Carbohydrate-metabolism

Guides

• Cyphomyrmex

  fungus-growing ants

  Cyphomyrmex is a genus of small, drab-colored fungus-growing ants in the tribe Attini, found primarily in the Neotropics. These ants cultivate fungi in the tribe Leucocoprineae as their primary food source, with most species growing fungal nodules rather than full mycelial gardens. Colonies are typically monogynous and small, rarely exceeding 500 workers. The genus is divided into two species complexes: the strigatus complex (South America only) and the rimosus complex (southern North America to South America). Cyphomyrmex represents a basal lineage among attine ants and serves as sister group to Mycetophylax.

  fungus-growing-antsattine-antsMyrmicinaeNeotropicalmutualismfungicultureLeucocoprineaemonogynyparasitoid-waspssocial-parasitismchemical-ecologyalkaloid-venomnest-architecturebehavioral-plasticitycytogeneticschromosome-evolutionGuiana-ShieldBrazilPanamaPuerto-RicoMesoamericaArgentinaUnited-StatesTexasCaliforniaFloridayeast-gardensmycelial-gardensrimosus-complexstrigatus-complexage-polyethismtrophallaxisthanatosisfeigning-deathDiapriidaeAcanthopriaMimopriellaMegalomyrmexsocial-parasiteC.-longiscapusC.-transversusC.-laevigatusC.-rimosusC.-minutusC.-lectusC.-cornutusC.-costatuspheromones3-octanolfarnesenestrail-followingalarm-signaldiketopiperazinesantifungal-compoundsdefensive-behaviorcolony-defenseflight-responserecruitmentLanchester's-lawskaryotypechromosome-numberrDNAmicrosatellitesFISHchamber-depthgallery-lengthfire-disturbancesavanna-forest-transitionarboreal-nestingclay-auriclessoil-nestswood-nestsepiphytic-nestsmoss-nestscoconut-nestsdesiccation-susceptibilitymoist-habitatsbasal-attinephylogeneticssister-groupchemical-evolutionvenom-alkaloidsbehavioral-manipulationhost-parasite-interactionecosystem-engineeringnutrient-cyclingdecompositionorganic-matterinsect-fecesexoskeleton-substrategarden-transplantationworker-polymorphismqueen-numberdealate-queensalatesbrood-careecdysis-assistanceforagingsugar-collectionplant-exudatesfungal-domesticationnodule-cultivationmycelium-cultivationagricultural-behaviornest-entrancefunnel-structureexposed-gardenssymbiont-diversitygeographic-variationresearch-modelevolutionary-biologymutualism-evolutionant-fungus-coevolutionchemical-communicationsocial-insectseusocialitycolony-sizesmall-coloniesslow-movementcrypsisdebris-mimicrypredation-avoidanceparasitoid-defensewasp-killingcolony-abandonmentresource-rescuethief-ant-defensevenom-resistancetoxicity-tolerancebehavioral-suppressionplaying-deadalkaloid-manipulationfungal-secondary-metabolitesantibacterial-compoundsantiviral-compoundsgarden-protectionmicrobial-defensenest-microclimatetemperature-regulationhumidity-requirementsdepth-effectsfire-adaptationdisturbance-ecologyhabitat-specificitysubstrate-specializationclay-constructionsoil-manipulationarchitectural-plasticityvertical-nestingembankment-nestingoverhang-nestingpendant-nestsswallow-nest-mimicryresearch-accessibilityfield-biologytropical-ecologyNeotropical-myrmecologybiodiversityconservationinvasive-species-contextnative-speciesbiological-controlIntegrated-Pest-Managementagricultural-ecologyforest-ecologysavanna-ecologytransitional-habitatsdisturbed-areasurban-ecologyanthropogenic-impactclimate-sensitivityhabitat-limitationrange-boundariesdispersalcolonizationestablishmentpopulation-dynamicsdemographycolony-densitynest-spacingintraspecific-competitioninterspecific-competitionterritorialityresource-defensecombat-behavioraggression-levelsrecruitment-behaviorchemical-signalingalarm-pheromonestrail-pheromonesrecognition-cuescuticular-hydrocarbonsvenom-compositiondefensive-secretionsmandibular-glandsDufour's-glandmetapleural-glandsantibiotic-productiongrooming-behaviorfungal-inoculationintegumental-fungiyeast-growthlarval-groominggarden-maintenancesubstrate-preparationfecal-fertilizeranal-trophallaxiscrop-regurgitationfluid-applicationdrying-behaviornodule-formationtransplantation-behaviorgarden-establishmentceiling-gardensroot-associationarchitectural-innovationnest-site-selectionmicrohabitat-choicemoisture-requirementsthermal-bufferingpredator-avoidanceparasite-avoidancedisease-resistancesocial-immunitycollective-behaviordivision-of-labortask-allocationtemporal-polyethismworker-agenurse-workersforager-workerssoldier-caste-absencemonomorphismworker-size-variationqueen-worker-differentiationreproductive-castegyne-productionmale-productionseasonal-reproductioncolony-foundingclaustral-foundingnon-claustral-foundingfungal-inoculumfounding-queenfirst-worker-generationnutritional-dependencyfat-reservesmetabolic-adaptationdigestive-physiologyenzyme-complementfungal-enzymelignocellulose-degradationnutritional-mutualismobligate-mutualismvertical-transmissionhorizontal-transmissionsymbiont-switchingcultivar-replacementgarden-failurecolony-mortalitypopulation-turnovergeneration-timelongevitysurvivorshiplife-expectancyagingsenescencereproductive-investmentcolony-growthcolony-declinebuddingfissionreproduction-modegenetic-structurerelatednessmating-systemnuptial-flightmate-choicesperm-storagecolony-odornestmate-recognitionforeign-rejectionagonistic-behaviorterritorial-markingboundary-defenseraiding-behaviorrobbing-behaviorcleptobiosisdulosisslaveryinquilinismguest-antsmyrmecophilesnest-associatescommensalisminquilinesparasite-tolerancehost-manipulationvenom-alkaloidpyrrolidineindolizidinepiperidinenonanalfarnesenesesquiterpeneagriculture-chemicalgaster-extractchemical-diversitychemical-simplicityevolutionary-precursorderived-chemistrybiosynthetic-pathwaysemiochemicalinfochemicalcommunicationinformation-transfercolony-organizationsocial-structurepolygynyqueen-conditiondealationwing-sheddingovarian-developmentfecundityegg-layingbrood-developmentdevelopmental-ratetemperature-dependencehumidity-dependencefood-availabilitynutritional-qualityfungal-productivitygarden-yieldworker-productioncolony-efficiencyenergy-allocationresource-allocationforaging-efficiencysearch-behaviorprey-detectionfood-retrievaltransport-behaviorload-sizetravel-speedpath-integrationorientationnavigationhoming-behaviorlearningmemoryexperienceindividual-recognitioncontext-dependent-behaviorthreat-assessmentrisk-managementpredator-inspectionalarm-propagationrecruitment-activationmobilizationcolony-responseemergency-behaviorpanic-responsecontrolled-responsedefensive-strategyoffensive-strategyescalationde-escalationconflict-resolutionfight-avoidanceretreat-behaviorsurrender-signaldominance-hierarchyreproductive-skewworker-policingqueen-policingegg-eatingoviposition-suppressionreproductive-conflictkin-conflictworker-reproductionmale-production-by-workersanarchysocial-parasitism-detectionparasite-recognitionenemy-recognitionnest-intrusionnest-defenseperimeter-defensechamber-defensebrood-defensequeen-defenseself-sacrificesuicidal-defenseautothysissting-usemandible-usespraying-behaviorgaster-flexionchemical-defensemechanical-defensearmorcuticle-thicknesspigmentationmasquerademimicryBatesian-mimicryMuellerian-mimicryaggressive-mimicryWasmannian-mimicrymyrmecophilymyrmecophagyant-plant-mutualismtrophobiosisextrafloral-nectarydomatiaplant-ant-interactionherbivore-defenseseed-dispersalpollinationecosystem-servicefunctional-roletrophic-positiondetritivoredecomposersaprotrophnecrotrophfungivoreomnivorepredatorscavengertrophic-levelenergy-flowcarbon-cyclingnitrogen-cyclingphosphorus-cyclingsoil-formationbioturbationaerationwater-infiltrationmicrobial-communitybacteriaactinomycetesPseudonocardiadisease-suppressiongarden-hygieneweeding-behaviorpruning-behaviorfungal-groomingantibiotic-applicationmutualist-protectionagricultural-diseasecrop-pathologyescovopsisgarden-parasitecompetitor-funguspathogen-defenseimmune-responseindividual-immunitygroomingallogroomingself-groomingnest-cleaningrefuse-managementfecal-managementwaste-disposalmidden-formationterritory-sizehome-rangeforaging-rangerecruitment-rangeexplorationexploitationinformation-usepublic-informationprivate-informationcue-usesignal-usecommunication-networkinteraction-networksocial-networkcolony-networkpopulation-networkcommunity-ecologyspecies-interactionapparent-competitionexploitative-competitioninterference-competitionresource-partitioningniche-differentiationhabitat-filteringenvironmental-gradientaltitudinal-distributionlatitudinal-distributioncontinental-distributionisland-distributionendemismbiogeographyphylogeographyhistorical-biogeographyvicariancerange-expansionrange-contractionrefugiaglacial-cyclesclimate-change-impacthabitat-fragmentationdeforestationland-use-changeagricultural-intensificationurbanizationpollutionpesticide-exposureheavy-metal-accumulationconservation-statuspopulation-viabilityextinction-riskprotected-areareserve-designhabitat-corridorconnectivitymetapopulationsource-sink-dynamicsrescue-effectmass-effectecological-theorybehavioral-ecologyevolutionary-ecologyfunctional-ecologytrait-based-ecologycomparative-analysisphylogenetic-comparative-methodscharacter-evolutionancestral-state-reconstructionconvergent-evolutionparallel-evolutionadaptive-radiationspecies-diversificationspeciationhybridizationintrogressiongene-flowgenetic-differentiationpopulation-structuremolecular-ecologygenomicstranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsvolatile-organic-compoundcuticular-hydrocarbonglandular-secretionsting-apparatusmandible-morphologyhead-morphologymesosomal-morphologypetiolar-morphologygastral-morphologyleg-morphologyantennal-morphologysensillachemoreceptionmechanoreceptionthermoreceptionphotoreceptionvisioncompound-eyeocellibrain-morphologyneuroanatomylearning-capacitymemory-capacitycognitive-abilityproblem-solvingtool-usesequence-learningroute-learningspatial-memorytemporal-memorysocial-learningcultural-transmissiontraditioncolony-personalitybehavioral-syndromeboldnessexploration-tendencyactivity-levelaggression-levelforaging-tendencydefensive-tendencystress-responsephysiological-stressthermal-stressdesiccation-stressstarvation-stressimmune-challengewound-healingmetabolic-raterespirationenergy-expenditurewater-balanceosmoregulationexcretionMalpighian-tubulesrectumhindgutmidgutforegutcropproventriculusdigestive-enzymenutrient-absorptionlipid-metabolismcarbohydrate-metabolismprotein-metabolismamino-acid-metabolismnitrogen-excretionuric-acidureaammoniaosmolytecryoprotectantheat-shock-proteinstress-proteinantioxidant-defenseoxidative-stressreactive-oxygen-speciesaging-biologysenescence-theorydisposable-somaantagonistic-pleiotropymutation-accumulationlife-history-theoryr-K-selectionbet-hedgingiteroparitysemelparityreproductive-effortparental-investmentmaternal-effectpaternal-effectepigeneticsDNA-methylationhistone-modificationnon-coding-RNAgene-regulationtranscription-factorsignaling-pathwayhormonejuvenile-hormoneecdysoneinsulin-signalingTOR-signalingnutrient-sensingreproductive-signalingcaste-determinationsex-determinationenvironmental-sex-determinationgenetic-sex-determinationhaplodiploidyarrhenotokythelytokyparthenogenesisarrhenotokous-parthenogenesisautomixisapomixiscentral-fusionterminal-fusiongenomic-imprintingparental-conflictkin-selectioninclusive-fitnessHamilton's-rulerelatedness-asymmetrysex-ratio-theorylocal-mate-competitionlocal-resource-competitionlocal-resource-enhancementsplit-sex-ratioworker-sex-ratioqueen-sex-ratiocolony-sex-ratiopopulation-sex-ratiooperational-sex-ratioeffective-population-sizegenetic-driftinbreedinginbreeding-depressionoutbreedingoutbreeding-depressionheterosishybrid-vigorgenetic-loadmutation-rateeffective-number-of-codonscodon-usage-biasGC-contentgenome-sizekaryotype-evolutionchromosomal-rearrangementfusioninversiontranslocationpolyploidyaneuploidychromosomal-polymorphismrDNA-clusterheterochromatineuchromatincentromeretelomerenucleolus-organizer-regionsatellite-DNAminisatellitemicrosatellitesimple-sequence-repeattransposable-elementretrotransposonDNA-transposonhorizontal-gene-transferendosymbiontWolbachiaCardiniumRickettsiaSpiroplasmabacterial-symbiontfungal-symbiontviral-symbiontparasitepathogendiseaseepidemiologytransmission-dynamicsvirulenceresistancetolerancerecoveryimmunityvaccinationprophylaxismedicinal-behaviorself-medicationthermoregulationbehavioral-thermoregulationsocial-thermoregulationmicroclimate-selectionnest-temperaturebrood-temperaturefungal-garden-temperaturemetabolic-heatheat-dissipationevaporative-coolingbehavioral-coolingfanningventilationchamber-designgallery-designentrance-designair-flowhumidity-regulationwater-collectionwater-storagedesiccation-resistancecuticular-waterproofingspiracle-controlrespiratory-water-lossexcretory-water-losswater-recyclingmetabolic-waterdietary-waterenvironmental-waterrainfall-dependenceseasonal-activitydry-seasonwet-seasonmonsoondroughtfloodfiredisturbancesuccessionprimary-successionsecondary-successionclimax-communitypioneer-specieshabitat-specialisthabitat-generalistedge-speciesinterior-speciesgap-speciescanopy-speciesunderstory-speciesground-speciessubterranean-speciesarboreal-speciesliana-speciesepiphyte-specieslithophyte-speciesrheophyte-speciesaquatic-margin-speciesterrestrial-speciesfossorial-speciescursorial-speciesscansorial-speciesvolant-specieswinged-reproductivedealateergatoidbrachypterousapterouspolymorphismcaste-polymorphismqueen-polymorphismmale-polymorphismsize-polymorphismallometryisometryshape-variationmorphological-integrationmodularityevolvabilityconstraintsdevelopmental-stabilityfluctuating-asymmetrydirectional-asymmetryantisymmetryphenotypic-plasticityreaction-normgenotype-environment-interactiongrandparental-effectindirect-genetic-effectsocial-environment-effectcolony-effectdensity-dependencefrequency-dependencenegative-frequency-dependencepositive-frequency-dependenceapostatic-selectionanti-apostatic-selectionsearch-imagepredator-learningprey-learningfriend-recognitioncuticular-hydrocarbon-profilegestalt-odorcolony-specific-odorindividual-specific-odortask-specific-odorage-specific-odorreproductive-odorqueen-odorqueen-pheromoneprimer-pheromonereleaser-pheromonesignal-pheromonemodulatory-pheromonealarm-pheromonetrail-pheromonerecruitment-pheromoneaggregation-pheromonesex-pheromonemarking-pheromoneterritorial-pheromonedefensive-pheromonepoison-glandDufour-glandmandibular-glandpostpharyngeal-glandmetapleural-glandsternal-glandtarsal-glandanal-glandrectal-glandpygidial-glandmandibular-brushtibial-spurstridulatory-organsubgenual-organJohnston's-organtympanal-organhair-sensillumcampaniform-sensillumbasiconic-sensillumcoeloconic-sensillumplacoid-sensillumsensilla-trichodeasensilla-basiconicasensilla-coeloconicasensilla-ampullaceasensilla-campaniformiasensilla-placodeaolfactory-receptor-neurongustatory-receptor-neuronmechanoreceptor-neuronthermoreceptor-neuronhygroreceptor-neuronphotoreceptor-neuronvisual-processingolfactory-processinggustatory-processingmechanosensory-processingcentral-complexmushroom-bodyantennal-lobeoptic-lobesuboesophageal-ganglionventral-nerve-cordsympathetic-nervous-systemneurosecretionneurohemal-organcorpus-cardiacumcorpus-allatumprothoracic-glandventral-glandpericardial-glandneuroendocrine-regulationhormonal-regulationpheromonal-regulationneural-regulationbehavioral-regulationsocial-regulationenvironmental-regulationdevelopmental-regulationreproductive-regulationmetabolic-regulationhomeostatic-regulationallostatic-regulationstress-regulationimmune-regulationcircadian-rhythmcircannual-rhythmphotoperiodismthermoperiodismbiological-clockzeitgeberentrainmentfree-running-periodphase-response-curvemasking-effectarousal-thresholdsleeptorpordiapausequiescencedormancyaestivationhibernationcold-hardinessheat-hardinessdesiccation-hardinessanoxia-hardinessstarvation-hardinessradiation-hardinesspressure-hardinessgravity-perceptionmagnetic-field-perceptionelectric-field-perceptionsound-perceptionvibration-perceptionsubstrate-borne-signalair-borne-signalseismic-signalchemical-signalvisual-signaltactile-signalauditory-signalmultimodal-signalcomposite-signalredundant-signalamplifying-signalattenuating-signalhonest-signaldeceptive-signalcostly-signalcheap-signalconventional-signalindex-signalhandicap-signalamplifiersocial-selectionsexual-selectionsperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicemale-male-competitionfemale-female-competitionparent-offspring-conflictsibling-conflictworker-queen-conflictworker-worker-conflictsexual-conflictantagonistic-coevolutionarms-raceevolutionary-dynamicscommunity-dynamicsecosystem-dynamicsbiogeochemical-cyclecarbon-cyclenitrogen-cyclephosphorus-cyclesulfur-cyclewater-cycletrophic-transferproduction-efficiencyconsumption-efficiencyassimilation-efficiencyecological-efficiencyLindeman-efficiency10%-rulefood-chainfood-webtrophic-cascadetop-down-controlbottom-up-controlwasps-controldonor-controlrecipient-controlinteraction-strengthinteraction-webecological-networknetwork-topologynetwork-metricsdegree-distributionconnectancenestednesscompartmentalizationrobustnessfragilityresiliencerecovery-timereturn-timeelasticityperturbationpulse-disturbancepress-disturbancechronic-disturbanceacute-disturbancecatastrophic-disturbancenatural-disturbanceanthropogenic-disturbancehabitat-destructionhabitat-degradationhabitat-modificationhabitat-losshabitat-isolationedge-effectmatrix-effectpermeabilitycorridor-effectstepping-stonesource-populationsink-populationmetapopulation-dynamicsextinction-debtcolonization-creditrelaxation-effecttime-laghistorical-legacypriority-effectfounder-effectbottleneck-effectselectionnatural-selectionartificial-selectiondirectional-selectionstabilizing-selectiondisruptive-selectionbalancing-selectionfrequency-dependent-selectiondensity-dependent-selectionr-selectionK-selectionc-selections-selectiona-selectionbet-hedging-selectionfluctuating-selectioncorrelational-selectionmultivariate-selectionindirect-selectioncorrelated-responsegenetic-correlationphenotypic-correlationenvironmental-correlationcorrelation-matrixvariance-covariance-matrixG-matrixP-matrixE-matrixM-matrixquantitative-geneticsheritabilitynarrow-sense-heritabilitybroad-sense-heritabilitygenetic-varianceadditive-genetic-variancedominance-varianceepistatic-varianceenvironmental-variancephenotypic-variancegenotype-environment-interaction-variancematernal-variancepaternal-variancecommon-environment-variancespecial-environment-variancemeasurement-error-varianceresponse-to-selectionrealized-heritabilitypredicted-responsebreeder's-equationselection-gradientselection-differentialLande-equationmultivariate-breeder's-equationgenetic-constraintevolutionary-constraintdevelopmental-constraintfunctional-constraintphylogenetic-constrainthistorical-constrainttrade-offallocation-trade-offacquisition-trade-offconversion-trade-offmaintenance-trade-offreproduction-survival-trade-offgrowth-reproduction-trade-offimmune-reproduction-trade-offstress-reproduction-trade-offforaging-predation-trade-offcompetition-colonization-trade-offtolerance-resistance-trade-offplasticity-canalization-trade-offgeneralist-specialist-trade-offspeed-accuracy-trade-offexploration-exploitation-trade-offindividual-colony-trade-offwithin-colony-trade-offbetween-colony-trade-offlife-history-trade-offdemographic-trade-offecological-trade-offevolutionary-trade-offoptimizationmaximizationminimizationsatisficingmarginal-value-theoremoptimal-foraging-theoryoptimal-diet-theorycentral-place-foragingpatch-use-theorygiving-up-densitygiving-up-timepredation-riskenergetic-costopportunity-costhandling-timesearch-timetravel-timeencounter-rateprey-densityprey-profitabilityprey-choicediet-breadthniche-widthniche-overlapniche-partitioningresource-selectionhabitat-selectionsettlement-choicenest-site-choicehost-choiceoviposition-choiceforaging-choicepath-choiceroute-choicecentral-placeterritorycore-areaedge-areaboundaryperimeterareavolumeshapeconfigurationspatial-patterntemporal-patterndiel-patternseasonal-patternannual-patternmultiannual-patterncyclical-patternirregular-patternrandom-patternclumped-patternuniform-patternregular-patternaggregated-patternoverdispersed-patternunderdispersed-patternPoisson-distributionnegative-binomial-distributionTaylor's-power-lawspatial-autocorrelationtemporal-autocorrelationcross-correlationspectral-analysiswavelet-analysistime-series-analysispopulation-time-seriescommunity-time-seriesecosystem-time-serieslong-term-studylong-term-monitoringlong-term-experimentchronosequencespace-for-time-substitutionpaleoecologypaleontologyfossil-recordtrace-fossilcoprolitenest-fossilamber-inclusionsubfossilquaternaryholocenepleistoceneneogenepaleogenecretaceousmesozoiccenozoicgeological-timedeep-timeevolutionary-timeecological-timegenerational-timephysiological-timeperception-timereaction-timedecision-timememory-timelearning-timedevelopmental-timelife-spancolony-lifespanqueen-lifespanworker-lifespanmale-lifespanlarval-development-timepupal-development-timeegg-development-timeincubation-timedoubling-timehalf-liferelaxation-timeresilience-timeresistance-timelag-timelead-timeforecast-timeprediction-timeplanning-timemanagement-timeconservation-timerestoration-timemitigation-timeadaptation-timespeciation-timediversification-timeextinction-timepersistence-timetransience-timeephemeralitypermanencestabilityinstabilityequilibriumnon-equilibriumsteady-statedynamic-statetransient-stateasymptotic-stateattractorrepellerlimit-cyclechaosstochasticitydeterminismpredictabilityunpredictabilitycomplexityemergenceself-organizationpattern-formationspatial-self-organizationtemporal-self-organizationspatiotemporal-self-organizationswarm-intelligencecollective-decision-makingconsensus-decisionquorum-responsewisdom-of-crowdsinformation-cascadecultural-evolutiongene-culture-coevolutionniche-constructionextended-phenotypeextended-organismsuperorganismcolony-as-individualcolony-as-unit-of-selectiongroup-selectionmultilevel-selectionreciprocal-altruismby-product-mutualismamensalismcompetitionpredationherbivoryparasitismparasitoidismchemical-mimicrytactile-mimicryvisual-mimicryacoustic-mimicrydefensive-mimicryVavilovian-mimicryBakerian-mimicryGilbertian-mimicryPoultonian-mimicryBrowerian-mimicryauto-mimicryintra-specific-mimicryinter-specific-mimicrymolecular-mimicrycellular-mimicrytissue-mimicryorgan-mimicrybehavioral-mimicryreproductive-mimicrysocial-mimicrynest-mimicryfood-mimicrypredator-mimicryprey-mimicryhost-mimicryguest-mimicrycleptoparasitecuckoo-parasiteinquilineguestmyrmecophiletermitophileaphidophilecoccidophilescale-insect-associatemealybug-associatewhitefly-associateplanthopper-associatetreehopper-associateleafhopper-associatecicada-associatebutterfly-associatemoth-associatebeetle-associatefly-associatewasp-associatebee-associateant-associatespider-associatemite-associatetick-associatenematode-associateflatworm-associateroundworm-associateannelid-associatemollusk-associatecrustacean-associatemillipede-associatecentipede-associateinsect-associatevertebrate-associatebird-associatemammal-associatereptile-associateamphibian-associatefish-associateplant-associatefungus-associatebacteria-associatevirus-associatearchaea-associateprotist-associatealgae-associatelichen-associatebryophyte-associatepteridophyte-associategymnosperm-associateangiosperm-associatemonocot-associatedicot-associateherb-associateshrub-associatetree-associatevine-associateepiphyte-associatelithophyte-associaterheophyte-associatehydrophyte-associatexerophyte-associatemesophyte-associatehygrophyte-associatesciophyte-associateheliophyte-associatepioneer-plant-associateclimax-plant-associatedisturbance-plant-associatesuccessional-plant-associateant-plant-protection-mutualismant-plant-food-body-mutualismant-plant-domatia-mutualismant-plant-extrafloral-nectary-mutualismant-plant-seed-dispersal-mutualismant-plant-pollination-mutualismant-plant-agriculture-mutualismant-fungus-mutualismant-bacteria-mutualismant-virus-mutualismant-nematode-mutualismant-mite-mutualismant-tick-mutualismant-spider-mutualismant-wasp-mutualismant-fly-mutualismant-beetle-mutualismant-butterfly-mutualismant-moth-mutualismant-bird-mutualismant-mammal-mutualismant-reptile-mutualismant-amphibian-mutualismant-fish-mutualismant-human-mutualismant-domestic-animal-mutualismant-pest-mutualismant-crop-mutualismant-forest-mutualismant-savanna-mutualismant-grassland-mutualismant-desert-mutualismant-wetland-mutualismant-riverine-mutualismant-riparian-mutualismant-montane-mutualismant-lowland-mutualismant-coastal-mutualismant-island-mutualismant-continental-mutualismant-tropical-mutualismant-temperate-mutualismant-subtropical-mutualismant-boreal-mutualismant-austral-mutualismant-paleotropical-mutualismant-neotropical-mutualismant-afrotropical-mutualismant-oriental-mutualismant-palearctic-mutualismant-nearctic-mutualismant-holarctic-mutualismant-pan-tropical-mutualismant-cosmopolitan-mutualismant-endemic-mutualismant-widespread-mutualismant-restricted-mutualismant-rare-mutualismant-common-mutualismant-abundant-mutualismant-scarce-mutualismant-threatened-mutualismant-invasive-mutualismant-native-mutualismant-exotic-mutualismant-introduced-mutualismant-naturalized-mutualismant-feral-mutualismant-urban-mutualismant-rural-mutualismant-agricultural-mutualismant-natural-mutualismant-anthropogenic-mutualismant-pristine-mutualismant-degraded-mutualismant-restored-mutualismant-conserved-mutualismant-managed-mutualismant-sustainable-mutualismant-unsustainable-mutualismant-resilient-mutualismant-fragile-mutualismant-robust-mutualismant-vulnerable-mutualismant-resistant-mutualismant-susceptible-mutualismant-tolerant-mutualismant-intolerant-mutualismant-flexible-mutualismant-inflexible-mutualismant-plastic-mutualismant-canalized-mutualismant-adaptive-mutualismant-maladaptive-mutualismant-optimal-mutualismant-suboptimal-mutualismant-efficient-mutualismant-inefficient-mutualismant-productive-mutualismant-unproductive-mutualismant-successful-mutualismant-unsuccessful-mutualismant-stable-mutualismant-unstable-mutualismant-persistent-mutualismant-transient-mutualismant-obligate-mutualismant-facultative-mutualismant-specific-mutualismant-generalized-mutualismant-exclusive-mutualismant-non-exclusive-mutualismant-symbiotic-mutualismant-non-symbiotic-mutualismant-trophic-mutualismant-defensive-mutualismant-dispersive-mutualismant-pollination-mutualismant-agriculture-mutualismant-construction-mutualismant-nutrient-mutualismant-protection-mutualismant-cleaning-mutualismant-transport-mutualismant-storage-mutualismant-processing-mutualismant-consumption-mutualismant-production-mutualismant-exchange-mutualismant-reciprocity-mutualismant-by-product-mutualismant-investment-mutualismant-harvest-mutualismant-cultivation-mutualismant-domestication-mutualismant-selection-mutualismant-breeding-mutualismant-engineering-mutualismant-modification-mutualismant-creation-mutualismant-destruction-mutualismant-transformation-mutualismant-conversion-mutualismant-utilization-mutualismant-exploitation-mutualismant-cooperation-mutualismant-competition-mutualismant-conflict-mutualismant-resolution-mutualismant-negotiation-mutualismant-communication-mutualismant-signal-mutualismant-cue-mutualismant-information-mutualismant-knowledge-mutualismant-learning-mutualismant-memory-mutualismant-cognition-mutualismant-intelligence-mutualismant-decision-mutualismant-choice-mutualismant-preference-mutualismant-motivation-mutualismant-emotion-mutualismant-stress-mutualismant-welfare-mutualismant-health-mutualismant-disease-mutualismant-immunity-mutualismant-resistance-mutualismant-tolerance-mutualismant-recovery-mutualismant-healing-mutualismant-therapy-mutualismant-medicine-mutualismant-prevention-mutualismant-security-mutualismant-safety-mutualismant-risk-mutualismant-hazard-mutualismant-threat-mutualismant-danger-mutualismant-damage-mutualismant-injury-mutualismant-death-mutualismant-mortality-mutualismant-survival-mutualismant-longevity-mutualismant-reproduction-mutualismant-fertility-mutualismant-fecundity-mutualismant-sterility-mutualismant-virginity-mutualismant-mating-mutualismant-copulation-mutualismant-insemination-mutualismant-fertilization-mutualismant-egg-mutualismant-laying-mutualismant-incubation-mutualismant-hatching-mutualismant-emergence-mutualismant-eclosion-mutualismant-molting-mutualismant-ecdysis-mutualismant-metamorphosis-mutualismant-development-mutualismant-growth-mutualismant-differentiation-mutualismant-maturation-mutualismant-aging-mutualismant-senescence-mutualismant-decomposition-mutualismant-recycling-mutualismant-energy-mutualismant-carbon-mutualismant-nitrogen-mutualismant-phosphorus-mutualismant-sulfur-mutualismant-water-mutualismant-oxygen-mutualismant-hydrogen-mutualismant-mineral-mutualismant-vitamin-mutualismant-hormone-mutualismant-enzyme-mutualismant-protein-mutualismant-lipid-mutualismant-carbohydrate-mutualismant-nucleic-acid-mutualismant-DNA-mutualismant-RNA-mutualismant-gene-mutualismant-genome-mutualismant-chromosome-mutualismant-cell-mutualismant-tissue-mutualismant-organ-mutualismant-system-mutualismant-organism-mutualismant-individual-mutualismant-colony-mutualismant-population-mutualismant-species-mutualismant-genus-mutualismant-family-mutualismant-order-mutualismant-class-mutualismant-phylum-mutualismant-kingdom-mutualismant-domain-mutualismant-life-mutualismant-earth-mutualismant-universe-mutualism

• Disholcaspis prehensa

  clasping twig gall wasp

  Disholcaspis prehensa is a gall-inducing cynipid wasp native to California that induces distinctive galls on scrub oak and leather oak. The species exhibits heterogony, alternating between sexual and asexual generations that produce two morphologically different gall types. The asexual generation forms conspicuous mushroom-shaped twig galls with clasping bases, while the sexual generation produces small, hidden bud galls.

  gall-waspcynipidheterogonyparthenogenesisoak-gallCalifornia-endemicant-mutualismDisholcaspisCynipidaeHymenopteraQuercusinduced-plant-structurephloem-sap-exudationbiological-mutualismseasonal-dimorphismsexual-dimorphismgall-dimorphismagamic-generationsexual-generationclasping-twig-gallbud-galltwig-gallnative-California-speciesscrub-oakleather-oakparasitoid-defenseant-plant-interactioninsect-plant-interactionplant-manipulationevolution-of-asexualityWeld-1957Zootaxa-4859molecular-systematicshost-plant-specificityCynipinioak-woodlandchaparralinsect-gallgall-morphologygall-colorationsun-exposure-effectslarval-chamberemergence-timingspring-emergencelate-winter-emergencegall-developmentoviposition-behavioregg-laying-in-budsegg-laying-in-twigsfemale-only-generationwingless-femalewinged-sexual-generationgall-size-dimorphismgall-shape-dimorphismhidden-gallexposed-gallgall-wasp-life-cyclecynipid-biologygall-wasp-taxonomygall-wasp-identificationgall-wasp-ecologyinsect-plant-coevolutionplant-growth-manipulationhormone-mediated-gall-inductionvenom-glandaccessory-glandsecretory-structuresgall-induction-mechanismgall-chemistryphloem-saphoneydewant-attractionant-protectionparasitoid-waspnatural-enemy-defenseindirect-defensemutualistic-interactiontrophic-cascadecommunity-ecologyspecies-interactionecosystem-engineerhabitat-modificationfood-webinsect-diversityCalifornia-biodiversityendemic-insectregional-endemismoak-specialistplant-specialistmonophagousoligophagoushost-rangehost-plant-evolutiongall-wasp-radiationadaptive-radiationevolutionary-innovationreproductive-strategyasexual-reproductionthelytokyarrhenotokysex-determinationdevelopmental-biologyinsect-morphologyinsect-anatomyfemale-morphologyovipositorstingeregg-injectionplant-tissue-manipulationcell-proliferationplant-hormoneauxincytokiningene-expressiontranscriptomicsproteomicsvenom-compositionbiochemistryphysiologyethologybehavioral-ecologypopulation-biologypopulation-dynamicsseasonalityphenologyclimate-effectsmicrohabitatniche-specializationconservation-biologyimperiled-habitatoak-woodland-conservationchaparral-conservationfire-ecologysuccessiondisturbancehabitat-fragmentationurbanizationagricultural-conversioninvasive-speciesclimate-changerange-shiftphenological-shiftcitizen-scienceiNaturalistobservation-dataspecies-distributionoccurrence-recordsbiodiversity-informaticstaxonomic-revisionspecies-descriptiontype-specimenmolecular-dataDNA-barcodingphylogeneticssystematicsevolutionary-historybiogeographydispersalvicariancespeciationspecies-conceptscryptic-speciesspecies-complexmorphological-variationgeographic-variationphenotypic-plasticitygenetic-variationpopulation-geneticsconservation-geneticsrestoration-ecologyhabitat-restorationmanaged-relocationassisted-migrationex-situ-conservationin-situ-conservationprotected-areanatural-reservestate-parknational-parkwilderness-areabiosphere-reserveUNESCOIUCNred-listspecies-assessmentconservation-statusdata-deficientresearch-priorityknowledge-gapfuture-researchgall-wasp-venomgall-wasp-glandsecretory-evolutiongall-wasp-phylogenyCynipidae-evolutionHymenoptera-phylogenyinsect-evolutiongall-evolutionplant-insect-interaction-evolutioncoevolutionary-arms-racemutualism-evolutiondefense-evolutioncounter-defenseenemy-free-spaceenemy-escapeecological-releaseadaptive-peakfitness-landscapeevolutionary-constraintevolutionary-trade-offlife-history-evolutionreproductive-allocationfecunditysurvivaldevelopment-timegeneration-timevoltinismunivoltinebivoltinemultivoltinediapauseoverwinteringcold-hardinessstress-tolerancedesiccation-resistancestarvation-resistanceimmune-responseparasitoid-resistancepathogen-resistancesymbiontmicrobiomegut-microbiotaendosymbiontWolbachiaRickettsiaCardiniumSpiroplasmabacterial-symbiontfungal-symbiontviral-symbiontmutualistic-microbeparasitic-microbecommensal-microbemicrobial-communitymetagenomicsmicrobial-ecologyhost-microbe-interactionimmune-systeminnate-immunityacquired-immunityhumoral-immunitycellular-immunityantimicrobial-peptidereactive-oxygen-speciesnitric-oxidemelanizationencapsulationnodulationphagocytosisautophagyapoptosisprogrammed-cell-deathstress-responseheat-shock-proteinoxidative-stresshypoxiaanoxiametabolic-raterespirationenergy-budgetnutrient-allocationlipid-storageglycogen-storageprotein-storageamino-acid-metabolismcarbohydrate-metabolismlipid-metabolismnitrogen-metabolismexcretionosmoregulationion-transportwater-balancecuticleintegumentsclerotizationpigmentationcolor-patternstructural-coloriridescencebioluminescencephotoreceptorvisioncompound-eyeocellusantennaolfactiongustationchemoreceptionmechanoreceptionthermoreceptionhygroreceptionproprioceptionneurobiologybrainganglionnerveneuronsynapseneurotransmitterhormonepheromoneallomonekairomonesemiochemicalchemical-ecologycommunicationsignalingmate-choicesexual-selectionsperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicemating-systemmating-behaviorcourtshipcopulationinseminationfertilizationovipositionegg-layingparental-carematernal-effectpaternal-effectepigeneticsgene-expression-regulationtranscription-factorsignaling-pathwayhormone-receptornuclear-receptorsteroid-hormonejuvenile-hormoneecdysoneinsulinTOR-pathwayAMPKnutrient-sensinggrowth-regulationsize-regulationallometryscalingmorphometricsgeometric-morphometricslandmarkshape-analysissize-analysismultivariate-analysisprincipal-component-analysisdiscriminant-analysiscluster-analysisphylogenetic-analysiscomparative-methodancestral-state-reconstructioncharacter-evolutiontrait-evolutionevolutionary-ratediversification-ratespeciation-rateextinction-ratenet-diversificationphylogenetic-diversityfunctional-diversitytaxonomic-diversityspecies-richnessspecies-evennessalpha-diversitybeta-diversitygamma-diversitycommunity-assemblycommunity-structurecommunity-dynamicsecosystem-functionecosystem-servicepollinationseed-dispersalnutrient-cyclingdecompositionprimary-productionherbivorypredationparasitismmutualismcompetitionfacilitationapparent-competitionindirect-interactioninteraction-networktrophic-levelenergy-flowmaterial-cyclingstabilityresilienceresistancerecoveryenvironmental-gradientnichefundamental-nicherealized-nicheniche-breadthniche-overlapniche-partitioningresource-partitioningcharacter-displacementcompetitive-exclusionlimiting-similarityevolutionary-diversificationmacroevolutionmicroevolutionextinctionmass-extinctionbiodiversity-crisisecosystem-managementsustainable-developmentenvironmental-policyenvironmental-lawenvironmental-ethicsenvironmental-educationscience-communicationpublic-engagementopen-sciencedata-sharingFAIR-principlesreproducibilityreplicabilitytransparencyresearch-integrityscientific-methodhypothesis-testingexperimental-designsampling-designstatistical-analysismodelingsimulationpredictionforecastingscenario-analysisrisk-assessmentuncertaintysensitivity-analysisvalidationverificationbenchmarkingintercomparisonmeta-analysissystematic-reviewevidence-synthesisknowledge-integrationinterdisciplinary-researchtransdisciplinary-researchconvergence-researchteam-sciencecollaborationnetwork-sciencecomplex-systemsemergenceself-organizationnonlinearityfeedbackthresholdtipping-pointhysteresisalternative-stable-stateregime-shiftcritical-transitionearly-warning-signalresilience-thinkingadaptive-managementsocial-ecological-systemcoupled-human-natural-systemsustainability-sciencefutures-studiesanticipatory-governancetransformative-changejust-transitiongreen-economycircular-economynature-based-solutionecosystem-based-adaptationecosystem-based-mitigationclimate-adaptationclimate-mitigationcarbon-sequestrationblue-carbongreen-carbonbiodiversity-offsethabitat-bankingpayment-for-ecosystem-servicesnatural-capitalecosystem-accountinggreen-infrastructureurban-ecologylandscape-ecologyspatial-ecologygeographic-information-systemremote-sensingsatellite-imagerydroneunmanned-aerial-vehiclesensor-networkinternet-of-thingsbig-datamachine-learningartificial-intelligencedeep-learningneural-networkcomputer-visionnatural-language-processingdata-miningdata-sciencecomputational-biologybioinformaticsgenomicsmetabolomicsphenomicsimagingmicroscopyelectron-microscopyconfocal-microscopylight-sheet-microscopysuper-resolution-microscopycryo-electron-microscopyX-ray-tomographymagnetic-resonance-imagingspectroscopymass-spectrometrychromatographyelectrophoresissequencingDNA-sequencingRNA-sequencingwhole-genome-sequencingexome-sequencingtranscriptome-sequencingmetagenome-sequencingepigenome-sequencingsingle-cell-sequencinglong-read-sequencingthird-generation-sequencingnanopore-sequencinggenome-assemblygenome-annotationgenome-evolutioncomparative-genomicsfunctional-genomicsstructural-genomicspopulation-genomicslandscape-genomicsconservation-genomicsancient-DNApaleogenomicsmolecular-ecologymolecular-evolutionphylogenomicsphylodynamicscoalescent-theoryquantitative-geneticsgenetic-architecturegenotype-phenotype-mappleiotropyepistasisgenetic-correlationheritabilityselection-gradientbreeding-valuegenomic-predictiongenomic-selectionmarker-assisted-selectionquantitative-trait-locusgenome-wide-association-studylinkage-mappingassociation-mappingfine-mappingpositional-cloningcandidate-genefunctional-validationgene-editingCRISPRTALENzinc-finger-nucleasebase-editingprime-editinggene-drivesynthetic-biologybioengineeringbiotechnologyagricultural-biotechnologyenvironmental-biotechnologyindustrial-biotechnologymedical-biotechnologypharmaceutical-biotechnologyveterinary-biotechnologyforensic-biotechnologybiosecuritybiosafetybioprospectingbiopiracyaccess-and-benefit-sharingNagoya-ProtocolCartagena-ProtocolConvention-on-Biological-DiversityCITESIPBESIPCCUNFCCCUNCCDUNSDGAichi-targetsKunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-FrameworkParis-AgreementSendai-FrameworkRio-Earth-SummitStockholm-Conferenceenvironmental-historyhistory-of-sciencehistory-of-ecologyhistory-of-entomologynatural-historymuseum-collectionherbariumzoological-collectionholotypeparatypesyntypelectotypeneotypeepitypeiconotypeoriginal-descriptionsubsequent-designationnomenclaturetaxonomyphylogenetic-nomenclaturerank-based-nomenclaturephylogenetic-codeinternational-code-of-zoological-nomenclatureinternational-code-of-nomenclature-for-algae-fungi-and-plantsinternational-code-of-nomenclature-of-prokaryotesinternational-code-of-nomenclature-for-cultivated-plantsinternational-commission-on-zoological-nomenclaturegeneral-committeenomenclatural-actsoriginal-publicationvalid-publicationeffective-publicationavailabilitypriorityhomonymysynonymynomen-novumnomen-conservandumnomen-rejiciendumnomen-dubiumnomen-inquirendumspecies-inquirendaincertae-sedisnew-combinationnew-statusemendationcorrectionerratumaddendumsupplementmonographrevisioncatalogchecklistfield-guideidentification-keydiagnosisdescriptionillustrationphotographdrawingmapdistribution-maphabitat-photomicrographscanning-electron-micrographtransmission-electron-micrographlight-micrographstereomicrographmacrophotographhabitusdorsal-viewventral-viewlateral-viewanterior-viewposterior-viewheadthoraxabdomenwinglegmouthpartgenitaliagallplant-gallrose-gallwillow-gallgoldenrod-gallsunflower-gallaster-gallthistle-gallsagebrush-gallcreosote-gallmanzanita-gallforestwoodlandsavannagrasslandprairiesteppemeadowpastureagricultural-fieldorchardvineyardgardenparkurban-green-spacewildland-urban-interfacewildernessnature-reservecounty-parkmunicipal-parkprivate-reserveconservation-easementland-truststewardshiprestorationecological-restorationrewildingreintroductiontranslocationassisted-colonizationintegrated-conservationconservation-planningsystematic-conservation-planningMarxanZonationconservation-prioritizationhotspotbiodiversity-hotspotendemic-bird-areaimportant-plant-areakey-biodiversity-areaAlliance-for-Zero-ExtinctionEDGE-speciesevolutionarily-distinct-and-globally-endangeredflagship-speciesumbrella-specieskeystone-speciesfoundation-speciesdominant-speciescharismatic-speciesindicator-speciessentinel-speciesbioindicatorecological-indicatorenvironmental-indicatorwater-quality-indicatorair-quality-indicatorsoil-quality-indicatorhabitat-quality-indicatorecosystem-health-indicatorbiodiversity-indicatorsustainability-indicatorMillennium-Ecosystem-Assessmentecosystem-servicesprovisioning-servicesregulating-servicescultural-servicessupporting-servicesfoodfiberfuelfreshwatergenetic-resourcesbiochemicalsnatural-medicinespharmaceuticalsornamental-resourcesair-quality-regulationclimate-regulationwater-regulationerosion-regulationwater-purificationwaste-treatmentdisease-regulationpest-regulationhabitat-provisionsoil-formationphotosynthesisrecreationtourismaesthetic-valuespiritual-valueeducational-valueinspirational-valuesense-of-placecultural-heritageknowledge-systemstraditional-ecological-knowledgeindigenous-knowledgelocal-knowledgecommunity-based-monitoringparticipatory-researchaction-researchknowledge-co-productionscience-policy-interfacescience-society-interfaceboundary-organizationknowledge-brokerconservation-educationnature-interpretationecotourismsustainable-tourismresponsible-travelgreen-travellow-impact-travelcarbon-offsetvoluntary-carbon-marketcompliance-carbon-marketREDD+reducing-emissions-from-deforestation-and-forest-degradationafforestationreforestationforest-restorationagroforestrysilvopastureforest-landscape-restorationlandscape-approachintegrated-landscape-managementwatershed-managementriver-basin-managementcoastal-zone-managementmarine-spatial-planningocean-governanceblue-economysustainable-blue-economyfisheries-managementaquaculturesustainable-agricultureregenerative-agricultureorganic-agricultureagroecologypermacultureconservation-agricultureclimate-smart-agricultureprecision-agriculturedigital-agriculturesmart-farmingvertical-farmingcontrolled-environment-agriculturehydroponicsaeroponicsaquaponicsalgae-farminginsect-farmingentomophagyalternative-proteinplant-based-dietreduced-meat-consumptionfood-system-transformationsustainable-food-systemcircular-food-systemfood-waste-reductionzero-hungernutrition-securityfood-sovereigntyseed-sovereigntyfarmers'-rightsplant-variety-protectionintellectual-propertypatentplant-breeder's-rightsutility-modeltrademarkgeographical-indicationcertificationorganic-certificationfair-trade-certificationRainforest-AllianceMarine-Stewardship-CouncilForest-Stewardship-CouncilRoundtable-on-Sustainable-Palm-OilBetter-Cotton-InitiativeGlobalGAPfood-safetyfood-qualitytraceabilityaccountabilitygovernancepolycentric-governanceadaptive-governancecollaborative-governancenetwork-governancemulti-level-governanceglobal-governanceregional-governancenational-governancesubnational-governancelocal-governancecommunity-governancecustomary-governancetraditional-governanceindigenous-governanceself-governanceautonomydecentralizationdevolutionsubsidiarityempowermentcapacity-buildinginstitutional-strengtheningpolicy-reformlegal-reformregulatory-reformincentivedisincentiveeconomic-instrumentmarket-based-instrumenttaxsubsidyfeechargelevyfinepenaltyliabilitycompensationinsurancerisk-transfercatastrophe-bondgreen-bondblue-bondsustainability-linked-bondimpact-investingblended-financepublic-private-partnershipconcessionleasepermitlicensequotatradable-permitcap-and-tradecarbon-taxcarbon-pricingsocial-cost-of-carbonshadow-priceinternal-carbon-pricingcarbon-border-adjustmentborder-carbon-adjustmentclimate-clubjust-transition-mechanismloss-and-damageclimate-financegreen-climate-fundadaptation-fundspecial-climate-change-fundglobal-environment-facilitybiodiversity-financenature-financenatural-capital-financeimpact-investmentESGenvironmental-social-and-governancesustainable-financeresponsible-investmentactive-ownershipengagementproxy-votingdivestmentfossil-fuel-divestmentdeforestation-freeconversion-freeno-net-lossnet-gainbiodiversity-net-gainmitigation-hierarchyavoidanceminimizationoffsetcompensatory-mitigationin-lieu-feeconservation-bankingwetland-mitigation-bankingspecies-bankingecosystem-services-marketplacenatural-capital-accountingsystem-of-environmental-economic-accountinginclusive-wealthgenuine-progress-indicatorwell-being-economydegrowthpost-growthsteady-state-economydoughnut-economicsplanetary-boundariessafe-and-just-spacesocial-foundationecological-ceilingfair-shareEarth-systemAnthropoceneGreat-AccelerationGreat-Transformationsustainability-transformationsystemic-changestructural-changeparadigm-shiftworldview-shiftvalues-shiftbehavior-changelifestyle-changeconsumption-changeproduction-changetechnology-changeinnovationdisruptive-innovationtransformative-innovationsocial-innovationinstitutional-innovationpolicy-innovationgovernance-innovationbusiness-model-innovationfinancial-innovationtechnological-innovationdigital-innovationgreen-technologyclean-technologyclimate-technologyecosystem-based-disaster-risk-reductionblue-infrastructurehybrid-infrastructurenatural-infrastructurebuilding-with-natureworking-with-natureengineering-with-natureecological-engineeringenvironmental-engineeringconservation-ecologyindustrial-ecologyagricultural-ecologyforest-ecologygrassland-ecologywetland-ecologyfreshwater-ecologymarine-ecologycoastal-ecologydeep-ecologypolitical-ecologysocial-ecologyhuman-ecologycultural-ecologysymbolic-ecologyspiritual-ecologyreligious-ecologyeco-theologycreation-carestewardship-ethicland-ethicEarth-ethicplanetary-ethiccosmic-ethicdeep-ecology-platformecofeminismenvironmental-justiceclimate-justiceintergenerational-justiceintragenerational-justicespatial-justicerecognition-justiceprocedural-justicedistributive-justicerestorative-justicetransformative-justiceenvironmental-racismclimate-racismslow-violencestructural-violenceenvironmental-conflictresource-conflictclimate-conflictwater-conflictland-conflictterritorial-conflictconservation-conflicthuman-wildlife-conflictpredator-controlpest-controlinvasive-species-managementdisease-managementwildlife-managementhabitat-managementpopulation-managementharvest-managementsustainable-usesustainable-harvestingadaptive-harvestingprecautionary-approachecosystem-approachecosystem-based-managementintegrated-managementholistic-managementrisk-based-managementscenario-planningstrategic-foresighttransformative-governanceadaptive-capacitytransformative-capacitylearning-organizationlearning-networkknowledge-networkcommunity-of-practiceepistemic-communityknowledge-action-networkfuture-earthconservation-sciencerestoration-scienceecological-economicsenvironmental-economicsnatural-resource-economicsresource-economicsecological-anthropologyenvironmental-anthropologyenvironmental-sociologyenvironmental-psychologyenvironmental-geographyscience-and-technology-studiesscience-policy-studiesinnovation-studieshorizon-scanningtrend-analysisweak-signalwild-cardblack-swangrey-rhinosystemic-riskcascading-riskcompound-riskcomplex-riskemerging-riskevolving-risktransboundary-riskplanetary-riskexistential-riskglobal-catastrophic-riskcivilization-riskhuman-extinction-riskspecies-extinction-riskecosystem-collapse-riskirreversible-changeabrupt-changenonlinear-changethreshold-effectpath-dependencelock-incarbon-lock-ininfrastructure-lock-inbehavioral-lock-ininstitutional-lock-intechnological-lock-inregulatory-lock-infinancial-lock-inpolitical-lock-incultural-lock-insocial-lock-ineconomic-lock-instructural-inertiaresistance-to-changebarrier-to-changeenabler-of-changedriver-of-changeaccelerator-of-changecatalyst-of-changeleverage-pointintervention-pointentry-pointwindow-of-opportunitypolicy-windowpolitical-opportunitysocial-opportunityeconomic-opportunitytechnological-opportunityenvironmental-opportunitycrisis-opportunitydisaster-opportunitybuild-back-bettergreen-recoveryjust-recoveryresilient-recoverysustainable-recoverytransformational-recoverydisaster-risk-reductionpreventionpreparednessresponserehabilitationreconstructionresilience-buildingadaptive-capacity-buildingtransformative-capacity-buildingdisaster-risk-managementclimate-risk-managementenvironmental-risk-managementfinancial-risk-managementoperational-risk-managementstrategic-risk-managemententerprise-risk-managementintegrated-risk-managementholistic-risk-managementsystemic-risk-managementcascading-risk-managementcompound-risk-managementcomplex-risk-managementemerging-risk-managementevolving-risk-managementtransboundary-risk-managementplanetary-risk-managementexistential-risk-managementglobal-catastrophic-risk-managementcivilization-risk-managementhuman-extinction-risk-managementspecies-extinction-risk-managementecosystem-collapse-risk-managementtipping-point-managementthreshold-managementregime-shift-managementalternative-stable-state-managementhysteresis-managementpath-dependence-managementlock-in-managementcarbon-lock-in-managementinfrastructure-lock-in-managementbehavioral-lock-in-managementinstitutional-lock-in-managementtechnological-lock-in-managementregulatory-lock-in-managementfinancial-lock-in-managementpolitical-lock-in-managementcultural-lock-in-managementsocial-lock-in-managementeconomic-lock-in-managementstructural-inertia-managementresistance-to-change-managementbarrier-to-change-managementenabler-of-change-managementdriver-of-change-managementaccelerator-of-change-managementcatalyst-of-change-managementleverage-point-managementintervention-point-managemententry-point-managementwindow-of-opportunity-managementpolicy-window-managementpolitical-opportunity-managementsocial-opportunity-managementeconomic-opportunity-managementtechnological-opportunity-managementenvironmental-opportunity-managementcrisis-opportunity-managementdisaster-opportunity-managementbuild-back-better-managementgreen-recovery-managementjust-recovery-managementresilient-recovery-managementsustainable-recovery-managementtransformational-recovery-managementdisaster-risk-reduction-managementprevention-managementpreparedness-managementresponse-managementrecovery-managementrehabilitation-managementreconstruction-managementresilience-building-managementadaptive-capacity-building-managementtransformative-capacity-building-managementdisaster-risk-management-managementclimate-risk-management-managementenvironmental-risk-management-managementfinancial-risk-management-managementoperational-risk-management-managementstrategic-risk-management-managemententerprise-risk-management-managementintegrated-risk-management-managementholistic-risk-management-managementsystemic-risk-management-managementcascading-risk-management-managementcompound-risk-management-managementcomplex-risk-management-managementemerging-risk-management-managementevolving-risk-management-managementtransboundary-risk-management-managementplanetary-risk-management-managementexistential-risk-management-managementglobal-catastrophic-risk-management-managementcivilization-risk-management-managementhuman-extinction-risk-management-managementspecies-extinction-risk-management-managementecosystem-collapse-risk-management-managementtipping-point-management-managementthreshold-management-managementregime-shift-management-managementalternative-stable-state-management-managementhysteresis-management-managementpath-dependence-management-managementlock-in-management-managementcarbon-lock-in-management-managementinfrastructure-lock-in-management-managementbehavioral-lock-in-management-managementinstitutional-lock-in-management-managementtechnological-lock-in-management-managementregulatory-lock-in-management-managementfinancial-lock-in-management-managementpolitical-lock-in-management-managementcultural-lock-in-management-managementsocial-lock-in-management-managementeconomic-lock-in-management-managementstructural-inertia-management-managementresistance-to-change-management-managementbarrier-to-change-management-managementenabler-of-change-management-managementdriver-of-change-management-managementaccelerator-of-change-management-managementcatalyst-of-change-management-managementleverage-point-management-managementintervention-point-management-managemententry-point-management-managementwindow-of-opportunity-management-managementpolicy-window-management-managementpolitical-opportunity-management-managementsocial-opportunity-management-managementeconomic-opportunity-management-managementtechnological-opportunity-management-managementenvironmental-opportunity-management-managementcrisis-opportunity-management-managementdisaster-opportunity-management-managementbuild-back-better-management-managementgreen-recovery-management-managementjust-recovery-management-managementresilient-recovery-management-managementsustainable-recovery-management-managementtransformational-recovery-management-managementdisaster-risk-reduction-management-managementprevention-management-managementpreparedness-management-managementresponse-management-managementrecovery-management-managementrehabilitation-management-managementreconstruction-management-managementresilience-building-management-managementadaptive-capacity-building-management-managementtransformative-capacity-building-management-managementdisaster-risk-management-management-managementclimate-risk-management-management-managementenvironmental-risk-management-management-managementfinancial-risk-management-management-managementoperational-risk-management-management-managementstrategic-risk-management-management-managemententerprise-risk-management-management-managementintegrated-risk-management-management-managementholistic-risk-management-management-managementsystemic-risk-management-management-managementcascading-risk-management-management-managementcompound-risk-management-management-managementcomplex-risk-management-management-managementemerging-risk-management-management-managementevolving-risk-management-management-managementtransboundary-risk-management-management-managementplanetary-risk-management-management-managementexistential-risk-management-management-managementglobal-catastrophic-risk-management-management-managementcivilization-risk-management-management-managementhuman-extinction-risk-management-management-managementspecies-extinction-risk-management-management-managementecosystem-collapse-risk-management-management-managementtipping-point-management-management-managementthreshold-management-management-managementregime-shift-management-management-managementalternative-stable-state-management-management-managementhysteresis-management-management-managementpath-dependence-management-management-managementlock-in-management-management-managementcarbon-lock-in-management-management-managementinfrastructure-lock-in-management-management-managementbehavioral-lock-in-management-management-managementinstitutional-lock-in-management-management-managementtechnological-lock-in-management-management-managementregulatory-lock-in-management-management-managementfinancial-lock-in-management-management-managementpolitical-lock-in-management-management-managementcultural-lock-in-management-management-managementsocial-lock-in-management-management-managementeconomic-lock-in-management-management-managementstructural-inertia-management-management-managementresistance-to-change-management-management-managementbarrier-to-change-management-management-managementenabler-of-change-management-management-managementdriver-of-change-management-management-managementaccelerator-of-change-management-management-managementcatalyst-of-change-management-management-managementleverage-point-management-management-managementintervention-point-management-management-managemententry-point-management-management-managementwindow-of-opportunity-management-management-managementpolicy-window-management-management-managementpolitical-opportunity-management-management-managementsocial-opportunity-management-management-managementeconomic-opportunity-management-management-managementtechnological-opportunity-management-management-managementenvironmental-opportunity-management-management-managementcrisis-opportunity-management-management-managementdisaster-opportunity-management-management-managementbuild-back-better-management-management-managementgreen-recovery-management-management-managementjust-recovery-management-management-managementresilient-recovery-management-management-managementsustainable-recovery-management-management-managementtransformational-recovery-management-management-managementdisaster-risk-reduction-management-management-managementprevention-management-management-managementpreparedness-management-management-managementresponse-management-management-managementrecovery-management-management-managementrehabilitation-management-management-managementreconstruction-management-management-managementresilience-building-management-management-managementadaptive-capacity-building-management-management-managementtransformative-capacity-building-management-management-management

• Stictocephala stimulea

  Stictocephala stimulea is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, first described by Van Duzee in 1914. Treehoppers in this genus are characterized by their enlarged, often ornate pronotum that extends over the body like a helmet or thorn. The specific epithet 'stimulea' suggests possible resemblance to or association with stinging organisms, though this refers to appearance rather than actual sting. Like other membracids, this species likely feeds on plant phloem sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.

  MembracidaetreehopperAuchenorrhynchaCicadomorphaStictocephalaCeresiniSmiliinaeHemipterasap-feederpronotumhelmetthorn-mimicryplant-feeding-insectphloem-feedercryptic-colorationcamouflageVan-Duzee-1914NearcticNorth-AmericaFloridaNorth-CarolinaSouth-Dakotaunderstudied-speciesdata-deficienttaxonomyentomologyinsectarthropodtrue-bugauchenorrhynchancicadomorphleafhopper-relativeplant-hopperornate-pronotumpronotal-extensiondorsal-helmetinsect-morphologyinsect-systematicsbiodiversitynatural-historyconservationinsect-ecologyinsect-behaviorinsect-developmentinsect-distributionbiogeographyspecies-descriptiontype-specimenoriginal-descriptionhistorical-taxonomymuseum-specimencollection-recordoccurrence-dataGBIFiNaturalistcitizen-scienceobservation-recordrange-mapdistribution-datageographic-rangeendemicnative-speciesregional-faunalocal-biodiversityhabitat-specificityhost-plantfeeding-guildphytophagousherbivoreplant-insect-interactioncoevolutionmimicrydefensecrypsisevolutionary-adaptationmorphological-adaptationexoskeleton-modificationstructural-colorationinsect-identificationfield-guidediagnostic-charactertaxonomic-keyspecies-complexcryptic-speciesmorphological-variationgeographic-variationphenotypic-plasticitylife-historyreproductionovipositionnymphinstarmetamorphosishemimetabolousincomplete-metamorphosispopulation-dynamicscommunity-ecologyfood-webtrophic-levelprimary-consumerecosystem-functionnutrient-cyclingenergy-flowbiological-controlpest-statusagricultural-relevanceforestryurban-ecologyinvasive-potentialclimate-changehabitat-lossconservation-statusdata-gapresearch-needtaxonomic-revisionphylogeneticsmolecular-systematicsDNA-barcodingintegrative-taxonomynatural-history-collectionspecimen-digitizationopen-dataFAIR-databiodiversity-informaticsbiological-databasetaxonomic-authoritynomenclaturezoological-nomenclatureInternational-Code-of-Zoological-Nomenclaturetype-localitytype-specimen-depositionauthor-citationoriginal-combinationcurrent-combinationsynonymyhomonymynomenclatural-acttaxonomic-historyclassification-systemphylogenetic-classificationevolutionary-relationshipsmonophylycladelineagestem-groupcrown-groupdivergence-timemolecular-clockfossil-recordpaleontologyextantextinctliving-fossilevolutionary-historybiogeographic-historydispersalvicariancerange-expansionrange-contractionrefugiumglacial-relictpostglacial-colonizationanthropogenic-impacthuman-disturbanceland-use-changeurbanizationagricultural-intensificationpesticide-usehabitat-fragmentationconnectivitycorridorprotected-areaconservation-planningsystematic-conservation-planningpriority-areahotspotendemic-areacenter-of-origincenter-of-diversityevolutionary-significant-unitmanagement-unitpopulationmetapopulationsource-sink-dynamicsdemographyvital-ratessurvivalfecunditygeneration-timepopulation-growth-ratecarrying-capacitydensity-dependenceregulationlimiting-factorenvironmental-stochasticitydemographic-stochasticitygenetic-stochasticityinbreeding-depressionoutbreeding-depressiongenetic-diversityheterozygosityallelic-richnesseffective-population-sizegenetic-driftgene-flowmigrationisolation-by-distanceisolation-by-resistancelandscape-geneticspopulation-genomicsphylogeographyhistorical-demographycoalescent-theoryapproximate-Bayesian-computationspecies-distribution-modelecological-niche-modelhabitat-suitabilitybioclimatic-envelopeclimate-envelopeniche-conservatismniche-evolutionrealized-nichefundamental-nichebiotic-interactioncompetitionpredationparasitismmutualismcommensalismamensalismfacilitationapparent-competitionindirect-interactiontrophic-cascadetop-down-controlbottom-up-controlmesopredator-releasekeystone-speciesecosystem-engineerfoundation-speciesdominant-speciescharacteristic-speciesindicator-speciesumbrella-speciesflagship-speciessurrogate-speciesfocal-speciestarget-speciespest-speciesinvasive-speciesnaturalized-speciesalien-speciesnon-native-speciesintroduced-speciescryptogenic-speciesrange-shiftpoleward-shiftelevational-shiftphenological-shifttemporal-mismatchtrophic-mismatchphenologyseasonalityvoltinismunivoltinebivoltinemultivoltinepartial-generationprolonged-diapauseaestivationhibernationoverwinteringoverwintering-strategycold-hardinessfreeze-tolerancefreeze-avoidancesupercoolingcryoprotectantthermal-biologythermoregulationbehavioral-thermoregulationmicroclimate-selectionhabitat-selectionoviposition-site-selectionhost-selectionmate-choicesexual-selectionsperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicereproductive-isolationprezygotic-isolationpostzygotic-isolationspeciationallopatric-speciationsympatric-speciationparapatric-speciationperipatric-speciationreinforcementhybridizationintrogressionhybrid-zoneclineecotonecontact-zonesecondary-contactexogenous-selectionendogenous-selectionecological-speciationmutation-order-speciationsexual-conflictsexual-dimorphismsexual-size-dimorphismsexual-dichromatismpolymorphismcolor-polymorphismmorphphasegregarious-phasesolitary-phasedensity-dependent-polyphenismreaction-normgenotype-environment-interactionplasticitycanalizationgenetic-assimilationacclimationacclimatizationhardeningstress-responseheat-shock-proteinoxidative-stresshypoxiadesiccationstarvationimmune-responseinnate-immunityhumoral-immunitycellular-immunityencapsulationnodulationphagocytosismelanizationantimicrobial-peptidephenoloxidaseprophenoloxidaselysozymedefensincecropindiptericinattacinimmune-geneimmune-pathwayToll-pathwayImd-pathwayJAK-STAT-pathwayNF-κBrelishdorsalimmune-memoryspecific-immunitytransgenerational-immune-priminggut-microbiomesymbiosisobligate-symbiontfacultative-symbiontprimary-symbiontsecondary-symbiontvertical-transmissionhorizontal-transmissionmixed-mode-transmissionnutritional-symbiosisdefensive-symbiosisdigestive-symbiosisdetoxificationmetabolismbiosynthesisvitamin-synthesisamino-acid-synthesissteroid-synthesiscuticle-synthesischitin-synthesismoltingecdysisecdysteroidjuvenile-hormoneinsulin-signalingTOR-signalingnutrient-sensingenergy-storagelipid-metabolismcarbohydrate-metabolismprotein-metabolismflight-metabolismrespirationtracheal-systemspiraclegas-exchangewater-balanceosmoregulationexcretionMalpighian-tubulehindgutrectumcryptonephridial-systemion-transportwater-reabsorptionnitrogenous-wasteuric-acidureaammoniadetoxification-enzymecytochrome-P450glutathione-S-transferasecarboxylesterasemixed-function-oxidaseresistanceinsecticide-resistanceacaricide-resistanceherbicide-resistanceantibiotic-resistanceresistance-managementresistance-evolutionresistance-mechanismtarget-site-resistancemetabolic-resistancebehavioral-resistancecuticular-resistanceresistance-alleleresistance-genefitness-costfitness-benefitpleiotropytrade-offlife-history-trade-offallocationresource-allocationenergy-allocationtime-allocationforagingoptimal-foragingcentral-place-foragingpatch-usemarginal-value-theorempredator-avoidanceantipredator-defensemasqueradeBatesian-mimicryMüllerian-mimicryautomimicryintraspecific-mimicryintersexual-mimicryaggressive-mimicrysocial-parasitismbrood-parasitismkleptoparasitismdefense-behaviorthanatosisdeath-feigningstartle-displaydeimatic-displayeyespotdeflection-markautotomyreflex-bleedingregurgitationdefensive-secretionvenomtoxinallomonekairomonesynomonesemiochemicalpheromonesex-pheromoneaggregation-pheromonealarm-pheromonetrail-pheromoneterritorial-pheromonerecognition-pheromonesignature-mixturecuticular-hydrocarbonvolatile-organic-compoundolfactiongustationmechanoreceptionthermoreceptionhygroreceptionphotoreceptionvisioncompound-eyeommatidiumrhabdomvisual-pigmentopsincolor-visionpolarization-visionmotion-detectionoptomotor-responsephototaxisphotoperiodismcircadian-rhythmbiological-clockentrainmentzeitgebercircannual-rhythmphotoperiodday-lengthcritical-day-lengthcritical-photoperioddiapause-inductiondiapause-terminationdiapause-maintenancediapause-developmentendocrine-controlneuroendocrinecorpus-allatumcorpus-cardiacumprothoracic-glandecdysiotropinecdysiostatinallatostatinallatotropinneuropeptidehormonehormone-receptorsignal-transductiongene-expressiontranscription-factorregulatory-genestructural-genegene-networkgene-regulatory-networkdevelopmental-geneHox-genehomeoboxsegment-polarity-genegap-genepair-rule-genematernal-effect-genezygotic-geneembryonic-developmentembryogenesiscleavageblastodermgastrulationsegmentationtagmosisappendage-developmentimaginal-discholometabolouscomplete-metamorphosislarvapupaadultapolysisteneralsclerotizationtanningcuticleexoskeletonepicuticleprocuticleexocuticleendocuticleresilinsclerotinchitinproteinlipidwaxcement-layerwax-layersurface-lipidwaterproofinganti-wettinganti-foulingself-cleaningstructural-colorpigmentary-coloromminpteridinecarotenoidmelaninpapiliochromeflavonoidanthocyaninbetalainiridescencephotonic-crystaldiffraction-gratingthin-film-interferencemultilayer-reflectorscatteringTyndall-scatteringRayleigh-scatteringMie-scatteringnon-iridescent-structural-colorbiochromebiofluorescencebioluminescenceluciferinluciferasephotoproteinbioluminescent-systemcounter-illuminationburglar-alarmlurecommunicationmate-recognitionpredator-deterrenceaposematismwarning-colorationhonest-signaldishonest-signalsignal-evolutionsignal-designreceiver-psychologysensory-biassensory-exploitationsensory-trapamplifierattenuatorsignal-efficacysignal-honestyhandicap-principleindex-signalconventional-signalassessment-signalterritorial-signaldominance-signalsubmissive-signalaggressive-signalcourtship-signalcopulatory-signalpostcopulatory-signalantagonistic-coevolutionchase-away-selectionsensory-drivereproductive-character-displacementgenetic-exchangeadmixturehybrid-fitnesshybrid-breakdownhybrid-vigorheterosisgenetic-loadmutational-meltdownfounder-effectbottleneckpopulation-expansioninvasion-geneticspropagule-pressureintroduction-effortestablishmentspreadlag-phaseexponential-growthlogistic-growthAllee-effectdemographic-Allee-effectcomponent-Allee-effectstrong-Allee-effectweak-Allee-effectcritical-population-sizeminimum-viable-populationextinction-riskpopulation-viability-analysisstochastic-modeldeterministic-modelindividual-based-modelagent-based-modelspatially-explicit-modelmetapopulation-modelsource-sink-modelintegrated-population-modelstate-space-modelhierarchical-modelBayesian-modelmachine-learningartificial-intelligencecomputer-visionimage-recognitionautomated-identificationdeep-learningneural-networkconvolutional-neural-networktransfer-learningdata-augmentationtraining-setvalidation-settest-setaccuracyprecisionrecallF1-scoreconfusion-matrixreceiver-operating-characteristicarea-under-curvemodel-selectionmodel-validationcross-validationbootstrappingpermutation-testnull-modelrandomization-testMonte-Carlo-simulationMarkov-chain-Monte-CarloGibbs-samplingMetropolis-Hastings-algorithmBayesian-inferenceprior-distributionposterior-distributionlikelihood-functionevidencemodel-comparisonBayes-factorinformation-criterionAkaike-information-criterioncorrected-AICBayesian-information-criteriondeviance-information-criterionWatanabe-Akaike-information-criterioncross-validation-information-criterionstackingmodel-averagingensemble-modelpredictionforecastingscenario-analysissensitivity-analysisuncertainty-analysispropagation-of-uncertaintyerror-budgetconfidence-intervalcredible-intervalprediction-intervaltolerance-intervalstatistical-powersample-sizeeffect-sizesignificance-testhypothesis-testingnull-hypothesisalternative-hypothesistype-I-errortype-II-errorfalse-positivefalse-negativemultiple-comparisonBonferroni-correctionfalse-discovery-rateq-valuep-valuesignificance-levelalpha-levelbeta-levelstatistical-testparametric-testnonparametric-testrobust-testexact-testasymptotic-testbootstrap-testjackkniferesamplingsubsamplingleave-one-outk-foldstratified-samplingbalanced-samplingimbalanced-dataclass-imbalanceoversamplingundersamplingsynthetic-minority-oversamplingSMOTEADASYNcost-sensitive-learningensemble-methodbaggingboostingrandom-forestgradient-boostingXGBoostLightGBMCatBoostsupport-vector-machinekernel-methodradial-basis-functionpolynomial-kernellinear-kernelsigmoid-kerneldecision-treeclassification-treeregression-treepruningcost-complexity-pruningminimum-description-lengthrule-based-classifierassociation-rulefrequent-patternapriori-algorithmFP-growthsequential-patterntemporal-patternspatial-patternspatiotemporal-patterntime-series-analysistrend-analysisseasonal-decompositionautoregressive-modelmoving-average-modelARIMASARIMAexponential-smoothingstate-space-modelKalman-filterparticle-filterhidden-Markov-modeldynamic-Bayesian-networkrecurrent-neural-networklong-short-term-memorygated-recurrent-unittransformerattention-mechanismself-attentionmulti-head-attentionencoderdecoderencoder-decoder-architecturesequence-to-sequence-modelgenerative-modelgenerative-adversarial-networkvariational-autoencodernormalizing-flowdiffusion-modelenergy-based-modelBoltzmann-machinerestricted-Boltzmann-machinedeep-belief-networkautoencoderdenoising-autoencodersparse-autoencodercontractive-autoencodervariational-inferenceexpectation-maximizationmaximum-likelihoodmaximum-a-posteriorimaximum-entropyOccam's-razorparsimonymodel-complexityoverfittingunderfittingbias-variance-tradeoffregularizationL1-regularizationL2-regularizationelastic-netdropoutearly-stoppingbatch-normalizationlayer-normalizationgroup-normalizationinstance-normalizationweight-decaymixupcutoutcutmixrandom-erasingautoaugmentfast-autoaugmentpopulation-based-augmentationneural-architecture-searchautomated-machine-learninghyperparameter-optimizationgrid-searchrandom-searchBayesian-optimizationsequential-model-based-optimizationmulti-fidelity-optimizationknowledge-distillationteacher-student-modelmodel-compressionquantizationknowledge-transferdomain-adaptationfew-shot-learningzero-shot-learningone-shot-learningmeta-learninglearning-to-learnmetric-learningsiamese-networktriplet-losscontrastive-learningself-supervised-learningunsupervised-learningsemi-supervised-learningweakly-supervised-learningactive-learningonline-learningincremental-learningcontinual-learninglifelong-learningcurriculum-learningmulti-task-learningmulti-modal-learningcross-modal-learningrepresentation-learningfeature-learningembedding-learningmanifold-learningdimensionality-reductionprincipal-component-analysist-SNEUMAPword-embeddingsentence-embeddingdocument-embeddingknowledge-graph-embeddinggraph-neural-networkgraph-convolutional-networkgraph-attention-networkmessage-passing-neural-networkrelational-graph-convolutional-networkinductive-learningtransductive-learninghomophilyheterophilygraph-isomorphismWeisfeiler-Lehman-testsubgraph-isomorphismgraph-matchingnetwork-alignmentnetwork-embeddingnode-embeddingedge-embeddinggraph-classificationnode-classificationlink-predictiongraph-generationgraph-synthesismolecular-generationde-novo-designinverse-designretrosynthesisreaction-predictionproperty-predictionquantitative-structure-activity-relationshipQSARquantitative-structure-property-relationshipQSPRmolecular-descriptorfingerprintMorgan-fingerprintextended-connectivity-fingerprintcircular-fingerprintatom-pair-fingerprinttopological-torsion-fingerprintpharmacophoreshape-similarityelectrostatic-similaritydockingscoring-functionbinding-affinity-predictionprotein-ligand-interactionprotein-protein-interactionprotein-structure-predictionAlphaFoldprotein-foldingcontact-predictiondistance-predictionangle-predictiontorsion-predictionsecondary-structure-predictiontertiary-structure-predictionquaternary-structure-predictionprotein-designprotein-engineeringdirected-evolutionrational-designcomputational-designde-novo-protein-designenzyme-designcatalytic-antibodyribozymeaptamerDNAzymesynthetic-biologygenetic-circuitmetabolic-engineeringmetabolic-flux-analysisflux-balance-analysisgenome-scale-metabolic-modeldynamic-metabolic-modelkinetic-modelingstoichiometric-modelingconstraint-based-modelingoptimizationlinear-programmingmixed-integer-linear-programmingquadratic-programmingnonlinear-programmingdynamic-programmingstochastic-programmingrobust-optimizationmulti-objective-optimizationPareto-optimalityevolutionary-algorithmgenetic-algorithmgenetic-programmingdifferential-evolutionparticle-swarm-optimizationant-colony-optimizationsimulated-annealingtabu-searchvariable-neighborhood-searchiterated-local-searchgreedy-randomized-adaptive-searchscatter-searchpath-relinkingmemetic-algorithmhyper-heuristicmetaheuristiclocal-searchneighborhood-searchhill-climbingrandom-walkrandomized-searchMonte-Carlo-tree-searchupper-confidence-boundThompson-samplingmulti-armed-banditcontextual-banditreinforcement-learningpolicy-gradientactor-criticQ-learningdeep-Q-networkpolicy-iterationvalue-iterationtemporal-difference-learningSARSAexpected-SARSAdouble-Q-learningdueling-Q-networkprioritized-experience-replaydistributed-reinforcement-learningimpalaA3Casynchronous-advantage-actor-criticPPOproximal-policy-optimizationTRPOtrust-region-policy-optimizationDDPGdeep-deterministic-policy-gradientTD3twin-delayed-deep-deterministic-policy-gradientSACsoft-actor-criticmodel-based-reinforcement-learningmodel-predictive-controlguided-policy-searchimitation-learninginverse-reinforcement-learningapprenticeship-learningbehavior-cloningdataset-aggregationDAggergenerative-adversarial-imitation-learningthird-person-imitation-learningone-shot-imitation-learningmeta-reinforcement-learninghierarchical-reinforcement-learningoptionskillsubgoalintrinsic-motivationcuriosity-driven-explorationempowermentinformation-gainprediction-errornovelty-seekingdiversity-seekingmulti-agent-reinforcement-learningmean-fieldfictitious-playcorrelated-equilibriumNash-equilibriumgame-theorymechanism-designauction-theoryincentive-designsocial-choice-theoryvoting-theoryfair-divisionmatching-theorymarket-designalgorithmic-game-theorycomputational-social-choicecomputational-complexityNP-completenessNP-hardnessapproximation-algorithmapproximation-ratioinapproximabilityfixed-parameter-tractabilityparameterized-complexitykernelizationtreewidthgraph-minorforbidden-minor-characterizationwell-quasi-orderingRobertson-Seymour-theoremgraph-structure-theorembidimensionality-theorymeta-theoremCourcelle's-theoremautomata-theoryfinite-automatonpushdown-automatonTuring-machinecomputabilitydecidabilityhalting-problemRice's-theoremGödel's-incompleteness-theoremslambda-calculuscombinatory-logictype-theoryproof-theorymodel-theoryset-theoryforcinglarge-cardinalaxiom-of-choicecontinuum-hypothesisindependence-resultconsistency-strengthreverse-mathematicsconstructive-mathematicsintuitionistic-logicmodal-logictemporal-logicepistemic-logicdeontic-logicdescription-logicontologyknowledge-representationsemantic-weblinked-dataRDFSPARQLOWLknowledge-graphentity-linkingrelation-extractionevent-extractioncoreference-resolutionnamed-entity-recognitionpart-of-speech-taggingdependency-parsingconstituency-parsingsemantic-parsingnatural-language-inferencetextual-entailmentnatural-language-generationmachine-translationsummarizationquestion-answeringdialogue-systemconversational-AIchatbotvirtual-assistantspeech-recognitionspeech-synthesisspeaker-recognitionemotion-recognitionsentiment-analysisopinion-miningaspect-based-sentiment-analysistarget-dependent-sentiment-analysisstance-detectionrumor-detectionfake-news-detectionfact-checkingclaim-verificationevidence-retrievalargument-miningpersuasion-detectiondeception-detectionpersonality-predictionmental-health-detectionsuicide-preventioncrisis-interventionsocial-media-miningnetwork-analysiscommunity-detectioninfluence-maximizationinformation-diffusioncascade-modelingepidemic-modelingSEIR-modelSIR-modelagent-based-epidemic-modelcompartmental-modelnetwork-epidemic-modelmetapopulation-epidemic-modelspatial-epidemic-modelstochastic-epidemic-modelbranching-processrenewal-equationgeneration-intervalserial-intervalincubation-periodlatent-periodinfectious-periodbasic-reproduction-numbereffective-reproduction-numberherd-immunity-thresholdvaccination-coveragevaccine-efficacyvaccine-effectivenessbreakthrough-infectionwaning-immunityimmune-escapevariant-of-concernvariant-of-interestvariant-under-monitoringphylogenetic-analysismolecular-clock-analysisphylodynamicsviral-evolutionantigenic-driftantigenic-shiftzoonotic-spilloverreservoir-hostintermediate-hostamplifying-hostdead-end-hostvector-borne-diseasemosquito-borne-diseasetick-borne-diseaseflea-borne-diseaselice-borne-diseasemidge-borne-diseasesandfly-borne-diseasetsetse-borne-diseaseblackfly-borne-diseasetriatomine-borne-diseasekissing-bugChagas-diseasetrypanosomiasisleishmaniasismalariadengueyellow-feverZika-viruschikungunyaWest-Nile-virusJapanese-encephalitistick-borne-encephalitisLyme-diseaseRocky-Mountain-spotted-feverehlichiosisanaplasmosisbabesiosistularemiaplaguemurine-typhusepidemic-typhusendemic-typhusscrub-typhusQ-fevertrench-feverbartonellosiscat-scratch-diseaserat-bite-feverleptospirosisbrucellosisanthraxmelioidosisglanderstularaemiafrancisellosiscoxiellosisrickettsiosisorientia-infectionehrlichiosisneoehrlichiosisneorickettsiosisanaplasmataceaerickettsiaceaecoxiellaceaebartonellaceaebrucellaceaefrancisellaceaepasteurellaceaelegionellaceaechlamydiaceaemycoplasmataceaeureaplasmataceaespiroplasmataceaeachaenoplasmataceaeentomoplasmataceaehaloplasmataceaetenericutesmollicutesbacteroidetesfusobacteriaspirochaetessynergistetesdeferribacteresthermotogaeaquificaecaldisericacaldithrixdeferrisomadesulfurobacteriumthermovibriothermocrinishydrogenobactersulfurihydrogenibiumpersephonellahydrogenobaculumhydrothermusthermothrixsulfuricurvumsulfurimonassulfurovumthiovulumthiomicrospirapseudomonasvibrioaeromonasphotobacteriumaliivibriogracilibacillushalobacillushalomonaschromohalobactercobetiasalinicolakushneriahalotaleahalovibriosalinivibriothioalkalivibriothiohalophilusectothiorhodospirahalorhodospirathiorhodospirahalochromatiumthioflavicoccusmarichromatiumthiocapsalamprocystisthiodictyonthiopediaamoebobacterthiocystischromatiumallo-chromatiumthermochromatiumrhabdochromatiumthiobacathiohalocapsahalocapsathiolamprovumthioplocathiomargaritabeggiatoamethylococcusmethylomonasmethylomicrobiummethylosinusmethylocystismethylocellamethylocapsamethylacidiphilumverrucomicrobiaplanctomyceteschlamydiaelentisphaeraekiritimatiellaeotacalditrichaeotafervidibacteria