Forest-pest

Guides

• Acantholyda

  web-spinning sawflies, pine sawflies

  Acantholyda is a genus of web-spinning sawflies in the family Pamphiliidae, distributed across Europe, Asia, and North America. Species are associated with coniferous hosts, particularly Pinus and Cedrus. Several species are significant forest pests capable of causing extensive defoliation during outbreaks. Larvae construct silken webs and may enter extended diapause in soil.

  web-spinningdefoliatordiapauseforest-pestconifer-specialistPamphiliidaesawflymulti-year-cycleoutbreak-species

• Aceria dina

  Tupelo leaf edge gall mite

  Aceria dina is a gall-forming mite in the family Eriophyidae, commonly known as the tupelo leaf edge gall mite. This species induces distinctive gall structures on the leaf edges of its host plant, Nyssa sylvatica (black tupelo or sour gum). Like other eriophyid mites, it has a worm-like, elongated body with four legs and measures approximately 0.2 mm in length. The mite is an obligate plant parasite with a highly specialized relationship to its host.

  Eriophyidaegall-miteplant-parasiteNyssaleaf-gallmiteArachnidaNorth-Americaforest-pestspecialist-parasite

• Acleris

  Acleris is a large genus of tortrix moths in the family Tortricidae, containing approximately 241 species as of 2007. The genus includes several economically significant forest pests, notably the black-headed budworm complex (A. gloverana-variana), which causes periodic outbreaks in North American coniferous forests. Some species are also agricultural pests, such as A. comariana on strawberries. The genus has a Holarctic distribution with records from North America, Europe, and Asia.

  forest-pestdefoliatorconifer-feederagricultural-pestHolarctic

• Acleris semipurpurana

  Oak Leafshredder Moth, Oak Leaftier, Oak Leaf Tier

  Acleris semipurpurana is a tortricid moth species and the most common of several moths known as "oak leaftiers." The larvae are significant defoliators of red oak group (Lobatae) trees in eastern North America. It has one generation annually, with eggs overwintering on branches and larvae feeding in spring. Outbreaks have caused considerable tree mortality, particularly in the Appalachian region during the 1960s–1970s.

  defoliatorforest-pestoak-feederunivoltineoverwintering-eggssilk-tying-behavior

• Acleris variana

  Eastern Black-headed Budworm, Black-headed Budworm

  Acleris variana is a tortricid moth endemic to North American coniferous forests, ranging from Cape Breton Island to Alaska. The species is a recurrent epidemic defoliator of coniferous trees, with periodic population outbreaks causing significant forest damage. Larvae feed on multiple conifer genera with regionally variable host preferences. Population trends are strongly influenced by weather conditions, particularly cold, wet periods that increase larval mortality.

  forest-pestdefoliatorconifer-specialistoutbreak-speciesTortricidae

• Acossus populi

  aspen carpenterworm

  Acossus populi is a moth in the family Cossidae, commonly known as the aspen carpenterworm. The species has a wingspan of 50–68 mm. It is distributed across western North America, including the western United States and parts of Canada. The larvae are specialized feeders on Populus species, particularly trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides). The species was first described by Francis Walker in 1856.

  CossidaeLepidopterawood-borerPopulusaspenwestern-North-Americaprimary-consumerforest-pest

• Acrobasis angusella

  Hickory Leafstem Borer, Leafstem Borer, Hickory Leafstem Borer Moth

  Acrobasis angusella, described by Grote in 1880, is a snout moth in the family Pyralidae. The species is known from Quebec, Canada, and the northeastern United States. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 18 mm and are active from May through September. The larvae are specialized feeders on hickory species (Carya), boring into leaf stems and causing premature leaf drop.

  PyralidaePhycitinaehickory-peststem-borerleaf-minerCaryaNorth-Americaforest-pest

• Adelges abietis

  Pineapple-gall Adelgid, Eastern Spruce Gall Adelgid, Spruce Gall Aphid

  Adelges abietis, commonly known as the pineapple-gall adelgid or eastern spruce gall adelgid, is a conifer-feeding insect that induces distinctive pineapple-shaped pseudocone galls on spruce shoots. The species is one of the most common adelgids in its genus and has been documented across Europe and North America. Unlike the closely related hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae), A. abietis is not considered a major destructive pest, though its gall formation causes shoot deformation. The species exhibits strongly aggregated spatial distributions within and among host trees.

  adelgidsprucegall-formingforest-pestPiceapineapple-gallHemipteraAdelgidae

• Adelges piceae

  Balsam Woolly Adelgid, Balsam Woolly Aphid

  Adelges piceae is a small, wingless, sap-sucking insect native to Europe that has become a destructive invasive pest of fir trees (Abies spp.) in North America. Introduced to the United States around 1900, it has killed millions of trees across the continent. The species produces distinctive white, woolly wax secretions that protect adults and eggs. It is particularly damaging to balsam fir and Fraser fir, causing gouting, reduced growth, and tree mortality.

  invasive-speciesforest-pestphloem-feederbiological-control-targetChristmas-tree-pestwax-producingparthenogenetic

• Adelges tsugae

  Hemlock Woolly Adelgid, HWA

  Adelges tsugae, the hemlock woolly adelgid, is a small invasive sap-sucking insect native to East Asia. In eastern North America, it is a destructive pest of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) and Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana), causing extensive tree mortality and threatening forest ecosystems. The insect is named for the white, woolly wax coating that covers its egg sacs and protects the insects beneath. It reproduces asexually via parthenogenesis in North America, producing two generations per year.

  invasive-speciesforest-pestbiological-controlclimate-changeparthenogenesishemlock-conservationsap-feeding-insect

• Agrilinae

  Agrilinae is a subfamily of metallic wood-boring beetles (family Buprestidae) characterized by larvae that develop in plant stems, twigs, and branches. The subfamily contains the hyperdiverse genus Agrilus, which with nearly 4,000 described species is among the largest genera in the animal kingdom. Most Agrilinae are secondary pests of broadleaf forests, developing in recently dead wood, though some species attack living trees of economic importance. Adults are typically small, often under 8 mm, and lack the vivid metallic colors common in other Buprestidae subfamilies. The subfamily has a cosmopolitan distribution with greatest diversity in tropical and warm temperate regions.

  hyperdiverse-genusforest-peststem-borermetallic-wood-boring-beetleinvasive-species

• Agrilus auroguttatus

  Goldspotted Oak Borer

  Agrilus auroguttatus, the goldspotted oak borer, is a jewel beetle native to southeastern Arizona that became invasive in southern California around 2004. In California, it has caused extensive mortality in oak forests, killing an estimated 80,000 trees, primarily affecting red oaks. The species exhibits significantly higher population densities in its invasive range compared to its native range, where it coexists with a more diverse community of native borers. It was previously treated as a subspecies of Agrilus coxalis but is now recognized as a distinct species.

  invasive-speciesforest-pestoak-mortalityjewel-beetleCaliforniaArizonaphloem-borerwood-borer

• Agrilus bilineatus

  two-lined chestnut borer, twolined chestnut borer

  Agrilus bilineatus is a metallic wood-boring beetle native to eastern North America that attacks oak trees (Quercus spp.) and chestnut (Castanea spp.). Unlike most Agrilus species that develop in dead twigs and branches, it is a trunk borer of living trees and represents a significant forest pest. Adults emerge from June through September with peak activity in late June to July. The species has been introduced to Turkey, where it poses an emerging threat to European oak and chestnut species.

  forest-pestoak-mortalityinvasive-speciesjewel-beetlesecondary-pestunivoltinephloem-feederTurkey-introduction

• Agrilus planipennis

  Emerald Ash Borer, EAB

  Agrilus planipennis, the emerald ash borer, is a highly destructive invasive beetle native to northeastern Asia. First detected in North America in 2002 (Michigan) and European Russia in 2003, it has since spread to 36 U.S. states, five Canadian provinces, and across Eastern Europe. The species has killed hundreds of millions of ash trees, causing severe ecological and economic damage. In its native range, it occurs at low densities without significant tree mortality; in invaded regions, it typically kills over 90% of ash trees within 2–4 years of establishment.

  invasive-speciesforest-pestbiological-controlFraxinusjewel-beetleBuprestidaeNorth-AmericaEuropeAsiaquarantineparasitoid-waspschemical-ecologyurban-forestryfirewood-movementSpathiusTetrastichusOobiusCerceris-fumipenniscitizen-scienceWasp-Watchers

• Agrilus sulcicollis

  European oak borer

  Agrilus sulcicollis, commonly known as the European oak borer, is a metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae. Native to Europe and Northern Asia, it has been introduced to North America, with confirmed records in southern Ontario, Canada, and the northeastern United States. The species is associated with oak trees and is one of nine non-native Agrilus species established in North America.

  invasive-speciesforest-pestoak-associatejewel-beetlemetallic-wood-boring-beetleBuprestidae

• Alsophila pometaria

  Fall Cankerworm Moth, Fall Cankerworm, Inchworm

  Alsophila pometaria, the fall cankerworm, is a native North American geometrid moth notable for its sexually dimorphic adults: males are winged and capable of flight, while females are wingless, flightless, and lack functional mouthparts. The species exhibits a distinctive life cycle with adult emergence in late autumn and early winter, egg-laying on tree bark, and larval feeding in spring. Caterpillars are known as "inchworms" or "loopers" due to their characteristic looping locomotion. The species is a generalist defoliator of deciduous hardwood trees and can reach outbreak densities, causing significant economic and ecological impact.

  geometridaegeometer-mothinchwormlooperdefoliatorforest-pestsexual-dimorphismflightless-femalewinter-mothparthenogenesisnative-pesthardwood-foresturban-forestryintegrated-pest-management

• Ambrosiophilus atratus

  Black Bark Weevil

  Ambrosiophilus atratus is a non-native ambrosia beetle in the weevil family Curculionidae, subfamily Scolytinae. First recorded in Europe in Slovenia in 2017 during monitoring surveys for invasive ambrosia beetles. The species is distinguished by pronounced asperities covering the entire pronotum surface. Native to North America and Southern Asia, it has established populations in Europe through human-mediated introduction.

  invasive-speciesambrosia-beetlefungus-farmingScolytinaeforest-pestEuropeNorth-AmericaAsia

• Anacampsis innocuella

  dark-headed aspen leafroller moth

  Anacampsis innocuella is a gelechiid moth described by Zeller in 1873. The species is known for its larval behavior of rolling leaves on host plants in the genera Populus, Salix, and Prunus. Adults are small moths with distinctive ash grey coloration and a pale wavy transverse line on the forewings. The common name "dark-headed aspen leafroller moth" reflects both its appearance and its association with aspen (Populus).

  leafrollerPopulusSalixPrunusGelechiidaeNorth-Americaforest-pestdeciduous-forest

• Ancylis

  Ancylis is a genus of tortricid moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) commonly known as leafroller moths. Species in this genus are typically small moths with mottled or banded forewings. Many are univoltine and associated with specific host plants, with larvae that fold or roll leaves of trees and shrubs. The genus has a Holarctic distribution with some species also recorded from Asia. Several species are of economic importance as pests of fruit crops and forestry trees.

  TortricidaeleafrollerunivoltineHolarcticforest-pestleaf-folder

• Anisandrus

  Anisandrus is a genus of ambrosia beetles in the subfamily Scolytinae, tribe Xyleborini, comprising approximately 40-41 species distributed primarily across Asia, with some species introduced to Europe and North America. The genus is characterized by a mycangial tuft at the pronotal base used for transporting symbiotic fungi. Several species, including A. maiche and A. dispar, are recognized as economically significant pests of fruit orchards, ornamental trees, and forest ecosystems.

  ambrosia-beetleinvasive-speciesforest-pestorchard-pestfungal-symbiosisXyleboriniScolytinae

• Anisandrus maiche

  Anisandrus maiche is an invasive ambrosia beetle native to East Asia that has established populations in North America and Europe. It is a significant pest of stressed trees in orchards, forests, and ornamental settings, boring into wood and cultivating symbiotic fungi in galleries. The species has been recorded in the United States since 2005, in Italy and Switzerland since 2021-2022, and was previously detected in Ukraine and European Russia. Its spread is facilitated by international transport of wood products and an inbreeding mating system that allows single females to establish new populations.

  ambrosia-beetleinvasive-speciesforest-pestorchard-pestsymbiotic-fungusXyleborinihaplodiploidinbreedingcitizen-sciencequarantine-pestthermal-biologyvolatilesethanol-attraction

• Anisota virginiensis

  pink-striped oakworm moth

  Anisota virginiensis, the pink-striped oakworm moth, is a North American silk moth in the family Saturniidae. Adults display strong sexual dimorphism in wing coloration, with females showing purplish-red and ochre-yellow wings and males showing purplish-brown wings with a large transparent central area. The species is known for gregarious larval behavior and late-season defoliation of oak and other hardwood trees. It is widely distributed across eastern North America and is occasionally considered a minor forest pest, though late-season defoliation rarely causes significant tree mortality.

  Saturniidaeoak-defoliatorgregarious-caterpillarsexual-dimorphismforest-pestNorth-America

• Anisota virginiensis virginiensis

  Pink-striped Oakworm

  A large, strikingly colored caterpillar found feeding on oak foliage in eastern North America. The larva is black with prominent pink or orange longitudinal stripes and bears a pair of black horn-like projections on the thorax. Adults are furry, tan to reddish-brown moths with reduced mouthparts that do not feed. The subspecies is distinguished from nominate A. virginiensis by geographic range and subtle phenotypic differences.

  oak-feedingdefoliatorsaturniidforest-pestsingle-brooded

• Anoplonyx canadensis

  Anoplonyx canadensis is a larch sawfly native to eastern Canada, historically confused with A. luteipes and A. laricis due to similar adult morphology. The species belongs to a small genus of sawflies specialized on Larix trees, with larvae that feed on larch foliage. Detailed morphological study is required to distinguish this species from its congeners, particularly in adult stages.

  sawflyHymenopteraTenthredinidaelarchLarixeastern-Canadaforest-pestdefoliator

• Anoplophora

  longhorn beetles, long-horned beetles

  Anoplophora is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) native to Asia, containing over 50 species. Most species are large, colorful beetles with distinctive markings that have made them popular among collectors and subjects of artwork. The genus includes several economically significant pests, most notably the Asian longhorned beetle (A. glabripennis) and the citrus longhorned beetle (A. chinensis), which have been introduced to North America and Europe where they threaten urban, ornamental, and forest trees.

  invasive-speciesforest-pesturban-pestwood-borerlonghorn-beetlequarantine-pestpolyphagous

• Anoplophora glabripennis

  Asian longhorned beetle, starry sky beetle, sky beetle, ALB

  Anoplophora glabripennis, commonly known as the Asian longhorned beetle or starry sky beetle, is a highly polyphagous wood-boring beetle native to eastern China, Japan, and Korea. It has become a devastating invasive pest in North America and Europe, where it attacks and kills a broad range of hardwood trees. The beetle was first detected in the United States in Brooklyn, New York in 1996, likely arriving via solid wood packaging material. Eradication efforts have focused on tree removal and destruction, though biocontrol methods including entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes have been studied as potential management tools.

  invasive-speciesforest-pestwood-borerurban-forestrybiocontrolpolyphagousquarantine-pestcerambycidae

• Aproceros

  Aproceros is a genus of sawflies in the family Argidae, comprising ten recognized species native to eastern Asia. The genus gained international attention following the introduction of Aproceros leucopoda (elm zigzag sawfly) to Europe around 2003 and subsequently to North America in 2020. This invasive species has demonstrated rapid range expansion and significant defoliation capacity on elm trees (Ulmus spp.). Most Aproceros species remain restricted to their native East Asian ranges, with limited biological information available for the genus beyond A. leucopoda.

  sawflydefoliatorinvasive-speciesforest-pestparthenogenesisUlmuselmAsia-nativeEurope-introducedNorth-America-introduced

• Aproceros leucopoda

  elm zigzag sawfly

  Aproceros leucopoda, commonly known as the elm zigzag sawfly, is a small sawfly native to eastern Asia (China and Japan) that has become an invasive pest in Europe since 2003 and North America since 2020. The species derives its common name from the distinctive zigzag-shaped feeding pattern created by young larvae on elm leaves. Populations are entirely female and reproduce through thelytokous parthenogenesis, enabling rapid establishment from single individuals. The species can cause severe defoliation of elm trees and has recently been documented feeding on Japanese zelkova.

  invasive-speciesforest-pestdefoliatorparthenogenesisUlmusZelkovaHymenopteraArgidae

• Archips

  leafroller moths

  Archips is a genus of tortricid moths in the tribe Archipini, established by Hübner in 1822. The genus contains numerous leafroller moth species whose larvae feed on a variety of woody plants, including oaks, apples, and baldcypress. Several species are economically significant pests in orchards and forests, with known outbreaks causing defoliation damage. The genus has a complex taxonomic history with multiple synonymized generic names.

  leafrollertortricidpestdefoliatorforest-pestorchard-pestHolarctic

• Archips fervidana

  Oak Webworm Moth

  Archips fervidana, commonly known as the oak webworm moth, is a small tortricid moth with a wingspan of 18–25 mm. Its larvae are leafrollers that construct silk-bound shelters within rolled leaves. The species is distributed across eastern and central North America, with larvae feeding specifically on Carya (hickory) and Quercus (oak) species.

  leafrolleroak-feederhickory-feedertortricidforest-pest

• Archips fuscocupreanus

  exotic leafroller moth, apple tortrix

  Archips fuscocupreanus is a leafroller moth in the family Tortricidae, native to East Asia (China, South Korea, Japan, and eastern Russia). It is an introduced species in the northeastern United States, where it has established populations in Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, and Washington. The species is a generalist herbivore with larvae feeding on numerous woody and herbaceous plants across multiple families. Adults are active in summer, with flight periods recorded from June to July in China.

  leafrollertortrixintroduced-speciesinvasivegeneralist-herbivoreagricultural-pestforest-pestEast-Asian-originNorth-America-introductionpolyphagous

• Archips magnoliana

  Archips magnoliana is a tortricid moth species first described by Fernald in 1892. It belongs to the leafroller genus Archips, whose larvae characteristically roll or fold leaves to create shelters. The species is distributed across the eastern and southeastern United States.

  leafrollertortricidforest-pestprey-of-solitary-wasps

• Archips semiferanus

  Oak Leafroller Moth, Oak Leaf Roller, Oak Leafroller

  Archips semiferanus is a tortricid moth whose larvae are major defoliators of oak trees in eastern North America. The species produces one generation annually, with eggs laid in July, overwintering, and hatching the following spring. Larvae roll oak leaves with silk to form shelters, feeding inside until pupation in June. Outbreaks can cause extensive tree mortality, with over one million acres defoliated in Pennsylvania during the late 1960s and early 1970s. The female sex pheromone has been studied extensively and contains (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate as a primary component.

  defoliatorforest-pestunivoltineleaf-rolleroak-feederTortricidaepheromone-studiedNorth-America

• Arrenodes

  Arrenodes is a monotypic genus of primitive weevils in the family Brentidae, containing only Arrenodes minutus, the oak timberworm. This species is a significant pest of hardwoods in eastern North America, with larvae boring into the xylem of oak, elm, beech, and poplar trees. Adults are sexually dimorphic, with females possessing long slender mouthparts for oviposition and males having broadened mandibles used for combat and courtship. The species has been introduced to the Maritime Provinces of Canada and is regulated internationally due to its potential to vector oak wilt fungus.

  pestforest-pesttimber-pestoak-wilt-vectorsexual-dimorphisminvasive-potentialphytosanitary-regulated

• Atanycolus cappaerti

  Atanycolus cappaerti is a North American braconid wasp that parasitizes larvae of the invasive emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis). The species was described in 2009 and has been studied for its potential as a native biological control agent against this destructive forest pest. It is one of several native parasitoids that may be adapting to exploit the emerald ash borer as a host in invaded areas.

  parasitoidbiological-controlemerald-ash-borerforest-pestBraconidaenative-natural-enemyash-treesinvasive-species-management

• Atrypanius

  Atrypanius is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae: Lamiinae) established by Henry Walter Bates in 1864, comprising approximately 30 described species distributed across the Neotropical region. The genus belongs to the tribe Acanthocinini and contains primarily xylophagous species whose larvae develop in woody stems. Atrypanius lignarius has been documented as an economically significant pest in commercial timber plantations, particularly on Paulownia fortunei in Brazil.

  CerambycidaeLamiinaeAcanthocininixylophagousforest-pestPaulownia-pestNeotropicalAtlantic-ForestCerradotimber-plantation-pest

• Besma quercivoraria

  Oak Besma, Oak Besma Moth

  Besma quercivoraria, the oak besma, is a North American geometrid moth with two generations per year. Adults are sexually dimorphic and active from spring through summer, with timing varying by latitude. The species is notable for its broad host plant range among deciduous trees and conifers.

  geometrid-mothsexual-dimorphismbivoltineforest-pestpolyphagous

• Bessa harveyi

  Bessa harveyi is a tachinid fly parasitoid that attacks the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii, in North American larch forests. The species exhibits bivoltinism, with a partial second generation emerging in fall after host larvae have completed feeding; these fall-emerging adults rarely reproduce successfully due to scarcity of alternate hosts. Despite being a common parasite, it is ineffective at preventing or terminating outbreaks of its host. Population dynamics are strongly influenced by photoperiod and temperature, with warm, prolonged summers under long-day conditions increasing bivoltinism-related mortality.

  parasitoidtachinidlarch-sawflyforest-pestbivoltinismbiological-controlManitobaPristiphora-erichsonii

• Billaea

  Billaea is a genus of tachinid flies comprising approximately 80 described species. Most larvae are parasitoids of beetle larvae, particularly cerambycids and lucanids, with some species attacking lepidopteran hosts in the family Pyralidae. Several species have been investigated as biological control agents for agricultural and forestry pests, including palm weevils and sugarcane borers.

  Tachinidaeparasitoidbiological-controlCerambycidaeDryophthoridaeCrambidaeviviparousplanidiaforest-pestagricultural-pestoil-palmsugarcanepalm-weevilwood-borersoutheast-AsiaSouth-AmericaEuropeBulgariaBrazilTurkeyMexicoPeruintegrated-pest-managementnatural-enemyhost-searchingkairomonessuperparasitismmass-rearingGalleria-mellonellalaboratory-hostfrassgallerytunnelpupal-parasitoidlarval-parasitoidectoparasitoidendoparasitoidColeopteraLepidopteraDipteraBrachyceraDexiinaeDexiiniRobineau-Desvoidy-183080-speciesglobal-distributionforestryagricultureornamental-palmsdate-palmcoconutRhynchophorusDiatraeaPrionusXylotrechusclimate-matchingestablishment-potentialMediterraneanMiddle-EastCaliforniainvasive-speciesred-palm-weevilAmerican-palm-weevilred-ring-diseasevector-controlnatural-mortalitypest-managementsustainable-agriculturehost-specificitytrophic-associationnew-host-recordparasitism-ratefield-parasitismlaboratory-rearingadult-longevityfecunditysex-ratiopupal-viabilitypupal-durationplanidia-lengthfood-resourcespollenhoneysucroseflowering-plantsspontaneous-floracompanion-plantshabitat-managementconservation-biological-controlaugmentative-biological-controlclassical-biological-controlquarantinehost-rangecircumstantial-evidencetaxonomic-confusionB.-rhynchophoraeB.-menezesiB.-adelphaB.-claripalpisB.-rutilansB.-cerambycivoraB.-steiniB.-fortisB.-irrorataB.-pectinataB.-setosaB.-trianguliferaB.-lataB.-intermediaB.-biserialisB.-giganteaB.-rubensB.-maritimaB.-marmorataB.-aurifronsB.-verticalisB.-flavaB.-chinensisB.-brevicaudaB.-kurahashiiB.-micronychiaB.-papeiB.-setigeraB.-yintiaolingB.-rufescensB.-triquetrusB.-rubidaB.-rufiventrisB.-brasiliensisB.-friburgensisB.-giacomeliB.-kosteraeB.-plaumanniB.-shannoniB.-africanaB.-argentaureaB.-atkinsoniB.-capensisB.-communisB.-decisaB.-edwardsiB.-erectaB.-ficorumB.-grandisB.-impigraB.-interruptaB.-kolomyetziB.-luteolaB.-malayanaB.-minorB.-monohammiB.-montanaB.-morosaB.-nipigonensisB.-orbitalisB.-ovataB.-quadrinotaB.-rhingiaeformisB.-robustaB.-satisfactaB.-sibleyiB.-sjostedtiB.-solivagaB.-trivittataB.-trochanterataB.-vanemdeniB.-velutinaB.-versicolorB.-villeneuveiB.-vitripennisB.-ziminiB.-lateralisB.-lativentris

• Carphoborus

  Carphoborus is a genus of crenulate bark beetles in the family Curculionidae, containing at least 40 described species. Members of this genus are associated with coniferous forests and are recognized as forest pests in some regions. One species, Carphoborus minimus, has been studied for its potential northward range expansion in Turkey due to climate change.

  bark-beetleforest-pestpineclimate-changeTurkey

• Carphoborus bicornis

  Carphoborus bicornis is a species of weevil in the family Curculionidae, described by Wood in 1986. The genus Carphoborus comprises bark beetles associated with coniferous trees. This species is recorded from North America. Very little published information exists regarding its specific biology or ecology.

  bark-beetleweevilconifer-associatedNorth-AmericascolytinaeCurculionidaeColeopterainsectbeetleforest-pestwood-boring-beetleScolytiniCarphoborusbicornisWood-19861986provisionally-acceptedacceptedexact-matchAnimaliaArthropodaInsectaCarphoborus-bicornistaxonomyclassificationconiferforestwood-boringpesteukaryotahexapodapolyphagacucujiformiacurculionoidea

• Caryomyia asteris

  Hickory Starburst Gall Midge

  Caryomyia asteris is a gall midge species in the family Cecidomyiidae, described by Raymond Gagné in 2008. It is known by the common name "Hickory Starburst Gall Midge" and induces distinctive gall formations on hickory trees (Carya spp.). The species is part of a genus specialized in creating galls on hickory and pecan hosts.

  gall-midgeCecidomyiidaeCaryahickorygall-formerforest-pestplant-parasite

• Caryomyia sanguinolenta

  Hickory Smooth Gumdrop Gall Midge

  Caryomyia sanguinolenta is a gall midge species in the family Cecidomyiidae, commonly known as the hickory smooth gumdrop gall midge. The species induces distinctive galls on hickory trees. It was first described by Osten Sacken in 1862.

  gall-midgeCecidomyiidaehickorygallCaryomyiaNorth-Americaforest-pestplant-insect-interaction

• Cephalciinae

  Cephalciinae is a subfamily of sawflies within the family Pamphiliidae. Members are characterized by their association with conifers, particularly as larvae that feed on pine needles. The subfamily includes the genus Cephalcia, which contains species known as pine sawflies. Adults are generally robust with broad heads relative to body size.

  sawflyPamphiliidaeconifer-pestpinedefoliatorforest-pestgregarious-larvae

• Ceratomia amyntor

  Elm Sphinx, Four-horned Sphinx

  Ceratomia amyntor is a North American hawkmoth with a wingspan of 8.2–11.5 cm. Larvae feed primarily on elm but also use birch, basswood, and cherry. The species is notable for its four head horns—additional to the caudal horn typical of sphingids—giving rise to the common name "four-horned sphinx." Adults are gray-brown with wavy forewing markings and a small white dot characteristic of the genus. The species has one generation in northern regions and up to five broods in the southern United States.

  SphingidaehawkmothelmNorth-Americaforest-pestmultivoltine

• Choristoneura

  spruce budworms

  Choristoneura is a genus of tortricid moths comprising nearly forty species distributed across North America and Eurasia. Most species are serious pests of conifers, with several causing major forest defoliation events. The genus includes notable forest pests such as the eastern spruce budworm (C. fumiferana) and western spruce budworm (C. occidentalis), which undergo periodic population outbreaks that can devastate spruce-fir forests. The genus exhibits complex population dynamics and is extensively studied for its economic and ecological impacts.

  forest-pestdefoliatorpopulation-cyclesconiferTortricidaeintegrated-pest-managementbiological-controlpheromonesdiapauseoutbreak-dynamics

• Choristoneura fumiferana

  eastern spruce budworm, spruce budworm

  Choristoneura fumiferana, the eastern spruce budworm, is a tortricid moth native to eastern North America and the most destructive forest insect in the region's spruce-fir forests. The species exhibits dramatic population oscillations with outbreaks occurring approximately every 30–40 years, during which larvae defoliate millions of hectares of host trees. These cycles have been documented since at least the 16th century through tree-ring studies. The species serves as a critical food source for specialized avian predators during outbreak phases and has been the subject of extensive research into population dynamics and forest pest management.

  forest-pestpopulation-cyclesdefoliatorboreal-forestTortricidaeunivoltinediapauseoutbreak-dynamicsintegrated-pest-management

• Choristoneura pinus

  jack pine budworm, Jack Pine Budworm Moth

  Choristoneura pinus, the jack pine budworm, is a tortricid moth native to North American jack pine forests. First described by Freeman in 1953, this species undergoes periodic population outbreaks that defoliate Pinus banksiana stands across Canada and the northern United States. Larval survival depends critically on the availability of pollen cones during spring dispersal. The species exhibits lagged density-dependent dynamics with its host tree, contributing to outbreak cycles of 6–12 year intervals.

  defoliatorforest-pestpopulation-cycleshost-dependent-dynamicsjack-pineTortricidaeconifer-feeding-moth

• Cnestus

  ambrosia beetles

  Cnestus is a genus of ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborini) established by Sampson in 1911. Species in this genus are characterized by inbreeding reproduction through sib mating, cultivation of symbiotic ambrosia fungi as their sole nutritional source, and haplodiploid sex determination. The genus includes both native Asian species and invasive populations that have established in North America, Europe, and other regions. Cnestus mutilatus (camphor shot borer) is the most widely documented species, first reported in the United States in 1999 and subsequently detected in Europe. The genus exhibits complex evolutionary patterns, with some species containing cryptic sympatric lineages that are morphologically indistinguishable but genetically distinct.

  ambrosia-beetleinvasive-speciesfungal-symbiontinbreedinghaplodiploidWolbachiaforest-pestquarantine-pest

• Cnestus mutilatus

  camphor shot borer, camphor shoot borer, sweetgum ambrosia beetle

  Cnestus mutilatus is a large ambrosia beetle native to Asia that has been established as an invasive species in the United States since 1999. It is the largest ambrosia beetle species in North America, with females reaching 3.4–3.9 mm in length. The species carries a symbiotic fungus (Ambrosiella beaveri) that serves as the primary food source for adults and larvae. It has been documented damaging plastic fuel containers and lines due to attraction to ethanol in gasoline.

  ambrosia-beetleinvasive-speciesforest-pestethanol-attractionsymbiotic-fungus