Glacial-relict
Guides
Boloria chariclea
Arctic fritillary, purplish fritillary
Boloria chariclea is a Holarctic butterfly in the family Nymphalidae, known as the Arctic fritillary or purplish fritillary. It inhabits cold northern environments including tundra, taiga, alpine meadows, and acid bogs. The species exhibits a two-year life cycle in some populations, with larvae hibernating during first and second winters. Multiple subspecies are recognized across its broad range, including the endemic B. c. montinus isolated in the White Mountains of New Hampshire for approximately 9,000 years.
Boloria chariclea montinus
White Mountain Fritillary
The White Mountain Fritillary is a critically imperiled subspecies endemic to the alpine zone of the Presidential Range in New Hampshire's White Mountains. A glacial relict isolated for approximately 9,000 years, it represents one of the rarest butterfly populations in eastern North America. Systematic point-count surveys in 2012-2013 found highest densities in herbaceous-snowbank plant communities, though the more widespread heath-shrub-rush community likely supports the majority of adults. The subspecies is easily alarmed by human approach and exhibits variable detectability depending on weather conditions.
Cricotopus
non-biting midges
Cricotopus is a large and diverse genus of non-biting midges in the family Chironomidae, subfamily Orthocladiinae. Species occupy a wide range of freshwater and estuarine habitats globally, from pristine glacial streams to degraded urban waterways. Some species are specialized stem miners of aquatic plants, including C. lebetis which targets invasive hydrilla. The genus includes species with documented mutualistic relationships with cyanobacteria (Nostoc), as well as species used in biomonitoring and ecotoxicological research.
Crumomyia
Crumomyia is a genus of small flies in the family Sphaeroceridae, commonly known as lesser dung flies. Species in this genus have been documented from caves in Europe, including a troglophilous population in the Czech Republic that shows morphological adaptations to subterranean life. The genus is distributed across northern and central Europe, with records from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Dahlica triquetrella
Narrow Lichen Bagworm, Narrow Lichen Case-bearer
Dahlica triquetrella is a small bagworm moth in the family Psychidae, notable for its distinctive triangular larval case and unusual reproductive biology. The species exists in both sexual and parthenogenetic forms, with the latter being far more widespread. Sexual populations are restricted to isolated glacial refugia in Central Europe, while parthenogenetic populations span much of Europe and have been introduced to North America. The species is specialized on lichen-feeding and is often overlooked due to the small size and cryptic appearance of its larval cases.
Euproserpinus euterpe
Kern primrose sphinx moth, euterpe sphinx moth
Euproserpinus euterpe is a small, day-flying sphinx moth endemic to California and federally listed as threatened. Adults are active from mid-January to early April, with peak activity in February and March. The species has a highly restricted, disjunct distribution limited to two known locations in Kern and San Luis Obispo counties. Larvae are specialized feeders on evening primrose (Camissonia species), while adults nectar on diverse regional wildflowers. Population abundance fluctuates dramatically with climatic conditions, particularly rainfall.
federally-threatenedendemicdiurnalspecialist-herbivoreglacial-relictCalifornia-endemicevening-primrose-feedersandy-soil-pupationpopulation-fluctuationconservation-concerninsect-collecting-threathabitat-specialistdisjunct-distributionlate-winter-emergencemorning-eclosionagricultural-disturbance-toleranceBureau-of-Land-Managementrecovery-plan-speciespresumed-extinct-rediscoveryclimate-sensitive-population-dynamicsLycaena
Lycaena butterflies, copper butterflies
Lycaena is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae with a primarily Holarctic distribution. The genus encompasses numerous species commonly known as coppers, many of which have been subject to taxonomic revision with former independent genera now subsumed within it. Species in this genus serve as important indicators for grassland and wetland ecosystem health, with some members such as Lycaena phlaeas showing resilience to environmental change while others face significant population declines.
Lyonetia
Lyonetia is a genus of moths in the family Lyonetiidae. Species in this genus are leaf miners, with larvae that feed internally between the upper and lower epidermis of leaves. The genus includes species with broad geographic distributions across northern Europe, northern Asia, and North America. One species, Lyonetia ledi, has been documented as a glacial relict population in the Swiss Alps, where it has shifted to feeding on the toxic alpine rose (Rhododendron ferrugineum).
Melanoplus borealis
Northern Spur-throat Grasshopper, Northern Grasshopper
Melanoplus borealis is a spur-throated grasshopper in the family Acrididae, distributed across North America from Alaska to the Great Plains. It inhabits moist, open habitats including swamps, wet bogs, and mountain meadows. The species exhibits a late-hatching seasonal cycle, with eggs overwintering and hatching in mid-June. It is primarily a forb feeder, though capable of surviving on grasses under laboratory conditions. Populations are typically small even in suitable habitats. In Nebraska, it is recognized as a glacial relict that remained undetected for over a century before its rediscovery in 2007.
Parnassiinae
snow Apollos, Parnassians
Parnassiinae is a subfamily of swallowtail butterflies (Papilionidae) comprising approximately 50 medium-sized species. Members are predominantly white or yellow in coloration and are strongly associated with high-altitude mountain habitats across the Northern Hemisphere. The subfamily is divided into three tribes: Luehdorfiini, Parnassiini, and Zerynthiini. Phylogenetic studies indicate the group originated in the late Paleocene (ca. 57 Ma) in the Western Palearctic and Western Asia, with subsequent diversification and dispersal to Central Asia, the Himalayas, and North America.
Pterostichus adstrictus
Upland Blackclock
Pterostichus adstrictus is a cold-adapted ground beetle with a Holarctic-circumpolar distribution, occurring across subarctic and alpine regions of North America and Eurasia. In North America it ranges from the Bering Sea coast to Newfoundland and south to Pennsylvania, Indiana, South Dakota, New Mexico, and California's Sierra Nevada. European populations were historically known only from northern peripheries (Northern Ireland, Wales, Scandinavia) until discovery in the Austrian Alps, representing a glacial relict with arctic-alpine distribution. The species exhibits stenotopic habitat specificity and has been observed to form locally dense populations despite restricted geographic occurrence.
Saduria entomon
Saduria entomon is a large benthic isopod crustacean and one of the largest crustaceans in the Baltic Sea, reaching nearly 9 cm in length. It is distributed across Arctic and northern Pacific coasts, the brackish Baltic Sea (where it is a glacial relict), several North European lakes, and has been introduced to the Black Sea. The species is sexually dimorphic with males growing larger and maturing at larger sizes than females. It functions primarily as a predator and scavenger, with documented cannibalism and feeding on other benthic invertebrates.
Stictocephala stimulea
Stictocephala stimulea is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, first described by Van Duzee in 1914. Treehoppers in this genus are characterized by their enlarged, often ornate pronotum that extends over the body like a helmet or thorn. The specific epithet 'stimulea' suggests possible resemblance to or association with stinging organisms, though this refers to appearance rather than actual sting. Like other membracids, this species likely feeds on plant phloem sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.
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viral-evolutionantigenic-driftantigenic-shiftzoonotic-spilloverreservoir-hostintermediate-hostamplifying-hostdead-end-hostvector-borne-diseasemosquito-borne-diseasetick-borne-diseaseflea-borne-diseaselice-borne-diseasemidge-borne-diseasesandfly-borne-diseasetsetse-borne-diseaseblackfly-borne-diseasetriatomine-borne-diseasekissing-bugChagas-diseasetrypanosomiasisleishmaniasismalariadengueyellow-feverZika-viruschikungunyaWest-Nile-virusJapanese-encephalitistick-borne-encephalitisLyme-diseaseRocky-Mountain-spotted-feverehlichiosisanaplasmosisbabesiosistularemiaplaguemurine-typhusepidemic-typhusendemic-typhusscrub-typhusQ-fevertrench-feverbartonellosiscat-scratch-diseaserat-bite-feverleptospirosisbrucellosisanthraxmelioidosisglanderstularaemiafrancisellosiscoxiellosisrickettsiosisorientia-infectionehrlichiosisneoehrlichiosisneorickettsiosisanaplasmataceaerickettsiaceaecoxiellaceaebartonellaceaebrucellaceaefrancisellaceaepasteurellaceaelegionellaceaechlamydiaceaemycoplasmataceaeureaplasmataceaespiroplasmataceaeachaenoplasmataceaeentomoplasmataceaehaloplasmataceaetenericutesmollicutesbacteroidetesfusobacteriaspirochaetessynergistetesdeferribacteresthermotogaeaquificaecaldisericacaldithrixdeferrisomadesulfurobacteriumthermovibriothermocrinishydrogenobactersulfurihydrogenibiumpersephonellahydrogenobaculumhydrothermusthermothrixsulfuricurvumsulfurimonassulfurovumthiovulumthiomicrospirapseudomonasvibrioaeromonasphotobacteriumaliivibriogracilibacillushalobacillushalomonaschromohalobactercobetiasalinicolakushneriahalotaleahalovibriosalinivibriothioalkalivibriothiohalophilusectothiorhodospirahalorhodospirathiorhodospirahalochromatiumthioflavicoccusmarichromatiumthiocapsalamprocystisthiodictyonthiopediaamoebobacterthiocystischromatiumallo-chromatiumthermochromatiumrhabdochromatiumthiobacathiohalocapsahalocapsathiolamprovumthioplocathiomargaritabeggiatoamethylococcusmethylomonasmethylomicrobiummethylosinusmethylocystismethylocellamethylocapsamethylacidiphilumverrucomicrobiaplanctomyceteschlamydiaelentisphaeraekiritimatiellaeotacalditrichaeotafervidibacteriaTemoridae
Temoridae is a family of calanoid copepods established by Giesbrecht in 1893. The family includes seven genera: Epischura, Epischurella, Eurytemora, Ganchosia, Heterocope, Lahmeyeria, and Temora. Members inhabit diverse aquatic environments ranging from freshwater lakes to brackish estuaries and marine coastal waters. The genus Eurytemora has been extensively studied due to its species complex containing cryptic species with significant genetic and morphological heterogeneity.
Thricops diaphanus
Thricops diaphanus is a muscid fly species with a Palearctic distribution spanning Europe and Asia. Populations in central Japan exhibit a univoltine life cycle with seasonal changes in vertical microdistribution within subalpine coniferous forests, contrasting with multivoltine populations in Europe. The species has been interpreted as a glacial relict in Japanese highlands due to its lack of seasonal migration between elevations.