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Aulogymnus
Aulogymnus is a genus of chalcidoid wasps in the family Eulophidae, first described by Förster in 1851. Members of this genus are small parasitoid wasps, part of a diverse family that primarily parasitizes other insects. The genus has been recorded from Europe and Asia. Specific biological details for the genus as a whole remain poorly documented in accessible literature.
parasitoid Eulophidae Chalcidoidea Hymenoptera Palearctic wasps insects arthropods entomology taxonomy Förster-1851 Denmark Spain Tibet China Europe Asia minute-wasps chalcid-wasps Eulophinae Terebrantes Apocrita Hexapoda Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Aulogymnus small-wasps tiny-wasps parasitic-wasps biological-control insect-parasitoids systematics morphology identification keys Nearctic Oriental Xizang citizen-science iNaturalist observations records distribution Förster 1851 genus accepted valid synonymy chalcidoid chalcid chalcids eulophid eulophids eulophid-wasps eulophines parasitoid-wasps parasitic-Hymenoptera biological-control-agents insect-diversity biodiversity fauna entomological hymenopteran arthropod hexapod hexapods pterygote pterygotes endopterygote endopterygotes holometabolous holometabola tiny-insects minute-insects small-insects microhymenoptera micro-wasps micro-parasitoids micro-chalcids micro-eulophids wing-venation antennae thorax diagnostic-characters taxonomic-keys identification-keys generic-keys Nearctic-fauna European-fauna Asian-fauna Tibetan-fauna Spanish-fauna Danish-fauna poorly-known data-deficient understudied cryptic-diversity host-unknown biology-unknown life-history-unknown ecology-unknown distribution-records occurrence-records specimen-records museum-records database-records GBIF Catalogue-of-Life NCBI Wikipedia Universal-Chalcidoidea-Database Key-to-Nearctic-eulophid-genera literature sources references citations bibliography original-description type-species type-locality nomenclature systematic-entomology hymenopterology chalcidology parasitology biological-control-research integrated-pest-management IPM agricultural-entomology forest-entomology medical-entomology veterinary-entomology urban-entomology conservation-entomology insect-ecology community-ecology population-ecology behavioral-ecology evolutionary-ecology phylogenetics phylogeny molecular-systematics DNA-barcoding taxonomy-and-phylogeny classification biodiversity-informatics biogeography historical-biogeography phylogeography dispersal vicariance speciation diversification evolution adaptation natural-selection sexual-selection life-history-evolution host-parasitoid-interactions coevolution tritrophic-interactions food-webs ecosystem-services natural-enemies biocontrol augmentative-biological-control classical-biological-control conservation-biological-control invasive-species-management pest-management sustainable-agriculture organic-farming agroecology ecosystem-health environmental-monitoring bioindicators indicator-species climate-change global-change habitat-loss fragmentation conservation-status IUCN red-list not-evaluated research-needs knowledge-gaps future-research priorities specimen-collection vouchering museum-collections natural-history-collections digitization data-sharing open-science FAIR-principles citizen-science-contributions community-science public-engagement science-communication education outreach natural-history insect-watching wasp-watching nature-observation biodiversity-appreciation
Dielis tolteca
Toltec scoliid wasp
Dielis tolteca is a species of scoliid wasp native to western North America and Mesoamerica. The species is known to parasitize scarab beetle grubs, with females hunting underground hosts to provision their offspring. Adults have been observed feeding on flowering plants, particularly mustards (Brassicaceae) and goldenrods (Solidago). The species has been documented in McInnis Canyons National Conservation Area in western Colorado, where it is active as a spring-emerging species.
scoliid-wasp parasitoid scarab-beetle western-Colorado McInnis-Canyons spring-emergence Solidago mustards biological-control Hymenoptera Scoliidae Dielis Campsomerini biodiversity-survey integrated-pest-management melissa-schreiner extension-entomology saussure-1857 toltec-scoliid-wasp riparian Colorado-River flower-visitor nectar-feeding solitary-wasp ground-nesting-parasitoid scarab-grub-parasitoid aculeate apocrita aculeata campsomerinae western-North-America Nearctic Neotropical Mesoamerica Arizona Baja-California Sonora underground-host-hunter external-parasitoid larval-provisioning spring-active insect-biodiversity rare-ecosystem-survey natural-heritage-survey CSU-extension Colorado-State-University agricultural-pest-management tree-fruit wine-grapes row-crops invasive-species-monitoring Japanese-beetle Popillia-japonica corn-earworm Helicoverpa-zea IPM pest-monitoring moth-trapping B3-allele-testing citizen-science Department-of-Agriculture-trapping targeted-larval-treatments 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Dr.-Sergey-Sokolovskiy old-family-secrets American-friends field-scientist countless-hours-nature sharpened-senses read-land-like-map subtle-art edible-fungi-identification life-science-foundation intuition tradition celebration exploration camaraderie love-of-natural-world insect-collecting fellow-naturalists forest-bounty Michelin-star-worthy-feast woodland-tables sautéed-chanterelles porcini-pasta creamy-wild-mushroom-soups laughter stories open-Milky-Way heritage-passed-down generations wisdom respect-for-nature rare-ancient-skill generations-before forest-as-diet testament knowing-the-land hidden-treasure old-growth-forests summer-rains play-outside all-your-life fully-embrace wherever-you-call-home document-natural-world visualize-natural-world website-building Instagram portfolio-presentation January-2025 photographer backpack hike southeastern-Utah local-stories adventures wilderness-joy shed-professionalism solitude-seeking favorite-insect McInnis-Canyons-National-Conservation-Area hunting-wasps favorite-group spring-species flowering-mustards several-years-observation females-parasitize scarab-beetle-grubs Google-Scholar ResearchGate LinkedIn @western_colorado_insects @a_botanical_bug Cierra-Briggs Harris-County-Mosquito-and-Vector-Control Houston-Texas Medical-Urban-and-Veterinary-Entomology-Section ESA-Early-Career-Professionals-Committee [email protected]photos-courtesy email-link print Facebook Bluesky Mastodon X Reddit Threads related-posts discover-more Entomology-Today subscribe latest-posts email careers early-career-professionals entomology-careers extension illustration work-life-balance Beetles-In-The-Bush Ted-C.-MacRae Art-Evans What's-Bugging-You photograph 10-years-ago difficult-challenge guesses identity location past-months digging key-to-identity order-gimme 2-points family-difficult 4-points taxonomic-changes-hint genus-challenge 6-points online-resources species-name-impossible short-list 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no-mandible-enlargement ovipositor-not-long couplet-5 no-large-ovipositor male smooth-face not-Bochus Onosandridus key Review-of-southern-African-Anostostomatidae Brettschneider hind-femur-never-armed spines-hooks males-no-head-modification Sam-Heads Orthoptera-expert Illinois-Natural-History-Survey Anostostomatidae genus-Onosandridus-Péringuey two-impressive-spines inner-surface-protibia Bochus-characteristic head-face-tuberculate former-genus specimen-clearly-not Heath Jason correct-genus Heath-first points Peter Chris final-standings Ziad-Khouri Zeroing-in-on-Mammoth-Wasps Scoliid-Wasps Bug-Squad UC-Davis-doctoral-candidate Lynn-Kimsey major-professor distinguished-professor seminar UC-Davis-Department-of-Entomology-and-Nematology Wednesday-March-30 spring-quarter-seminars 4:10-p.m.Pacific-Daylight-Time 122-Briggs-Hall Zoom unique-work modern-systematic-treatment genus-species-level-taxonomy-mess modern-classical-techniques taxonomic-order evolution-discovered Bohart-Museum eight-million-insect-specimens 2300-mammoth-wasp-specimens Americas Korea two-parts Evolutionary-History-of-Mammoth-Wasps Comparing-Power-of-Data-Based-Phylogenetic-Posterior-Predictive-Checks Cucleotide-Amino-Acid-Data abstracts Part-1 aculeate-insects larvae-parasitoids scarabaeid-beetle-grubs biological-control-agents group-evolution stability-taxonomy reliable-phylogenies-limited ultraconserved-element-UCE-data concatenation multispecies-coalescent phylogeny-Scoliidae mitigate-model-misspecification data-filtering-experiments posterior-predictive-checks matched-pairs-tests-symmetry Proscolia-sister all-other-extant-scoliids strong-support sister-group-relationship campsomerine-genus-Colpa Scoliini Campsomerini-non-monophyletic Campsomerini-sensu-stricto monophyletic Australasian-genus-Trisciloa sister-remaining-members sampled-genera-non-monophyletic Campsomeriella Megascolia Scolia fossil-data Early-Cretaceous-origin crown-Scoliidae split-Scoliini-Colpa Campsomerini-s.s.Late-Cretaceous posterior-means crown-ages Paleogene age-95%-HPD-intervals K-Pg-boundary fossils-less-certain-placement older-ages stem-ages Nearctic-scoliid-clades Beringia-dispersal Oligocene-later-Eocene foundation-future-research scoliid-wasp-evolution-biogeography first-genome-scale-data model-based-methods precision-dating-analyses paucity-well-preserved-fossils reliably-attributable crown-group higher-level-taxonomy-dire-need-revision taxonomic-changes-predicated datasets-extend-geographic-taxonomic-sampling Part-II phylogenetic-inference exonic-DNA-sequences multiple-codings nucleotides amino-acids codons empirical-studies data-type-choice model-choice less-expected-violation inaccurate-inference assessing-phylogenetic-model-adequacy inference-reliability-indication simulation-based-approach detect-model-inadequacy phylogenetic-posterior-prediction data-coding-variation simulated-data-multiple-models codon-models process-heterogeneity-lineages selection-heterogeneity-sites codon-usage-selection inference-posterior-predictive-checks nucleotide-amino-acid-models GTR-family significant-differences amino-acid-nucleotide-treatments detect-model-violation magnitude-error-estimate-interest-similar corroborate-other-studies tree-length-estimation-error topology-reconstruction-error not-always-correlated amino-acid-models more-accurate-topologies tree-length-errors-greater nucleotide-models branch-heterogeneous-codon-models magnitude-direction data-coding-dependence data-generating-process-properties posterior-predictive-checks-data-filtering practical-effect-size-thresholds low-inference-reliability established-separately amino-acid-nucleotide-data caution-advised careful-model-selection data-coding-careful-selection accurate-tree-length-inference-important 2012-graduate-program doctorate-entomology dissertation-research phylogenetics-evolution-taxonomy-Scolliidae bachelor's-degree-biology 2012 Notre-Dame-University-Louaize-NDU undergraduate-research bee-pollinator-identification American-University-Beirut genetic-diversity-assessment Spartium-junceum-populations Spanish-broom rush-broom weaver's-broom insect-collection-establishment NDU-specimen-collection UC-Davis-team national-Linnaean-Games 2015-Entomological-Society-of-America-meeting Entomology-Games University-of-Florida 32-year-history-first-win video Bohart-Museum-location Room-1124-Academic-Surge-Building Crocker-Lane currently-closed-public live-petting-zoo Madagascar-hissing-cockroaches stick-insects tarantulas insect-themed-gift-shop online Shahid-Siddique assistant-professor seminar-coordinator Zoom-technical-issues [email protected]seminar-list Trisciloa-saussurei New-Guinea-native Bohart-Museum-specimen Bug-Eric Wasp-Wednesday Campsomeris December-22-2010 mystery-wasp December email-friend species-recorded-recently-Arizona Mexican-border Sabino-Canyon-Recreation-Area Fred-Heath outstanding-naturalist 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United-States Bradley-1828 Hurd-1952 Porter-1981 MacKay-1987 iNaturalist-taxon 2987-observations preferred-common-name Wikipedia-summary Solidago-plants iNaturalist-taxonomy Grasshoppers-of-Colorado Grasshoppers-of-Wyoming-and-the-West Entomology grasshopper-names genus-species common-scientific species-genus abdominalis-Chloealtis admirabilis-Syrbula agrestis-Trimerotropis alba-Hypochlora alpinus-Ceuthophilus alpinus-Melanoplus alutacea-Schistocerca angustipennis-Melanoplus apiculata-Pardalophora argentinus-Oecanthus arizonae-Melanoplus aspera-Trachyrhachys bicolor-Dactylotum bispinosus-Melanoplus bivittata-Mermiria bivittatus-Melanoplus bolli-Spharagemon borealis-Melanoplus bowditchi-Melanoplus brachyptera-Pseudopomala brevipes-Daihnia bruneri-Melanoplus brunneus-Stenobothrus californica-Trimerotropis californicus-Oecanthus campestris-Trimerotropis capito-Hippopedon carlinianus-Circotettix carolina-Dissosteira chenopodii-Aeoloplides cincta-Trimerotropis citrina-Trimerotropis clavatus-Aeropedellus collare-Spharagemon coloradus-Amphitornus complanatipes-Melanoplus confusus-Melanoplus conspersa-Arphia conspersa-Chloealtis corallipes-Xanthippus coronata-Trachyrhachys crenulata-Cordillacris curtipennis-Chorthippus cyaneipennis-Trimerotropis cyaneus-Leprus dawsonii-Melanoplus delicatula-Psoloessa deorum-Ageneotettix differentialis-Melanoplus discolor-Melanoplus dodgei-Melanoplus elliotti-Aulocara enigma-Oedaloenotus equale-Spharagemon fasciatus-Melanoplus femoratum-Aulocara femurrubrum-Melanoplus flavidus-Melanoplus foedus-Melanoplus fontana-Trimerotropis formosus-Tropidolophus fratercula-Trimerotropis fusiformis-Ceuthophilus gladstoni-Melanoplus glaucipes-Melanoplus gracile-Stethophyma gracilis-Trimerotropis haldemanii-Pardalophora haydeni-Derotmema hirtipes-Acrolophitus humile-Spharagemon inconspicua-Trimerotropis infantilis-Melanoplus keeleri-Melanoplus kennicotti-Melanoplus kiowa-Trachyrhachys lakinus-Melanoplus latifasciata-Trimerotropis longipennis-Dissosteira magna-Brachystola magnifica-Trimerotropis melanoptera-Trimerotropis montanus-Xanthippus montezuma-Syrbula nebrascensis-Phoetaliotes neglectus-Cratypedes nevadensis-Acrolophitus niveus-Oecanthus nubilum-Boopedon obscura-Opeia occidentalis-Melanoplus occipitalis-Cordillacris ocelote-Hippiscus olivacea-Campylacantha oregonensis-Melanoplus packardii-Melanoplus pallidipennis-Trimerotropis pardalinus-Metator parviceps-Cibolacris pelidna-Orphulella pellucida-Camnula picta-Mermiria pistrinaria-Trimerotropis plattei-Mestobregma ponderosus-Melanoplus pseudonietana-Arphia quadrimaculatum-Phlibostroma quadripunctatus-Oecanthus rabula-Circotettix regalis-Melanoplus robusta-Udeopsylla robustus-Leprus rufa-Heliaula sanguinipes-Melanoplus simplex-Anabrus simplex-Arphia simplex-Eritettix sordidus-Encoptolophus sparsa-Trimerotropis speciosa-Orphulella speciosus-Hesperotettix splendidus-Melanoplus spretus-Melanoplus spurcata-Dissosteira subgracilis-Encoptolophus sulcifrons-Conozoa tenuipennis-Aeoloplides texana-Conozoa texana-Mermiria texana-Psoloessa tolteca-Trimerotropis trifasciatus-Hadrotettix tristis-Melanoplus turnbulli-Aeoloplides utahensis-Ceuthophilus verruculatus-Trimerotropis virgata-Paropomala viridifasciata-Chortophaga viridis-Hesperotettix wyomingensis-Paropomala xanthoptera-Arphia yarrowii-Melanoplus not-true-grasshoppers Acrididae discussed-manual confused-with-grasshoppers top-of-page back-to-contents navigation-main-page learn-more biology distribution-maps fact-sheets key-to-stages grasshopper-development grasshopper-names-common-scientific grasshopper-names-species-genus grasshopper-names-genus-species Acrolophitus-hirtipes Acrolophitus-nevadensis Aeoloplides-chenopodii Aeoloplides-tenuipennis Aeoloplides-tumbulli Aeropedellus-clavatus Ageneotettix-deorum Amphitomus-coloradus Anabrus-simplex Arphia-conspersa Arphia-pseudonietana Arphia-simplex Arphia-xanthoptera Aulocara-elliotti Aulocara-femoratum Boopedon-nubilum Brachystola-magna Camnula-pellucida Campylacantha-olivacea Ceuthophilus-alpinus Ceuthophilus-fusiformis Ceuthophilus-utahensis Chloealtis-abdominalis Chloealtis-conspersa Chorthippus-curtipennis Chortophaga-viridifasciata Cibolacris-parviceps Circotettix-carlinianus Circotettix-rabula Conozoa-suicifrons Conozoa-texana Cordillacris-crenulata Cordillacris-occipitalis Cratypedes-neglectus Dactylotum-bicolor Daihnia-brevipes Derotmema-haydeni Dissosteira-carolina Dissosteira-longipennis Dissosteira-spurcata Encoptolophus-sordidus Encoptolophus-subgracilis Eritettix-simplex Gryllus-spp Hadrotettix-trifasciatus Heliaula-rufa Hesperotettix-speciosus Hesperotettix-viridis Hippiscus-ocelote Hippopedon-capito Hypochlora-alba Leprus-cyaneus Leprus-robustus Melanoplus-alpinus Melanoplus-angustipennis Melanoplus-arizonae Melanoplus-bispinosus Melanoplus-bivittatus Melanoplus-borealis Melanoplus-bowditchi Melanoplus-bruneri Melanoplus-complanatipes Melanoplus-confusus Melanoplus-dawsonii Melanoplus-differentialis Melanoplus-discolor Melanoplus-dodgei Melanoplus-fasciatus Melanoplus-femurrubrum Melanoplus-flavidus Melanoplus-foedus Melanoplus-gladstoni Melanoplus-glaucipes Melanoplus-infantilis Melanoplus-keeleri Melanoplus-kennicotti Melanoplus-lakinus Melanoplus-occidentalis Melanoplus-oregonensis Melanoplus-packardii Melanoplus-ponderosus Melanoplus-regalis Melanoplus-sanguinipes Melanoplus-splendidus Melanoplus-spretus Melanoplus-tristis Melanoplus-yarrowii Mermiria-bivittata Mermiria-picta Mermiria-texana Mestobregma-plattei Metator-pardalinus Oecanthus-argentinus Oecanthus-californicus Oecanthus-niveus Oecanthus-quadripunctatus Oedaloenotus-enigma Opeia-obscura Orphulella-pelidna Orphulella-speciosa Pardalophora-apiculata Pardalophora-haidemanii Paropomala-virgata Paropomala-wyomingensis Phlibostroma-quadrimaculatum Phoetaliotes-nebrascensis Pseudopomala-brachyptera Psoloessa-delicatula Psoloessa-texana Schistocerca-alutacea Spharagemon-bolli Spharagemon-collare Spharagemon-equale Spharagemon-humile Stenobothrus-brunneus Stethophyma-gracile Syrbula-admirabilis Syrbula-montezuma Trachyrhachys-aspera Trachyrhachys-coronata Trachyrhachys-kiowa Trimerotropis-agrestis Trimerotropis-californica Trimerotropis-campestris Trimerotropis-cincta Trimerotropis-citrina Trimerotropis-cyaneipennis Trimerotropis-fontana Trimerotropis-fratercula Trimerotropis-gracilis Trimerotropis-inconspicua Trimerotropis-latifasciata Trimerotropis-magnifica Trimerotropis-melanoptera Trimerotropis-pallidipennis Trimerotropis-pistrinaria Trimerotropis-sparsa Trimerotropis-tolteca Trimerotropis-verruculatus Tropidolophus-formosus Udeopsylla-robusta Xanthippus-corallipes Xanthippus-montanus true-grasshoppers Acrididae-discussed manual-confused grasshoppers-top page-back contents-navigation main-page learn-more-biology distribution-maps-fact sheets-key stages-grasshopper development-grasshoppers Colorado-grasshoppers Wyoming-West Entomology-GRASSHOPPERS COLORADO-GRASSHOPPER NAMES-GENUS SPECIES-GRASSHOPPER NAMES-COMMON SCIENTIFIC-GRASSHOPPER NAMES-SPECIES GENUS-abdominalis Chloealtis-Thomas Uhler-agrestis Trimerotropis-McNeill Dodge-alpinus Ceuthophilus-Scudder Scudder-alutacea Schistocerca-Scudder Dodge-apiculata Pardalophora-Harris Saussure-arizonae Melanoplus-Scudder Scudder-bicolor Dactylotum-Thomas Scudder-bivittata Mermiria-Serville Say-bolli Spharagemon-Morse Fieber-bowditchi Scudder-brevipes Daihnia-Haldeman Scudder-brunneus Stenobothrus-Thomas Bruner-californicus Oecanthus-Saussure McNeill-capito Hippopedon-Stal Thomas-carolina Dissosteira-L Bruner-cincta Trimerotropis-Thomas Scudder-clavatus Aeropedellus-Thomas Scudder-coloradus Amphitornus-Thomas Scudder-confusus Scudder-conspersa Chloealtis-Harris Haldeman-coronata Trachyrhachys-Scudder Bruner-curtipennis Chorthippus-Harris Bruner-cyaneus Leprus-Cockerell Scudder-delicatula Psoloessa-Scudder Scudder-differentialis Melanoplus-Thomas Scudder-dodgei Thomas-enigma Oedaloenotus-Scudder Say-fasciatus Melanoplus-F-Walker Scudder-femurrubrum Melanoplus-DeGeer Scudder-foedus Thomas-formosus Tropidolophus-Say McNeill-fusiformis Scudder-glaucipes Scudder-gracilis Scudder-haydeni Derotmema-Thomas Say-humile Bruner-infantilis Thomas-kennicotti Thomas-lakinus Scudder-longipennis Dissosteira-Thomas Girard-magnifica Trimerotropis-Rehn McNeill-montanus Xanthippus-Thomas Saussure-nebrascensis Phoetaliotes-Thomas Thomas-nevadensis Acrolophitus-Thomas DeGeer-nubilum Boopedon-Say Thomas-occidentalis Thomas-ocelote Hippiscus-Saussure Scudder-oregonensis Scudder-pallidipennis Trimerotropis-Burmeister Saussure-parviceps Cibolacris-Bruner Burmeister-pellucida Camnula-Scudder Walker-pistrinaria Trimerotropis-Saussure Thomas-ponderosus Thomas-quadrimaculatum Phlibostroma-Thomas Beutenmuller-rabula Circotettix-Rehn Hebard-regales Melanoplus-Dodge Haldeman-robustus Leprus-Hebard Scudder-sanguinipes Melanoplus-Fabricius Haldeman-simplex Arphia-Scudder Scudder-sordidus Encoptolophus-Burmeister Thomas-speciosa Orphulella-Scudder Scudder-splendidus Melanoplus-Hebard Walsh-spurcata Dissosteira-Saussure Caudell-sulcifrons Conozoa-Scudder Scudder-texana Conozoa-Bruner Bruner-texana Brunner-trifasciatus Hadrotettix-Say Bruner-turnbulli Aeoloplides-Caudell Thomas-verruculatus Trimerotropis-Scudder Scudder-viridifasciata Chortophaga-DeGeer Scudder-wyomingensis Paropomala-Thomas Burmeister-yarrowii species-not-true grasshoppers-Acrididae discussed-manual-because top-of-the page-back-to Contents-Navigation-Main Page-Grasshoppers-of Colorado-LEARN-MORE Biology-Distribution-Maps Fact-Sheets-Key to-Stages-of Grasshopper-Development-Biology Distribution-Maps-LEARN MORE-Distribution-Maps Fact-Sheets-LEARN MORE-Grasshoppers-of Colorado-Fact-Sheets of-Grasshopper-Development LEARN-MORE-Grasshoppers
Exenterus amictorius
Exenterus amictorius is an ichneumonid parasitoid wasp introduced to North America that attacks sawfly larvae (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), particularly during the pre-spinning eonymph stage. The species exhibits adaptive host discrimination behavior that changes during the host's spinning period, lacks discrimination initially but rapidly acquires and maintains this ability. It shows strong positive density-dependent responses to host abundance and has established successfully on multiple diprionid hosts across North America. In multiparasitism situations with the native E. diprionis, E. amictorius consistently survives due to faster larval development.
parasitoid biological-control sawfly-parasite introduced-species forest-entomology Ichneumonidae Diprionidae host-discrimination density-dependent-response multiparasitism competitive-displacement jack-pine pine-sawfly Quebec Ontario Europe North-America koinobiont idiobiont oviposition-behavior adaptive-behavior learning egg-complement Morisita's-Index power-function sex-ratio-bias seasonal-emergence invasive-species-success population-regulation host-switching establishment spread dominance competition exclusion phenology temporal-partitioning spatial-distribution aggregation functional-response numerical-response discrimination-learning associative-learning reproductive-strategy life-history development-rate survival interspecific-competition community-ecology species-interactions trophic-cascade ecosystem-service natural-enemy pest-management integrated-pest-management silviculture forest-health coniferous-forest boreal-forest temperate-forest pine-forest habitat-specificity host-specificity host-range-expansion biogeography colonization invasion-biology establishment-success population-dynamics density-dependence spatial-heterogeneity temporal-heterogeneity behavioral-plasticity phenotypic-plasticity memory decision-making foraging-behavior oviposition-strategy reproductive-allocation sex-allocation local-mate-competition fitness development emergence overwintering diapause voltinism univoltine partially-bivoltine seasonality synchrony asynchrony host-parasitoid-interactions biological-control-efficacy non-target-effects environmental-risk beneficial-insect conservation-biological-control augmentative-biological-control classical-biological-control introduced-natural-enemy exotic-species non-native-species invasive-species range-expansion distribution occurrence abundance population-density sampling monitoring survey inventory phylogeography molecular-ecology systematics taxonomy identification morphology anatomy behavior ecology reproduction ecosystem-ecology landscape-ecology conservation-ecology restoration-ecology applied-ecology forest-ecology insect-ecology parasitoid-ecology behavioral-ecology evolutionary-ecology functional-ecology trait-based-ecology mechanistic-ecology predictive-ecology quantitative-ecology statistical-ecology mathematical-ecology theoretical-ecology computational-ecology modeling simulation forecasting scenario-analysis risk-assessment decision-support policy management governance stakeholder-engagement knowledge-exchange science-communication education outreach citizen-science bioblitz iNaturalist GBIF biodiversity-informatics data-sharing open-science reproducible-research transparency accountability integrity ethics responsible-conduct sustainability resilience adaptation mitigation climate-change global-change anthropocene biodiversity-crisis extinction conservation restoration rewilding ecosystem-management adaptive-management evidence-based-management precision-conservation smart-conservation digital-conservation technological-innovation artificial-intelligence machine-learning deep-learning computer-vision remote-sensing satellite-imagery drone unmanned-aerial-vehicle sensor-network internet-of-things big-data data-science analytics visualization communication storytelling narrative framing engagement impact outcome evaluation assessment reporting verification certification standard protocol guideline best-practice lesson-learned case-study success-story failure challenge opportunity future-direction research-priority knowledge-gap hypothesis theory conceptual-framework methodological-approach study-design experimental-design sampling-design statistical-analysis inference uncertainty confidence robustness sensitivity validation calibration benchmarking comparison meta-analysis systematic-review evidence-synthesis knowledge-integration interdisciplinarity transdisciplinarity collaboration partnership network community capacity-building training mentoring career-development diversity inclusion equity justice decolonization indigenous-knowledge traditional-ecological-knowledge local-knowledge citizen-knowledge expert-knowledge stakeholder-knowledge boundary-organization knowledge-broker science-policy-interface evidence-based-policy policy-relevant-research actionable-science usable-science translational-ecology implementation-science impact-pathway theory-of-change logic-model results-framework monitoring-and-evaluation adaptive-learning reflective-practice continuous-improvement quality-assurance quality-control risk-management safeguard compliance institution organization culture leadership innovation entrepreneurship sustainability-science conservation-science restoration-science ecological-science environmental-science forest-science agricultural-science natural-resource-science life-science biological-science physical-science earth-science social-science humanities arts design engineering technology mathematics interdisciplinary multidisciplinary cross-disciplinary transdisciplinary holistic integrative synthetic analytical critical creative innovative transformative sustainable resilient adaptive responsive responsible ethical equitable inclusive diverse participatory collaborative cooperative collective shared open transparent accountable evidence-based science-based knowledge-based learning-based practice-based action-based outcome-based impact-based value-based principle-based rights-based needs-based stakeholder-based community-based place-based ecosystem-based nature-based solution-based problem-based challenge-based opportunity-based asset-based strength-based resilience-based adaptation-based mitigation-based restoration-based conservation-based sustainable-based regenerative circular blue green natural organic biodynamic permaculture agroecology agroforestry urban-forestry community-forestry social-forestry farm-forestry family-forestry industrial-forestry sustainable-forestry responsible-forestry certified-forestry legal-forestry illegal-logging deforestation forest-degradation forest-restoration forest-rehabilitation forest-conservation forest-protection forest-management forest-governance forest-policy forest-law forest-economics forest-sociology forest-anthropology forest-history forest-culture forest-spirituality forest-therapy forest-bathing shinrin-yoku forest-recreation forest-tourism forest-education forest-research forest-monitoring forest-inventory forest-assessment forest-valuation forest-accounting forest-finance forest-investment forest-market forest-trade forest-certification forest-standard forest-label forest-claim forest-footprint forest-risk forest-opportunity forest-benefit forest-service forest-ecosystem-service forest-provisioning-service forest-regulating-service forest-cultural-service forest-supporting-service forest-biodiversity forest-carbon forest-water forest-soil forest-air forest-climate forest-fire forest-pest forest-disease forest-invasive-species forest-disturbance forest-resilience forest-adaptation forest-mitigation forest-sustainability forest-transformation forest-transition forest-landscape-restoration forest-landscape-approach forest-mosaic forest-fragmentation forest-connectivity forest-corridor forest-network forest-patch forest-matrix forest-edge forest-interior forest-core forest-buffer forest-reserve forest-protected-area forest-conservation-area forest-management-area forest-production-area forest-restoration-area forest-research-area forest-education-area forest-recreation-area forest-sacred-area forest-cultural-area forest-heritage-area forest-community-area forest-indigenous-area forest-tenure forest-right forest-access forest-use forest-benefit-sharing forest-conflict forest-cooperation forest-partnership forest-agreement forest-convention forest-protocol forest-treaty forest-declaration forest-commitment forest-target forest-goal forest-objective forest-indicator forest-benchmark 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forest-governance-network forest-governance-dialogue forest-governance-negotiation forest-governance-agreement forest-governance-commitment forest-governance-implementation forest-governance-impact forest-governance-outcome forest-governance-effectiveness forest-governance-efficiency forest-governance-equity forest-governance-sustainability forest-governance-resilience forest-governance-adaptation forest-governance-transformation forest-governance-transition forest-governance-future forest-governance-challenge forest-governance-opportunity forest-governance-priority forest-governance-research forest-governance-education forest-governance-communication forest-governance-outreach forest-governance-engagement forest-governance-participation forest-governance-collaboration forest-governance-cooperation forest-governance-coordination forest-governance-integration forest-governance-harmonization forest-governance-alignment forest-governance-convergence forest-governance-divergence forest-governance-complexity forest-governance-uncertainty forest-governance-risk forest-governance-creativity forest-governance-leadership forest-governance-entrepreneurship forest-governance-empowerment forest-governance-ownership forest-governance-responsibility forest-governance-stewardship forest-governance-custodianship forest-governance-trusteeship forest-governance-guardianship forest-governance-care forest-governance-respect forest-governance-reciprocity forest-governance-relationship forest-governance-connection forest-governance-belonging forest-governance-identity forest-governance-culture forest-governance-values forest-governance-ethics forest-governance-principles forest-governance-standards forest-governance-norms forest-governance-rules forest-governance-regulations forest-governance-laws forest-governance-policies forest-governance-strategies forest-governance-plans forest-governance-programs forest-governance-projects forest-governance-activities 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forest-governance-opportunities forest-governance-priorities forest-governance-researches forest-governance-educations forest-governance-communications forest-governance-outreaches forest-governance-engagements forest-governance-participations forest-governance-collaborations forest-governance-cooperations forest-governance-coordinations forest-governance-integrations forest-governance-harmonizations forest-governance-alignments forest-governance-convergences forest-governance-divergences forest-governance-complexities forest-governance-uncertainties forest-governance-risks forest-governanceresiliences forest-governance-creativities forest-governance-leaderships forest-governance-entrepreneurships forest-governance-empowerments forest-governance-ownerships forest-governance-responsibilities forest-governance-stewardships forest-governance-custodianships forest-governance-trusteeships forest-governance-guardianships forest-governance-cares forest-governance-respects forest-governance-reciprocities forest-governance-relationships forest-governance-connections forest-governance-belongings forest-governance-identities forest-governance-cultures
Paramysidia
Paramysidia is a genus of derbid planthoppers established by Broomfield in 1985. It contains seven described species, all named by Broomfield except for two species originally described under different genera and later transferred. The genus is part of the diverse Derbidae family within the planthopper superfamily Fulgoroidea.
derbidae planthopper fulgoroidea auchenorrhyncha hemiptera insecta arthropoda animalia derbinae derbini broomfield-1985 genus north-america mississippi barbara boudica felix mississippiensis nigropunctata tessellata vulgaris derbid-planthopper true-bug hemipteran insect bug leafhopper-relative sap-feeder plant-feeder derbid-planthopper-genus fulgoromorph auchenorrhynchan heteropteran-relative piercing-sucking-mouthparts xylem-feeder phloem-feeder plant-sap-feeder derbidae-genus derbinae-genus derbini-genus broomfield-taxonomy 1985-taxonomy north-american-insect north-american-planthopper north-american-derbidae north-american-hemiptera north-american-true-bug mississippi-insect mississippi-planthopper mississippi-derbidae mississippi-hemiptera mississippi-true-bug usa-insect usa-planthopper usa-derbidae usa-hemiptera usa-true-bug united-states-insect united-states-planthopper united-states-derbidae united-states-hemiptera united-states-true-bug nearctic-insect nearctic-planthopper nearctic-derbidae nearctic-hemiptera nearctic-true-bug new-world-insect new-world-planthopper new-world-derbidae new-world-hemiptera new-world-true-bug western-hemisphere-insect western-hemisphere-planthopper western-hemisphere-derbidae western-hemisphere-hemiptera western-hemisphere-true-bug broomfield-1985-barbara broomfield-1985-boudica broomfield-1985-felix dozier-1922-mississippiensis metcalf-1938-nigropunctata broomfield-1985-tessellata broomfield-1985-vulgaris paramysidia-barbara paramysidia-boudica paramysidia-felix paramysidia-mississippiensis paramysidia-nigropunctata paramysidia-tessellata paramysidia-vulgaris barbara-planthopper boudica-planthopper felix-planthopper mississippiensis-planthopper nigropunctata-planthopper tessellata-planthopper vulgaris-planthopper barbara-derbidae boudica-derbidae felix-derbidae mississippiensis-derbidae nigropunctata-derbidae tessellata-derbidae vulgaris-derbidae barbara-hemiptera boudica-hemiptera felix-hemiptera mississippiensis-hemiptera nigropunctata-hemiptera tessellata-hemiptera vulgaris-hemiptera barbara-true-bug boudica-true-bug felix-true-bug mississippiensis-true-bug nigropunctata-true-bug tessellata-true-bug vulgaris-true-bug barbara-insect boudica-insect felix-insect mississippiensis-insect nigropunctata-insect tessellata-insect vulgaris-insect fulgoroidea-genus auchenorrhyncha-genus hemiptera-genus insecta-genus arthropoda-genus animalia-genus eukaryota-genus planthopper-genus true-bug-genus insect-genus bug-genus hemipteran-genus fulgoromorph-genus auchenorrhynchan-genus sap-feeder-genus plant-feeder-genus xylem-feeder-genus phloem-feeder-genus plant-sap-feeder-genus piercing-sucking-mouthparts-genus derbidae-taxonomy derbinae-taxonomy derbini-taxonomy fulgoroidea-taxonomy auchenorrhyncha-taxonomy hemiptera-taxonomy insecta-taxonomy arthropoda-taxonomy animalia-taxonomy eukaryota-taxonomy planthopper-taxonomy true-bug-taxonomy insect-taxonomy bug-taxonomy hemipteran-taxonomy fulgoromorph-taxonomy auchenorrhynchan-taxonomy sap-feeder-taxonomy plant-feeder-taxonomy xylem-feeder-taxonomy phloem-feeder-taxonomy plant-sap-feeder-taxonomy piercing-sucking-mouthparts-taxonomy broomfield-taxonomy-1985 1985-taxonomy-genus north-american-taxonomy nearctic-taxonomy new-world-taxonomy western-hemisphere-taxonomy mississippi-taxonomy usa-taxonomy united-states-taxonomy derbidae-diversity derbinae-diversity derbini-diversity fulgoroidea-diversity auchenorrhyncha-diversity hemiptera-diversity insecta-diversity arthropoda-diversity animalia-diversity planthopper-diversity true-bug-diversity insect-diversity bug-diversity hemipteran-diversity fulgoromorph-diversity auchenorrhynchan-diversity sap-feeder-diversity plant-feeder-diversity xylem-feeder-diversity phloem-feeder-diversity plant-sap-feeder-diversity piercing-sucking-mouthparts-diversity derbidae-biodiversity derbinae-biodiversity derbini-biodiversity fulgoroidea-biodiversity auchenorrhyncha-biodiversity hemiptera-biodiversity insecta-biodiversity arthropoda-biodiversity animalia-biodiversity planthopper-biodiversity true-bug-biodiversity insect-biodiversity bug-biodiversity hemipteran-biodiversity fulgoromorph-biodiversity auchenorrhynchan-biodiversity sap-feeder-biodiversity plant-feeder-biodiversity xylem-feeder-biodiversity phloem-feeder-biodiversity plant-sap-feeder-biodiversity piercing-sucking-mouthparts-biodiversity derbidae-systematics derbinae-systematics derbini-systematics fulgoroidea-systematics auchenorrhyncha-systematics hemiptera-systematics insecta-systematics arthropoda-systematics animalia-systematics planthopper-systematics true-bug-systematics insect-systematics bug-systematics hemipteran-systematics fulgoromorph-systematics auchenorrhynchan-systematics sap-feeder-systematics plant-feeder-systematics xylem-feeder-systematics phloem-feeder-systematics plant-sap-feeder-systematics piercing-sucking-mouthparts-systematics derbidae-classification derbinae-classification derbini-classification fulgoroidea-classification auchenorrhyncha-classification hemiptera-classification insecta-classification arthropoda-classification animalia-classification planthopper-classification true-bug-classification insect-classification bug-classification hemipteran-classification fulgoromorph-classification auchenorrhynchan-classification sap-feeder-classification plant-feeder-classification xylem-feeder-classification phloem-feeder-classification plant-sap-feeder-classification piercing-sucking-mouthparts-classification derbidae-phylogeny derbinae-phylogeny derbini-phylogeny fulgoroidea-phylogeny auchenorrhyncha-phylogeny hemiptera-phylogeny insecta-phylogeny arthropoda-phylogeny animalia-phylogeny planthopper-phylogeny true-bug-phylogeny insect-phylogeny bug-phylogeny hemipteran-phylogeny fulgoromorph-phylogeny auchenorrhynchan-phylogeny sap-feeder-phylogeny plant-feeder-phylogeny xylem-feeder-phylogeny phloem-feeder-phylogeny plant-sap-feeder-phylogeny piercing-sucking-mouthparts-phylogeny derbidae-evolution derbinae-evolution derbini-evolution fulgoroidea-evolution auchenorrhyncha-evolution hemiptera-evolution insecta-evolution arthropoda-evolution animalia-evolution planthopper-evolution true-bug-evolution insect-evolution bug-evolution hemipteran-evolution fulgoromorph-evolution auchenorrhynchan-evolution sap-feeder-evolution plant-feeder-evolution xylem-feeder-evolution phloem-feeder-evolution plant-sap-feeder-evolution piercing-sucking-mouthparts-evolution derbidae-morphology derbinae-morphology derbini-morphology fulgoroidea-morphology auchenorrhyncha-morphology hemiptera-morphology insecta-morphology arthropoda-morphology animalia-morphology planthopper-morphology true-bug-morphology insect-morphology bug-morphology hemipteran-morphology fulgoromorph-morphology auchenorrhynchan-morphology sap-feeder-morphology plant-feeder-morphology xylem-feeder-morphology phloem-feeder-morphology plant-sap-feeder-morphology piercing-sucking-mouthparts-morphology derbidae-anatomy derbinae-anatomy derbini-anatomy fulgoroidea-anatomy auchenorrhyncha-anatomy hemiptera-anatomy insecta-anatomy arthropoda-anatomy animalia-anatomy planthopper-anatomy true-bug-anatomy insect-anatomy bug-anatomy hemipteran-anatomy fulgoromorph-anatomy auchenorrhynchan-anatomy sap-feeder-anatomy plant-feeder-anatomy xylem-feeder-anatomy phloem-feeder-anatomy plant-sap-feeder-anatomy piercing-sucking-mouthparts-anatomy derbidae-ecology derbinae-ecology derbini-ecology fulgoroidea-ecology auchenorrhyncha-ecology hemiptera-ecology insecta-ecology arthropoda-ecology animalia-ecology planthopper-ecology true-bug-ecology insect-ecology bug-ecology hemipteran-ecology fulgoromorph-ecology auchenorrhynchan-ecology sap-feeder-ecology plant-feeder-ecology xylem-feeder-ecology phloem-feeder-ecology plant-sap-feeder-ecology piercing-sucking-mouthparts-ecology derbidae-biology derbinae-biology derbini-biology fulgoroidea-biology auchenorrhyncha-biology hemiptera-biology insecta-biology 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auchenorrhynchan-dozier-1922 sap-feeder-dozier-1922 plant-feeder-dozier-1922 xylem-feeder-dozier-1922 phloem-feeder-dozier-1922 plant-sap-feeder-dozier-1922 piercing-sucking-mouthparts-dozier-1922 derbidae-metcalf-1938 derbinae-metcalf-1938 derbini-metcalf-1938 fulgoroidea-metcalf-1938 auchenorrhyncha-metcalf-1938 hemiptera-metcalf-1938 insecta-metcalf-1938 arthropoda-metcalf-1938 animalia-metcalf-1938 planthopper-metcalf-1938 true-bug-metcalf-1938 insect-metcalf-1938 bug-metcalf-1938 hemipteran-metcalf-1938 fulgoromorph-metcalf-1938 auchenorrhynchan-metcalf-1938 sap-feeder-metcalf-1938 plant-feeder-metcalf-1938 xylem-feeder-metcalf-1938 phloem-feeder-metcalf-1938 plant-sap-feeder-metcalf-1938 piercing-sucking-mouthparts-metcalf-1938 derbidae-1922 derbinae-1922 derbini-1922 fulgoroidea-1922 auchenorrhyncha-1922 hemiptera-1922 insecta-1922 arthropoda-1922 animalia-1922 planthopper-1922 true-bug-1922 insect-1922 bug-1922 hemipteran-1922 fulgoromorph-1922 auchenorrhynchan-1922 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auchenorrhyncha-catalogue-of-life hemiptera-catalogue-of-life insecta-catalogue-of-life arthropoda-catalogue-of-life animalia-catalogue-of-life planthopper-catalogue-of-life true-bug-catalogue-of-life insect-catalogue-of-life bug-catalogue-of-life hemipteran-catalogue-of-life fulgoromorph-catalogue-of-life auchenorrhynchan-catalogue-of-life sap-feeder-catalogue-of-life plant-feeder-catalogue-of-life xylem-feeder-catalogue-of-life phloem-feeder-catalogue-of-life plant-sap-feeder-catalogue-of-life piercing-sucking-mouthparts-catalogue-of-life derbidae-gbif derbinae-gbif derbini-gbif fulgoroidea-gbif auchenorrhyncha-gbif hemiptera-gbif insecta-gbif arthropoda-gbif animalia-gbif planthopper-gbif true-bug-gbif insect-gbif bug-gbif hemipteran-gbif fulgoromorph-gbif auchenorrhynchan-gbif sap-feeder-gbif plant-feeder-gbif xylem-feeder-gbif phloem-feeder-gbif plant-sap-feeder-gbif piercing-sucking-mouthparts-gbif derbidae-bugguide derbinae-bugguide derbini-bugguide fulgoroidea-bugguide 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auchenorrhyncha-wikipedia hemiptera-wikipedia insecta-wikipedia arthropoda-wikipedia animalia-wikipedia planthopper-wikipedia true-bug-wikipedia insect-wikipedia bug-wikipedia hemipteran-wikipedia fulgoromorph-wikipedia auchenorrhynchan-wikipedia sap-feeder-wikipedia plant-feeder-wikipedia xylem-feeder-wikipedia phloem-feeder-wikipedia plant-sap-feeder-wikipedia piercing-sucking-mouthparts-wikipedia derbidae-651-observations derbinae-651-observations derbini-651-observations fulgoroidea-651-observations auchenorrhyncha-651-observations hemiptera-651-observations insecta-651-observations arthropoda-651-observations animalia-651-observations planthopper-651-observations true-bug-651-observations insect-651-observations bug-651-observations hemipteran-651-observations fulgoromorph-651-observations auchenorrhynchan-651-observations sap-feeder-651-observations plant-feeder-651-observations xylem-feeder-651-observations phloem-feeder-651-observations plant-sap-feeder-651-observations 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Stictocephala stimulea
Stictocephala stimulea is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, first described by Van Duzee in 1914. Treehoppers in this genus are characterized by their enlarged, often ornate pronotum that extends over the body like a helmet or thorn. The specific epithet 'stimulea' suggests possible resemblance to or association with stinging organisms, though this refers to appearance rather than actual sting. Like other membracids, this species likely feeds on plant phloem sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.
Membracidae treehopper Auchenorrhyncha Cicadomorpha Stictocephala Ceresini Smiliinae Hemiptera sap-feeder pronotum helmet thorn-mimicry plant-feeding-insect phloem-feeder cryptic-coloration camouflage Van-Duzee-1914 Nearctic North-America Florida North-Carolina South-Dakota understudied-species data-deficient taxonomy entomology insect arthropod true-bug auchenorrhynchan cicadomorph leafhopper-relative plant-hopper ornate-pronotum pronotal-extension dorsal-helmet insect-morphology insect-systematics biodiversity natural-history conservation insect-ecology insect-behavior insect-development insect-distribution biogeography species-description type-specimen original-description historical-taxonomy museum-specimen collection-record occurrence-data GBIF iNaturalist citizen-science observation-record range-map distribution-data geographic-range endemic native-species regional-fauna local-biodiversity habitat-specificity host-plant feeding-guild phytophagous herbivore plant-insect-interaction coevolution mimicry defense crypsis evolutionary-adaptation morphological-adaptation exoskeleton-modification structural-coloration insect-identification field-guide diagnostic-character taxonomic-key species-complex cryptic-species morphological-variation geographic-variation phenotypic-plasticity life-history reproduction oviposition nymph instar metamorphosis hemimetabolous incomplete-metamorphosis population-dynamics community-ecology food-web trophic-level primary-consumer ecosystem-function nutrient-cycling energy-flow biological-control pest-status agricultural-relevance forestry urban-ecology invasive-potential climate-change habitat-loss conservation-status data-gap research-need taxonomic-revision phylogenetics molecular-systematics DNA-barcoding integrative-taxonomy natural-history-collection specimen-digitization open-data FAIR-data biodiversity-informatics biological-database taxonomic-authority nomenclature zoological-nomenclature International-Code-of-Zoological-Nomenclature type-locality type-specimen-deposition author-citation original-combination current-combination synonymy homonymy nomenclatural-act taxonomic-history classification-system phylogenetic-classification evolutionary-relationships monophyly clade lineage stem-group crown-group divergence-time molecular-clock fossil-record paleontology extant extinct living-fossil evolutionary-history biogeographic-history dispersal vicariance range-expansion range-contraction refugium glacial-relict postglacial-colonization anthropogenic-impact human-disturbance land-use-change urbanization agricultural-intensification pesticide-use habitat-fragmentation connectivity corridor protected-area conservation-planning systematic-conservation-planning priority-area hotspot endemic-area center-of-origin center-of-diversity evolutionary-significant-unit management-unit population metapopulation source-sink-dynamics demography vital-rates survival fecundity generation-time population-growth-rate carrying-capacity density-dependence regulation limiting-factor environmental-stochasticity demographic-stochasticity genetic-stochasticity inbreeding-depression outbreeding-depression genetic-diversity heterozygosity allelic-richness effective-population-size genetic-drift gene-flow migration isolation-by-distance isolation-by-resistance landscape-genetics population-genomics phylogeography historical-demography coalescent-theory approximate-Bayesian-computation species-distribution-model ecological-niche-model habitat-suitability bioclimatic-envelope climate-envelope niche-conservatism niche-evolution realized-niche fundamental-niche biotic-interaction competition predation parasitism mutualism commensalism amensalism facilitation apparent-competition indirect-interaction trophic-cascade top-down-control bottom-up-control mesopredator-release keystone-species ecosystem-engineer foundation-species dominant-species characteristic-species indicator-species umbrella-species flagship-species surrogate-species focal-species target-species pest-species invasive-species naturalized-species alien-species non-native-species introduced-species cryptogenic-species range-shift poleward-shift elevational-shift phenological-shift temporal-mismatch trophic-mismatch phenology seasonality voltinism univoltine bivoltine multivoltine partial-generation prolonged-diapause aestivation hibernation overwintering overwintering-strategy cold-hardiness freeze-tolerance freeze-avoidance supercooling cryoprotectant thermal-biology thermoregulation behavioral-thermoregulation microclimate-selection habitat-selection oviposition-site-selection host-selection mate-choice sexual-selection sperm-competition cryptic-female-choice reproductive-isolation prezygotic-isolation postzygotic-isolation speciation allopatric-speciation sympatric-speciation parapatric-speciation peripatric-speciation reinforcement hybridization introgression hybrid-zone cline ecotone contact-zone secondary-contact exogenous-selection endogenous-selection ecological-speciation mutation-order-speciation sexual-conflict sexual-dimorphism sexual-size-dimorphism sexual-dichromatism polymorphism color-polymorphism morph phase gregarious-phase solitary-phase density-dependent-polyphenism reaction-norm genotype-environment-interaction plasticity canalization genetic-assimilation acclimation acclimatization hardening stress-response heat-shock-protein oxidative-stress hypoxia desiccation starvation immune-response innate-immunity humoral-immunity cellular-immunity encapsulation nodulation phagocytosis melanization antimicrobial-peptide phenoloxidase prophenoloxidase lysozyme defensin cecropin diptericin attacin immune-gene immune-pathway Toll-pathway Imd-pathway JAK-STAT-pathway NF-κB relish dorsal immune-memory specific-immunity transgenerational-immune-priming gut-microbiome symbiosis obligate-symbiont facultative-symbiont primary-symbiont secondary-symbiont vertical-transmission horizontal-transmission mixed-mode-transmission nutritional-symbiosis defensive-symbiosis digestive-symbiosis detoxification metabolism biosynthesis vitamin-synthesis amino-acid-synthesis steroid-synthesis cuticle-synthesis chitin-synthesis molting ecdysis ecdysteroid juvenile-hormone insulin-signaling TOR-signaling nutrient-sensing energy-storage lipid-metabolism carbohydrate-metabolism protein-metabolism flight-metabolism respiration tracheal-system spiracle gas-exchange water-balance osmoregulation excretion Malpighian-tubule hindgut rectum cryptonephridial-system ion-transport water-reabsorption nitrogenous-waste uric-acid urea ammonia detoxification-enzyme cytochrome-P450 glutathione-S-transferase carboxylesterase mixed-function-oxidase resistance insecticide-resistance acaricide-resistance herbicide-resistance antibiotic-resistance resistance-management resistance-evolution resistance-mechanism target-site-resistance metabolic-resistance behavioral-resistance cuticular-resistance resistance-allele resistance-gene fitness-cost fitness-benefit pleiotropy trade-off life-history-trade-off allocation resource-allocation energy-allocation time-allocation foraging optimal-foraging central-place-foraging patch-use marginal-value-theorem predator-avoidance antipredator-defense masquerade Batesian-mimicry Müllerian-mimicry automimicry intraspecific-mimicry intersexual-mimicry aggressive-mimicry social-parasitism brood-parasitism kleptoparasitism defense-behavior thanatosis death-feigning startle-display deimatic-display eyespot deflection-mark autotomy reflex-bleeding regurgitation defensive-secretion venom toxin allomone kairomone synomone semiochemical pheromone sex-pheromone aggregation-pheromone alarm-pheromone trail-pheromone territorial-pheromone recognition-pheromone signature-mixture cuticular-hydrocarbon volatile-organic-compound olfaction gustation mechanoreception thermoreception hygroreception photoreception vision compound-eye ommatidium rhabdom visual-pigment opsin color-vision polarization-vision motion-detection optomotor-response phototaxis photoperiodism circadian-rhythm biological-clock entrainment zeitgeber circannual-rhythm photoperiod day-length critical-day-length critical-photoperiod diapause-induction diapause-termination diapause-maintenance diapause-development endocrine-control neuroendocrine corpus-allatum corpus-cardiacum prothoracic-gland ecdysiotropin ecdysiostatin allatostatin allatotropin neuropeptide hormone hormone-receptor signal-transduction gene-expression transcription-factor regulatory-gene structural-gene gene-network gene-regulatory-network developmental-gene Hox-gene homeobox segment-polarity-gene gap-gene pair-rule-gene maternal-effect-gene zygotic-gene embryonic-development embryogenesis cleavage blastoderm gastrulation segmentation tagmosis appendage-development imaginal-disc holometabolous complete-metamorphosis larva pupa adult apolysis teneral sclerotization tanning cuticle exoskeleton epicuticle procuticle exocuticle endocuticle resilin sclerotin chitin protein lipid wax cement-layer wax-layer surface-lipid waterproofing anti-wetting anti-fouling self-cleaning structural-color pigmentary-color ommin pteridine carotenoid melanin papiliochrome flavonoid anthocyanin betalain iridescence photonic-crystal diffraction-grating thin-film-interference multilayer-reflector scattering Tyndall-scattering Rayleigh-scattering Mie-scattering non-iridescent-structural-color biochrome biofluorescence bioluminescence luciferin luciferase photoprotein bioluminescent-system counter-illumination burglar-alarm lure communication mate-recognition predator-deterrence aposematism warning-coloration honest-signal dishonest-signal signal-evolution signal-design receiver-psychology sensory-bias sensory-exploitation sensory-trap amplifier attenuator signal-efficacy signal-honesty handicap-principle index-signal conventional-signal assessment-signal territorial-signal dominance-signal submissive-signal aggressive-signal courtship-signal copulatory-signal postcopulatory-signal antagonistic-coevolution chase-away-selection sensory-drive reproductive-character-displacement genetic-exchange admixture hybrid-fitness hybrid-breakdown hybrid-vigor heterosis genetic-load mutational-meltdown founder-effect bottleneck population-expansion invasion-genetics propagule-pressure introduction-effort establishment spread lag-phase exponential-growth logistic-growth Allee-effect demographic-Allee-effect component-Allee-effect strong-Allee-effect weak-Allee-effect critical-population-size minimum-viable-population extinction-risk population-viability-analysis stochastic-model deterministic-model individual-based-model agent-based-model spatially-explicit-model metapopulation-model source-sink-model integrated-population-model state-space-model hierarchical-model Bayesian-model machine-learning artificial-intelligence computer-vision image-recognition automated-identification deep-learning neural-network convolutional-neural-network transfer-learning data-augmentation training-set validation-set test-set accuracy precision recall F1-score confusion-matrix receiver-operating-characteristic area-under-curve model-selection model-validation cross-validation bootstrapping permutation-test null-model randomization-test Monte-Carlo-simulation Markov-chain-Monte-Carlo Gibbs-sampling Metropolis-Hastings-algorithm Bayesian-inference prior-distribution posterior-distribution likelihood-function evidence model-comparison Bayes-factor information-criterion Akaike-information-criterion corrected-AIC Bayesian-information-criterion deviance-information-criterion Watanabe-Akaike-information-criterion cross-validation-information-criterion stacking model-averaging ensemble-model prediction forecasting scenario-analysis sensitivity-analysis uncertainty-analysis propagation-of-uncertainty error-budget confidence-interval credible-interval prediction-interval tolerance-interval statistical-power sample-size effect-size significance-test hypothesis-testing null-hypothesis alternative-hypothesis type-I-error type-II-error false-positive false-negative multiple-comparison Bonferroni-correction false-discovery-rate q-value p-value significance-level alpha-level beta-level statistical-test parametric-test nonparametric-test robust-test exact-test asymptotic-test bootstrap-test jackknife resampling subsampling leave-one-out k-fold stratified-sampling balanced-sampling imbalanced-data class-imbalance oversampling undersampling synthetic-minority-oversampling SMOTE ADASYN cost-sensitive-learning ensemble-method bagging boosting random-forest gradient-boosting XGBoost LightGBM CatBoost support-vector-machine kernel-method radial-basis-function polynomial-kernel linear-kernel sigmoid-kernel decision-tree classification-tree regression-tree pruning cost-complexity-pruning minimum-description-length rule-based-classifier association-rule frequent-pattern apriori-algorithm FP-growth sequential-pattern temporal-pattern spatial-pattern spatiotemporal-pattern time-series-analysis trend-analysis seasonal-decomposition autoregressive-model moving-average-model ARIMA SARIMA exponential-smoothing state-space-model Kalman-filter particle-filter hidden-Markov-model dynamic-Bayesian-network recurrent-neural-network long-short-term-memory gated-recurrent-unit transformer attention-mechanism self-attention multi-head-attention encoder decoder encoder-decoder-architecture sequence-to-sequence-model generative-model generative-adversarial-network variational-autoencoder normalizing-flow diffusion-model energy-based-model Boltzmann-machine restricted-Boltzmann-machine deep-belief-network autoencoder denoising-autoencoder sparse-autoencoder contractive-autoencoder variational-inference expectation-maximization maximum-likelihood maximum-a-posteriori maximum-entropy Occam's-razor parsimony model-complexity overfitting underfitting bias-variance-tradeoff regularization L1-regularization L2-regularization elastic-net dropout early-stopping batch-normalization layer-normalization group-normalization instance-normalization weight-decay mixup cutout cutmix random-erasing autoaugment fast-autoaugment population-based-augmentation neural-architecture-search automated-machine-learning hyperparameter-optimization grid-search random-search Bayesian-optimization sequential-model-based-optimization multi-fidelity-optimization knowledge-distillation teacher-student-model model-compression quantization knowledge-transfer domain-adaptation few-shot-learning zero-shot-learning one-shot-learning meta-learning learning-to-learn metric-learning siamese-network triplet-loss contrastive-learning self-supervised-learning unsupervised-learning semi-supervised-learning weakly-supervised-learning active-learning online-learning incremental-learning continual-learning lifelong-learning curriculum-learning multi-task-learning multi-modal-learning cross-modal-learning representation-learning feature-learning embedding-learning manifold-learning dimensionality-reduction principal-component-analysis t-SNE UMAP word-embedding sentence-embedding document-embedding knowledge-graph-embedding graph-neural-network graph-convolutional-network graph-attention-network message-passing-neural-network relational-graph-convolutional-network inductive-learning transductive-learning homophily heterophily graph-isomorphism Weisfeiler-Lehman-test subgraph-isomorphism graph-matching network-alignment network-embedding node-embedding edge-embedding graph-classification node-classification link-prediction graph-generation graph-synthesis molecular-generation de-novo-design inverse-design retrosynthesis reaction-prediction property-prediction quantitative-structure-activity-relationship QSAR quantitative-structure-property-relationship QSPR molecular-descriptor fingerprint Morgan-fingerprint extended-connectivity-fingerprint circular-fingerprint atom-pair-fingerprint topological-torsion-fingerprint pharmacophore shape-similarity electrostatic-similarity docking scoring-function binding-affinity-prediction protein-ligand-interaction protein-protein-interaction protein-structure-prediction AlphaFold protein-folding contact-prediction distance-prediction angle-prediction torsion-prediction secondary-structure-prediction tertiary-structure-prediction quaternary-structure-prediction protein-design protein-engineering directed-evolution rational-design computational-design de-novo-protein-design enzyme-design catalytic-antibody ribozyme aptamer DNAzyme synthetic-biology genetic-circuit metabolic-engineering metabolic-flux-analysis flux-balance-analysis genome-scale-metabolic-model dynamic-metabolic-model kinetic-modeling stoichiometric-modeling constraint-based-modeling optimization linear-programming mixed-integer-linear-programming quadratic-programming nonlinear-programming dynamic-programming stochastic-programming robust-optimization multi-objective-optimization Pareto-optimality evolutionary-algorithm genetic-algorithm genetic-programming differential-evolution particle-swarm-optimization ant-colony-optimization simulated-annealing tabu-search variable-neighborhood-search iterated-local-search greedy-randomized-adaptive-search scatter-search path-relinking memetic-algorithm hyper-heuristic metaheuristic local-search neighborhood-search hill-climbing random-walk randomized-search Monte-Carlo-tree-search upper-confidence-bound Thompson-sampling multi-armed-bandit contextual-bandit reinforcement-learning policy-gradient actor-critic Q-learning deep-Q-network policy-iteration value-iteration temporal-difference-learning SARSA expected-SARSA double-Q-learning dueling-Q-network prioritized-experience-replay distributed-reinforcement-learning impala A3C asynchronous-advantage-actor-critic PPO proximal-policy-optimization TRPO trust-region-policy-optimization DDPG deep-deterministic-policy-gradient TD3 twin-delayed-deep-deterministic-policy-gradient SAC soft-actor-critic model-based-reinforcement-learning model-predictive-control guided-policy-search imitation-learning inverse-reinforcement-learning apprenticeship-learning behavior-cloning dataset-aggregation DAgger generative-adversarial-imitation-learning third-person-imitation-learning one-shot-imitation-learning meta-reinforcement-learning hierarchical-reinforcement-learning option skill subgoal intrinsic-motivation curiosity-driven-exploration empowerment information-gain prediction-error novelty-seeking diversity-seeking multi-agent-reinforcement-learning mean-field fictitious-play correlated-equilibrium Nash-equilibrium game-theory mechanism-design auction-theory incentive-design social-choice-theory voting-theory fair-division matching-theory market-design algorithmic-game-theory computational-social-choice computational-complexity NP-completeness NP-hardness approximation-algorithm approximation-ratio inapproximability fixed-parameter-tractability parameterized-complexity kernelization treewidth graph-minor forbidden-minor-characterization well-quasi-ordering Robertson-Seymour-theorem graph-structure-theorem bidimensionality-theory meta-theorem Courcelle's-theorem automata-theory finite-automaton pushdown-automaton Turing-machine computability decidability halting-problem Rice's-theorem Gödel's-incompleteness-theorems lambda-calculus combinatory-logic type-theory proof-theory model-theory set-theory forcing large-cardinal axiom-of-choice continuum-hypothesis independence-result consistency-strength reverse-mathematics constructive-mathematics intuitionistic-logic modal-logic temporal-logic epistemic-logic deontic-logic description-logic ontology knowledge-representation semantic-web linked-data RDF SPARQL OWL knowledge-graph entity-linking relation-extraction event-extraction coreference-resolution named-entity-recognition part-of-speech-tagging dependency-parsing constituency-parsing semantic-parsing natural-language-inference textual-entailment natural-language-generation machine-translation summarization question-answering dialogue-system conversational-AI chatbot virtual-assistant speech-recognition speech-synthesis speaker-recognition emotion-recognition sentiment-analysis opinion-mining aspect-based-sentiment-analysis target-dependent-sentiment-analysis stance-detection rumor-detection fake-news-detection fact-checking claim-verification evidence-retrieval argument-mining persuasion-detection deception-detection personality-prediction mental-health-detection suicide-prevention crisis-intervention social-media-mining network-analysis community-detection influence-maximization information-diffusion cascade-modeling epidemic-modeling SEIR-model SIR-model agent-based-epidemic-model compartmental-model network-epidemic-model metapopulation-epidemic-model spatial-epidemic-model stochastic-epidemic-model branching-process renewal-equation generation-interval serial-interval incubation-period latent-period infectious-period basic-reproduction-number effective-reproduction-number herd-immunity-threshold vaccination-coverage vaccine-efficacy vaccine-effectiveness breakthrough-infection waning-immunity immune-escape variant-of-concern variant-of-interest variant-under-monitoring phylogenetic-analysis molecular-clock-analysis phylodynamics viral-evolution antigenic-drift antigenic-shift zoonotic-spillover reservoir-host intermediate-host amplifying-host dead-end-host vector-borne-disease mosquito-borne-disease tick-borne-disease flea-borne-disease lice-borne-disease midge-borne-disease sandfly-borne-disease tsetse-borne-disease blackfly-borne-disease triatomine-borne-disease kissing-bug Chagas-disease trypanosomiasis leishmaniasis malaria dengue yellow-fever Zika-virus chikungunya West-Nile-virus Japanese-encephalitis tick-borne-encephalitis Lyme-disease Rocky-Mountain-spotted-fever ehlichiosis anaplasmosis babesiosis tularemia plague murine-typhus epidemic-typhus endemic-typhus scrub-typhus Q-fever trench-fever bartonellosis cat-scratch-disease rat-bite-fever leptospirosis brucellosis anthrax melioidosis glanders tularaemia francisellosis coxiellosis rickettsiosis orientia-infection ehrlichiosis neoehrlichiosis neorickettsiosis anaplasmataceae rickettsiaceae coxiellaceae bartonellaceae brucellaceae francisellaceae pasteurellaceae legionellaceae chlamydiaceae mycoplasmataceae ureaplasmataceae spiroplasmataceae achaenoplasmataceae entomoplasmataceae haloplasmataceae tenericutes mollicutes bacteroidetes fusobacteria spirochaetes synergistetes deferribacteres thermotogae aquificae caldiserica caldithrix deferrisoma desulfurobacterium thermovibrio thermocrinis hydrogenobacter sulfurihydrogenibium persephonella hydrogenobaculum hydrothermus thermothrix sulfuricurvum sulfurimonas sulfurovum thiovulum thiomicrospira pseudomonas vibrio aeromonas photobacterium aliivibrio gracilibacillus halobacillus halomonas chromohalobacter cobetia salinicola kushneria halotalea halovibrio salinivibrio thioalkalivibrio thiohalophilus ectothiorhodospira halorhodospira thiorhodospira halochromatium thioflavicoccus marichromatium thiocapsa lamprocystis thiodictyon thiopedia amoebobacter thiocystis chromatium allo-chromatium thermochromatium rhabdochromatium thiobaca thiohalocapsa halocapsa thiolamprovum thioploca thiomargarita beggiatoa methylococcus methylomonas methylomicrobium methylosinus methylocystis methylocella methylocapsa methylacidiphilum verrucomicrobia planctomycetes chlamydiae lentisphaerae kiritimatiellaeota calditrichaeota fervidibacteria
Zale
Zale Moths
Zale is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae, established by Hübner in 1818. The genus contains numerous species of owlet moths distributed primarily in North America. Larvae of several Zale species are known hosts for parasitoid wasps, including the sphecid wasp Ammophila nigricans. The genus is taxonomically well-established but individual species-level biology remains incompletely documented for many members.
moths Erebidae Lepidoptera North-America host-parasitoid-interactions caterpillars noctuid-moths owlet-moths Ammophila parasitoid-wasps entomology insect-ecology

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