Millipede
Guides
Abacion
Brown Crested Millipedes, Crested Millipedes
Abacion is a genus of large, dark brown crested millipedes in the family Abacionidae, order Callipodida. The genus comprises approximately 10 described species distributed in North America. Members are characterized by prominent dorsal crests on their body segments, a distinctive feature of the group. The genus was established by Rafinesque in 1820 and represents one of the more conspicuous millipede taxa in its range due to its size and crested appearance.
Abacion magnum
crested millipede
Abacion magnum is a crested millipede species in the family Abacionidae, first described by Loomis in 1943. It is native to North America and is characterized by defensive chemical secretions containing p-cresol. In captivity, it has been observed to feed on dead insects and conspecifics, indicating opportunistic scavenging behavior.
Abacion tesselatum
crested millipede
Abacion tesselatum is a species of crested millipede in the family Abacionidae, first described by Rafinesque in 1820. It is a member of the order Callipodida, one of the major lineages of millipedes. The species is found in North America, with confirmed records from Kentucky. As a crested millipede, it belongs to a group characterized by distinctive dorsal projections on their body segments.
Akamptogonus
A genus of flat-backed millipedes in the family Paradoxosomatidae, containing approximately 11 described species. The genus was established by Attems in 1914. Species occur across parts of Australia, New Guinea, and surrounding regions. As members of the Polydesmida, they possess a flattened body form with lateral extensions (paranota) on each body segment.
Akamptogonus novarae
Akamptogonus novarae is a flat-backed millipede in the family Paradoxosomatidae, first described from the Austro-Hungarian Novara expedition in 1869. The species exhibits a notably broad geographic distribution spanning Australia, North America, and Oceania, which is unusual for a millipede and suggests possible human-mediated dispersal. It belongs to the order Polydesmida, the largest order of millipedes, characterized by their flattened body form.
Andrognathus
Andrognathus is a genus of small, thin-bodied millipedes in the order Platydesmida, family Andrognathidae. The genus contains three extant species—A. corticarius, A. grubbsi, and A. hoffmani—distributed in deciduous forests of eastern North America, New Mexico, and Mexico respectively. A fossil species, A. burmiticus, is known from 99-million-year-old Burmese amber, indicating a formerly broader distribution. These millipedes are euanamorphic, adding segments throughout their lifespan, and exhibit paternal care behaviors.
Aniulus
Aniulus is a genus of North American millipedes in the family Parajulidae, comprising at least 20 described species. The genus belongs to the order Julida, characterized by cylindrical bodies and typically inhabiting forest floor habitats. Detailed behavioral studies exist for at least one species, Aniulus bollmani, documenting complex courtship and mating behaviors.
Anthroleucosomatidae
Anthroleucosomatidae is a family of small to medium-sized millipedes in the order Chordeumatida, with approximately 19 genera and at least 40 described species. The family exhibits a core distribution centered on the Balkans and Caucasus region, extending eastward to Iran and central Siberia, with one highly disjunct North American species in Washington State. Many species are troglobionts (obligate cave-dwellers), including the world's deepest-occurring millipede, Heterocaucaseuma deprofundum, found below 2,000 meters in Krubera-Voronja Cave. The family shows exceptional diversity in the Caucasus, where 15 new genera and 36 new species were described in a single monograph.
Apheloria
cherry millipedes, flat-backed millipedes
Apheloria is a genus of large, chemically defended millipedes in the family Xystodesmidae, distributed across eastern North America. These millipedes are notable for producing hydrogen cyanide and benzaldehyde as defensive secretions, which imparts a characteristic cherry or almond odor. The genus participates in Müllerian mimicry rings in the Appalachian Mountains, with species displaying highly variable aposematic coloration involving black backgrounds with contrasting yellow, orange, red, or white markings. Species-level identification requires examination of male gonopod morphology due to extensive color polymorphism and convergent color patterns among co-occurring species.
Apheloria montana
mountain cherry millipede
Apheloria montana is a large flat-backed millipede in the family Xystodesmidae, native to the southern Appalachian Mountains of eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina. It serves as the type species for the genus Apheloria. The species produces hydrogen cyanide and benzaldehyde as chemical defenses, which emit a characteristic cherry or almond odor. Its bright yellow or orange spots function as aposematic coloration warning predators of its toxicity.
Apheloria virginiensis
Virginia cherry millipede, black-and-gold flat millipede, yellow and black flat millipede
Apheloria virginiensis is a large flat-backed millipede in the family Xystodesmidae, notable as the first myriapod described from North America in 1770. Adults range from 27–59 mm in length and exhibit striking aposematic coloration, typically black with yellow, pink, or orange spots on the paranota. This species secretes hydrogen cyanide and benzaldehyde as a chemical defense, producing a characteristic cherry or almond odor. It inhabits mesic deciduous and mixed forests in the piedmont and coastal plain regions of Virginia and North Carolina, where it contributes to leaf litter decomposition.
Apheloria virginiensis corrugata
Aromatic Cherry Millipede
Apheloria virginiensis corrugata is a subspecies of flat-backed millipede in the family Xystodesmidae, commonly known as the Aromatic Cherry Millipede. Like other members of the genus Apheloria, it produces hydrogen cyanide (HCN) as a chemical defense and displays bright aposematic coloration warning predators of its toxicity. The species exhibits the characteristic flattened body shape of Polydesmida, with lateral expansions of the dorsal segments called paranota. It belongs to a group of xystodesmid millipedes that share warning coloration patterns across related genera including Apheloria, Boraria, and Cherokia.
Apheloria virginiensis reducta
Yellow-and-black millipede, Cyanide millipede
A large, colorful millipede in the family Xystodesmidae, distinguished by its black body with bright yellow or orange wedge-shaped posterolateral markings. Like other members of its genus, it produces hydrogen cyanide as a chemical defense, advertised by its conspicuous aposematic coloration. The subspecies represents a western population of A. virginiensis, with records extending from the Appalachian region through the Ozark Plateau to the Arkansas Delta.
Apheloriini
cherry millipedes
Apheloriini is a tribe of large, colorful flat-backed millipedes endemic to the temperate forests of eastern North America. All species produce hydrogen cyanide as a chemical defense, which generates a characteristic cherry or almond odor from benzaldehyde byproducts. Members display bright aposematic coloration warning predators of their toxicity. The tribe includes seven genera, with greatest diversity concentrated in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Species in this tribe participate in Müllerian mimicry rings, resulting in extreme intraspecific variation in color patterns.
Atopetholus
Atopetholus is a genus of millipedes in the family Atopetholidae, order Spirobolida. The genus was established by Chamberlin in 1918 and contains approximately eight described species, all distributed in western North America, particularly California. Species in this genus are cylindrical millipedes characteristic of the Atopetholidae family.
Atopetholus angelus
Atopetholus angelus is a millipede species in the family Atopetholidae, described by Chamberlin in 1920. It belongs to the order Spirobolida, a group of large, cylindrical millipedes commonly known as giant millipedes or round-backed millipedes. The species has been recorded in North America, with specific locality data indicating presence in Louisiana, United States. Very little detailed biological information has been published for this species.
Austrotyla stephensoni
Austrotyla stephensoni is a species of millipede in the family Conotylidae, described by Shear & Steinmann in 2013. It belongs to the order Chordeumatida, a group of small to medium-sized millipedes commonly known as silk-spinning or short-back millipedes. The genus Austrotyla is endemic to the southern Appalachian region of the United States. This species appears to be rare and poorly known, with limited observational records.
Bdellozonium cerviculatum
Bdellozonium cerviculatum is a small millipede species in the family Polyzoniidae, one of two recognized species in its genus. It is native to the forests of California, where it inhabits crevices in decaying wood. The species reaches up to 16 mm in length and displays distinctive salmon pink coloration in living specimens. It was described by Cook & Loomis in 1928.
Blaniulidae
Thin Snake Millipedes
Blaniulidae is a family of julid millipedes characterized by extremely elongated, slender bodies with length-to-width ratios reaching 30:1. Members possess distinctive ozadenes (odiferous defensive glands) visible as spots on each segment, and may have eyes present or absent depending on species. The family exhibits diverse habitat preferences including leaf litter, soil, caves, and synanthropic environments. Several genera contain troglobitic species restricted to subterranean habitats, while others are widespread across Europe and have been introduced to other continents.
Blaniulus
Blaniulus is a genus of millipedes in the family Blaniulidae, order Julida. The genus was established by Gervais in 1836 and contains multiple species. Members are characterized by their elongated, cylindrical bodies with numerous segments. The genus has been documented across parts of Europe including Germany, Italy, the Czech Republic, and Croatia.
Blaniulus guttulatus
Spotted Snake Millipede
Blaniulus guttulatus, the spotted snake millipede, is a small, eyeless millipede native to Central and Western Europe that has been widely introduced to North America, Australia, and remote Atlantic islands. It is characterized by its slender, pale body with distinctive red ozadenes (defensive glands) on each segment. The species thrives in anthropogenic habitats and can become an agricultural pest, particularly during drought conditions.
Bollmaniulus
Bollmaniulus is a genus of cylindrical millipedes in the family Parajulidae, order Julida. The genus was established by Verhoeff in 1926 and contains approximately 14 described species distributed primarily in western North America. Members of this genus are small to medium-sized juliform millipedes characterized by their relatively simple gonopod structure compared to related genera.
Boraria
Boraria is a genus of flat-backed millipedes in the family Xystodesmidae, established by Chamberlin in 1943. The genus is characterized by the lateral expansion of dorsal segments into paranota, giving individuals a flattened appearance distinct from cylindrical millipedes. Species in this genus, like other xystodesmids, produce hydrogen cyanide as a chemical defense and display bright aposematic coloration—typically black with yellow or orange markings—as warning signals to predators. The genus is part of the diverse Polydesmida order, which represents the culmination of diplosegmentation in millipedes with no external evidence of sutures between fused body somites.
Boraria deturkiana
Boraria deturkiana is a species of flat-backed millipede in the family Xystodesmidaedescribed by Causey in 1942. The genus Boraria is part of the tribe Rhysodesmini within the subfamily Rhysodesminae. Like other members of the order Polydesmida, this species possesses laterally expanded dorsal segments (paranota) that give it a flattened appearance. The taxonomic status of this species has been debated, with some sources treating it as a synonym of Howellaria deturkiana.
Boraria infesta
Boraria infesta is a species of flat-backed millipede in the family Xystodesmidae, native to southeastern North America. It belongs to a group of polydesmidan millipedes that produce hydrogen cyanide as a chemical defense and display aposematic coloration warning predators of their toxicity. The species is part of a genus closely related to other cyanide-producing millipedes including Apheloria and Pleuroloma.
Boraria stricta
Boraria stricta is a flat-backed millipede in the family Xystodesmidae, characterized by its dorsoventrally flattened body form typical of the order Polydesmida. The species is native to North America and belongs to a genus known for aposematic coloration warning of chemical defenses. Like other xystodesmid millipedes, it possesses paranota—lateral extensions of body segments that contribute to its flattened appearance.
Brachycybe lecontii
Feather Millipede
Brachycybe lecontii is a small, eyeless, pink-colored millipede endemic to the eastern United States. It is one of the few known social millipedes, forming multi-generational colonies and distinctive "pinwheel" aggregations during feeding. Males exclusively provide paternal care of eggs during a 3–4 week incubation period; egg survival depends entirely on this care. The species is obligately fungivorous, feeding on diverse fungi, and possesses specialized cuticular structures possibly adapted for mycophagy.
Brachycybe petasata
Brachycybe petasata is a small millipede in the order Platydesmida, endemic to the southern Appalachian Mountains of the southeastern United States. It inhabits moist forest floor habitats, particularly leaf litter and decaying wood in beech, birch, maple, and hemlock forests. The species is distinguished by its production of four unique monoterpene alkaloids as chemical defenses: gosodesmine, hydrogosodesmine, homogosodesmine, and hydrohomogosodesmine. As a member of the subterclass Colobognatha, it represents one of the few millipede lineages known to synthesize terpenoid alkaloids.
Brachycybe producta
Brachycybe producta is a species of millipede in the family Andrognathidaefound in North America. It belongs to the order Platydesmida, a group of small, flattened millipedes commonly known as flat-backed millipedes. The species was described by Loomis in 1936. It is part of the Colobognatha, a clade of millipedes characterized by reduced mouthparts.
Brachycybe rosea
Brachycybe rosea is a species of millipede in the family Andrognathidae, first described by Murray in 1877. It belongs to the order Platydesmida, a group of small, often pinkish or pale millipedes commonly known as "feather millipedes" or "colobognathans." The species has been documented in North America, with specific records from California. Like other members of its genus, it exhibits the reduced body plan and specialized morphology characteristic of colobognathan millipedes.
Californiulus chamberlini
Californiulus chamberlini is a species of millipede in the family Paeromopodidae, native to western North America. It is one of several species within the genus Californiulus, which is endemic to California and adjacent regions. Like other members of its family, it possesses the elongated, cylindrical body form typical of juliform millipedes. The species was described by Brölemann in 1922.
Californiulus euphanus
Californiulus euphanus is a millipede species in the family Paeromopodidae, described by Chamberlin in 1938. It is endemic to the Pacific Northwest of the United States, specifically found in northwestern Oregon and southwestern Washington. As a member of the order Julida, it belongs to a group of cylindrical, burrowing millipedes.
Californiulus yosemitensis
Yosemite Millipede
Californiulus yosemitensis is a large cylindrical millipede in the family Paeromopodidae, reaching up to 11 cm in length. It is distinguished by a broad yellow or orange dorsal band with a central black stripe running the length of the black body. The species is the most widespread member of its genus, occurring across the Sierra Nevada and adjacent ranges from southwestern Oregon to Kern County, California. It was described by Ralph Vary Chamberlin in 1941 from specimens collected in Yosemite National Park.
Cambala annulata
Violet Ridged Millipede
Cambala annulata is a species of millipede in the family Cambalidae, commonly known as the Violet Ridged Millipede. It is native to North America and was first described by Thomas Say in 1821. The species belongs to the order Spirostreptida, a group of large cylindrical millipedes.
Cambala minor
Amber Ridged Millipede
Cambala minor is a species of millipede in the family Cambalidae, described by Bollman in 1888. It is known from North America, where it inhabits forest floor environments. As a member of the order Spirostreptida, it belongs to a group of large-bodied millipedes characterized by cylindrical bodies and numerous segments.
Causeyella
Causeyella is a genus of troglobitic (cave-dwelling) millipedes in the family Trichopetalidae, order Chordeumatida. The genus was established by Shear in 2003 and comprises three species: C. causeyae, C. dendropus, and C. youngsteadtorum. These millipedes are restricted to cave habitats in the southern Ozarks region of the United States.
Cherokia georgiana
Georgia Flat-backed Millipede, Wrinkled Flat-backed Millipede
Cherokia georgiana is a monospecific millipede genus in the family Xystodesmidae, representing the sole species in genus Cherokia. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of seven gene loci supports recognition of a single highly variable species, with three formerly recognized subspecies (C. g. ducilla, C. g. latassa) now synonymized. The species exhibits extensive morphological variation in coloration, body size, and paranota shape that correlates with geography and elevation rather than phylogenetic relationships. It is sister to the genus Pleuroloma.
Cherokia georgiana georgiana
Cherokia georgiana georgiana is a millipede subspecies in the family Xystodesmidae, characterized by its black body with yellow wedge-shaped posterolateral markings and a wrinkled dorsal surface. It belongs to the order Polydesmida, a group distinguished by lateral expansions of dorsal segments into "paranota" that give a flattened appearance. Like other members of its genus and related genera, it produces hydrogen cyanide (HCN) as a chemical defense against predators, with its bright coloration serving as aposematic warning signals.
Chicobolus
Chicobolus is a monotypic genus of millipedes in the family Spirobolidae, established by Chamberlin in 1947. The genus contains a single species, Chicobolus spinigerus, commonly known as the Florida ivory millipede. This species is notable for its large size and pale coloration, and has been documented as a natural intermediate host for the acanthocephalan parasite Macracanthorhynchus ingens.
Choctella cumminsi
Choctella cumminsi is a species of millipede in the family Choctellidae, described by Chamberlin in 1918. It is a member of the order Spirostreptida, a group of large-bodied millipedes commonly known as giant millipedes. The species is known from North America, with confirmed records from Tennessee. As with other members of its family, it is presumed to be a soil-dwelling detritivore, though specific ecological studies are limited.
Choctellidae
Choctellidae is a family of millipedes in the order Spirostreptida, established by Chamberlin & Hoffman in 1950. The family contains at least one genus, Choctella, with at least two described species. These millipedes have been recorded in Alabama and Tennessee in the southeastern United States. The family belongs to the superfamily Cambalidea within the suborder Juliformia.
Chonaphini
Chonaphini is a tribe of flat-backed millipedes (Polydesmida) within the family Xystodesmidae, established by Verhoeff in 1941. The tribe comprises approximately 6 genera and 19 described species distributed across western North America. Members exhibit the characteristic dorsoventrally flattened body form typical of xystodesmid millipedes.
Chondromorpha xanthotricha
Chondromorpha xanthotricha is a millipede in the family Paradoxosomatidae. Native to South India and Sri Lanka, it has become a widespread introduced species across tropical and subtropical regions through human-mediated transport. Adults measure 20–26 mm and exhibit notably rapid movement compared to many millipedes. Two subspecies are recognized: C. x. hamuligerus and C. x. hirsutus.
Choneiulus palmatus
Palm Millipede
A small julid millipede native to the Atlantic zone of northwest Europe, now widely distributed through synanthropic spread and human introduction. Adults reach 12–15 mm with up to 58 body rings. The species shows strong association with human-modified environments in parts of its range, particularly in northern Britain, while retaining woodland populations elsewhere. A genome assembly of 626.52 Mb has been published from an Oxfordshire specimen.
Chordeumatida
Sausage Millipedes, Spinning Millipedes
Chordeumatida is a large order of millipedes containing over 1,100 species, commonly known as sausage millipedes or spinning millipedes. Members of this order are distinguished by their teloanamorphic development—adding segments through molts until reaching a fixed adult number, after which molting ceases. They are notable for possessing spinnerets on their telsons that produce silk used to construct protective chambers for molting and egg-laying. The order exhibits considerable morphological diversity, with species ranging from 3.5 to 42 mm in length and displaying both cylindrical and flat-backed body forms.
Cixius yufengi
Cixius yufengi is a species of planthopper in the family Cixiidae, described by Tsaur in 1993. The species belongs to a genus of small, often inconspicuous insects that feed on plant sap. Very little specific information is available about this particular species.
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fustis
Cleidogona fustis is a small millipede species in the family Cleidogonidae, order Chordeumatida. It was described in 1895 by Cook and Collins. The species belongs to a group of short-bodied millipedes commonly known as "snake millipedes" or "bristly millipedes" due to their compact form and setose appearance. Very few observations of this species exist in public databases.
Cleidogona major
Cleidogona major is a species of millipede in the family Cleidogonidae, order Chordeumatida. It was described by Cook and Collins in 1895. The species belongs to a group of small to medium-sized millipedes commonly known as "snake millipedes" or "bristly millipedes" in the order Chordeumatida, which are characterized by relatively short bodies compared to other millipede orders.
Comanchelus
Comanchelus is a genus of millipedes in the family Atopetholidae, order Spirobolida. It was described by Hoffman and Orcutt in 1960. The genus belongs to the subfamily Eurelinae and is native to North America, with species documented in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Members of this genus are cylindrical, relatively large-bodied millipedes characteristic of the spirobolid group.
Conotyla blakei
Conotyla blakei is a millipede species in the family Conotylidae, described by Verhoeff in 1932. It belongs to the order Chordeumatida, a group of small millipedes commonly known as silk-spinning or short-bodied millipedes. The species has been recorded in North America. Information regarding its biology and ecology remains limited.