Vertical-transmission

Guides

• Chilacis

  bulrush bug

  Chilacis is a genus of true bugs in the family Artheneidae, established by Fieber in 1864. The genus contains at least two described species, including the extant Chilacis typhae (bulrush bug) and the fossil species †Chilacis univestis. Members of this genus are associated with bulrush (Typha) and possess a distinctive symbiotic relationship with an obligate intracellular bacterium housed in a specialized midgut structure termed a "mycetocytic belt."

  seed-suckingmonophagousendosymbiosismycetocytic-beltGammaproteobacteriavertical-transmission

• Cyphomyrmex

  fungus-growing ants

  Cyphomyrmex is a genus of small, drab-colored fungus-growing ants in the tribe Attini, found primarily in the Neotropics. These ants cultivate fungi in the tribe Leucocoprineae as their primary food source, with most species growing fungal nodules rather than full mycelial gardens. Colonies are typically monogynous and small, rarely exceeding 500 workers. The genus is divided into two species complexes: the strigatus complex (South America only) and the rimosus complex (southern North America to South America). Cyphomyrmex represents a basal lineage among attine ants and serves as sister group to Mycetophylax.

  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• Stictocephala stimulea

  Stictocephala stimulea is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, first described by Van Duzee in 1914. Treehoppers in this genus are characterized by their enlarged, often ornate pronotum that extends over the body like a helmet or thorn. The specific epithet 'stimulea' suggests possible resemblance to or association with stinging organisms, though this refers to appearance rather than actual sting. Like other membracids, this species likely feeds on plant phloem sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.

  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