Conifer-pest
Guides
Acanthocinus princeps
Ponderosa Pine Bark Borer
Acanthocinus princeps, commonly known as the ponderosa pine bark borer, is a longhorn beetle in the subfamily Lamiinae. First described by Francis Walker in 1866, this species is associated with coniferous forests, particularly those containing ponderosa pine. Adults are active during spring and early summer, with larvae developing beneath bark. The species has been documented in western North America including British Columbia and the western United States.
Acantholyda atripes
Acantholyda atripes is a species of web-spinning sawfly in the family Pamphiliidae. Members of this genus are known for their distinctive larval habit of constructing silken webs on coniferous foliage. The species name 'atripes' refers to dark-colored legs. Like other pamphiliids, it is associated with pine hosts.
Acantholyda circumcincta
Acantholyda circumcincta is a species of sawfly in the family Pamphiliidae, a group commonly known as web-spinning sawflies. The genus Acantholyda contains species whose larvae construct silken webs on host plants. Adults are generally small to medium-sized sawflies with distinctive morphological features. Larval stages are associated with coniferous trees, where they feed gregariously within protective webs.
Adelges
Adelges is a genus of conifer-feeding insects in the family Adelgidae, closely related to aphids. Members of this genus are small, sap-sucking insects that infest various fir (Abies) and hemlock (Tsuga) species. Several species are significant forest pests, notably Adelges tsugae (hemlock woolly adelgid), which has caused extensive mortality of eastern hemlock forests in North America, and Adelges piceae (balsam woolly adelgid), a pest of balsam and Fraser firs. The genus exhibits complex life cycles often involving parthenogenetic reproduction and alternating generations between winged and wingless forms.
Archips oporana
pine tortrix, spruce tortrix
Archips oporana is a tortricid moth commonly known as the pine tortrix or spruce tortrix. First described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, this species is found across Europe and parts of Asia including China, Korea, Japan, and Russia. The larvae are significant forestry pests, feeding on conifer needles and shoots of multiple host tree species. Adults are active primarily in late spring and summer, with a partial second generation in some regions.
Archips packardiana
spring spruce needle moth, spruce needleworm
Archips packardiana is a tortricid moth whose larvae are specialized feeders on spruce needles. The species overwinters as a tiny larva inside a mined needle, resuming feeding in spring before moving to new foliage. Commonly known as the spring spruce needle moth or spruce needleworm, it occurs throughout most of Canada and the northeastern United States. Despite its common name, populations typically remain at low densities and cause minimal damage to host trees.
Archips strianus
striated tortrix moth, striated leafroller
Archips strianus, commonly known as the striated tortrix moth or striated leafroller, is a leafroller moth in the family Tortricidae. It is native to North America, with records from Canada and the northern United States. The species is associated with coniferous hosts, particularly spruce species.
Argyresthia
Argents
Argyresthia is a genus of microlepidopteran moths comprising over 200 species, with more than 100 species recognized in the Palearctic region. Adults are exceptionally small, measuring 3.2–6.8 mm from head to wingtip. Most species display white wings with broad, transverse metallic stripes. Larvae are leaf or needle miners, feeding between tissue layers of conifers or broadleaved plants. The genus is the namesake of the family Argyresthiidae, having been elevated from subfamily status within Yponomeutidae.
Argyresthia cupressella
cypress tip moth
Argyresthia cupressella, commonly known as the cypress tip moth, is a small microlepidopteran moth in the family Argyresthiidae. Native to the western coast of North America, it has been introduced to Europe where established populations now occur. The species is recognized as a pest of ornamental and forest conifers due to larval feeding damage.
Argyresthia thuiella
arborvitae leafminer, thuja mining moth, American thuja shoot moth
Argyresthia thuiella is a micro-moth in the family Argyresthiidae, commonly known as the arborvitae leafminer. Native to North America, it has been introduced to Europe multiple times since 1971. The species develops one generation annually, with larvae mining the foliage and twigs of Thuja and Chamaecyparis species. Adults are active from May to July and have a wingspan of approximately 8 mm.
Arhopalus
burnt pine longhorn beetle (A. ferus), black pine sawyer (A. rusticus)
Arhopalus is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae: Spondylidinae: Asemini) distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, with several species introduced to the Southern Hemisphere as invasive pests of conifers. The genus comprises approximately 20 described species, with A. rusticus and A. ferus being the most extensively studied due to their economic importance. Species develop in dead or fire-damaged conifer wood, with some exhibiting strong attraction to burnt pine volatiles. Several species produce male-emitted aggregation-sex pheromones containing fuscumol and geranylacetone. Invasive populations in New Zealand, Australia, South America, and South Africa require monitoring at ports and sawmills for timber export compliance.
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te-statemethodological-state-stateepistemological-state-stateontological-state-stateaxiological-state-statepraxeological-state-statelogical-state-staterational-state-statereasonable-state-statesensible-state-statepragmatic-state-statepractical-state-statetheoretical-state-stateconceptual-state-stateempirical-state-stateexperimental-state-stateobservational-state-stateexperiential-state-statephenomenological-state-statehermeneutical-state-statecritical-state-statereflexive-state-statereflective-state-staterepresentative-state-stateArhopalus rusticus
rust pine borer
Arhopalus rusticus is a longhorned beetle (Cerambycidae: Spondylinae) native to coniferous forests of the Northern Hemisphere. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light, hiding under bark during daylight. The species has been introduced to Australia, New Zealand, and South America through global trade and is considered a significant forestry pest. It is a suspected vector of the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, though research indicates its oviposition behavior does not facilitate nematode transmission. Males produce an aggregation-sex pheromone, (S)-fuscumol, which has potential applications for detection and monitoring.
Callidiellum
Callidiellum is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) in the tribe Callidiini. The genus contains at least three described species, including the well-studied Callidiellum rufipenne, an invasive Asian cedar borer established in North America. Members of this genus are wood-borers specializing on living conifers in the family Cupressaceae.
Callidiellum rufipenne
Japanese Cedar Longhorned Beetle
Callidiellum rufipenne is a small longhorn beetle (Cerambycidae) native to East Asia, commonly known as the Japanese Cedar Longhorned Beetle. It is a wood-boring pest of conifers in the Cupressaceae and Pinaceae families. The species has been introduced to multiple regions outside its native range, including eastern North America, Europe, and Oceania, where it has established populations. It is of economic concern due to damage to ornamental and timber conifers.
Carphoborus blaisdelli
Carphoborus blaisdelli is a species of crenulate bark beetle in the family Curculionidae. It was described by J.M. Swaine in 1924. The species is known from North America. As a member of the genus Carphoborus, it belongs to a group of small bark beetles associated with coniferous trees.
Carulaspis
Carulaspis is a genus of armored scale insects in the family Diaspididae, comprising six recognized species. The genus is associated with coniferous hosts in the orders Pinidae and Magnoliidae, particularly junipers (Juniperus spp.). Carulaspis juniperi is a documented pest causing significant damage to ornamental and landscape juniper plantings, including growth reduction, needle chlorosis, and branch death. Species occur in Europe and have been introduced to other regions including New Zealand.
Cephalcia
spruce web-spinning sawflies
Cephalcia is a genus of web-spinning sawflies in the family Pamphiliidae, established by Panzer in 1803. Species are distributed across Europe, North America, and Asia. Larvae feed primarily on conifer needles, particularly spruce (Picea) and larch (Larix), and construct silk webs for protection while feeding. Several species are significant forest pests capable of causing defoliation during population outbreaks. The genus exhibits complex life cycles with variable voltinism, often involving extended diapause in soil-dwelling prepupal stages.
Cephalcia fulviceps
Cephalcia fulviceps is a species of sawfly in the family Pamphiliidae, a group of web-spinning sawflies. Members of this genus are associated with coniferous trees. The species is poorly documented in scientific literature.
Cephalciinae
Cephalciinae is a subfamily of sawflies within the family Pamphiliidae. Members are characterized by their association with conifers, particularly as larvae that feed on pine needles. The subfamily includes the genus Cephalcia, which contains species known as pine sawflies. Adults are generally robust with broad heads relative to body size.
Choristoneura orae
spruce budworm
Choristoneura orae is a small tortricid moth found in North America, commonly known as the spruce budworm. The species has a wingspan of approximately 24 mm. Larvae feed on Picea (spruce) species. It belongs to the genus Choristoneura, which includes several economically important forest pests.
Choristoneura retiniana
Modoc budworm
Choristoneura retiniana is a conifer-feeding tortricid moth known as the Modoc budworm. It occurs in California, Nevada, and Oregon, where it feeds primarily on true firs (Abies spp.), particularly white fir. The species is sympatric with the western spruce budworm (C. occidentalis) in mixed conifer stands, and the two species hybridize in nature. Larvae are characteristically green, distinguishing them from the brown larvae of C. occidentalis. The species exhibits density-dependent parasitoid complexes that may serve as indicators of population trends.
Cinara costata
Mealy Spruce Aphid
Cinara costata is a large aphid species in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the Mealy Spruce Aphid. It feeds on conifers, particularly spruce (Picea spp.), and is native to Europe where it has been documented in Great Britain, Denmark, Belgium, and France. Like other Cinara species, it produces honeydew that attracts ants and wasps. The species was first described by Zetterstedt in 1828 from specimens collected in Scandinavia.
Cinara fornacula
Large Green Spruce Aphid
Cinara fornacula is a large aphid species in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the Large Green Spruce Aphid. Like other members of the genus Cinara, it is associated with coniferous host plants, specifically spruce (Picea spp.). The species was described by Hottes in 1930. As with many Cinara aphids, it likely feeds on phloem sap and produces honeydew, though specific ecological studies on this species appear limited.
Cinara hottesi
Blue-black Spruce Aphid
Cinara hottesi is a species of conifer-feeding aphid in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the Blue-black Spruce Aphid. It belongs to the genus Cinara, which comprises large aphids specialized on conifers. The species is documented as a pest of spruce trees (Picea spp.) and has been recorded from North America.
Cinara laricifex
Black Larch Aphid
Cinara laricifex, commonly known as the Black Larch Aphid, is a conifer-feeding aphid in the family Aphididae. This species specializes on larch (Larix) as its host plant. Like other Cinara aphids, it possesses piercing-sucking mouthparts adapted to tap into the phloem of its host tree. The species is part of a genus that includes significant pests of Christmas tree production and forestry.
Cinara obscura
Dark Spruce Stem Aphid
Cinara obscura is a species of large aphid in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the Dark Spruce Stem Aphid. It is a conifer-feeding aphid that infests spruce trees (Picea species). Like other members of the genus Cinara, it possesses a long piercing-sucking beak adapted for tapping into phloem tissues. The species overwinters as eggs on host needles. It produces honeydew, which attracts ants and wasps and supports sooty mold growth.
Crisicoccus taxodii
Bald Cypress Mealybug
Crisicoccus taxodii is a mealybug species in the family Pseudococcidae that feeds on bald cypress (Taxodium distichum). It is one of several mealybug species associated with conifers in this genus. The species was described by Kosztarab in 1996 and has been documented in the United States.
Cydia toreuta
Eastern Pine Seedworm Moth
Cydia toreuta, commonly known as the eastern pine seedworm moth, is a small tortricid moth native to North America. The species is a specialist seed predator, with larvae feeding exclusively on the seeds of red pine (Pinus resinosa) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana). It is considered a minor forest pest that reduces seed viability in conifer stands.
Dasychira pinicola
pine tussock moth, pine tussock
Dasychira pinicola, the pine tussock moth, is a North American species in the tussock moth subfamily Lymantriinae. First described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1911, it is associated with pine forests in the eastern and upper midwestern United States. The species is recognized as a defoliator of Pinus species, with larvae feeding on jack pine (Pinus banksiana) and potentially other conifers.
Dichelia
Dichelia is a genus of tortrix moths in the tribe Archipini, established by Guenée in 1845. The genus includes at least five described species distributed across Europe, North Africa, and the Mediterranean region. One species, D. cedricola, has been documented as a significant pest of Lebanese cedar (Cedrus libani), causing needle drop and bud damage through larval feeding. Larvae construct silk-bound needle nests and overwinter in protective silk coverings on host trees.
Dioryctria
Conifer Coneworm Moths, Coneworm Moths
Dioryctria is a genus of snout moths (family Pyralidae) described by Philipp Christoph Zeller in 1846. Commonly known as conifer coneworm moths, the genus contains approximately 40 species in North America, with 25 occurring in western regions. Larvae of most species feed within conifer cones, though some species infest shoots, branches, or bark. Several species are significant forest pests, causing damage to pine, spruce, fir, and cedar trees through cone and seed destruction, shoot boring, and deformation of tree crowns.
Dioryctria abietivorella
fir coneworm, Evergreen Coneworm Moth
Dioryctria abietivorella, commonly known as the fir coneworm, is a species of snout moth in the family Pyralidae. The species was described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1878. Its larvae develop in conifer seed cones and branches, with documented performance varying by host species and cone availability. White spruce appears to be the most suitable host based on development rate studies.
Dioryctria baumhoferi
Dioryctria baumhoferi is a species of snout moth in the family Pyralidae, described by Carl Heinrich in 1956. The species is known from Arizona and California in the southwestern United States. Larvae feed on twigs of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). The species belongs to a genus commonly referred to as coneworm moths, though the specific feeding habits of D. baumhoferi on twigs rather than cones distinguishes it from some congeners.
Dioryctria caesirufella
Dioryctria caesirufella is a snout moth in the family Pyralidae, described from Texas in 1983. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in forewing length. Its forewings display a distinctive bluish-grey ground color with reddish dusting. The larval host plant is possibly bald cypress (Taxodium distichum), though this association requires confirmation.
Dioryctria cambiicola
Western Pine Moth
Dioryctria cambiicola, commonly known as the western pine moth, is a species of snout moth in the family Pyralidae. First described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1914, this species is native to western North America. The genus Dioryctria includes coneworm moths whose larvae typically feed within conifer cones, though some species feed in foliage shoots or under bark. Adults are small moths, measuring 10–15 mm in length.
Dioryctria disclusa
rusty pine cone moth, webbing coneworm
Dioryctria disclusa is a small conifer-feeding moth in the family Pyralidae, commonly known as the rusty pine cone moth or webbing coneworm. The species occurs across eastern and central North America, with larvae that feed on loblolly pine cones. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 24 mm. The species is part of a genus whose members are significant pests of pine trees, with some related species targeted for biological control research.
Dioryctria erythropasa
Dioryctria erythropasa is a small snout moth in the family Pyralidae, described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1914. The species ranges from Arizona southward along the Mexican Pacific coast to Central America. Adults have a wingspan of 23–32 mm. Like other members of the genus Dioryctria, the larvae likely develop in conifer cones or shoots, though specific host associations for this species remain undocumented.
Dioryctria pentictonella
Dioryctria pentictonella is a species of snout moth in the family Pyralidae. It was described in 1969 from specimens collected in western North America. The species is associated with pine trees, with larvae feeding specifically on the buds of Pinus ponderosa and Pinus contorta. Adults are active in spring, with flight records from mid-April to early June.
Dioryctria pseudotsugella
Douglas-fir coneworm moth
A small coneworm moth in the family Pyralidae, described by Eugene G. Munroe in 1959. The species is associated with coniferous forests across western North America, where its larvae develop in the cones and cambium of Douglas-fir and related host trees. The specific epithet references its primary host genus Pseudotsuga.
Dioryctria zimmermani
Zimmerman pine moth
Dioryctria zimmermani, the Zimmerman pine moth, is a conifer-feeding moth in the family Pyralidae. It is a significant pest of pine trees in the midwestern and northeastern United States and southern Canada. The species has one generation per year, with adults emerging in late August and eggs hatching through mid-September. Larvae bore into pine bark and cones, causing damage to host trees.
Epinotia meritana
white-fir needle miner
Epinotia meritana is a small tortricid moth whose larvae are specialized miners of fir needles. The species completes one generation annually, with adults active in mid-summer and larvae feeding internally on white fir foliage before overwintering within mined needles. It occurs in western North American conifer forests where its host trees grow.
Eucopina
Pine Coneborer and Shoot-Borer Moths
Eucopina is a genus of tortricid moths comprising approximately nine described species, all native to North America. Species in this genus are commonly known as pine coneborers and shoot-borers, reflecting their specialized association with conifer hosts. Larvae of several species are documented pests of pine and fir cones and shoots, causing economic damage in forestry contexts. The genus was formally described by Gilligan & Wright in 2014.
Eucopina siskiyouana
Fir Coneborer Moth
Eucopina siskiyouana, commonly known as the Fir Coneborer Moth, is a species of tortricid moth in the tribe Eucosmini. First described by Kearfott in 1907, this species is associated with coniferous habitats, particularly fir trees. The common name suggests larval feeding within cones, a trait shared with related Eucopina species. It occurs in western North America.
Eucopina sonomana
Western Pine Shoot Borer Moth
Eucopina sonomana, known as the Western Pine Shoot Borer Moth, is a small tortricid moth in the tribe Eucosmini. The species is associated with coniferous hosts, particularly pines, and occurs in western North America. Larvae are known to bore into pine shoots, causing damage to terminal growth. The species was originally described as Eucosma sonomana by Kearfott in 1907.
Exoteleia dodecella
pine bud moth
Exoteleia dodecella, commonly known as the pine bud moth, is a small gelechiid moth native to western Eurasia and introduced to North America. Adults are active in mid-summer with a wingspan of 9–15 mm. The species is notable for its larval mining behavior in conifer needles and its association with pine and larch hosts.
Henricus fuscodorsana
cone cochylid moth, Cone Cochylid
Henricus fuscodorsana, known as the cone cochylid moth, is a small tortricid moth found in western North America. The species is notable for its specialized larval ecology: larvae are cone miners that develop within the cones of coniferous trees across multiple genera. Adults are active across a broad seasonal window from spring through autumn.
Hylastes
Hylastes is a genus of crenulate bark beetles in the family Curculionidae, comprising over 90 species. Members are primarily associated with coniferous hosts, particularly pines and spruces, where they breed in stumps, roots, and stressed or dying trees. Several species are economically significant as vectors of fungal pathogens causing tree mortality. The genus has a fossil record extending to the Eocene, with Hylastes perkovskyi described from Rovno amber.
Hylastes opacus
crenulate bark beetle
Hylastes opacus is a bark beetle in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Scolytinae, native to the Palearctic region and recently introduced to North America. The species breeds in stumps and roots of dead or dying pines (Pinus) and occasionally other conifers. Adults use host volatiles as chemical cues to locate suitable breeding material, with documented attraction to nonanal, ethanol, and (-)-α-pinene. The species has been recorded in North American locations including Vermont and New York.
Hylastini
Hylastini is a tribe of bark and ambrosia beetles within the subfamily Scolytinae. These beetles are primarily associated with coniferous host plants across multiple families. The tribe is of significant economic importance due to its role as a forest pest and its potential for international spread through trade in wood products.
Hylurgops palliatus
Hylurgops palliatus is a bark beetle in the family Curculionidae that colonizes coniferous trees, primarily spruce (Picea) and pine (Pinus) species. It is a secondary bark beetle, meaning it attacks weakened, dying, or recently dead trees rather than healthy ones. The species uses host-specific monoterpene chemical cues to locate and select appropriate host trees. It vectors various fungi, including ophiostomatoid species, which play roles in its ecology and tree colonization.