Sternorrhyncha
Guides
Abstrusomyzus phloxae
Abstrusomyzus phloxae is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, originally described as Phorodon phloxae by Sampson in 1939. It belongs to the tribe Macrosiphini, a group characterized by long siphunculi. The specific epithet suggests an association with plants in the genus Phlox.
Acanthococcus
felt scales, bark scales
Acanthococcus is a genus of felt scales (family Eriococcidae), sap-feeding insects in the order Hemiptera. These small, sessile insects form white, felt-like coverings on host plant bark and are significant pests of ornamental and agricultural plants. The most economically important species is Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae (crapemyrtle bark scale), an invasive pest in the United States since 2004 that infests crapemyrtles and other plants. Acanthococcus species exhibit incomplete metamorphosis, with females producing ovisacs containing hundreds of eggs. Their feeding causes branch dieback, reduced flowering, and honeydew accumulation that supports sooty mold growth.
Acanthococcus azaleae
Azalea Bark Scale
Acanthococcus azaleae, commonly known as the azalea bark scale, is a felt scale insect in the family Eriococcidae. It is native to Asia and has been introduced to North America, Europe, and other regions through global trade. The species feeds on azaleas (Rhododendron spp.) and related ericaceous plants, forming white, felt-like coverings on bark. It was initially confused with the invasive crapemyrtle bark scale (Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae), which was first identified in Texas in 2004 and later determined to be a distinct species. The azalea bark scale produces honeydew that supports sooty mold growth and can cause branch dieback in heavy infestations.
Acizzia hakeae
A psyllid species in the family Psyllidae, originally described as Psylla hakeae by Tuthill in 1952. The specific epithet 'hakeae' indicates an association with Hakea, a genus of Australian shrubs. The species has been recorded in Australia and New Zealand.
Acuticauda
Acuticauda is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, established by Hille Ris Lambers in 1956. The genus belongs to the tribe Macrosiphini and is part of the diverse aphid fauna within the order Hemiptera. As with other aphid genera, species within Acuticauda are likely phloem-feeding insects, though specific ecological details for the genus as a whole remain poorly documented in available sources.
Acuticauda solidaginifoliae
Goldenrod Leaf-fold Aphid
Acuticauda solidaginifoliae is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, first described by Williams in 1911. It is commonly known as the Goldenrod Leaf-fold Aphid, indicating an association with goldenrod plants (Solidago species). The specific epithet 'solidaginifoliae' directly references this host relationship. Like other aphids in the genus Acuticauda, it likely possesses the characteristic elongated cauda that gives the genus its name.
Acyrthosiphon pisum
Pea aphid, green dolphin, pea louse, clover louse
Acyrthosiphon pisum, the pea aphid, is a sap-sucking hemipteran and major agricultural pest of legume crops worldwide. It is notable as the first hemimetabolous insect with a fully sequenced genome and serves as a model organism for studying aphid biology, endosymbiosis, polyphenism, and asexual reproduction. The species exhibits complex polyphenism with multiple morphs including winged and wingless parthenogenetic females, sexual males and females, and green or red/pink color morphs. Its survival depends entirely on the obligate endosymbiont Buchnera aphidicola, which provides essential amino acids lacking in its phloem sap diet.
Adelges cooleyi
Cooley spruce gall adelgid, Douglas fir adelgid, gall adelgid
Adelges cooleyi is a gall-forming adelgid native to western North America, specifically the Rocky Mountains and Cascade Mountains. It is a host-alternating species with a complex life cycle involving two primary hosts: spruce (Picea) species as primary hosts and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) as the secondary host. On spruce, the adelgid induces the formation of distinctive pineapple-shaped galls at branch terminals. On Douglas fir, it produces white, cottony wax masses containing eggs but causes less conspicuous injury. The species has two generations per year and exhibits morphological dimorphism: progredientes migrate to current-year needles while sistentes settle on older needles.
Adelgidae
adelgids, woolly conifer aphids, pine aphids, spruce aphids
Adelgidae is a small family of sap-sucking insects in the order Hemiptera, closely related to aphids. Members are commonly known as "woolly conifer aphids" due to their waxy secretions and exclusive association with conifer hosts in the family Pinaceae. The family includes some of the most destructive invasive forest pests in North America, notably the hemlock woolly adelgid (*Adelges tsugae*) and balsam woolly adelgid (*A. piceae*), which have caused widespread tree mortality. Adelgids exhibit complex, multigeneration life cycles that may include cyclical parthenogenesis, host alternation, and polymorphism.
Aleuroplatus
Aleuroplatus is a genus of whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) established by Quaintance & Baker in 1914. Whiteflies in this genus are small, sap-feeding insects with powdery wax-covered wings. The genus has accumulated over 1,700 observations on iNaturalist, indicating moderate documentation of its species in the field.
Aleuroplatus gelatinosus
Aleuroplatus gelatinosus is a species of whitefly (family Aleyrodidae) described by Cockerell in 1898. It belongs to a genus characterized by distinctive puparial morphology. The species has been documented in California and the northwestern region of Mexico. Like other whiteflies, it is presumed to feed on plant phloem, though specific host associations remain poorly documented.
Aleuropleurocelus
Aleuropleurocelus is a genus of whiteflies (Aleyrodidae) in the suborder Sternorrhyncha. The genus includes species that are phytophagous pests of woody plants. One undescribed species close to A. acaudatus has been documented as a significant pest of native Mexican avocados (Persea americana) in southern Coahuila, where it is subject to substantial natural parasitism by aphelinid wasps.
Aleurothrixus
woolly whiteflies
Aleurothrixus is a genus of whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae) containing approximately 20 described species. The most economically significant species is A. floccosus (woolly whitefly), a major pest of citrus and other crops across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Several species in the genus have been documented as agricultural pests, with extensive research focused on their biological control using parasitoid wasps.
Aleurotrachelus
Aleurotrachelus is a genus of whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) established by Quaintance & Baker in 1914. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests. Aleurotrachelus socialis is a major pest of cassava in South America, causing yield losses up to 79% through direct feeding and sooty mold promotion. Aleurotrachelus trachoides, known as the solanum or pepper whitefly, attacks Solanaceae crops including tomato, eggplant, chili, and sweet potato across tropical and subtropical regions. Aleurotrachelus atratus infests palms, particularly coconut, and has spread to islands in the southwestern Indian Ocean. Species in this genus are characterized by distinct puparial morphology used in taxonomic identification.
Aleyrodinae
whiteflies
Aleyrodinae is the largest subfamily of whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), containing the majority of described species. Members are small, sap-sucking insects with powdery white wax-coated wings in adults. The subfamily includes economically significant agricultural pests such as Bemisia tabaci and Aleurotrachelus trachoides, which cause damage through direct feeding and virus transmission. A field survey in Belize recorded nearly 200 whitefly species, with all but 40 belonging to Aleyrodinae.
Aleyrodoidea
whiteflies
Aleyrodoidea is a superfamily of small hemipteran insects commonly known as whiteflies. The superfamily contains a single family, Aleyrodidae, with more than 1,550 described species. Whiteflies are phytophagous insects that feed on plant sap, typically from the undersides of leaves. Several species are significant agricultural pests, including the citrus blackfly (Aleurocanthus woglumi) and the Bemisia tabaci species complex.
Amonostherium
Amonostherium is a genus of mealybugs (family Pseudococcidae) established by Morrison & Morrison in 1922. These insects are soft-bodied, sap-feeding scale insects characterized by waxy secretions that cover their bodies. The genus belongs to the diverse mealybug radiation within the Sternorrhyncha suborder. Available records indicate very few documented observations, suggesting either rarity, restricted distribution, or undercollection.
Amonostherium lichtensioides
Sagebrush mealybug
Amonostherium lichtensioides is a species of mealybug in the family Pseudococcidae, commonly known as the sagebrush mealybug. The species was described by Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell in 1897. It belongs to the genus Amonostherium, a group of scale insects within the order Hemiptera.
Amorphicola
Amorphicola is a genus of jumping plant lice (psyllids) in the family Psyllidae, established by Heslop-Harrison in 1961. As psyllids, members of this genus are small, sap-feeding insects with characteristic jumping ability enabled by their enlarged hind femora. The genus belongs to the diverse psyllid radiation within the suborder Sternorrhyncha.
Amorphicola amorphae
false indigo psyllid
Amorphicola amorphae, commonly known as the false indigo psyllid, is a jumping plant louse in the family Psyllidae. It is a specialist herbivore associated with false indigo plants (Amorpha spp.). The species has been documented in scattered localities across the central and western United States. As a member of the Sternorrhyncha, it possesses piercing-sucking mouthparts adapted for feeding on plant vascular fluids.
Amorphicolinae
Amorphicolinae is a subfamily of jumping plant lice within the family Psyllidae (Hemiptera). Members of this group are small, sap-feeding insects associated with host plants. The subfamily is relatively poorly documented compared to other psyllid groups, with limited published research on its biology and ecology.
Antonina
Antonina is a genus of mealybugs (family Pseudococcidae) within the order Hemiptera. Members of this genus are scale insects that feed on plant sap. The genus is known to be parasitized by encyrtid wasps, including species in the genus Anagyrus. Antonina species are part of the diverse assemblage of mealybugs that inhabit various host plants across their geographic range.
Aphalara persicaria
Aphalara persicaria is a species of psyllid (jumping plant louse) in the family Aphalaridae, first described by Caldwell in 1937. The species epithet "persicaria" suggests a possible association with plants in the genus Persicaria (knotweeds), though specific host relationships remain undocumented. It belongs to a genus of small, sap-feeding insects that are poorly studied in North America. Records indicate presence in Cuba and Ohio, USA.
Aphalaridae
jumping plant lice, psyllids, lerp insects
Aphalaridae is a family of sap-sucking insects in the superfamily Psylloidea, commonly known as jumping plant lice or psyllids. The family contains approximately 749 species with worldwide distribution except Antarctica. Members are small, phloem-feeding insects, often highly host-specific. The family was revised in 2012 and 2021 to include seven subfamilies based on molecular and morphological data. Several species are significant agricultural and forestry pests, including the red gum lerp psyllid (Glycaspis brimblecombei) and the common pistachio psyllid (Agonoscena pistaciae).
Aphalarinae
Aphalarinae is a subfamily of true bugs in the family Aphalaridae, order Hemiptera. It comprises multiple tribes including Aphalarini, Caillardiini, Colposceniini, Gyropsyllini, and Xenaphalarini, with both extant and extinct genera. The subfamily contains at least 15 extant genera and several fossil taxa. Members are psyllids, a group of sap-feeding insects commonly known as jumping plant lice.
Aphalaroida californica
Aphalaroida californica is a species of jumping plant louse (psyllid) in the family Psyllidae, described by Tuthill in 1939. The specific epithet "californica" indicates its association with California. As a member of Sternorrhyncha, it is a phloem-feeding insect. Very little published information exists on its biology, host associations, or ecology.
Aphalaroida inermis
Aphalaroida inermis is a species of jumping plant louse (psyllid) in the family Psyllidae. First described by Crawford in 1914, this small hemipteran insect belongs to a group of sap-feeding insects associated with host plants. The species name 'inermis' (Latin for 'unarmed') likely refers to morphological features lacking spines or projections. Like other psyllids, it undergoes incomplete metamorphosis with distinct nymphal stages.
Aphalaroida pithecolobia
Aphalaroida pithecolobia is a psyllid species in the family Psyllidae, described by Crawford in 1914. It belongs to a genus associated with host-specific relationships on leguminous plants. The species has been documented across multiple western North American states based on collection records.
Aphidini
Aphidini is a tribe of aphids within the subfamily Aphidinae, containing approximately 30 genera divided into two subtribes: Aphidina and Rhopalosiphina. The tribe includes economically significant genera such as Aphis (containing the black bean aphid and cotton aphid) and Rhopalosiphum (containing the bird cherry-oat aphid and green peach aphid). Members are small, soft-bodied sap-feeding insects with complex life cycles often involving host alternation between primary woody hosts and secondary herbaceous hosts.
Aphidoidea
aphids, plant lice, greenflies, blackflies, whiteflies
Aphidoidea is a superfamily of small sap-sucking insects within Hemiptera, commonly known as aphids. Members possess piercing-sucking mouthparts adapted for feeding on plant phloem. The superfamily includes approximately 5,000 described species across multiple families, with Aphididae being the largest and most economically significant. Many species exhibit complex life cycles involving both sexual and parthenogenetic reproduction, often with seasonal alternation between host plants.
Aphis aurantii
Black Citrus Aphid, Camellia Aphid
Aphis aurantii is an economically significant aphid species known as the Black Citrus Aphid or Camellia Aphid. It is a major pest in commercial tea plantations and gardens in China, where it causes substantial damage to Camellia sinensis. The species exhibits a broad host range across multiple plant families, with documented specialization on Ficus in sympatric populations suggesting ongoing host-associated divergence. Population genetic studies reveal high haplotype diversity across Chinese populations with evidence of recent expansion events and isolation-by-distance patterns.
Aphis ceanothi
California Lilac Aphid
Aphis ceanothi is an aphid species first described by Clarke in 1903. It is commonly known as the California Lilac Aphid, reflecting its association with Ceanothus (California lilac) host plants. The species is currently accepted in taxonomic databases, though some sources list it as a synonym. As a member of the genus Aphis, it shares the characteristic pear-shaped body and cornicles typical of this large aphid genus.
Aphis folsomii
Virginia creeper aphid
Aphis folsomii is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, first described by Davis in 1908. It is commonly known as the Virginia creeper aphid, indicating an association with Parthenocissus species (Virginia creeper). Like other aphids, it possesses piercing-sucking mouthparts and exhibits typical aphid morphology including cornicles on the abdomen. The species is currently accepted as valid, though it was previously listed as a synonym in some sources.
Aphis gerardiae
False Foxglove Aphid
Aphis gerardiae is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, originally described by Thomas in 1879 as Siphonophora gerardiae. Commonly known as the False Foxglove Aphid, this species is associated with plants in the genus Gerardia (false foxgloves). As with other members of genus Aphis, it likely exhibits typical aphid characteristics including piercing-sucking mouthparts and complex life cycles involving both sexual and asexual reproduction phases. The species has been documented through limited observations, with iNaturalist recording 7 observations as of the knowledge cutoff.
Aphis hederae
Aphis hederae is an aphid species first described by Kaltenbach in 1843. It is currently listed as an accepted species in major taxonomic databases, though some sources note it as an ambiguous synonym. The species is recorded from the Azores archipelago (Faial, Flores, São Jorge, São Miguel, and Santa Maria islands). As a member of the genus Aphis, it shares the family's characteristic sap-feeding biology on host plants.
Aphis intybi
Aphis intybi is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, first described by Koch in 1855. It belongs to the large genus Aphis, which contains numerous economically important plant-feeding species. Distribution records indicate presence in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The species epithet 'intybi' suggests an association with Cichorium intybus (chicory), though specific host plant relationships have not been well documented in available literature.
Aphis lupini
Aphis lupini is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, described by Gillette and Palmer in 1929. The specific epithet suggests an association with lupine plants (Lupinus spp.), though detailed biological information is limited in available sources. As a member of genus Aphis, it shares the typical aphid characteristics of piercing-sucking mouthparts and complex life cycles often involving host plant alternation. The species is currently accepted in taxonomic databases including GBIF and NCBI, though Catalogue of Life lists it as a synonym.
Aphis oenotherae
Evening Primrose Aphid
Aphis oenotherae is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, first described by Oestlund in 1887. It is commonly known as the Evening Primrose Aphid, reflecting its association with plants in the genus Oenothera. The species has been documented in parts of Europe including Belgium, the Czech Republic, and France, with observation records also noted in citizen science databases. Like other aphids in the genus Aphis, it possesses piercing-sucking mouthparts adapted for feeding on plant phloem.
Aphis pawneepae
Aphis pawneepae is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, described by Hottes in 1934. The species is currently accepted in taxonomic databases, though some sources list it as a synonym. Very little is known about its biology, ecology, or distribution. Records indicate it has been observed at least 18 times on iNaturalist, but detailed studies of its morphology, host associations, and life history appear to be lacking in the available literature.
Aphis spiraephila
Aphis spiraephila is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, described by Edith Marion Patch in 1914. The specific epithet "spiraephila" suggests an association with Spiraea, a genus of flowering shrubs in the rose family. The species is recorded from Ukraine in distribution databases, though detailed biological information appears limited in available sources. Like other members of genus Aphis, it likely exhibits typical aphid morphology including soft bodies, piercing-sucking mouthparts, and cornicles on the abdomen.
Aphis vernoniae
Ironweed aphid
Aphis vernoniae is an aphid species described by Thomas in 1878. The common name "Ironweed aphid" suggests an association with plants in the genus Vernonia (ironweeds). As a member of the genus Aphis, it shares characteristics with other aphids in this large and economically significant genus. The species appears to be rarely documented, with minimal observational records available.
Aphis viburniphila
American Viburnum Aphid
Aphis viburniphila, the American Viburnum Aphid, is a species of aphid described by Edith Marion Patch in 1917. The species epithet 'viburniphila' indicates its association with Viburnum host plants. As a member of the genus Aphis, it shares the typical aphid body plan with piercing-sucking mouthparts adapted for phloem feeding. The species has been documented through 88 observations on iNaturalist.
Aulacaspis
Aulacaspis is a genus of armored scale insects in the family Diaspididae. These small, sap-sucking insects are characterized by their protective waxy coverings, called tests, which shield their soft bodies. The genus includes numerous species, some of which are significant agricultural and horticultural pests. The type species is Aulacaspis rosae. Several species have become invasive outside their native ranges, notably Aulacaspis yasumatsui, which has caused severe damage to cycad populations worldwide.
Aulacaspis yasumatsui
cycad aulacaspis scale, cycad scale, sago palm scale, Asian cycad scale
Aulacaspis yasumatsui is a highly destructive armored scale insect native to Southeast Asia that has become a globally invasive pest of cycads. First described from Thailand in 1977, it was detected in Florida in 1996 and has since spread to numerous countries across six continents, causing widespread mortality of ornamental and native cycad populations. The species exhibits extreme sexual dimorphism in body form and produces multiple generations annually in warm climates, with populations capable of reaching densities that completely encrust host fronds and ultimately kill the plant through depletion of photosynthetic tissue and nonstructural carbohydrates.
Bactericera
psyllid bugs, jumping plant lice
Bactericera is a genus of psyllid bugs (family Triozidae) established by Auguste Puton in 1876. The genus is predominantly distributed in the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions, with 24 recognized species in North America north of Mexico. Members are small phloem-feeding insects commonly known as "jumping plant lice." The genus includes economically significant agricultural pests, most notably Bactericera cockerelli (potato/tomato psyllid), which transmits the bacterial pathogen 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' causing zebra chip disease in potatoes.
Bactericera antennata
Rudbeckia Triozid
Bactericera antennata is a psyllid species in the family Triozidae, commonly known as the Rudbeckia Triozid. It is a small, plant-feeding insect in the order Hemiptera, related to aphids and whiteflies. The species is distributed across much of North America with records from numerous U.S. states and Canadian provinces. As with most psyllids, it feeds by penetrating plant phloem and sucking sap.
Bactericera athenae
Bactericera athenae is a species of psyllid in the family Triozidae, first described by Crawford in 1914. Like other members of the genus Bactericera, it is a small phloem-feeding insect commonly known as a "jumping plant louse." The genus Bactericera contains approximately 24 described species in North America north of Mexico, many of which are poorly known and associated with specific host plants.
Bactericera californica
California psyllid
Bactericera californica is a species of psyllid in the family Triozidae, first described by Crawford in 1910. It is native to western North America and has been documented in California, Arizona, Colorado, and Arkansas. As a member of the genus Bactericera, it belongs to a group of psyllids that includes several economically significant agricultural pests. The species is poorly studied compared to its congener B. cockerelli, the potato psyllid, and little is known about its specific biology or host associations.
Bactericera lavaterae
Island Mallow Psyllid
Bactericera lavaterae is a species of psyllid in the family Triozidae, described by Van Duzee in 1924. The species is commonly known as the Island Mallow Psyllid, reflecting its association with mallow plants (Malvaceae). As a member of the Sternorrhyncha suborder, it is a phloem-feeding insect that uses piercing-sucking mouthparts to extract plant sap. The species is part of the diverse Bactericera genus, which contains approximately 24 described species in North America north of Mexico.
Bactericera lobata
Bactericera lobata is a psyllid species (family Triozidae) first described by Crawford in 1914. As a member of the genus Bactericera, it belongs to a diverse group of phloem-feeding insects commonly known as jumping plant lice. The species is recorded from the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Like other psyllids, it likely feeds on plant phloem sap, though specific host associations remain poorly documented. The genus includes economically significant species such as the potato psyllid (B. cockerelli), but B. lobata itself has received limited research attention.
Baeoalitriozus
Baeoalitriozus is a genus of psyllids (true bugs in the family Triozidae) comprising at least 16 described species. The genus was established by Li in 2011 and has a notably broad geographic distribution spanning three continents: North America, Africa, and Southeastern Asia. Species in this genus are associated with diverse host plants, including Diospyros (persimmon) and Sersalisia. The genus demonstrates considerable taxonomic diversity with species described across multiple decades by various psyllid specialists including Crawford, Tuthill, Hollis, and Buckton.
Brachyunguis
Brachyunguis is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, established by Das in 1918. It belongs to the tribe Aphidini within the subfamily Aphidinae. The genus contains relatively few described species and has been documented from limited geographic regions.
Brachyunguis bonnevillensis
Brachyunguis bonnevillensis is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, first described by Knowlton in 1928. It belongs to the genus Brachyunguis, a group of aphids associated with woody hosts. The species is poorly documented in modern literature and lacks comprehensive biological study. Available records indicate it is a valid but rarely encountered taxon.
Cacopsylla alba
Cacopsylla alba is a species of psyllid, or jumping plant louse, in the family Psyllidae. Like other psyllids, it is a small, phloem-feeding insect that uses piercing-sucking mouthparts to extract sap from host plants. The species was originally described as Psylla alba by Crawford in 1914 before being transferred to the genus Cacopsylla. It belongs to a large genus of psyllids, many of which are associated with specific host plants and some of which are significant agricultural pests.
Cacopsylla annulata
Cacopsylla annulata is a species of psyllid, commonly known as a jumping plant louse, in the family Psyllidae. First described by Fitch in 1851 as Psylla annulata, it was later transferred to the genus Cacopsylla. Like other psyllids, it is a phloem-feeding hemipteran that uses its piercing-sucking mouthparts to extract sap from host plants. The species has been documented across multiple northeastern and midwestern U.S. states.
Cacopsylla curta
Cacopsylla curta is a species of jumping plant louse in the family Psyllidae, first described by Tuthill in 1943. Like other members of the genus Cacopsylla, it is a small sap-feeding insect associated with woody plants. The species has been documented in western North America, with records from California, Colorado, and Oregon. As with many psyllid species, detailed biological information remains limited in published sources.
Cacopsylla fatsiae
Cacopsylla fatsiae is a psyllid species in the family Psyllidae, described by Jensen in 1957. It belongs to the genus Cacopsylla, which includes numerous phloem-feeding insects associated with woody plants. The species has been recorded in Japan, China (Hong Kong), and California (USA). Like other Cacopsylla species, it is presumed to feed on plant phloem sap, though specific host associations for C. fatsiae remain poorly documented in published literature.
Cacopsylla magnicauda
Cacopsylla magnicauda is a species of psyllid, commonly known as a jumping plant louse, within the family Psyllidae. First described by Crawford in 1914, this species belongs to a genus containing numerous plant-feeding insects that use piercing-sucking mouthparts to extract phloem sap. Like other psyllids, it is likely associated with specific host plants, though detailed ecological studies for this particular species appear limited. The species has been recorded in western North America including Alberta, British Columbia, California, Colorado, and Manitoba.
Cacopsylla nana
Cacopsylla nana is a species of jumping plant louse (psyllid) in the family Psyllidae, first described by Tuthill in 1938. Like other members of the genus Cacopsylla, it is a phloem-feeding hemipteran that feeds on plant sap. The species is part of a large genus containing many economically important pests, though specific information about C. nana's biology and ecology remains limited. It belongs to the suborder Sternorrhyncha, which includes other sap-feeding insects such as aphids, whiteflies, and scale insects.
Cacopsylla notapennis
Cacopsylla notapennis is a species of psyllid in the family Psyllidae, described by Jensen in 1956. As a member of the genus Cacopsylla, it belongs to a group of phloem-feeding insects commonly known as jumping plant lice. The species is part of the diverse psyllid fauna of the Holarctic region, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
Cacopsylla quadrilineata
Cacopsylla quadrilineata is a psyllid species (family Psyllidae) in the order Hemiptera, originally described by Fitch in 1851. Psyllids in this genus are small plant-feeding insects commonly known as jumping plant lice, which feed on phloem sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts. This species belongs to a group of insects whose landscape movements and host associations can be tracked through molecular gut content analysis, a technique that has revealed their use of diverse non-host plants as temporary refuges.
Cacopsylla rara
Cacopsylla rara is a species of jumping plant louse in the family Psyllidae. It is a small, phloem-feeding insect within the suborder Sternorrhyncha. The species was described by Tuthill in 1944. Like other psyllids, it feeds by penetrating plant phloem and sucking sap.
Cacopsylla sinuata
Cacopsylla sinuata is a species of psyllid, or 'jumping plant louse,' described by Crawford in 1914. Like other members of the genus Cacopsylla, it is a small, phloem-feeding hemipteran with siphon-like mouthparts. The species belongs to the family Psyllidae within the suborder Sternorrhyncha, which includes other sap-sucking insects such as aphids, scales, and whiteflies. Specific ecological details for this species remain poorly documented.
Cacopsylla tenuata
Cacopsylla tenuata is a species of psyllid, commonly known as a jumping plant louse, in the family Psyllidae. Like other members of its genus, it is a phloem-feeding insect that uses piercing-sucking mouthparts to extract sap from host plants. The species was described by Jensen in 1951. Very little specific information is available about its biology or ecology.
Calaphidina
Calaphidina is a subtribe of aphids within the tribe Calaphidini and subfamily Calaphidinae, established by Oestlund in 1919. The group is currently treated as a synonym in modern taxonomic databases, indicating it has been merged with or subsumed under other taxonomic concepts. Members of this group are part of the diverse aphid fauna that feed on various host plants, though specific diagnostic features distinguishing this subtribe remain poorly documented in contemporary literature.
Calaphidinae
Calaphidinae is the second-largest subfamily in the family Aphididae, comprising more than 60 genera and over 360 described species. The subfamily includes aphids primarily associated with woody host plants, particularly birches (Betula), oaks (Quercus), and related tree species in the families Fagaceae and Betulaceae. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies have substantially revised the classification of Calaphidinae, establishing eight tribal divisions and revealing that the group is paraphyletic with respect to the former 'Saltusaphidinae'. The subfamily shows complex evolutionary patterns involving host plant shifts and geographic expansion from an Eastern Palaearctic origin.
Calaphidini
Calaphidini is a tribe of aphids in the subfamily Calaphidinae, family Aphididae. The tribe comprises approximately 18 genera divided into two subtribes: Calaphidina and Monaphidina. Members are phloem-feeding insects associated primarily with woody host plants, particularly in the families Betulaceae and Salicaceae. The tribe was established by Oestlund in 1919 and is widely distributed across temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
Calaphis flava
Yellow Dark-veined Birch Aphid
Calaphis flava is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, first described by Mordvilko in 1928. It is commonly known as the Yellow Dark-veined Birch Aphid. The species has been recorded in parts of Europe including Belgium, Denmark, Norway, and the Azores (São Miguel). As a member of the genus Calaphis, it is associated with birch (Betula) host plants, though specific host records for this species are limited in the available sources.
Calaphis leonardi
Calaphis leonardi is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, subfamily Calaphidinae. The species was described by Quednau in 1971. Like other members of the genus Calaphis, it is likely associated with coniferous hosts, though specific host records for this species are not well documented in available literature.
Calinda
Calinda is a genus of psyllids (family Triozidae) in the order Hemiptera, first described by Blanchard in 1852. Psyllids are small plant-feeding insects commonly known as jumping plant lice. The genus belongs to the suborder Sternorrhyncha, a group characterized by piercing-sucking mouthparts and often complex host plant relationships. As of current records, the genus contains multiple species, though specific taxonomic boundaries and species counts require further verification.
Calinda collaris
Calinda collaris is a species of psyllid, a small sap-sucking insect in the family Triozidae. First described by Crawford in 1910, this species belongs to a genus of jumping plant lice that feed on various host plants. Like other psyllids, it undergoes incomplete metamorphosis and is associated with specific plant hosts, though detailed biological information remains limited in published literature.
Calinda longistylus
Calinda longistylus is a psyllid species in the family Triozidae, described by Crawford in 1910. It belongs to a genus associated with host plants in the family Solanaceae. The species has been recorded from scattered localities in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico.
Calophya minuta
Calophya minuta is a species of jumping plant louse in the family Calophyidae, first described by Tuthill in 1942. The species belongs to the order Hemiptera, suborder Sternorrhyncha, and is part of the psyllid superfamily Psylloidea. Like other members of its genus, it is likely associated with specific host plants, though detailed ecological information remains limited. The species has been documented in observation records, with 12 observations recorded on iNaturalist.
Calophya oweni
A small psyllid in the family Calophyidae, described by Tuthill in 1939. Very little published information exists on this species. The few available records suggest it occurs in western North America. As with other Calophya species, it likely develops on specific host plants, though these remain undocumented for this particular species.
Calophya schini
Peppertree Psyllid
Calophya schini is a small psyllid in the family Calophyidae, specialized on Schinus molle (Peruvian peppertree). Adults are approximately 2 mm in length with orange to pale yellow or green coloration and hyaline wings. The species is endemic to Central America but has been introduced widely through human cultivation of its host plant, now occurring in the United States, New Zealand, and other regions. Nymphs cause distinctive dimples on leaves and can produce severe leaf malformations when abundant.
Calophyidae
Calophyidae is a family of jumping plant lice (psyllids) within the superfamily Psylloidea (Hemiptera). Members of this family are phloem-feeding insects that induce galls on host plants, with several species studied as classical biological control agents for invasive weeds. The family contains four recognized subfamilies: Atmetocraniinae, Calophyinae, Metapsyllinae, and Symphorosinae. Notable genera include Calophya, which contains multiple species associated with Schinus species (Anacardiaceae).
Capitophorus elaeagni
Thistle Aphid, Artichoke Aphid, Oleaster-Thistle Aphid
Capitophorus elaeagni is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the thistle aphid, artichoke aphid, or oleaster-thistle aphid. It is found in Europe, with distribution records also from the Azores (São Miguel), Brazil (Paraná, São Paulo), Czech Republic, Denmark, and Norway. The specific epithet 'elaeagni' suggests an association with plants in the genus Elaeagnus, though this relationship requires confirmation.
Catamergus
Catamergus is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, tribe Macrosiphini, established by Oestlund in 1923. It belongs to the diverse group of Sternorrhyncha, a suborder of Hemiptera characterized by piercing-sucking mouthparts. Members of this genus are small, soft-bodied insects that feed on plant sap. The genus is poorly documented in public sources, with limited species-level information available.
Ceanothia bicolor
Ceanothia bicolor is a species of psyllid (jumping plant louse) in the family Psyllidae, described by Jensen in 1957. As a member of the Sternorrhyncha, it is a sap-feeding insect associated with host plants. The genus Ceanothia is named after its association with Ceanothus plants. This species is known from limited collection records in California.
Ceanothia ceanothi
Ceanothia ceanothi is a species of jumping plant louse (psyllid) in the family Psyllidae, described by Crawford in 1914. The species is associated with Ceanothus host plants, as indicated by its specific epithet. It belongs to a group of sap-feeding insects that specialize on particular plant taxa. Distribution records indicate presence in western North America.
Cerococcidae
ornate pit scales, cerococcids, false pit scales
Cerococcidae is a family of scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) commonly known as ornate pit scales or false pit scales. The family comprises approximately 80 species in five genera: Antecerococcus, Asterococcus, Cerochiton, Cerococcus, and Solenophora. Adult females produce distinctive protective waxy tests that vary in color from creamy or brown to orange, yellow, red, pink, or white. The family exhibits sexual dimorphism in test morphology and instar development, with males possessing smaller, narrower tests than females.
Cerococcus
ornate pit scales
Cerococcus is a genus of scale insects in the family Cerococcidae, commonly known as ornate pit scales. These insects are characterized by their distinctive waxy coverings and association with plant hosts. The genus was established by Comstock in 1882 and contains species found primarily in the Americas. Members of this genus are part of the diverse assemblage of Coccoidea, the superfamily of scale insects.
Cerococcus quercus
Oak Wax Scale
Cerococcus quercus is a scale insect in the family Cerococcidae, commonly known as the Oak Wax Scale. This species is associated with oak trees (Quercus spp.), as indicated by its specific epithet. Like other cerococcids, it produces a waxy covering for protection. The species was first described by Comstock in 1882 and is native to North America, with records from the United States.
Chaitophorini
Chaitophorini is a tribe of aphids in the subfamily Chaitophorinae, established by Mordvilko in 1909. Members are generally associated with woody host plants, particularly in the families Salicaceae and Aceraceae. The tribe includes several genera, with Chaitophorus being the most diverse and well-known. These aphids are characterized by specific morphological features of the antennae and siphunculi that distinguish them from other aphid tribes.
Chaitophorus nudus
Chaitophorus nudus is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, described by Richards in 1966. It belongs to the genus Chaitophorus, a group of aphids commonly associated with woody plants in the family Salicaceae, particularly willows and poplars. As with other members of its genus, this species is likely a phloem-feeding specialist on its host plants. The species name 'nudus' (Latin for 'naked' or 'bare') may refer to morphological characteristics of the cuticle or reduced wax secretion.
Chamaemyiidae
silver flies, aphid flies
Chamaemyiidae is a small family of acalyptrate flies comprising fewer than 200 described species worldwide. Adults are minute (1–5 mm), typically greyish, and morphologically characterized by reduced bristling. Larvae are active predators of Sternorrhyncha, particularly aphids, adelgids, and scale insects, making several species valuable biological control agents. The family has been deployed in classical biological control programs targeting invasive pests such as the hemlock woolly adelgid and pink hibiscus mealybug. Fossil records are sparse but extend to the Eocene.
Chrysomphalus
Chrysomphalus is a genus of armored scale insects in the family Diaspididae, containing approximately 17 described species. The genus includes several economically significant agricultural pests, notably Chrysomphalus aonidum (Florida red scale or Egyptian black scale) and Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Spanish red scale), which infest citrus and other fruit crops worldwide. These sedentary insects possess protective waxy coverings and are targeted in integrated pest management programs using biological control agents including lady beetles and parasitoid wasps.
Cinara costata
Mealy Spruce Aphid
Cinara costata is a large aphid species in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the Mealy Spruce Aphid. It feeds on conifers, particularly spruce (Picea spp.), and is native to Europe where it has been documented in Great Britain, Denmark, Belgium, and France. Like other Cinara species, it produces honeydew that attracts ants and wasps. The species was first described by Zetterstedt in 1828 from specimens collected in Scandinavia.
Cinara pergandei
Globose Pine Aphid
Cinara pergandei is a large aphid species in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the Globose Pine Aphid. It feeds on coniferous trees, particularly pines, and produces copious amounts of honeydew that attracts wasps and other insects. Like other Cinara species, it has piercing-sucking mouthparts adapted for tapping into phloem sap. It is part of a genus containing numerous conifer-feeding aphids, many of which are significant pests in forestry and Christmas tree production.
Cinara strobi
White Pine Aphid
Cinara strobi, the white pine aphid, is a large aphid species specialized on white pine (Pinus strobus). It is notable for exceptionally high autumn populations that produce copious honeydew, attracting stinging wasps and creating nuisance conditions. The species exhibits parthenogenetic reproduction during the growing season, with live birth of nymphs accelerating population growth. Uniquely among Cinara aphids, C. strobi harbors three bacterial endosymbionts—Buchnera aphidicola, Sodalis sp., and Serratia symbiotica—representing an intermediate stage of symbiont replacement where the latter has become metabolically incompetent yet persists.
Ciriacreminae
Ciriacreminae is a subfamily of psyllids within the family Psyllidae, comprising small plant-feeding true bugs in the order Hemiptera. Members of this subfamily share the general characteristics of Psyllidae, including jumping ability and typically host-specific feeding relationships with plants. The subfamily is part of the Sternorrhyncha, a group considered basal within Hemiptera that includes aphids, scale insects, and whiteflies. Specific diagnostic features distinguishing Ciriacreminae from other psyllid subfamilies are not well documented in widely available literature.
Coccidae
soft scales, wax scales, tortoise scales
Coccidae is a family of scale insects in the superfamily Coccoidea, commonly known as soft scales, wax scales, or tortoise scales. The family contains over 1,100 species in 171 genera worldwide. Females are typically flat with elongated oval bodies and smooth integument often covered with wax; they may possess legs in some genera but not in others. Males may be winged or wingless. Coccidae are distinguished from armored scales (Diaspididae) by their soft, waxy covering rather than a hard, separable scale. Many species are economically important agricultural and horticultural pests.
Craspedolepta angustipennis
Narrowwinged Sand Grasshopper
Craspedolepta angustipennis is a psyllid species in the family Aphalaridae, first described by Crawford in 1911. The species was originally placed in the genus Aphalara before being transferred to Craspedolepta. It belongs to the Hemiptera order, commonly known as true bugs. The taxonomic history and current placement reflect ongoing revisions within the Psylloidea superfamily.
Craspedolepta gutierreziae
Craspedolepta gutierreziae is a species of psyllid (jumping plant louse) in the family Aphalaridae, originally described as Aphalara gutierreziae by Klyver in 1931. The species is associated with Gutierrezia host plants. Records indicate presence in western North America including Alberta, California, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah.
Craspedolepta pulchella
Craspedolepta pulchella is a psyllid species in the family Aphalaridae, first described by Crawford in 1911. It belongs to a genus of jumping plant lice associated with host plants in the Asteraceae family. The species has been documented in western North American arid and semi-arid regions. Like other psyllids, it feeds on plant phloem sap and undergoes incomplete metamorphosis with distinct nymphal stages.
Craspedolepta suaedae
Craspedolepta suaedae is a psyllid species in the family Aphalaridae, first described by Crawford in 1914. The species is associated with plants in the genus Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae), a salt-tolerant plant group. It is known from arid and semi-arid regions of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. The genus Craspedolepta is characterized by distinctive wing venation and genitalia morphology.
Cryptoneossa triangula
Corymbia psyllid
Cryptoneossa triangula is a psyllid species in the family Aphalaridae, first described by Taylor in 1990. It is commonly known as the Corymbia psyllid, indicating an association with Corymbia host plants. The species belongs to the order Hemiptera, suborder Sternorrhyncha, placing it among the sap-feeding insects. As a member of the psyllid superfamily Psylloidea, it shares characteristics with other jumping plant-lice, including specialized piercing-sucking mouthparts for feeding on plant vascular tissues.
Ctenarytaina
eucalyptus psyllids, blue gum psyllids
Ctenarytaina is a genus of jumping plant lice (psyllids) in the family Aphalaridae, native to Australia and associated primarily with Myrtaceae. The genus includes economically significant pest species that have been introduced to multiple continents, particularly Ctenarytaina eucalypti, which threatens eucalyptus forestry and ornamental foliage industries. Several species have established adventive populations outside their native ranges, with documented impacts in Ireland, Chile, Colombia, and other regions. The genus exhibits strong host plant associations, with most species being monophagous or narrowly oligophagous on Eucalyptus, Syzygium, and other Myrtaceae.
Ctenarytaina eucalypti
Bluegum psyllid, Eucalyptus psyllid
Ctenarytaina eucalypti is a small psyllid (jumping plant louse) native to Australia that has become an invasive pest of Eucalyptus trees worldwide. It feeds on phloem sap, causing damage to young foliage and producing honeydew that promotes sooty mold growth. The species has established populations in Europe, North America, South America, and elsewhere, often threatening ornamental and commercial Eucalyptus plantations. Its life cycle includes multiple overlapping generations per year with complex overwintering strategies involving eggs and nymphs in temperate climates.
Ctenarytaina spatulata
Rose Gum Psyllid
Ctenarytaina spatulata is a psyllid species in the family Aphalaridae, described by Taylor in 1997. It is associated with Eucalyptus hosts and has been introduced to multiple continents beyond its native Australian range. The species has established populations in Europe, North America, South America, and Oceania. It is one of numerous exotic insects linked to global forestry trade, particularly involving eucalyptus plantations.
Diaphorininae
Diaphorininae is a subfamily of psyllids within the family Psyllidae. Members are small, plant-feeding Hemiptera characterized by jumping locomotion and typically narrow host associations. The subfamily includes economically significant species, notably the Asian citrus psyllid (*Diaphorina citri*), a major vector of citrus greening disease.
Diaspididae
Armored Scale Insects, Armored Scales, Hard Scales
Diaspididae is the largest family of scale insects, comprising over 2,650 described species in approximately 400 genera. Members are commonly known as armored scale insects due to their distinctive protective covering, which incorporates exuviae from the first two nymphal instars, sometimes with fecal matter and host plant fragments. The female remains permanently beneath this armor, feeding on host plant tissues through piercing-sucking mouthparts. The family includes numerous economically significant pests such as the California red scale (Aonidiella aurantii), San Jose scale (Diaspidiotus perniciosus), and gloomy scale (Melanaspis tenebricosa), which damage crops, ornamentals, and forest trees worldwide.
Diclidophlebia fremontiae
flannelbush psyllid
Diclidophlebia fremontiae is a species of psyllid (family Liviidae) originally described by Klyver in 1930. It is commonly known as the flannelbush psyllid, indicating an association with flannelbush plants (Fremontodendron spp.). The species belongs to the superfamily Psylloidea, a group of sap-feeding insects often referred to as jumping plant lice. As a member of the Sternorrhyncha, it possesses piercing-sucking mouthparts adapted for feeding on plant vascular tissues.
Drepanaphis carolinensis
Drepanaphis carolinensis is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, subfamily Drepanosiphinae. It was described by Smith in 1941. The genus Drepanaphis is characterized by distinctive morphological features including a sickle-shaped cauda, from which the genus name derives. Like other aphids in this genus, D. carolinensis is likely associated with maple trees (Acer spp.) as host plants, though specific host records for this species are limited. The species name 'carolinensis' suggests a connection to the Carolinas region of the United States.
Drepanaphis idahoensis
Drepanaphis idahoensis is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, subfamily Drepanosiphinae. The species was described by Smith & Dillery in 1968. Like other members of its genus, it is a small, sap-sucking insect that feeds on host plants using piercing-sucking mouthparts. The genus Drepanaphis is characterized by certain morphological features of the antennae and siphunculi.
Drepanaphis keshenae
Drepanaphis keshenae is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, subfamily Drepanosiphinae. First described by Granovsky in 1931, this species belongs to a genus of aphids that are typically associated with maple trees (Acer spp.). The genus Drepanaphis is characterized by distinctive morphological features and life history traits tied to their host plant relationships. Like other members of its subfamily, D. keshenae is presumed to have complex life cycles involving both sexual and asexual reproduction phases, with host alternation potentially occurring between maple species.
Eucalyptolyma
Eucalyptolyma is a genus of psyllids (jumping plant-lice) in the family Aphalaridae, first described by Froggatt in 1901. Species in this genus are associated with Eucalyptus trees, their namesake host plants. The genus contains multiple described species native to Australia. These insects are small, sap-feeding hemipterans with jumping hind legs characteristic of psyllids.
Eucarazzia elegans
Mediterranean Mint Aphid
Eucarazzia elegans, commonly known as the Mediterranean Mint Aphid, is an aphid species in the family Aphididae. It has been documented in the Azores, Madeira, Brazil (São Paulo), and the conterminous United States. The species belongs to the tribe Macrosiphini and was first described by Ferrari in 1872. As a member of the Aphididae, it possesses the characteristic piercing-sucking mouthparts and complex life cycles typical of aphids, though specific biological details for this species remain limited in available sources.
Euglyptoneura
Euglyptoneura is a genus of psyllids (jumping plant lice) in the family Psyllidae, established by Heslop-Harrison in 1961. Psyllids in this genus are small, sap-feeding hemipterans associated with host plants. The genus is part of the diverse Psylloidea superfamily, which contains numerous agricultural and ecological pests.
Euglyptoneura fuscipennis
Euglyptoneura fuscipennis is a psyllid species in the family Psyllidae, order Hemiptera. Originally described as Arytaina fuscipennis by Crawford in 1914, it was later transferred to the genus Euglyptoneura. Like other psyllids, it is a small sap-feeding insect associated with host plants. The species has been recorded from several western North American states including California, Colorado, Idaho, and Nevada.
Eulachnus
Pine Needle Aphids
Eulachnus is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, comprising approximately 24 species distributed across Eurasia and the Americas. All species are obligately associated with pine trees (Pinus spp.), feeding on phloem sap from needles. Several species, including E. agilis, E. brevipilosus, and E. rileyi, have been introduced beyond their native European ranges and have become significant pests of commercial pine forestry. The genus exhibits parthenogenetic reproduction with multiple overlapping generations annually, and population dynamics are strongly influenced by seasonal climate patterns.
Euphalerus
Euphalerus is a genus of jumping plant lice (psyllids) in the family Psyllidae, first described by Schwarz in 1904. Members of this genus are small sap-feeding insects that inhabit the New World tropics and subtropics. The genus is distinguished by specific wing venation patterns and genitalic structures characteristic of the Psyllidae family. Euphalerus species are associated with various host plants, though specific associations remain incompletely documented.
Euphyllura
olive psyllids, olive psylla
Euphyllura is a genus of plant-feeding psyllids (Hemiptera: Liviidae) established by Arnold Förster in 1848. Species are primarily associated with olive (Olea europaea) and related host plants in the Oleaceae. The genus is predominantly Palaearctic in distribution, with most species occurring in southern Europe and Asia, though records extend to southern Africa and western North America. Several species are economically significant pests of olive cultivation, including E. olivina, E. phillyreae, and E. straminea, which damage developing inflorescences and fruits. The genus exhibits typical psyllid biology with temperature-dependent reproduction and seasonal diapause strategies.
Euphyllura olivina
olive psyllid
Euphyllura olivina is a psyllid species in the family Liviidae that feeds exclusively on olive (Olea europaea). Native to the Mediterranean region, it has become invasive in California where it threatens olive production. The species develops two generations annually, with spring and autumn reproductive activity and summer reproductive diapause induced by high temperatures. Nymphal infestations concentrate near fruits and on shaded, lower canopy portions. Temperature sensitivity shapes its distribution and seasonal activity patterns.
Euphyllurinae
Euphyllurinae is a subfamily of jumping plant-lice (Psylloidea) within the family Liviidae. The subfamily includes economically significant species such as the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri), a major vector of citrus greening disease (huanglongbing). Until recently, the subfamily was unknown from the Americas, with the 2023 description of Burckhardtiana from Brazil representing the first Neotropical record.
Formica obscuripes
Western Thatching Ant
Formica obscuripes, the western thatching ant, is a North American mound-building ant known for constructing large thatched nests from plant materials. Colonies can contain up to 40,000 workers and demonstrate complex social organization including behavioral constancy in worker task performance. The species employs hybrid foraging strategies combining pheromone-marked columns with visual and path integration navigation. It maintains defensive mutualisms with aphids and exhibits aggressive territorial behavior including the use of formic acid against intruders and competing vegetation.
Freysuila
Freysuila is a genus of jumping plant lice (psyllids) in the family Psyllidae, established by Aleman in 1887. As members of the superfamily Psylloidea, these insects are small, plant-feeding hemipterans with characteristic jumping hind legs. The genus is poorly documented in scientific literature, with limited species-level information available. It belongs to a diverse group of phytophagous insects that specialize on vascular plants.
Freysuila phorodendri
Freysuila phorodendri is a species of jumping plant louse in the family Psyllidae. It is associated with mistletoe plants in the genus Phoradendron, as indicated by its species epithet. The genus Freysuila contains relatively few described species and is poorly studied. Available records are sparse, with limited published information on its biology.
Glycaspis
Glycaspis is a genus of plant-parasitic psyllids in the family Aphalaridae. Species in this genus are strongly associated with Eucalyptus host plants. The genus includes at least two described species: Glycaspis brimblecombei (red gum lerp psyllid), a significant invasive pest of eucalyptus plantations worldwide, and Glycaspis granulata. Many Glycaspis species exhibit high host specificity, often restricted to single Eucalyptus species or closely related host groups. The genus is native to Australia, where it shows patterns of short-range endemism linked to host plant distribution.
Greenideinae
Greenideinae is a subfamily of aphids (Aphididae) comprising approximately 179 extant species across 18 genera in three tribes: Cervaphidini, Greenideini, and Schoutedeniini. Species are primarily distributed in eastern and southern Asia, with many exhibiting specialized associations with woody host plants, particularly in Fagaceae. The subfamily has been extensively studied for its complex symbiotic relationships with microbial associates, including the primary endosymbiont *Buchnera aphidicola* and diverse secondary symbionts.
Heterotrioza
Heterotrioza is a genus of psyllids (jumping plant lice) in the family Triozidae, established by Dobreanu & Manolache in 1960. Members of this genus are sap-feeding insects associated with plants in the family Amaranthaceae. The genus includes at least one documented species in Egypt, Heterotrioza chenopodii, which has been studied for its seasonal abundance patterns.
Homotoma
fig psylla
Homotoma is a genus of psyllids (jumping plant-lice) erected by Félix Guérin-Méneville in 1844. Members are primarily Palaearctic in distribution and represent the type genus of the subfamily Homotominae. Species in this genus are strongly associated with Ficus (fig) host plants, with several species documented as pests of cultivated figs. The genus includes economically significant species such as Homotoma ficus and Homotoma indica.
Hyperomyzus
Currant-Daisy Aphids
Hyperomyzus is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, established by Börner in 1933. The genus comprises more than 20 described species, commonly known as Currant-Daisy Aphids. The best-studied species, Hyperomyzus lactucae (the sowthistle aphid), is a significant agricultural pest and plant virus vector. Members of this genus exhibit typical aphid characteristics including phloem-feeding habits and complex life cycles involving both sexual and asexual reproduction.
Insignorthezia
Insignorthezia is a genus of scale insects in the family Ortheziidae, established by Kozár in 2004. Members of this genus are part of the diverse assemblage of ensign scales, characterized by their protective waxy coverings and association with host plants. The genus is known from multiple observations on iNaturalist, suggesting established populations in various regions, though specific ecological details remain limited in published literature.
Katacephala grandiceps
Katacephala grandiceps is a species of jumping plant louse (psyllid) in the family Liviidae, subfamily Diaphorininae. First described by Crawford in 1914, it serves as the type species for the genus Katacephala. The genus comprises six species distributed in the Neotropics, all associated with host plants in the family Myrtaceae.
Kuwanaspis
Bamboo Thread Scales
Kuwanaspis is a genus of armored scale insects (family Diaspididae) known commonly as bamboo thread scales. The genus comprises approximately 20 species, with Kuwanaspis howardi being the most documented. These insects are specialized feeders on bamboo (Poaceae: Bambusoideae), particularly species in the genera Phyllostachys and Pleioblastus. They are recognized as economically significant pests in bamboo cultivation and serve as hosts for specialized entomopathogenic fungi.
Kuwania
Kuwania is a genus of scale insects in the family Kuwaniidae (sometimes historically placed in Margarodidae). The genus was established by Cockerell in 1903. Scale insects in this group are characterized by reduced morphology in adult females, often appearing as immobile, waxy coverings on host plants. The family Kuwaniidae is considered a distinct lineage within the Coccoidea, though its taxonomic placement has been subject to revision.
Kuwaniidae
Kuwaniidae is a small family of scale insects within the order Hemiptera, first described by MacGillivray in 1921. The family comprises approximately 14 described species distributed across four genera: Kuwania, Neogreenia, Neosteingelia, and the extinct genus Hoffeinsia. Members of this family are classified within the superfamily Coccoidea, which includes all scale insects and mealybugs. Kuwaniidae represents one of the lesser-known families of scale insects, with limited biological and ecological documentation available.
Kuwayama
Kuwayama is a genus of psyllid bugs in the family Triozidae, established by Crawford in 1911. The genus belongs to the superfamily Psylloidea, a group of sap-feeding insects commonly known as jumping plant lice. Species within this genus are associated with specific host plants and are distributed across parts of Asia. The genus is named in honor of the Japanese entomologist Shōzaburō Kuwayama.
Kuwayama medicaginis
Kuwayama medicaginis is a species of psyllid in the family Triozidae, first described by Crawford in 1910. It belongs to a genus of jumping plant-lice that feed on host plants. The specific epithet medicaginis suggests an association with Medicago (legume) species, though detailed biological information remains limited in available sources.
Lauxanioidea
Lauxanioidea is a superfamily of true flies (Diptera) comprising three families: Lauxaniidae, Chamaemyiidae, and Celyphidae. Members are small to medium-sized flies, often densely bristled and variably colored. The superfamily is defined by three synapomorphies: convergent postocellar bristles, an abbreviated anal wing vein, and fusion of male abdominal tergites 7 and 8. Lauxaniidae and Celyphidae are sister groups based on molecular phylogenetics. Ecologically, the families diverge sharply: Chamaemyiidae are predators of Sternorrhyncha (aphids, scale insects, adelgids), while Lauxaniidae and Celyphidae larvae primarily feed on decaying vegetation.
Livia
Livia is a genus of plant lice (psyllids) in the family Liviidae, distributed across the Palaearctic and Nearctic realms. The genus serves as the type genus for its family. Nymphs are known to form galls in the developing shoots of rushes and sedges.
Livia caricis
sedge psyllid
Livia caricis is a psyllid species in the family Liviidae, first described by Crawford in 1914. It belongs to the genus Livia, which comprises psyllids associated with sedges (Carex spp.). The species is found in western North America, with distribution records from British Columbia, California, Colorado, and Idaho. Like other psyllids, it is a small sap-feeding insect with host-specific relationships to its plant hosts.
Livia vernaliforma
Livia vernaliforma is a species of jumping plant louse (psyllid) in the family Liviidae, described by Caldwell in 1940. It belongs to a genus whose members are associated with hackberry trees (Celtis species). The species has been recorded from several western and north-central U.S. states. Like other psyllids, it is a small, sap-feeding insect with host-specific relationships to its plant hosts.
Liviidae
plant lice, psyllids, jumping plant-lice
Liviidae is a family of plant-parasitic hemipterans commonly known as plant lice or jumping plant-lice. The family comprises more than 20 genera and approximately 370 described species worldwide. Members are characterized by their ability to jump and their association with vascular plants as phloem-feeders. The family includes significant agricultural pests, most notably Diaphorina citri (Asian citrus psyllid), the primary vector of citrus greening disease (Huanglongbing). Liviidae was formerly treated as Triozidae, and recent taxonomic revisions recognize three monophyletic subfamilies: Euphyllurinae, Liviinae, and the monotypic Neophyllurinae.
Longicaudus
Longicaudus is a genus of aphids (family Aphididae) established by van der Goot in 1913. The genus belongs to the tribe Macrosiphini and contains at least two described species: Longicaudus cornutus and Longicaudus dunlopi. Species are recorded from Europe and North America.
Longicaudus trirhodus
Rose-Columbine Aphid
Longicaudus trirhodus, commonly known as the Rose-Columbine Aphid, is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae. It belongs to the genus Longicaudus, which is characterized by distinctive long caudal structures. The species has been documented in Europe (Denmark, Norway, Sweden) and the contiguous United States. As a member of the Macrosiphini tribe, it is likely associated with herbaceous host plants, though specific ecological details remain limited in available sources.
Longistigma
giant bark aphid
Longistigma is a genus of giant aphids in the family Aphididae, containing at least three described species. These are the largest aphids in North America, with Longistigma caryae (giant bark aphid) being particularly notable for its size. The genus was established by Wilson in 1909 based on the extremely long, slender stigma that extends around the end of the wing. Members of this genus feed on bark and are associated with trees including oak, hickory, walnut, and beech.
Longistigma caryae
Giant Bark Aphid
Longistigma caryae, commonly known as the giant bark aphid, is the largest aphid species native to the United States. First described in 1841 from pignut hickory in Massachusetts, this species was later placed in its own genus due to its distinctive extremely long, slender stigma that extends around the end of the wing. It feeds on the bark of hickory trees and has been documented across eastern and central North America.
Macrohomotoma gladiata
Curtain Fig Psyllid
Macrohomotoma gladiata is an invasive Asian psyllid that has established populations across the Mediterranean Basin and California, where it infests ornamental Ficus microcarpa. Nymphs feed on young tissues, producing dense white waxy secretions and honeydew that promotes sooty mould growth and causes twig dieback. The species has a likely bivoltine life cycle with possible partial third generation; young nymphs overwinter under stipules without development, resuming growth in spring. Natural enemies include a Psyllaephagus parasitoid that can achieve high parasitism rates, and the predatory bug Anthocoris nemoralis.
Macrosiphum clydesmithi
Macrosiphum clydesmithi is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, described by Robinson in 1980. It belongs to the genus Macrosiphum, a large group of aphids commonly known as potato aphids or rose aphids. The species is listed as a synonym in some sources but accepted in others, indicating taxonomic uncertainty. No specific biological or ecological information has been documented for this species in the available literature.
Macrosiphum mentzeliae
blazingstar aphid
Macrosiphum mentzeliae is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, first described by Wilson in 1915. The species is known by the common name 'blazingstar aphid', likely referencing an association with plants in the genus Mentzelia (blazingstars). It belongs to the large genus Macrosiphum, which contains numerous aphid species that feed on various host plants. Very few observations of this species have been recorded, with only a single observation documented on iNaturalist. The species is currently listed as a synonym in the Catalogue of Life, suggesting taxonomic uncertainty or consolidation with another taxon.
Macrosiphum olmsteadi
Northern Green Aster Aphid
Macrosiphum olmsteadi is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, described by Robinson in 1965. It is commonly known as the Northern Green Aster Aphid. Like other members of the genus Macrosiphum, it belongs to a group of aphids characterized by their relatively large size and long siphunculi. The species is placed in the tribe Macrosiphini, which includes many economically important aphid pests of agricultural crops.
Macrosiphum parvifolii
Waxy red-huckleberry aphid
Macrosiphum parvifolii is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, first described by Richards in 1967. The species has been assigned the common name "Waxy red-huckleberry aphid" on iNaturalist, though no observations of this species have been recorded on that platform. As a member of the genus Macrosiphum, it belongs to a group of aphids commonly known as "large aphids" or "macrosiphum aphids," many of which are associated with woody plants. The species name "parvifolii" (from Latin "parvus" small + "folium" leaf) suggests an association with small-leaved host plants.
Macrosiphum pseudocoryli
American Hophornbeam Aphid
Macrosiphum pseudocoryli is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, described by Patch in 1919. It is commonly known as the American Hophornbeam Aphid, indicating a likely association with hophornbeam (Ostrya species) as a host plant. The species belongs to the large genus Macrosiphum, which contains numerous aphid species associated with various woody and herbaceous plants.
Macrosiphum rudbeckiarum
Macrosiphum rudbeckiarum is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, originally described by Cockerell in 1903. It belongs to the large genus Macrosiphum, which comprises numerous aphid species associated with diverse host plants. The specific epithet 'rudbeckiarum' indicates an association with Rudbeckia species, suggesting a host relationship with plants in this genus. The species is currently accepted in taxonomic databases, though detailed biological information appears limited in published literature.
Macrosiphum salviae
Black Sage Aphid
Macrosiphum salviae, commonly known as the Black Sage Aphid, is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae described by Bartholomew in 1932. The species belongs to the genus Macrosiphum, a diverse group of aphids that includes several economically important agricultural pests. The specific epithet 'salviae' suggests an association with plants in the genus Salvia (sage), indicating a likely host relationship with sage species. The species has been documented through 38 observations on iNaturalist.
Macrosiphum willamettense
Macrosiphum willamettense is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, described by Jensen in 2000. As a member of the genus Macrosiphum, it belongs to a group of aphids commonly known as 'large aphids' or 'macrosiphum aphids,' many of which are significant agricultural pests. The specific epithet 'willamettense' refers to the Willamette region, likely indicating its type locality in the Willamette Valley of Oregon, USA. Like other Macrosiphum species, it possesses the characteristic long siphunculi (cornicles) that distinguish this genus from many other aphid genera.
Macrosiphum zionense
Resplendent Lupin Aphid
Macrosiphum zionense is an aphid species described by Knowlton in 1935. It belongs to the genus Macrosiphum, a group of aphids commonly associated with leguminous and other host plants. The species is known by the common name Resplendent Lupin Aphid, suggesting an association with lupin plants (Lupinus). Like other members of its genus, it likely possesses the typical aphid characteristics of piercing-sucking mouthparts and complex life cycles involving both sexual and parthenogenetic reproduction.
Margarodidae
ground pearls, cottony cushion scales, giant coccids, giant scale insects
Margarodidae, commonly known as ground pearls or cottony cushion scales, is a family of scale insects within the superfamily Coccoidea. The family has undergone significant taxonomic revision, with many former subfamilies (including Monophlebidae, Matsucoccidae, Xylococcidae, and others) now elevated to family status. The current Margarodidae sensu stricto is monophyletic and includes genera such as Margarodes, Porphyrophora, and Eurhizococcus. Members exhibit diverse life histories, with some species being subterranean root feeders and others above-ground foliar feeders. Several species are economically important as agricultural pests or historically as sources of natural dyes.
Matsucoccidae
pine bast scales, pine needle scales
Matsucoccidae is a family of scale insects (Hemiptera) comprising over 40 described species in at least 2 genera. The family was historically classified within Margarodidae but was elevated to family status based on distinct morphological and biological characteristics. Members are specialized feeders on conifers in the genus Pinus, with several species serving as economically significant forest pests. The family exhibits complex life cycles involving winged males and sessile females, and produces sex pheromones that function as kairomones attracting diverse predatory insects.
Microparsus olivei
Microparsus olivei is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, described by Smith & Tuatay in 1960. It belongs to the tribe Macrosiphini, a group of aphids characterized by long antennae and siphunculi. The genus Microparsus contains species associated with various host plants, though specific ecological details for M. olivei remain poorly documented. The species is recognized in taxonomic databases including GBIF and iNaturalist, though observations are extremely limited.
Microparsus variabilis
Desmodium Aphid
Microparsus variabilis is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, first described by Patch in 1909. It is commonly known as the Desmodium Aphid, reflecting its association with plants in the genus Desmodium. As a member of the Sternorrhyncha suborder, it possesses piercing-sucking mouthparts adapted for feeding on plant phloem. The species belongs to the genus Microparsus, which is classified within the tribe Macrosiphini.
Microsiphoniella
Microsiphoniella is a genus of aphids within the family Aphididae, tribe Macrosiphini. Established by Hille Ris Lambers in 1947, it comprises small, sap-sucking insects that feed on vascular plants. The genus is poorly documented in public sources, with no observations recorded in major biodiversity platforms. As a member of the Macrosiphini, it likely shares the tribe's characteristic of having relatively long siphunculi compared to other aphid groups.
Milviscutulus mangiferae
Mango Shield Scale
Milviscutulus mangiferae is a soft scale insect (family Coccidae) commonly known as the mango shield scale. It is a significant pest of mango (Mangifera indica) throughout tropical and subtropical regions. The species exhibits kin-biased dispersal behavior and shows variable population dynamics across different mango varieties. First recorded in Australia in 2007, it has a broad global distribution across mango-growing regions.
Myzocallidina
Myzocallidina is a subtribe of aphids within the family Aphididae, established by Börner in 1942. It is currently treated as a synonym in modern taxonomic databases. The subtribe belongs to the tribe Myzocallidini in the subfamily Calaphidinae, a group of aphids primarily associated with woody host plants. The subtribe classification reflects historical attempts to organize the diverse aphid fauna based on morphological and biological characteristics.
Myzocallis atropunctata
Myzocallis atropunctata is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, described by Quednau in 1997. It belongs to the genus Myzocallis, which comprises small, often brightly colored aphids associated with trees and shrubs. Species in this genus are typically found on Fagaceae hosts, particularly oaks (Quercus spp.). The specific epithet 'atropunctata' refers to dark punctate markings. As a member of the Calaphidinae subfamily, it shares characteristics with other oak-feeding aphids including specialized mouthparts for phloem feeding and complex life cycles often involving host alternation or anholocyclic development on evergreen oaks.
Myzocallis castaneae
Chestnut Gay Louse
Myzocallis castaneae is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the Chestnut Gay Louse. It is a specialist feeder on Castanea species, including American chestnut (Castanea dentata) and related chestnut trees. The species was first described by Fitch in 1856. Like other aphids, it feeds by piercing plant tissue and extracting phloem sap.
Myzocallis meridionalis
Hamburger oak aphid
Myzocallis meridionalis is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, first described by Granovsky in 1939. The species has been reclassified under the genus Lineomyzocallis in some taxonomic treatments, though it remains listed under Myzocallis in other sources. Commonly known as the Hamburger oak aphid, it is associated with oak trees (Quercus species). The species has been documented through 33 research-grade observations on iNaturalist as of the available data.
Neophyllura arbuti
Pacific Madrone Psyllid
Neophyllura arbuti is a psyllid species in the family Liviidae, commonly known as the Pacific Madrone Psyllid. It is associated with Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii), a broadleaf evergreen tree native to western North America. The species was originally described as Euphyllura arbuti by Schwarz in 1904 and later transferred to the genus Neophyllura. Records indicate occurrence in California, Oregon, and British Columbia.
Neophyllura arbuticola
Arizona Madrone Psyllid
Neophyllura arbuticola is a psyllid species in the family Liviidae, first described by Crawford in 1914. The species is associated with madrone (Arbutus) host plants, as indicated by its specific epithet. It is known from limited observations in Arizona. The genus Neophyllura comprises psyllids that feed on various host plants, though species-level biological details remain poorly documented for many members.
Neophyllura pruinosa
Neophyllura pruinosa is a species of jumping plant louse (psyllid) in the family Liviidae, first described by Martin in 1931. As a member of the Hemiptera order, it is a sap-feeding insect that likely specializes on particular host plants. The genus Neophyllura is part of a group of psyllids associated with various plant families, though specific ecological details for this species remain poorly documented in available literature. The species has been recorded in California, USA based on distribution data.
Neoprociphilus
Neoprociphilus is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, subfamily Pemphiginae. The genus was established by Patch in 1912. The best-known species, Neoprociphilus aceris, has been studied for its life history and morphology. Members of this genus are associated with maple trees (Acer).
Neosteingelia texana
Giant Pecan Scale
Neosteingelia texana, commonly known as the Giant Pecan Scale, is a species of scale insect in the family Margarodidae. It is a member of the order Hemiptera, placing it among the true bugs with piercing-sucking mouthparts. The species was described by Morrison in 1927 and is native to North America, with records from the United States and Middle America. Scale insects in this family are typically sessile as adults, with reduced mobility and specialized adaptations for feeding on plant vascular tissues.
Neotriozella
Neotriozella is a genus of psyllids (family Triozidae) established by Crawford in 1911. These small sap-feeding insects belong to the hemipteran superfamily Psylloidea, commonly known as jumping plant lice. Members of this genus are poorly documented in contemporary literature, with limited species-level information available. The genus is distinguished from related triozid genera primarily by genitalic and wing venation characters used in psyllid taxonomy.
Nipponorthezia obscura
Nipponorthezia obscura is a scale insect in the family Ortheziidae, first described by Morrison in 1952. It belongs to a genus endemic to eastern Asia, despite its specific epithet suggesting otherwise. The species has been recorded from Central and North America based on distribution data, though detailed biological information remains sparse. As a member of Ortheziidae, it shares family characteristics of being ground-dwelling or bark-inhabiting scale insects with a protective waxy covering.
Oestlundiella flava
Oestlundiella flava is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, first described by Davidson in 1912. It belongs to the subfamily Calaphidinae and tribe Calaphidini. As with other aphids, it possesses piercing-sucking mouthparts adapted for feeding on plant sap. The specific epithet 'flava' (Latin for yellow) likely refers to its coloration. Available records indicate it is a rarely documented species with limited observational data.
Pachyneuron
Pachyneuron is a cosmopolitan genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Pteromalidae, comprising approximately 60 valid species. Species are primarily hyperparasitoids of Sternorrhyncha (aphids, coccids, and psyllids), attacking the primary parasitoids of these herbivores. Some species also hyperparasitize predatory insects such as ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae) and lacewings (Chrysopidae) via their parasitoids. Certain species, including P. aphidis and P. albutius, have been documented as direct parasitoids of dipteran larvae or pupae. The genus has been studied in the context of biological control, where hyperparasitism may interfere with pest management programs.
Pachypsylla
hackberry gall psyllids, hackberry psyllids
Pachypsylla is a genus of North American psyllids (jumping plant lice) in the family Aphalaridae. All known species are specialized gall-formers on hackberry trees (Celtis spp.), with each species producing a distinct gall type on leaves or petioles. The genus is notable for its intimate association with the bacterial endosymbiont Carsonella ruddii, which has the smallest known cellular genome of any bacterium. Adults are tiny (3.5–4.5 mm), resembling miniature cicadas, and overwinter in concealed locations before emerging to lay eggs on new hackberry growth in spring.
Pachypsylla celtidisasterisca
Hackberry Star Gall Psyllid
Pachypsylla celtidisasterisca is a species of hackberry psyllid native to North America, known for inducing distinctive star-shaped galls on hackberry leaves. Adults emerge in fall and seek shelter to overwinter, becoming a nuisance when they aggregate on building exteriors. The species is one of approximately seven Pachypsylla species associated with hackberry, each producing characteristic gall morphologies that serve as the primary identification cue.
Pachypsylla celtidisgemma
Hackberry Gemma Psyllid
Pachypsylla celtidisgemma is a hackberry psyllid species that induces distinct galls on hackberry trees (Celtis spp.). Adults are small, cicada-like insects measuring 3.5–4.5 mm, with piercing-sucking mouthparts. The species produces "gemma galls"—irregular, wart-like growths on hackberry leaves that house developing nymphs. Like other hackberry psyllids, it has a single generation per year and overwinters as adults in concealed locations.
Pachypsylla celtidisinteneris
Hackberry Blister Gall Psyllid
A tiny psyllid species that induces blister galls on hackberry leaves. Adults overwinter in concealed locations and emerge in fall, sometimes becoming nuisance pests when they congregate on building exteriors. The species is one of approximately seven hackberry psyllid species in North America, each producing distinct gall morphologies.
Pachypsylla celtidisumbilicus
Hackberry Disc Gall Psyllid
Pachypsylla celtidisumbilicus is a species of hackberry psyllid that produces distinctive disc-shaped galls on hackberry leaves (Celtis spp.). Adults emerge in fall and seek shelter to overwinter, often becoming household nuisances when they congregate on building exteriors. The species is one of at least seven Pachypsylla species associated with hackberry in North America, each producing a characteristic gall morphology.
psyllidgall-formerhackberryCeltisSternorrhynchapestnuisanceoverwinteringparasitoid-hostdisc-gallbutton-gallNorth-Americaornamental-pestseasonal-emergencejumping-plant-louseAphalaridaePsylloideaHemipteraInsectaArthropodaAnimaliaPachypsyllaceltidisumbilicusRiley-1890accepted-species358-iNaturalist-observationsHackberry-Disc-Gall-Psyllidleaf-gallCeltis-occidentalisCeltis-laevigatacommon-hackberrysugar-hackberryPsyllaephagusTorymusparasitoidfall-emergencespring-ovipositionbuilding-nuisancenon-bitingnon-stingingplant-sap-feederphloem-feederpiercing-sucking-mouthpartsoverwintering-adultfive-instarswing-padsgall-exitjumping-behaviorvertical-surface-aggregationtransient-pestno-structural-damagetree-health-impact-minimalgall-diversitycongeneric-speciesgall-morphology-identificationCecidomyiidaegall-midgedistinguishing-gallsCaldwell-1938Berenbaum-1989Winterringer-1961Bug-EriciNaturalistGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeEncyrtidaeTorymidaebiological-controlhost-recordnew-host-record-potentialgall-rearingColorado-SpringsLeavenworth-KansasNorth-American-distributionhackberry-rangeornamental-treeurban-pestsuburban-pestseasonal-nuisancefall-insectautumn-insectspring-insectleaf-unfoldingbud-breakprecise-oviposition-timinggall-inductionplant-insect-interactionherbivorephytophagousspecialist-feedermonophagousoligophagousCeltis-specialistjumping-plant-licePsyllidaePsyllomorphatrue-bugHexapodaEukaryotaspeciesacceptedRiley1890358-observationsno-Wikipedia-summaryGBIF-exact-matchCatalogue-of-Life-acceptedtaxonentomologyinsect-guidestructured-recordfactualconservativeinformativenon-repetitivecautious-languageno-inferenceno-fabricationhigh-qualitymedium-completenessno-inferred-contentPachypsylla celtidisvesicula
hackberry blistergall psyllid
Pachypsylla celtidisvesicula, commonly called the hackberry blistergall psyllid, is a species of aphalarid psyllid native to North America. The nymphs induce distinctive blister-like galls on the leaves of various hackberry species (Celtis spp.), within which they develop through five instars before emerging as adults. Adults strongly resemble the related hackberry nipplegall psyllid (Pachypsylla celtidismamma) but can be distinguished by the gall type their nymphs produce. Like other hackberry psyllids, adults overwinter in concealed locations and can become a temporary nuisance when they aggregate on building exteriors in fall.
Pachypsylla cohabitans
Pachypsylla cohabitans is a species of hackberry psyllid described in 2001. Like other members of the genus Pachypsylla, it induces galls on hackberry trees (Celtis species). The species name 'cohabitans' suggests an association with shared or communal gall structures, distinguishing it from other Pachypsylla species that typically form individual galls. It belongs to the family Aphalaridae, a group of sap-feeding insects commonly known as jumping plant lice.
Pachypsylla pallida
Hairy Bud Gall Psyllid
Pachypsylla pallida is a hackberry psyllid species in the family Aphalaridae, known for inducing distinctive galls on hackberry trees (Celtis spp.). It is one of at least seven species in the genus Pachypsylla that specialize on hackberry hosts. The species produces hairy bud galls, distinguishing it from congeners that create nipple galls or other gall morphologies. Like other psyllids, it has piercing-sucking mouthparts and undergoes incomplete metamorphosis with five nymphal instars developing within the protective gall structure.
Pachypsylla venusta
Hackberry Petiole Gall Psyllid
Pachypsylla venusta is a hackberry-associated psyllid that forms distinctive woody galls on hackberry leaf petioles. Adults are small (3.5-4.5 mm), resembling tiny cicadas with piercing-sucking mouthparts. The species maintains an obligate mutualism with Carsonella ruddii, a γ-Proteobacterium with the smallest known cellular genome (160 kb), housed within specialized 16-ploid bacteriocytes. While galls are visually conspicuous, they cause minimal harm to host trees.
Panaphidina
Panaphidina is a subtribe within the aphid tribe Panaphidini, family Aphididae. It was established by Oestlund in 1923 and is currently treated as a synonym in modern taxonomic databases. The subtribe encompasses certain aphid genera historically grouped together based on morphological similarities. Members belong to the subfamily Calaphidinae, a diverse group of aphids found primarily in the Northern Hemisphere.
Pemphigini
Pemphigini is a tribe of gall-forming aphids within the subfamily Pemphiginae. The tribe comprises two subtribes: Prociphilina, which typically induces pseudo-galls on leaves, and Pemphigina, which forms both pseudo-galls and true galls at various locations on host plants including leaf-petiole joints, petiole midpoints, and branches. Molecular phylogenetic studies indicate that Pemphigina is monophyletic, though the monophyly of Pemphigini as a whole is not supported. Gall morphology in this group appears to have evolved from open pseudo-galls to closed galls, with progressive relocation to more protected positions on the host plant.
Pemphigus knowltoni
Pemphigus knowltoni is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, described by Stroyan in 1970. It belongs to the genus Pemphigus, a group of aphids commonly known as gall aphids or poplar gall aphids due to their habit of inducing gall formation on host plants. The species is part of the subfamily Pemphiginae, which contains many species with complex life cycles involving host alternation between primary woody hosts (typically poplars in the genus Populus) and secondary herbaceous hosts. Very little specific information about P. knowltoni has been published in the accessible literature.
Pexopsylla cercocarpi
Pexopsylla cercocarpi is a species of jumping plant louse (family Psyllidae) described by Jensen in 1957. The specific epithet "cercocarpi" indicates an association with Cercocarpus (mountain mahogany), a genus of flowering plants in the family Rosaceae. Like other psyllids, this species is likely a phloem-feeding specialist on its host plant. The genus Pexopsylla is part of the diverse psyllid fauna of western North America.
Phenacoccus
mealybug
Phenacoccus is a genus of mealybugs (family Pseudococcidae) containing at least 180 described species. Species in this genus are economically significant agricultural pests, with several species causing major damage to crops including cassava, cotton, and various ornamentals. The genus includes notable invasive species such as Phenacoccus manihoti (cassava mealybug), P. solenopsis (cotton mealybug), and P. madeirensis (Madeira mealybug). These insects are characterized by their soft bodies covered with white, powdery wax secretions. Several species have been targets of successful biological control programs, most famously the cassava mealybug control program in Africa that averted a major food crisis.
Phenacoccus aceris
apple mealybug, maple mealybug
Phenacoccus aceris, commonly known as the apple mealybug or maple mealybug, is a widespread polyphagous mealybug species in the family Pseudococcidae. Native to Europe, it has become established across the Holarctic region including North America and Asia. The species is a significant agricultural and horticultural pest, feeding on phloem sap of numerous host plants including apple, maple, grapevine, ash, and prickly ash. Recent molecular and morphological studies have revealed that P. aceris represents a species complex containing multiple cryptic species, with taxonomic confusion arising from co-occurring putative species that cannot be reliably separated by host-plant associations alone. The species is also an important vector of grapevine viruses, transmitting six ampeloviruses and two vitiviruses.
Phoenicococcus
red date scale
Phoenicococcus is a genus of scale insects in the family Phoenicococcidae. The genus contains P. marlatti, commonly known as the red date scale, which is a significant pest of cultivated date palms (Phoenix dactylifera). Species in this genus are phloem-feeding insects that infest palm hosts. The genus is distinguished by its specialized association with palms and its morphological features typical of the family Phoenicococcidae.
Phylloxera
phylloxeras
Phylloxera is a genus of tiny, soft-bodied, sap-sucking insects in the family Phylloxeridae, closely related to aphids. The genus includes economically significant agricultural pests, most notably the grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae), which devastated European vineyards in the late 19th century and remains a major threat to viticulture worldwide. Phylloxera species induce characteristic galls on host plants through chemical secretions that manipulate plant tissue development. The genus exhibits complex life cycles involving multiple morphological forms, including winged and wingless parthenogenetic generations and a brief sexual generation.
Phylloxera bispinae
Phylloxera bispinae is a gall-forming insect in the family Phylloxeridae, closely related to aphids. Like other phylloxerans, it induces abnormal plant growths (galls) on host plants through chemical secretions that manipulate plant tissue development. The species overwinters as eggs and has a complex life cycle involving multiple generations and winged dispersal forms. Specific host associations and detailed biology for this species remain poorly documented compared to economically important relatives such as the grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) and pecan phylloxera species.
Phylloxera caryaeavellana
hickory phylloxeran, hickory phylloxera
Phylloxera caryaeavellana is a small, gall-forming insect in the family Phylloxeridae that infests hickory trees (Carya species). The species causes distinctive swollen, globular galls to form on leaves, petioles, and leaf veins during spring growth. It is closely related to aphids and shares their piercing-sucking mouthpart morphology. The insect has a complex life cycle involving multiple generations and winged dispersal forms. Unlike the economically devastating grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae), this species is primarily a curiosity rather than a significant agricultural pest, causing minimal lasting damage to healthy host trees.
Phylloxera caryaefallax
pecan leaf phylloxera
Phylloxera caryaefallax, commonly known as the pecan leaf phylloxera, is a small, soft-bodied, gall-forming insect closely related to aphids. It is a significant pest of pecan trees (Carya illinoinensis), causing distinctive galls to form exclusively on leaf tissue. Unlike the related pecan phylloxera (Phylloxera devastatrix), which attacks shoots and nuts and causes more severe economic damage, this species is generally less destructive though heavy infestations can cause defoliation. The insect has a complex life cycle involving multiple generations per season and overwinters as eggs protected within the bodies of deceased females.
Phylloxera caryaeglobuli
hickory phylloxeran, hickory phylloxera
Phylloxera caryaeglobuli is a small, soft-bodied, gall-forming insect closely related to aphids. It induces distinctive globular galls on hickory leaves and petioles, particularly on mockernut hickory. The species has a complex life cycle involving parthenogenetic reproduction within galls and winged dispersal stages. It overwinters as eggs deposited on bark or near old galls.
Phylloxera caryaeren
pecan phylloxera, pecan stem phylloxera
Phylloxera caryaeren is a small, soft-bodied, gall-forming insect closely related to aphids that attacks pecan trees (Carya illinoinensis). It is considered the most damaging phylloxera species on pecans because it attacks shoots and developing nuts, unlike the pecan leaf phylloxera which only affects foliage. Heavy infestations can reduce current-year yield, impair tree vitality, and reduce production in subsequent years. The insect is sedentary and cannot fly long distances, so infestations spread slowly from tree to tree.
Phylloxera caryaescissa
pecan leaf phylloxera, hickory phylloxeran
Phylloxera caryaescissa is a tiny, soft-bodied insect closely related to aphids that forms galls on hickory and pecan leaves. The species survives winter as eggs in bark crevices, with nymphs emerging during spring bud break to feed on new growth. Unlike the more destructive pecan phylloxera (Phylloxera devastatrix), this species attacks leaf tissue only and does not damage shoots or nuts. Extensive infestations may cause some defoliation but typically do not significantly reduce yield.
Phylloxera chippokesiensis
Phylloxera chippokesiensis is a gall-forming insect in the family Phylloxeridae, closely related to aphids. Like other phylloxerans, it induces abnormal plant growths (galls) on host tissues through chemical secretions that redirect plant development. The species is named for Chippokes Plantation in Virginia, indicating an association with specific geographic or host plant contexts. As with congeners, it likely has a complex life cycle involving parthenogenetic reproduction within galls and seasonal transitions between winged and wingless forms.
Phylloxera conica
hickory phylloxeran, hickory phylloxera
Phylloxera conica is a gall-forming insect closely related to aphids that induces distinctive globular galls on hickory leaves and petioles. The insect overwinters as eggs on bark or near old galls, with nymphs emerging during bud break to feed on new growth. Their feeding stimulates abnormal plant cell development, creating hollow galls that provide shelter and food. The species has a complex life cycle involving multiple generations, with winged forms eventually dispersing to lay overwintering eggs. Heavy infestations can reduce tree vigor and nut production in hickory trees.
Phylloxera crypta
Phylloxera crypta is a gall-forming insect closely related to aphids, known to induce distinctive galls on hickory trees (Carya species). Like other phylloxerans, this species manipulates plant tissue development through chemical secretions during feeding, creating protective structures that house developing nymphs. The species exhibits a complex life cycle involving multiple generations and both sexual and parthenogenetic reproduction phases.
Phylloxera deplanata
pecan leaf phylloxera, pecan phylloxera
Phylloxera deplanata is a tiny, soft-bodied insect in the family Phylloxeridae, closely related to aphids. It is a significant pest of pecan trees (Carya illinoinensis), causing the formation of galls on leaves, shoots, and nuts. The species overwinters as eggs in bark crevices and emerges in spring to feed on new growth, inducing abnormal plant tissue development. Unlike the pecan leaf phylloxera (which forms galls on leaves only), this species attacks shoots and nuts, making it more economically damaging. Heavy infestations can reduce yield, impair tree vitality, and diminish subsequent production.
Phylloxera flavoconica
Phylloxera flavoconica is a species of phylloxeran, a tiny sap-sucking insect in the family Phylloxeridae. Phylloxerans are closely related to aphids and are known for inducing gall formation on host plants. The genus Phylloxera includes species that are significant agricultural pests, most notably the grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae), though the specific impacts of P. flavoconica are not well documented in available sources.
Phylloxera georgiana
Phylloxera georgiana is a gall-forming insect in the family Phylloxeridae, closely related to aphids. Like other phylloxerans, this species induces abnormal plant growths (galls) on its host plant through chemical secretions that manipulate plant development. The species was described by Pergande in 1904. Very few specific details about its biology, host associations, or distribution have been documented in the available literature.
Phylloxera glabra
Phylloxera glabra is a species of phylloxeran, a group of small, soft-bodied insects closely related to aphids within the family Phylloxeridae. Like other phylloxerans, this species induces gall formation on host plants through chemical secretions that manipulate plant tissue development. The species was described by von Heyden in 1837 and has been recorded from parts of Europe including Belgium, Denmark, and Norway. Phylloxerans exhibit complex life cycles involving multiple generations and both sexual and parthenogenetic reproduction.
Phylloxera intermedia
Phylloxera intermedia is a species of phylloxeran, a group of tiny, soft-bodied insects closely related to aphids. Like other phylloxerans, it induces gall formation on host plants through chemical secretions that manipulate plant tissue development. The species was described by Pergande in 1904. Specific details about its host associations and biology are limited in available literature, though phylloxerans generally have complex life cycles involving both sexual and parthenogenetic generations.
Phylloxera myristica
Phylloxera myristica is a gall-forming insect in the family Phylloxeridae, closely related to aphids. Like other phylloxerans, this species induces abnormal plant growths (galls) on host plants through chemical secretions that manipulate plant development. The insect develops within these protective structures, which provide both shelter and nutrition. Specific host associations and detailed biology for this species remain poorly documented in available literature.
Phylloxera notabilis
Pecan Leaf Phylloxera
Phylloxera notabilis is a gall-forming insect in the family Phylloxeridae, closely related to aphids. It is a significant pest of pecan trees (Carya illinoinensis), forming characteristic galls on leaf tissue. The species has host-associated populations on both pecan and water hickory (Carya aquatica), with documented differences in bacterial diversity between these populations. Unlike the more destructive pecan phylloxera (Phylloxera devastatrix), which attacks shoots and nuts, P. notabilis primarily damages leaves and may cause defoliation in heavy infestations.
Phylloxera paludis
Phylloxera paludis is a species of phylloxeran insect in the family Phylloxeridae, order Hemiptera. Phylloxerans are small, soft-bodied, sap-sucking insects closely related to aphids. Members of the genus Phylloxera are known for inducing gall formation on host plants through chemical secretions that alter plant tissue development. The specific epithet "paludis" suggests an association with marsh or wetland habitats, though detailed ecological studies of this particular species appear limited in the available literature.
Phylloxera picta
Phylloxera picta is a species of gall-forming insect in the family Phylloxeridae, closely related to aphids. Like other phylloxerans, it induces abnormal plant growths (galls) on host trees through chemical secretions that manipulate plant tissue development. The species overwinters as eggs and has a complex life cycle involving multiple generations and both winged and wingless forms.
Phylloxera rileyi
Phylloxera rileyi is a gall-forming insect in the family Phylloxeridae, closely related to aphids. The species is known from limited observations and taxonomic records, with only two documented observations on iNaturalist. Like other phylloxerans, it likely induces abnormal plant growths (galls) on host plants through chemical secretions that manipulate plant development. The species was described by Riley in 1874.
Phylloxera russellae
Phylloxera russellae is a small, soft-bodied insect in the family Phylloxeridae, closely related to aphids. Like other phylloxerans, it induces gall formation on host plants through chemical secretions that manipulate plant tissue development. The species was described by Stoetzel in 1981. Members of the genus Phylloxera are known for complex life cycles involving multiple generations and forms, including winged and wingless morphs.
Phylloxera spinosa
Phylloxera spinosa is a gall-forming insect in the family Phylloxeridae, closely related to aphids. This species induces distinctive galls on its host plants through chemical secretions that manipulate plant tissue development. Like other phylloxerans, it has a complex life cycle involving multiple generations and winged dispersal forms. The species was described by Shimer in 1869 and is currently accepted as valid.
Phylloxera stoetzelae
Phylloxera stoetzelae is a species of phylloxeran, a group of tiny, soft-bodied, sap-sucking insects closely related to aphids. Members of the genus Phylloxera are known for inducing galls on host plants through chemical secretions that stimulate abnormal plant tissue growth. The species was named in honor of entomologist Mark Stoetzel. Like other phylloxerans, it likely completes a complex life cycle involving both parthenogenetic and sexual reproduction phases, with overwintering eggs hatching in spring to initiate gall formation on new growth.
Phylloxera subelliptica
Phylloxera subelliptica is a gall-forming insect in the family Phylloxeridae, closely related to aphids. Like other phylloxerans, this species induces abnormal plant growths (galls) on host plants through chemical secretions that manipulate plant tissue development. The species was described by Shimer in 1869. Phylloxerans typically have complex life cycles involving multiple generations and both sexual and parthenogenetic reproduction.
Phylloxera symmetrica
Phylloxera symmetrica is a gall-forming insect in the family Phylloxeridae, closely related to aphids. Like other phylloxerans, this species induces abnormal plant growths (galls) on host plants through chemical secretions that manipulate plant development. The species was described by Pergande in 1904. Members of the genus Phylloxera are known for complex life cycles involving both sexual and asexual generations, with overwintering eggs and multiple gall-forming generations per year.
Phylloxera texana
Phylloxera texana is a species of gall-inducing insect in the family Phylloxeridae, described by Stoetzel in 1981. Like other phylloxerans, it is closely related to aphids and induces abnormal plant growths (galls) on its host plants through chemical secretions that manipulate plant tissue development. The species is presumably associated with pecan or related hickory species given its genus affiliation and geographic name, though specific host records and detailed biology remain poorly documented in available literature.
Phylloxera tuberculifera
Phylloxera tuberculifera is a gall-forming insect species in the family Phylloxeridae, first described by Duncan in 1922. As with other phylloxerans, this species induces abnormal plant growths (galls) on host plants through chemical secretions that redirect plant tissue development. The species belongs to a genus containing several economically significant pests, particularly of pecan and grape. Specific host associations and detailed biology for P. tuberculifera remain poorly documented in published literature.
Phylloxera wiedenmanni
Phylloxera wiedenmanni is a gall-forming phylloxeran that induces galls on hickory trees. As a member of the family Phylloxeridae, it is closely related to aphids and shares their piercing-sucking mouthpart morphology. The species overwinters as eggs deposited on bark or near old galls, with nymphs emerging during bud break to feed on new leaf tissue. Its feeding stimulates the formation of globular galls on leaves and petioles, within which the insect completes development. The species exhibits complex life history traits including parthenogenetic reproduction within galls and winged dispersal forms.
Phylloxeridae
phylloxerans, phylloxerids
Phylloxeridae is a small family of plant-parasitic hemipterans comprising approximately 75 described species across 11 genera and two subfamilies (Phylloxerininae and Phylloxerinae). These minute insects are closely related to aphids and adelgids, with which they share the superfamily Phylloxeroidea. They are specialized gall-formers on deciduous trees and perennial fruit crops, with complex life cycles involving cyclical parthenogenesis and host alternation between primary woody hosts and secondary herbaceous hosts. The family includes the economically devastating grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae), responsible for the 19th-century European vineyard crisis.
Phylloxerina
Phylloxerina is a genus of phylloxerids—small, sap-sucking true bugs in the family Phylloxeridae. These insects are closely related to aphids and are known for inducing distinctive leaf galls on host plants. The genus includes species such as Phylloxerina nyssae, which forms crescent-shaped galls on black tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica). Phylloxerids are morphologically unusual among Sternorrhyncha, with wax-covered bodies and complex life cycles involving both gall-dwelling and bark-dwelling generations. The genus is native to northern North America.
Pineus
Pineus is a genus of adelgids (family Adelgidae) comprising more than 20 described species. These insects are small, sap-feeding hemipterans specialized on conifer hosts, primarily Pinus (pines) and Picea (spruces). Species exhibit complex life cycles with multiple morphological forms, including winged and wingless generations, and some alternate between two host species. Several species are economically significant as pests of forestry and ornamental plantings.
Pineus similis
Ragged Spruce Gall Adelgid
Pineus similis is a gall-forming adelgid that induces galls on spruce trees (Picea spp.). Originally described as Chermes similis by Gillette in 1907 from blue spruce in Colorado, it was later transferred to genus Pineus by Annand. The species produces winged females that emerge from galls and settle on spruce hosts, with documented preference for white spruce. Wingless females bearing egg clusters occur within galls. It has been recorded on multiple spruce species across North America and has doubtful or rare records in Europe.
Pityococcidae
Pityococcidae is a small family of scale insects within the order Hemiptera, established by McKenzie in 1942. The family comprises at least three genera—Desmococcus, Pityococcus, and the extinct Cancerococcus—with approximately eight described extant species. Members are classified within the superfamily Coccoidea (scale insects and mealybugs) and share the piercing-sucking mouthparts characteristic of Sternorrhyncha. The family remains poorly studied, with limited ecological and biological data available for most species.
Prociphilus caryae
hickory woolly aphid
Prociphilus caryae, the hickory woolly aphid, is a species of woolly aphid in the family Aphididae. Like other members of the genus Prociphilus, this species is characterized by dense white waxy secretions that cover the body, giving it a distinctive woolly appearance. The species is associated with hickory trees (Carya spp.) as its primary host. Woolly aphids in this genus are known for complex life cycles that typically involve host alternation between a primary woody host and secondary herbaceous hosts, though specific details for P. caryae are not well documented in available sources.
Prociphilus tessellatus
Woolly Alder Aphid, Maple Blight Aphid
Prociphilus tessellatus, commonly known as the woolly alder aphid, is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae. It is notable for producing dense white, waxy filaments that cover its body, giving it a distinctive woolly or cloud-like appearance. The species has been observed forming colonies on alder (Alnus) species, including European alder (Alnus glutinosa). It serves as prey for various predators, including the Asian lady beetle (Harmonia axyridis). The waxy secretions are believed to provide protection against predators and environmental conditions.
Prococcus
Prococcus is a genus of scale insects in the family Coccidae, established by Avasthi in 1993. Members are soft scales (Coccidae), a group of plant-feeding Hemipterans that produce waxy coverings and often exhibit reduced mobility in adult females. The genus is part of the diverse Coccidae family, which includes numerous economically significant agricultural pests. Information specific to Prococcus beyond its taxonomic placement remains limited in published literature.
Pseudasiphonaphis
Pseudasiphonaphis is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, established by Robinson in 1965. It belongs to the tribe Rhopalosiphina within the subfamily Aphidinae. The genus is represented by a small number of species and has limited observational records.
Pseudasiphonaphis corni
Waxy Dogwood Aphid
Pseudasiphonaphis corni, commonly known as the Waxy Dogwood Aphid, is an aphid species in the family Aphididae. It belongs to the tribe Rhopalosiphina within the subfamily Aphidinae. The species was described by Tissot in 1929. As a member of the genus Pseudasiphonaphis, it is part of a group of aphids associated with specific host plants.
Pseudokermes
Pseudokermes is a genus of scale insects in the family Coccidae, first described by Cockerell in 1895. These insects are soft scales that feed on plant sap. The genus is part of the diverse Coccidae family, which contains many economically significant agricultural pests. Species within Pseudokermes are relatively poorly documented compared to other coccid genera.
Psylla
jumping plant lice, psyllids
Psylla is the type genus of the family Psyllidae, comprising small sap-sucking insects commonly known as jumping plant lice or psyllids. The genus contains at least 110 described species, each typically associated with specific host plants. Psylla species are phloem-feeders that use piercing-sucking mouthparts to extract plant sap. While some species in related genera such as Cacopsylla are significant agricultural pests, Psylla itself includes species with more restricted host ranges, including Psylla alni on alders, Psylla betulae on birches, and Psylla buxi on boxwood. The genus is distinguished from similar taxa by morphological features and host associations.
Pterocomma
Willow Bark Aphids
Pterocomma is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, commonly known as willow bark aphids. Species in this genus are phloem-feeding insects primarily associated with woody host plants in the genus Salix (willows) and Populus (poplars). The genus exhibits a specialized ecological relationship with ants, which frequently tend colonies and mediate dispersal between host plants. Pterocomma species harbor the obligate bacterial endosymbiont Buchnera aphidicola, which provides essential amino acids necessary for survival on their nutrient-poor phloem sap diet.
Pterocomma bicolor
Reddish-brown Willow Bark Aphid
Pterocomma bicolor is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the Reddish-brown Willow Bark Aphid. It was described by Oestlund in 1887. The species belongs to the tribe Macrosiphini within the subfamily Aphidinae. As a member of the genus Pterocomma, it is associated with willow (Salix) host plants, though specific biological details remain poorly documented in available literature.
Pulvinaria floccifera
Cottony Camellia Scale, Cottony Yew Scale, Cottony Taxus Scale
Pulvinaria floccifera is a soft scale insect (Coccidae) known for producing conspicuous white, cottony ovisacs that cover eggs. It is a significant pest of woody ornamentals including camellia, holly, yew, and tea plants. The species has a broad global distribution spanning temperate and subtropical regions. Females are sessile and wingless, while males develop wings for mating. Heavy infestations produce honeydew that supports sooty mold growth, reducing plant vigor and aesthetic value.
Purshivora
Purshivora is a genus of psyllids (jumping plant lice) in the family Psyllidae, established by Heslop-Harrison in 1961. Members of this genus are small sap-sucking insects associated with host plants. The genus is placed within the suborder Sternorrhyncha, a group of Hemiptera characterized by piercing-sucking mouthparts and often complex plant associations. Specific biological details for Purshivora remain poorly documented in accessible literature.
Purshivora aculeata
Purshivora aculeata is a species of jumping plant louse (psyllid) in the family Psyllidae. As a member of Sternorrhyncha, it possesses piercing-sucking mouthparts adapted for feeding on plant vascular fluids. The genus Purshivora comprises psyllids associated with host plants in the genus Purshia (bitterbrush), suggesting a specialized plant-insect relationship. Limited observational records exist for this species.
Purshivora media
Purshivora media is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae. It is a specialist feeder associated with plants in the genus Purshia, commonly known as bitterbrush or cliffrose. The species is native to western North America where its host plants occur in arid and semi-arid shrubland habitats. Like other aphids, it reproduces parthenogenetically during favorable conditions.
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nigranervosa
Purshivora nigranervosa is a species of jumping plant louse in the family Psyllidae. The genus Purshivora comprises psyllids associated with plants in the genus Purshia (bitterbrush), suggesting a specialized host relationship. Very few observations of this species exist in scientific databases.
Putoidae
giant mealybugs, putoids
Putoidae is a family of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) commonly known as giant mealybugs or putoids. The family contains a single genus, Puto Signoret, 1875, with approximately 60 species distributed mainly in the Nearctic and Palaearctic regions. Putoidae was elevated from Pseudococcidae due to significant morphological differences from other mealybugs. Members of this family are economically important as pests of agricultural crops, including coffee and various cultivated plants.
Quernaspis
Quernaspis is a genus of armored scale insects in the family Diaspididae, established by G.F. Ferris in 1937. The genus belongs to the economically important group of scale insects that feed on plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts. Species in this genus are characterized by their protective waxy coverings, which form a shield over the soft body. As with other diaspidids, they are likely associated with woody host plants, though specific host associations for the genus remain incompletely documented.
Rhinocola aceris
Sycamore psyllid
Rhinocola aceris is a psyllid species in the family Aphalaridae, commonly known as the sycamore psyllid. It is associated with sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) and related maple species. The species was originally described by Linnaeus in 1758 as Chermes aceris. Like other psyllids, it feeds on plant sap and can cause gall formation on host leaves.
Rhinocolinae
Rhinocolinae is a subfamily of jumping plant lice (psyllids) within the family Aphalaridae. The subfamily comprises approximately 15 genera, including both extant and one extinct genus (†Protoscena). These insects are small, phloem-feeding Hemiptera associated with host plants, though specific biological details for the subfamily as a whole remain poorly documented in available literature.
Rhopalosiphum padi
bird cherry-oat aphid, oat-bird cherry aphid, apple-grain aphid
Rhopalosiphum padi is a globally distributed aphid species and major pest of temperate cereal crops. It exhibits a complex life cycle involving host alternation between a woody primary host (Prunus padus, bird cherry) and herbaceous secondary hosts including barley, oats, wheat, and other grasses. The species is the principal vector of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and several other economically important plant viruses. Unlike some cereal aphids, it does not inject toxins while feeding, so direct damage from feeding is generally less severe than virus transmission losses.
Sanbornia
Sanbornia is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, established by Baker in 1920. The genus belongs to the tribe Aphidini within the subfamily Aphidinae. As a member of the Sternorrhyncha, species in this genus possess piercing-sucking mouthparts adapted for feeding on plant phloem. The genus is recognized in major taxonomic databases including Catalogue of Life, GBIF, and NCBI Taxonomy.
Shivaphis celti
Asian Woolly Hackberry Aphid
Shivaphis celti is an invasive aphid species native to Asia that has established populations in North America. It is a specialist herbivore that feeds exclusively on hackberry trees (Celtis spp.), causing distinctive woolly or waxy secretions on leaves and branches. The species has been documented across much of the continental United States and is considered a nuisance pest in urban areas where hackberry is planted as an ornamental.
Singhiella simplex
Ficus whitefly
Singhiella simplex is an invasive whitefly species in the family Aleyrodidae, native to Asia and now established across multiple continents. It is a specialist pest of Ficus species, causing severe defoliation of ornamental trees and hedges. The species has spread to North America, Europe, the Caribbean, South America, and the Middle East. Its rapid expansion and economic impact on urban landscaping have prompted extensive research into its biology and biological control options.
Siphini
Siphini is a tribe of aphids within the subfamily Chaitophorinae, first established by Eastop & van Emden in 1972. The tribe includes genera such as Atheroides and Sipha, which exhibit both oviparous and viviparous reproductive modes. Recent taxonomic work has described previously unknown morphs, including alate viviparous females of several species.
Siphoninus
ash whiteflies
Siphoninus is a genus of whiteflies in the family Aleyrodidae. The genus includes at least three recognized species: Siphoninus phillyreae (the ash whitefly), S. immaculatus, and S. gruveli. Siphoninus phillyreae is the most extensively studied species, known as a polyphagous pest with a broad global distribution spanning Europe, Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Oceania. The genus has been subject to recent taxonomic revision, including the revalidation of S. finitimus as a distinct species.
Stomacoccus
Stomacoccus is a genus of scale insects in the family Steingeliidae, within the order Hemiptera. These insects belong to the suborder Sternorrhyncha, a group characterized by piercing-sucking mouthparts. The genus is part of the diverse Coccidomorpha infraorder, which encompasses numerous scale insect lineages. Records of this genus in citizen science platforms indicate it has been documented in field observations, though detailed biological studies remain limited.
Stomacoccus platani
Sycamore Scale
Stomacoccus platani is a scale insect in the family Margarodidae, commonly known as the sycamore scale. It is a specialist herbivore found on sycamore trees (Platanus species), particularly the American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis). The species was described by Ferris in 1917 and is native to North America. As a member of the Sternorrhyncha, it feeds on plant phloem sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.
Tachardiella
lac scales
Tachardiella is a genus of lac scales (Hemiptera: Kerriidae) known from the southwestern United States and Mexico. Species in this genus are associated with specific host plants and serve as hosts for parasitoid wasps in the genus Tachardiobius (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). The genus is poorly studied, with limited biological and ecological documentation available.
Tetraleurodes mori
Mulberry Whitefly
Tetraleurodes mori is a species of whitefly in the family Aleyrodidae, commonly known as the Mulberry Whitefly. The species feeds on mulberry (Morus spp.) and related plants. It is a member of the Sternorrhyncha suborder, which includes sap-feeding insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts. Like other whiteflies, it produces waxy secretions and honeydew, and has been observed in association with its host plants in Florida and other regions where mulberry grows.
Tinocallis
elm aphids, crapemyrtle aphids
Tinocallis is a small genus of aphids in the subfamily Calaphidinae, comprising eight described species. Most species are associated with Ulmaceae (elm family), though one notable exception, T. kahawaluokalani (the crapemyrtle aphid), is a specialist pest of Lagerstroemia indica. Species exhibit holocyclic life cycles with both parthenogenetic summer generations and sexual autumn generations producing overwintering eggs. Several species are economically significant as pests of ornamental trees in urban landscapes.
Tinocallis ulmifolii
Elm Leaf Aphid
Tinocallis ulmifolii is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, originally described by Monell in 1879. It is one of eight recognized species in the genus Tinocallis, a small group of aphids primarily associated with the Ulmaceae (elm family). The species is commonly known as the Elm Leaf Aphid.
Tinocallis ulmiparvifoliae
elm aphid
Tinocallis ulmiparvifoliae is a small aphid species in the family Aphididae, originally described by Matsumura in 1919. It belongs to the genus Tinocallis, a group of eight species primarily associated with Ulmaceae (elm family). The species is a specialist herbivore feeding on elm foliage. It has been recorded from Europe (Spain, Italy, Great Britain) and the United States.
Toumeyella liriodendri
tuliptree scale
Toumeyella liriodendri, the tuliptree scale, is a soft scale insect (Coccidae) native to North America and specialized on Liriodendron tulipifera (tuliptree or yellow-poplar). This univoltine species overwinters as second-instar nymphs on twigs, matures to adults in spring, and produces eggs that hatch into crawlers in early summer. First-instar nymphs feed on leaf undersides before migrating back to twigs in autumn. Males are unknown; reproduction is presumed parthenogenetic. Heavy infestations cause branch dieback, reduced growth, and honeydew production that supports sooty mold growth. The species has been the subject of recent genomic research, with a 536Mb genome assembly revealing it as an early-diverging soft scale with 17 chromosomes.
Toumeyella mirabilis
Toumeyella mirabilis is a soft scale insect in the family Coccidae, described by Cockerell in 1895. As a member of the genus Toumeyella, it shares characteristics with other soft scales that feed on plant vascular fluids and produce honeydew. The species occurs in North and Middle America, with records from the United States and Mexico. Like related species in the genus, it likely exhibits typical soft scale biology with sedentary adult females and mobile crawler nymphs.
Toumeyella pini
Striped Pine Scale
Toumeyella pini, commonly known as the Striped Pine Scale, is a soft scale insect native to North America. It is a significant pest of pine trees, particularly two- and three-needle pine species. The species exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism in both morphology and feeding location: females are larger, highly convex, and develop on terminal twigs, while males are smaller, more elongate, and develop on needles. The species secretes copious honeydew, which attracts ants, wasps, bees, and flies, and can lead to sooty mold growth that inhibits photosynthesis. In southern Georgia, it completes three generations per year, with crawler activity peaking in May, mid-July to early August, and late October to early November.
Tramini
Tramini is a tribe of aphids within the family Aphididae, subfamily Lachninae. Members are medium to large aphids characterized by robust bodies, long antennae, and siphunculi that are either absent or reduced to small pores. The tribe includes conifer-feeding aphids, with many species associated with pine (Pinus) hosts.
Trialeurodes
greenhouse whitefly, whitefly
Trialeurodes is a large genus of whiteflies in the family Aleyrodidae, containing economically significant agricultural pests. The genus includes species such as the greenhouse whitefly (T. vaporariorum) and the bandedwinged whitefly (T. abutiloneus), which infest hundreds of host plant species including vegetables, cotton, and ornamental plants. Members are tiny phloem-feeding insects, typically measuring 1–3 mm, with distinctive waxy wings and piercing-sucking mouthparts. Several species are subjects of intensive biological control research using parasitoid wasps.
Trialeurodes pergandei
Trialeurodes pergandei is a species of whitefly in the family Aleyrodidae. Whiteflies are tiny sap-sucking insects closely related to aphids. This species belongs to a genus that includes several economically significant agricultural pests, though specific information about T. pergandei's biology and impact appears limited in available sources.
Trioza
psyllids, jumping plant-lice
Trioza is the type genus of psyllids in the family Triozidae, comprising sap-sucking insects with worldwide distribution. Species in this genus exhibit diverse host associations, ranging from agricultural crops to native trees. Several species are economically significant: Trioza erytreae transmits citrus greening disease (Huanglongbing), T. apicalis is a major pest of carrot in northern Europe, and T. brevigenae is an invasive pest of ornamental Ficus in California. The genus is characterized by distinct morphological features and complex life cycles involving seasonal migration between summer hosts and overwintering sites.
Trioza magnoliae
Red Bay Psyllid
Trioza magnoliae, commonly known as the Red Bay Psyllid, is a gall-forming psyllid native to eastern North America. This species induces characteristic galls on the leaves of native Persea bay trees, particularly red bay (Persea borbonia) and related species. The insect has a wide distribution across the eastern and central United States. While primarily an ecological curiosity due to its gall-forming habit, it has gained attention in relation to the decline of red bay populations caused by the invasive laurel wilt disease, as the psyllid's host trees face significant mortality.
Trioza obtusa
Trioza obtusa is a species of psyllid (jumping plant louse) in the family Triozidae, described by Patch in 1911. It belongs to a genus known for species that feed on various host plants and often induce gall formation. The species is documented in multiple North American distribution records but specific biological details remain limited in available literature.
Trioza phoradendri
Trioza phoradendri is a psyllid species in the family Triozidae, described by Tuthill in 1939. It is currently recognized as a synonym of Trioza phorodendrae. The species belongs to the diverse genus Trioza, which includes numerous psyllids associated with various host plants. Information on its biology, ecology, and distribution remains limited in the available literature.
Tuberculatus pallidus
pale oak aphid
Tuberculatus pallidus is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, described by Davidson in 1919. It belongs to the genus Tuberculatus, which comprises aphids primarily associated with oak trees (Quercus spp.). The species name "pallidus" refers to its pale coloration. Like other members of its genus, it is likely a specialist feeder on oak foliage, though specific biological details remain poorly documented in accessible literature.
Uroleucon adenocaulonae
Uroleucon adenocaulonae is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, described by Essig in 1936. As a member of the genus Uroleucon, it shares characteristics with other large aphids that feed on plants in the Asteraceae family. The specific epithet suggests an association with Adenocaulon, a genus of plants commonly known as trailplant. Like other Uroleucon species, it likely exhibits parthenogenetic reproduction during favorable seasons.
Uroleucon taraxaci
Bronze-brown Dandelion Aphid
Uroleucon taraxaci is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the Bronze-brown Dandelion Aphid. As a member of the genus Uroleucon, it shares characteristics with related species that exhibit parthenogenetic reproduction during spring and summer, forming all-female colonies. The species is associated with plants in the Asteraceae family, particularly dandelion (Taraxacum). Like other Uroleucon aphids, it produces honeydew that attracts predators and parasitoids. The species has been documented across parts of Europe and Asia.
Utamphorophora crataegi
Four-spotted Hawthorn Aphid
Utamphorophora crataegi is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the Four-spotted Hawthorn Aphid. The species was originally described as Amphorophora crataegi by Monell in 1879 and later transferred to the genus Utamphorophora. It is associated with hawthorn (Crataegus) as a host plant, as indicated by its specific epithet. The species has been recorded in Hawaii and the conterminous United States.
Wahlgreniella nervata
Strawberry Tree Aphid
Wahlgreniella nervata is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the Strawberry Tree Aphid. The species has been documented in Europe and South America, with observations concentrated on cultivated and ornamental plants. It is associated with plants in the genus Arbutus, particularly Arbutus unedo (strawberry tree). The species was first described by Gillette in 1908.
Xylococcidae
Xylococcidae is a small family of scale insects within the order Hemiptera. The family contains approximately 11 described species across four genera: Xylococcus, Xylococculus, Jansenus, and the extinct genus †Baisococcus. Members of this family are classified within the superfamily Coccoidea, which encompasses scale insects and mealybugs. The family was established by Pergande in 1898.