Fungivore
Guides
Achilini
Achilini is a tribe of planthoppers within the family Achilidae, characterized by their flattened, often cryptically colored bodies and association with fungal substrates. Members of this tribe are distinguished from other achilid tribes by specific wing venation patterns and genitalia structures. The group is primarily tropical and subtropical in distribution, with many species exhibiting complex host relationships with fungi. Achilini represents one of the more species-rich tribes within Achilidae.
Acrolophus mycetophagus
Frilly Grass Tubeworm Moth
A small moth in the family Acrolophidae, described by Donald R. Davis in 1990. The common name "Frilly Grass Tubeworm Moth" reflects its membership in a genus whose larvae construct silken tubes at grass bases or roots. The species occurs in the southeastern United States and has a wingspan of 16–17 mm.
Ahasverus advena
Foreign grain beetle
Ahasverus advena, commonly known as the foreign grain beetle, is a small silvanid beetle approximately 2 mm in length with a reddish-brown to black coloration. It is a cosmopolitan species of American origin now reported from 110 countries, where it occurs in stored products facilities and diverse outdoor habitats. The species is uniquely adapted to fungal feeding, with larvae capable of developing on fungi alone and elevated tolerance to aflatoxins compared to other stored product beetles. It serves as an indicator of damp, moldy conditions rather than a direct pest of grain, as it does not feed on intact grain kernels but rather on associated fungal growth.
Anamorphidae
Anamorphidae is a family of small fungus-feeding beetles in the superfamily Coccinelloidea, containing over 175 extant species across approximately 36 genera. The family was separated from Endomychidae by Robertson et al. (2015) based on morphological and molecular evidence. Members are obligate consumers of fungal spores in both adult and larval stages. A distinctive feature of the family is the presence of debris-cloaking behavior in larvae—a unique defensive strategy among Coccinelloidea that has evolved only once in this lineage.
Anurida granaria
granary short-legged springtail
Anurida granaria is a springtail species in the family Neanuridae, first described by Hercule Nicolet in 1847. It has been observed in a documented mycophagy association with the cup fungus Peziza arvernensis in southern Brazil, where a colony of over 500 individuals used a single fungal apothecium as both food source and living space. The species exhibits complete life cycle activities including molting, courtship behavior, and oviposition within fungal structures.
Apomyelois bistriatella
Heath Knot-horn
A small pyralid moth (wingspan 15–25 mm) with a circumpolar distribution across North America and northern Eurasia. Adults are active from May to September, with peak flight in June–July. Larvae are specialized fungivores that develop within Daldinia and Hypoxylon fungi growing on burnt or dead woody plants, particularly gorse and birch. Colonies are ephemeral and shift location based on the availability of suitable host fungi.
Aradus
flat bugs
Aradus is a genus of flat bugs (family Aradidae) containing approximately 200 or more species distributed worldwide, with highest diversity in the Holarctic region. These insects are strongly associated with forest habitats, particularly dead and decaying wood where they feed on fungi. Several species exhibit pyrophilous behavior, colonizing burned forests to exploit fungi that grow on charred wood. The genus has a documented fossil record extending back to the Eocene, with 14 species described from Baltic amber inclusions.
Aradus aequalis
Aradus aequalis is a species of flat bug in the family Aradidae, first described by Thomas Say in 1832. It is one of approximately 200 species in the genus Aradus. Like other flat bugs, it has a strongly dorsoventrally flattened body form adapted for living in tight spaces under bark. The species is known from North America, with records from the United States including Vermont.
Aradus depictus
Aradus depictus is a species of flat bug in the family Aradidae, described by Van Duzee in 1917. As a member of this family, it has the dorsoventrally flattened body form characteristic of aradids. The species is recorded from North America, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented. Like other Aradus species, it likely inhabits forested environments where it feeds on fungal mycelia.
Boletoglyphus ornatus
Boletoglyphus ornatus is a species of mite in the family Acaridae, first described by Fain and Ide in 1976. It belongs to the order Sarcoptiformes, a group that includes many stored product and fungal-feeding mites. The genus Boletoglyphus is associated with fungi, particularly mushrooms (boletes), as indicated by its name. Very little published information exists about the specific biology or ecology of this particular species.
Bolitotherus
horned fungus beetle, forked fungus beetle
Bolitotherus is a genus of darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae) native to North America. The genus contains at least one well-documented species, Bolitotherus cornutus, commonly known as the forked fungus beetle or horned fungus beetle. All life stages are tightly associated with the fruiting bodies of wood-decaying bracket fungi, particularly species of Ganoderma and Fomes. These beetles have become important model organisms for studying sexual selection, social behavior, and population ecology in wild insect populations. Males possess distinctive thoracic horns used in combat for access to mating territories on fungal brackets.
Bolitotherus cornutus
Forked Fungus Beetle
Bolitotherus cornutus, commonly known as the forked fungus beetle, is a darkling beetle native to eastern North America. Adult males possess prominent forward-curving thoracic horns used in combat with rival males for access to females. The species completes its entire life cycle—egg, larva, pupa, and adult—within or upon the fruiting bodies of wood-decaying bracket fungi, particularly species of Ganoderma and Fomes. It has become a well-studied model organism for research on sexual selection, social evolution, and behavior in natural populations.
Brachycybe lecontii
Feather Millipede
Brachycybe lecontii is a small, eyeless, pink-colored millipede endemic to the eastern United States. It is one of the few known social millipedes, forming multi-generational colonies and distinctive "pinwheel" aggregations during feeding. Males exclusively provide paternal care of eggs during a 3–4 week incubation period; egg survival depends entirely on this care. The species is obligately fungivorous, feeding on diverse fungi, and possesses specialized cuticular structures possibly adapted for mycophagy.
Brachycybe petasata
Brachycybe petasata is a small millipede in the order Platydesmida, endemic to the southern Appalachian Mountains of the southeastern United States. It inhabits moist forest floor habitats, particularly leaf litter and decaying wood in beech, birch, maple, and hemlock forests. The species is distinguished by its production of four unique monoterpene alkaloids as chemical defenses: gosodesmine, hydrogosodesmine, homogosodesmine, and hydrohomogosodesmine. As a member of the subterclass Colobognatha, it represents one of the few millipede lineages known to synthesize terpenoid alkaloids.
Campylomyzini
Campylomyzini is a tribe of gall midges within the family Cecidomyiidae, subfamily Lestremiinae. These small flies are characterized by reduced wing venation and are primarily associated with fungal substrates. The tribe contains genera such as Campylomyza and related taxa. Campylomyzini represents one of several tribes within the diverse subfamily Lestremiinae, which itself is distinguished from other cecidomyiid subfamilies by larval associations with fungi rather than plant galls.
Cartodere australica
Cartodere australica is a species of minute brown scavenger beetle in the family Latridiidae. Members of this genus are typically found in association with decaying plant matter and fungal growth. The specific epithet 'australica' indicates an Australian distribution. Like other latridiids, this species is minute in size and feeds on fungal spores and hyphae.
Catocha barberi
Catocha barberi is a species of gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae, first described by E.P. Felt in 1913. The species belongs to the subfamily Lestremiinae and tribe Catochini. Very little published information exists regarding its biology, ecology, or distribution. The genus Catocha comprises small, delicate flies whose larvae are typically associated with fungal substrates or decaying organic matter.
Catopocerinae
Catopocerinae is a subfamily of small beetles within Leiodidae, containing at least two extant genera—Catopocerus and Pinodytes—in North America, plus the extinct genus Archaeocerus from Cretaceous Myanmar amber. All described extant species are eyeless and wingless, inhabiting forest soil and litter. The subfamily has been revised taxonomically with numerous new species described, particularly in western North America.
Chytonix sensilis
barrens chytonix
Chytonix sensilis, commonly known as the barrens chytonix, is a small noctuid moth native to eastern North America. First described in 1881, it is listed as endangered in Connecticut. The species is notable for its specialized larval diet of fungi growing on leaf litter and dead wood.
Cis boleti
Cis boleti is a minute ciid beetle (2.8–4 mm) with uniform brown coloration. It inhabits the fruiting bodies of polypore fungi, including Piptoporus betulinus, Trametes, and Coriolus versicolor. The species is difficult to distinguish from closely related Cis species without examination of male genitalia. Its feeding activity reduces the reproductive fitness of host fungi by damaging the spore-producing hymenium.
Cis subfuscus
Cis subfuscus is a minute tree-fungus beetle in the family Ciidae, first described by Gorham in 1886. It belongs to a group of small beetles specialized for life in fungal fruiting bodies, particularly polypore bracket fungi on dead and decaying wood. The species has been documented in Central America and North America.
Cis vitulus
Cis vitulus is a species of minute tree-fungus beetle in the family Ciidae, a group of small beetles specialized for life on fungal substrates. The species was described by Mannerheim in 1843 and is known from North America. Members of the genus Cis are typically associated with wood-decaying fungi, particularly bracket fungi (Polyporaceae), where they complete their development. Like other ciid beetles, C. vitulus is likely cryptic and poorly studied due to its small size and specialized habitat.
Cixidia fusiformis
Cixidia fusiformis is a species of planthopper in the family Achilidae, described by Van Duzee in 1910. It belongs to a family of fulgoroid insects commonly known as achilid planthoppers. The species has been recorded from western North America including British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California. Like other members of Achilidae, it is presumed to feed on fungal hyphae, though specific biological details remain poorly documented.
Clypastraea biguttata
Clypastraea biguttata
Clypastraea biguttata is a minute hooded beetle in the family Corylophidae, first described by LeConte in 1879. It belongs to a family commonly known as minute hooded beetles or minute fungus beetles, characterized by extremely small body size and a pronotum that conceals the head. The species is documented from North America, with specific records from Alberta and British Columbia in Canada. Like other members of its genus, it is likely associated with fungal substrates in decaying wood and bark.
Clypastraea lugubris
minute hooded beetle
Clypastraea lugubris is a species of minute hooded beetle in the family Corylophidae. It is one of the smallest beetles in North America, measuring approximately 2 millimeters in length. The species is found across much of North America, with records from Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba) and the United States. It belongs to a family commonly known as minute hooded beetles or minute fungus beetles, characterized by a distinctive shelf-like projection of the pronotum that conceals the head.
Clypastraea ornata
minute hooded beetle, minute fungus beetle
Clypastraea ornata is a minute beetle in the family Corylophidae, commonly known as minute hooded beetles or minute fungus beetles. Adults measure approximately 2 millimeters in length. The genus Clypastraea is characterized by a pronotum with a shelf-like projection that conceals the head. This species is found in association with fungi and mold in rotting wood and under bark on dead trees. It is one of 61 species in ten genera of Corylophidae recorded north of Mexico.
Clypastraea sp-one
minute hooded beetle, minute fungus beetle
Clypastraea sp-one is a minute beetle in the family Corylophidae, measuring approximately 2 millimeters in length. It belongs to a genus typically associated with fungi and mold in rotting wood and under bark on dead trees. The beetle was discovered in a residential Colorado Springs neighborhood, crawling on the base of a utility box beneath a cottonwood tree. This record represents a notable discovery of a poorly known group of beetles in an urban setting.
Colydium lineola
Lined Cylindrical Bark Beetle
Colydium lineola is a species of cylindrical bark beetle in the family Zopheridae, first described by Thomas Say in 1826. The species is known from North America, with records from British Columbia to Ontario in Canada. As a member of the cylindrical bark beetles, it inhabits forested environments where it likely feeds on fungi associated with dead wood.
Coproporus ventriculus
Coproporus ventriculus is a species of rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Tachyporinae. It belongs to a genus associated with decaying organic matter and fungal habitats. The species has a broad North American distribution spanning much of Canada and the United States. Like other members of Tachyporinae, it is likely associated with rotting substrates where it feeds on fungal spores and hyphae, though specific ecological studies on this species are limited.
Corticaria ferruginea
Rusty Spider Beetle
Corticaria ferruginea is a minute beetle in the family Latridiidae, commonly known as spider beetles. The species was described by Marsham in 1802 and is characterized by its small size and ferruginous (rust-colored) appearance. It belongs to a family of beetles typically associated with moist, decaying organic matter and fungal environments. The species has a Holarctic distribution, with records from multiple Canadian provinces.
Corticaria impressa
minute brown scavenger beetle
Corticaria impressa is a species of minute brown scavenger beetle in the family Latridiidae. It is native to Europe and has been recorded in parts of North America including New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, Canada. The species belongs to a group of small beetles commonly known as "plaster beetles" or "minute brown scavenger beetles" due to their association with damp, decaying organic matter and their diminutive size.
Corticaria pubescens
Corticaria pubescens is a species of minute brown scavenger beetle in the family Latridiidae. It was first described by Gyllenhal in 1827 under the basionym Lathridius pubescens. The species belongs to a family commonly known as plaster beetles or minute brown scavenger beetles, which are typically associated with moist, decaying organic matter and mold growth. Like other members of Latridiidae, it is presumed to feed on fungal spores and hyphae.
Corticaria serrata
Serrated Minute Scavenger Beetle
Corticaria serrata is a species of minute brown scavenger beetle in the family Latridiidae. The species is native to Europe and has been recorded from the Azores and Inaccessible Island. Adults are small, typically measuring 2-3 mm in length. The species belongs to a group commonly known as plaster beetles or fungus beetles due to their association with mold and decaying organic matter.
Corticeus hatchi
Corticeus hatchi is a small darkling beetle (family Tenebrionidae, subfamily Colydiinae) described by Boddy in 1957. Members of the genus Corticeus are typically associated with dead or dying wood, where they feed on fungal mycelia. The species is part of a diverse group of bark beetles and allies that play important roles in forest decomposition processes. Specific ecological data for C. hatchi remain limited in published literature.
Cryptophaginae
silken fungus beetles
Cryptophaginae is a subfamily of small beetles within the family Cryptophagidae, commonly known as silken fungus beetles. The subfamily contains approximately 11 genera and more than 180 described species. Members are associated with fungal habitats and are often found in decaying organic matter. The subfamily was established by William Kirby in 1826.
Cryptophagus
silken fungus beetles
Cryptophagus is a genus of small beetles in the family Cryptophagidae, commonly known as silken fungus beetles. The genus has a nearly cosmopolitan distribution across all biogeographic realms. Members are fungivores that feed on fungal spores and hyphae, and are frequently associated with decaying organic matter, stored products, and animal nests. Some species are considered pests in food storage facilities, though they feed on mold growing on products rather than the products themselves. The genus contains numerous species, with significant historical taxonomic confusion.
Cryptophagus dentatus
silken fungus beetle
Cryptophagus dentatus is a species of silken fungus beetle in the family Cryptophagidae, first described by Herbst in 1793. The species has a broad geographic distribution spanning the Holarctic region, with confirmed records from Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. It has been documented from the Azores (Faial and São Miguel islands). As a member of the silken fungus beetles, it is associated with fungal habitats.
Cryptophilus integer
pleasing fungus beetle
Cryptophilus integer is a species of pleasing fungus beetle in the family Erotylidae. It has a broad distribution spanning Australia, Europe and Northern Asia (excluding China), North America, and Oceania. The species is one of approximately 95 observations recorded on iNaturalist, indicating it is encountered with moderate frequency by naturalists. As a member of Erotylidae, it is associated with fungal habitats, though specific ecological details remain limited in available sources.
Curelius japonicus
silken fungus beetle
Curelius japonicus is a species of silken fungus beetle in the family Cryptophagidae. Despite its specific epithet suggesting Japanese origin, the species is established in North America. It belongs to a family commonly associated with fungal feeding habits. The species was described by Reitter in 1877.
Cypherotylus
pleasing fungus beetles
Cypherotylus is a genus of pleasing fungus beetles in the family Erotylidae, containing over 30 described species. The genus is frequently encountered in literature under the unavailable name "Gibbifer," which is permanently invalid under ICZN Article 11.4 due to its origin in Voet's work. Species in this genus are associated with fungal substrates and exhibit the characteristic morphology of fungus-feeding beetles in this family.
Cypherotylus californicus
blue fungus beetle, blue pleasing fungus beetle
A medium-sized pleasing fungus beetle (family Erotylidae) with distinctive blue elytra marked with black spots, found in western North America. Adults measure 14–18 mm in length. The elytral coloration fades from bright blue to grayish as individuals age. The species completes its life cycle in a single year, with adults active from spring through fall.
Cyphomyrmex
fungus-growing ants
Cyphomyrmex is a genus of small, drab-colored fungus-growing ants in the tribe Attini, found primarily in the Neotropics. These ants cultivate fungi in the tribe Leucocoprineae as their primary food source, with most species growing fungal nodules rather than full mycelial gardens. Colonies are typically monogynous and small, rarely exceeding 500 workers. The genus is divided into two species complexes: the strigatus complex (South America only) and the rimosus complex (southern North America to South America). Cyphomyrmex represents a basal lineage among attine ants and serves as sister group to Mycetophylax.
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californica
Diaperis californica is a species of darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, described by Blaisdell in 1929. It belongs to the genus Diaperis, a small group of beetles characterized by their distinctive body shape and coloration patterns. The species is known from California, as indicated by its specific epithet. Like other members of its family, it is likely associated with decaying organic matter and fungal resources, though specific biological details remain poorly documented.
Dienerella filiformis
Slender plaster beetle
Dienerella filiformis is a minute beetle in the family Latridiidae, commonly known as plaster beetles due to their association with damp, moldy environments. The species is characterized by its notably slender, elongated body form compared to congeners. It has been recorded across eastern Canada, with distribution spanning from Manitoba to the Maritimes. Like other members of the genus, it is presumed to feed on fungal hyphae and spores in humid microhabitats.
Dioryctria banksiella
Dioryctria banksiella is a species of snout moth in the family Pyralidae, described in 1969 from Canadian specimens. The larvae develop within galls formed by the western gall rust fungus (Cronartium harknessii) on jack pine (Pinus banksiana) trunks. Early instars feed on gall tissue beneath the bark, while later instars mine deeper into the gall. The species is known only from western and central Canada.
Dorcatomini
Dorcatomini is a tribe of beetles within the family Ptinidae (spider beetles and relatives). The tribe comprises at least 11 genera and approximately 50 described species. Members of this group are small to minute beetles associated with dead wood, fungal fruiting bodies, and other decaying organic matter. The tribe is distributed across multiple continents with greatest diversity in temperate and subtropical regions.
Dysmerus basalis
Dysmerus basalis is a species of lined flat bark beetle in the family Laemophloeidae, described by Casey in 1884. It belongs to a family of small beetles commonly associated with dead or decaying wood, where they feed on fungal hyphae. The species has been documented in North America. Like other members of Laemophloeidae, it is likely adapted to life under bark, though specific biological details remain poorly documented.
Endecatomus dorsalis
Endecatomus dorsalis is a beetle species in the family Bostrichidae (subfamily Endecatominae). It is known from the southern United States. Both adults and larvae feed on bracket fungi, specifically members of Polyporaceae and Hymenochaetaceae.
Endomychus
Endomychus is a genus of beetles in the family Endomychidae, distributed across the Palearctic, Nearctic, and Oriental realms. The genus was established by Panzer in 1795. Species in this genus are associated with fungi and decaying organic matter. The genus has been documented from northern Europe through North America to Asian regions.
Enicmus brevicornis
plaster beetle, lathridid beetle
Enicmus brevicornis is a minute beetle in the family Latridiidae, commonly known as plaster beetles or lathridids. The species is native to Europe and has been introduced to other regions including North America. Like other members of the genus, it is associated with moist, moldy environments where it feeds on fungal growth. The species is distinguished from congeners by its relatively short antennae, as indicated by the specific epithet "brevicornis" (short-horned).