originally described as Hemitaxonus dubitatus by Norton in 1862. It is one of approximately 40 species in the genus Thrinax, a group of small to medium-sized sawflies primarily distributed in the Holarctic region. The species is recorded from eastern and central Canada, with observations spanning Manitoba to the Atlantic provinces. As with most Tenthredinidae, adults are likely herbivorous or nectar-feeding, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
Titanoeca
Titanoeca is a genus of cribellate-web spiders in the family Titanoecidae, established by Thorell in 1870. The genus comprises 31 species as of January 2026, distributed primarily across Eurasia with notable exceptions: three species endemic to North America (T. americana, T. brunnea, T. nigrella), one holarctic species (T. nivalis), and one Ecuadorian endemic (T. guayaquilensis). Members construct cribellate webs and exhibit conditional foraging behavior.
Tomocerus
elongate springtails
Tomocerus is a genus of elongate springtails (Collembola) in the family Tomoceridae, characterized by their relatively large size among springtails and distinctive body proportions. Species in this genus are distributed across multiple continents including Europe, Asia, and the Americas, with some species exhibiting troglomorphic adaptations in cave habitats. The genus has been subject to taxonomic revision, with species complexes such as the kinoshitai and ocreatus groups recognized. Tomocerus vulgaris is a notable species that has been studied for its life history and ecological interactions, including serving as prey for specialized predators such as harvestmen.
Tournotaris bimaculata
Tournotaris bimaculata is a species of weevil in the family Brachyceridae, originally described by Fabricius in 1787 under the name Curculio bimaculatus. The species has a Holarctic distribution, with records indicating presence in parts of Europe. As a member of the Curculionoidea superfamily, it possesses the characteristic elongated snout typical of weevils.
Tragosoma
Tragosoma is a genus of large saproxylic longhorn beetles in the subfamily Prioninae, distributed across the Holarctic region. The genus includes approximately six described species, with Tragosoma depsarium being the most widely studied and the type species. These beetles are obligate deadwood specialists whose larvae develop in the sapwood of conifers, particularly pines. Adults are notable for their robust, somewhat flattened bodies and relatively short antennae compared to other cerambycids. Several species are of conservation concern due to their dependence on specific deadwood microhabitats threatened by modern forestry practices.
Tragosoma harrisii
Hairy Pine Borer
Tragosoma harrisii is a large longhorned beetle in the family Cerambycidae, subfamily Prioninae. It is one of the few North American cerambycids with a Holarctic distribution, also occurring in Europe and Asia. The species is associated with coniferous forests and has been documented in boreal and montane regions across its range. Adults are active during summer months and have been collected using sweet red wine-baited traps.
Trechus apicalis
Trechus apicalis is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae, first described by Motschulsky in 1845. It belongs to the large genus Trechus, which comprises numerous small carabid beetles often associated with cool, moist habitats. The species has a Holarctic distribution, occurring across northern regions of North America and Eurasia.
Trechus chalybeus
Trechus chalybeus is a small ground beetle in the family Carabidae, subfamily Trechinae. The species was described by Dejean in 1831 and has been historically placed in the genus Epaphius by some authorities. It is known from North America with records across the northern United States, Canada, and Alaska. As a member of the large genus Trechus, it shares the typical characteristics of small, often metallic carabid beetles associated with ground-level habitats.
Tremex
woodwasp, horntail
Tremex is a genus of woodwasps (family Siricidae) containing approximately 33 species with a primarily Holarctic distribution. These large, cylindrical wasps are characterized by females possessing a prominent, spear-like ovipositor used to bore into hardwood trees and lay eggs. Unlike their relatives in the subfamily Siricinae, Tremex species associate with the white-rot fungus Cerrena unicolor rather than Amylostereum. The larvae tunnel through wood and feed on both the fungus and decayed wood material. Though they appear intimidating due to their size and visible ovipositor, they are non-venomous and pose no threat to humans.
Trichiosoma
Hairy-clubhorn Sawflies
Trichiosoma is a genus of large-bodied sawflies in the family Cimbicidae, comprising more than 30 described species. These insects are commonly known as Hairy-clubhorn Sawflies, reflecting their robust, often hairy appearance. Adults are active during summer months and are associated with woody vegetation. Larvae are solitary herbivores that feed on leaves.
Trichocera
winter crane flies
Trichocera is a genus of winter crane flies comprising over 140 described species. Adults are among the few insects regularly active during winter months, often appearing at porch lights or forming aerial swarms on sunny days. The genus is distinguished from other crane flies by the presence of three ocelli on the crown of the head. Most North American species belong to this genus, with larvae developing in decaying organic matter including leaf litter, compost, fungi, and manure.
Trichoceridae
winter crane flies, winter gnats
Trichoceridae, commonly known as winter crane flies or winter gnats, is a small family of delicate, long-legged flies in the order Diptera. Adults are active primarily during cold seasons, including fall, winter, and early spring, with some species observed in snow. They are distinguished from other crane fly families by the presence of three ocelli (simple eyes) on the crown of the head. The family contains approximately 160 described species worldwide, with most diversity concentrated in non-tropical, Holarctic regions. Larvae inhabit moist terrestrial environments where they feed on decaying organic matter.
Trichoclinocera
Trichoclinocera is a genus of aquatic dance flies in the family Empididae, subfamily Clinocerinae. The genus contains approximately 30 described species distributed across the Holarctic and eastern Asia, with 16 species recognized from the Nearctic region and nine from Japan. Species are organized into six species-groups based on morphological characteristics, primarily of the male terminalia. The genus was established by Collin in 1941 and has undergone significant taxonomic revision, with Seguyella and Acanthoclinocera recently synonymized under Trichoclinocera.
Trichodes
checkered beetles
Trichodes is a genus of checkered beetles (family Cleridae) containing approximately 64 species, with 11 species occurring in North America. The genus includes some of the largest and most strikingly colored members of the family. Adults are frequently found on flowers where they feed on pollen and nectar, while larvae are specialized predators that develop within the nests of bees and wasps.
Trichophyinae
Trichophyinae is a monotypic subfamily of rove beetles (Staphylinidae) containing only the genus Trichophya. Established by Thomson in 1858, this subfamily represents one of the most species-poor lineages within the hyperdiverse rove beetle family. The genus Trichophya contains multiple described species, though the exact number remains uncertain due to taxonomic revisions. These beetles are rarely encountered and poorly represented in collections.
Trigonurinae
Trigonurinae is a monogeneric subfamily of rove beetles (Staphylinidae) containing only the genus Trigonurus. The group has a Holarctic distribution with approximately nine described species. Most species occur in North America (seven species), with two in the western Palaearctic and two in China. The subfamily was established by Reiche in 1866.
Triphosa
Triphosa is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae, subfamily Larentiinae, established by Stephens in 1829. The genus occurs across the Holarctic region, with species documented in Europe, Asia, and North America. Several species, notably Triphosa dubitata and T. sabaudiata, exhibit obligate cave-dwelling behavior as adults, a distinctive ecological trait within the Geometridae. The genus has been subject to recent taxonomic revision in the Western Palaearctic, resulting in synonymies and description of new species.
Trixoscelis signifera
Trixoscelis signifera is a species of fly in the family Heleomyzidae, described by Melander in 1952. It belongs to the subfamily Trixoscelidinae, a group of small to medium-sized flies. The genus Trixoscelis is primarily distributed in the Holarctic region. Like other members of Heleomyzidae, this species is likely associated with decaying organic matter, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
Trochosa terricola
ground wolf spider
A medium-sized wolf spider (Lycosidae) widespread across Europe and extending into Asia and North America. Adults range from 7–14 mm, with females larger than males. The species occupies diverse terrestrial habitats including grassland, heathland, and woodland, showing particular affinity for drier conditions. It is primarily nocturnal and has been documented as prey for pompilid spider wasps.
Trogus
Trogus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, subfamily Ichneumoninae. The genus contains twelve extant and one extinct species distributed across the Holarctic and Neotropic regions. All known species are specialized parasites of swallowtail butterflies (Papilionidae), attacking larval and pupal stages.
Trypeta
fruit flies
Trypeta is a genus of tephritid fruit flies in the family Tephritidae, established by Meigen in 1803. The genus contains approximately 90 described species distributed across the Holarctic region, with particular diversity in North America and Asia. New World species have been systematically revised, revealing a monophyletic group that diversified primarily in the southwestern United States and Mesoamerica. Species exhibit considerable morphological variation, particularly in wing pattern and body coloration.
Uenoidae
Stonecase Caddisflies
Uenoidae is a family of caddisflies (Trichoptera) commonly known as stonecase caddisflies. The family comprises approximately 7 genera and at least 80 described species, distributed across North America, Asia, and Europe. Larvae construct portable cases using mineral materials, hence the common name. The family was revised taxonomically in 1988 to include the subfamilies Uenoinae and Thremmatinae, incorporating genera formerly placed in separate families. Studies of Neophylax species demonstrate univoltine life cycles with temporal segregation between co-occurring species.
Underwoodia iuloides
Underwoodia iuloides is a millipede species in the family Caseyidae. It is one of three species in the genus Underwoodia, which exhibits a Holarctic distribution pattern. The species is characterized by specific configurations of the anterior gonopod colpocoxites, particularly branches a and c. Populations show a strongly female-biased sex ratio, suggesting parthenogenesis.
Veigaia
Veigaia is a genus of soil-dwelling mites in the family Veigaiidae (order Mesostigmata). The genus is one of the most ubiquitous in the Holarctic Region, with approximately 40 described species distributed across Europe, Asia, and North America. Detailed behavioral studies exist for Veigaia cerva, which exhibits a complex five-phase oviposition process involving rhythmic gnathosomal movements and precise egg positioning using chelicerae and appendages.
Veigaiidae
Veigaiidae is a family of free-living predatory mites in the order Mesostigmata. They inhabit soil and decaying organic matter, with some species specialized for rocky shorelines. The genus Veigaia is particularly widespread in the Holarctic Region.
Wagneria
Wagneria is a genus of tachinid flies (family Tachinidae) established by Robineau-Desvoidy in 1830. The genus contains approximately 18 described species distributed across the Holarctic region. Notably, Wagneria holds the record for having more junior homonyms than any other animal genus name, reflecting historical taxonomic complications. As members of Tachinidae, these flies are parasitoids, though specific host associations for most Wagneria species remain poorly documented.
Walckenaeria spiralis
Spiraling Sheet-web Weaver
Walckenaeria spiralis is a dwarf spider species in the family Linyphiidae, first described by Emerton in 1882. It belongs to a large genus of small sheet-web weaving spiders distributed across the Holarctic region. The species is known from scattered records across northern North America and the Russian Far North-East, suggesting a boreal distribution pattern.
Xanthochlorus
Xanthochlorus is a genus of long-legged flies (Dolichopodidae) established by Loew in 1857. Species in this genus are small to medium-sized predatory flies with characteristic yellow-green coloration. The genus occurs in the Holarctic region, with records from Scandinavia and North America. Like other dolichopodids, members are likely associated with moist habitats near water bodies.
Xantholininae
Xantholininae is a subfamily of rove beetles (Staphylinidae) comprising approximately 28 genera and over 100 species in North America alone, with additional diversity in the Palearctic and other regions. The group has been subject to extensive taxonomic revision due to historical confusion in genus-level classification, with multiple synonymizations required to stabilize nomenclature. Members are characterized by specific morphological features that distinguish them from other staphylinid subfamilies, though detailed biological studies remain limited compared to taxonomic treatments.
Xestia okakensis
Okak Cutworm, Okak Dart Moth
Xestia okakensis is a cutworm moth in the family Noctuidae. It was first described by Packard in 1867. The species has two recognized subspecies: X. o. okakensis and X. o. morandi. It occurs across northern regions of North America and Eurasia.
Xestia tecta
Xestia tecta is a noctuid moth with a disjunct Holarctic distribution, occurring in boreal Fennoscandia and northwestern Russia in Europe, and across northern Siberia, Alaska, and north-central North America. The species has a two-year life cycle, with adults active from July to August. Males are nocturnal while females are active in the afternoon.
Xestobiini
Xestobiini is a tribe of small beetles within the family Ptinidae (spider beetles and deathwatch beetles), subfamily Ernobiinae. Members of this tribe are wood-boring beetles that develop in dead or decaying wood. The tribe was established by Böving in 1927 and includes genera such as Xestobium. These beetles are characterized by their cylindrical body form and association with hardwood substrates.
Xiphydria
wood wasps, xiphydriid wood wasps
Xiphydria is a genus of wood wasps in the family Xiphydriidae, distributed across the Holarctic region including Europe, Asia, and North America. Adults are characterized by a distinctive elongated 'neck' formed by the long propleuron, antennae with approximately 20 segments, and mandibles with four teeth. Females oviposit into diseased or dead wood of broadleaf trees and vector symbiotic fungi that decompose wood for larval consumption. The genus is univoltine with one generation per year. While generally of minor economic importance, some species can damage oak and other hardwoods.
Xiphydriophagus meyerinckii
Xiphydriophagus meyerinckii is a species of chalcid wasp in the family Pteromalidae. The genus Xiphydriophagus is specialized as a parasitoid of wood-boring beetles in the family Xiphydriidae. The species has been recorded from Europe and eastern Canada. As a member of Pteromalidae, it likely develops as a solitary or gregarious parasitoid within host larvae, though specific biological details remain poorly documented.
Xyelinae
xyeline sawflies
Xyelinae is a subfamily of primitive sawflies within the family Xyelidae, representing one of the earliest-diverging lineages of Hymenoptera. Members are small to medium-sized insects with distinctive morphological features including broad heads and relatively short antennae. The subfamily includes extant genera such as Xyela and Pleroneura, with larvae that develop in plant tissues. Xyelinae sawflies are primarily associated with conifers, particularly pines, where they exhibit specialized host relationships.
Xylomoia
Xylomoia is a genus of moths in the family Noctuidae, established by Staudinger in 1892. The genus contains at least seven recognized species distributed across the Holarctic region, with the majority occurring in Europe and northern Asia. A 2024 integrative taxonomic review synonymized three species—X. strix, X. retinax, and X. stangelmaieri—as subspecies of X. strix based on morphological and genetic evidence. The genus belongs to the tribe Apameini within the subfamily Noctuinae.
Xylomya
wood soldier flies
Xylomya is a genus of soldier flies in the family Xylomyidae, commonly referred to as "wood soldier flies." The genus was established by Camillo Rondani in 1861. These flies are associated with forested environments and decaying wood habitats. Species in this genus are part of a small family of Diptera that is relatively poorly known compared to other soldier fly families.
Xylota
Leafwalkers and Forest Flies
Xylota is a Holarctic genus of hoverflies (family Syrphidae) comprising over 100 described species, with 12 species occurring in Europe. Adults are characterized by their elongate body form and association with woodland habitats. Unlike most syrphid flies, many Xylota species rarely visit flowers, instead feeding on pollen gathered from leaf surfaces. Larvae are saprophytic, developing in rotting wood of both broadleaved and coniferous trees.
Xysticus obscurus
Xysticus obscurus is a species of ground crab spider in the family Thomisidae, first described by Collett in 1877. It is a holarctic species with a broad distribution spanning North America, Europe, and across Russia from European Russia to Siberia. As a member of the genus Xysticus, it is an ambush predator that does not construct webs for prey capture. The species has been documented in Alberta, Canada, and is part of a genus known for ballooning behavior as a dispersal mechanism.
Ypsolopha
Ypsolopha is a genus of micromoths comprising over 120 described species, representing approximately 95% of the family Ypsolophidae's known world diversity. The genus is primarily Holarctic in distribution, with the majority of species recorded from temperate regions. Species exhibit considerable variation in external morphology, though male and female genitalia are remarkably homogeneous across the genus. Adults are predominantly nocturnal and display a distinctive resting posture with the head lowered and posterior body elevated.
Zabrini
Seed-eating Ground Beetles
Zabrini is a tribe of ground beetles in the family Carabidae, subfamily Pterostichinae, with more than 750 described species across three genera. The tribe is divided into two subtribes: Amarina (containing Amara and Pseudamara) and Zabrina (containing Zabrus). Species are found primarily in the Holarctic region, with exceptional diversity in China. The common name 'Seed-eating Ground Beetles' reflects granivory observed in some species, though feeding habits vary considerably across the tribe.
Zornella
Zornella is a genus of sheet-weaving spiders (family Linyphiidae) established by A. R. Jackson in 1932. The genus contains three described species with a disjunct distribution: two species occur in North America (USA and Canada), while one species ranges across northern Eurasia from northeastern Europe through Russia to Kazakhstan and Mongolia. As linyphiids, members construct horizontal sheet webs with a retreat.