Host-plant-evolution
Guides
Belidae
Primitive Weevils, Belids, Cycad Weevils (restricted usage)
Belidae is an ancient family of weevils distinguished from true weevils (Curculionidae) by straight rather than elbowed antennae. The family exhibits a relictual Gondwanan distribution, with extant species found primarily in the Australia–New Guinea–New Zealand region, South and Central America, Southeast Asia, Pacific islands, and scattered African localities. Belidae comprises two living subfamilies: Belinae and Oxycoryninae. The family has undergone significant host-plant shifts from ancestral conifer associations to diverse angiosperm lineages, including cycads, palms, and parasitic flowering plants.
Calaphidinae
Calaphidinae is the second-largest subfamily in the family Aphididae, comprising more than 60 genera and over 360 described species. The subfamily includes aphids primarily associated with woody host plants, particularly birches (Betula), oaks (Quercus), and related tree species in the families Fagaceae and Betulaceae. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies have substantially revised the classification of Calaphidinae, establishing eight tribal divisions and revealing that the group is paraphyletic with respect to the former 'Saltusaphidinae'. The subfamily shows complex evolutionary patterns involving host plant shifts and geographic expansion from an Eastern Palaearctic origin.
Disholcaspis prehensa
clasping twig gall wasp
Disholcaspis prehensa is a gall-inducing cynipid wasp native to California that induces distinctive galls on scrub oak and leather oak. The species exhibits heterogony, alternating between sexual and asexual generations that produce two morphologically different gall types. The asexual generation forms conspicuous mushroom-shaped twig galls with clasping bases, while the sexual generation produces small, hidden bud galls.
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Alpines, Arctics, Nymphs, Satyrs, Graylings, Ringlets
Satyrini is the largest tribe in the subfamily Satyrinae, containing approximately 2,200 species of butterflies. The group includes well-known butterflies such as graylings, ringlets, and satyrs. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies have substantially revised the tribe's taxonomy, incorporating many genera formerly placed in the tribe Elymniini. The tribe's evolutionary history is closely tied to the diversification of grasses.