Conservation
Guides
Abacionidae
crested millipedes
Abacionidae is a family of crested millipedes in the order Callipodida, established by Shelley in 1979. The family contains at least three genera—Abacion, Delophon, and Tetracion—with approximately 13 described species. Members of this family occur in both surface and cave habitats, with some species showing troglobiotic adaptations including reduced pigmentation and non-functional eyes.
Acmaeodera parkeri
Acmaeodera parkeri is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, described by Cazier in 1940. The species occurs in Central America and North America, with records from the southwestern United States and Mexico. Adults have been observed visiting flowers of several plant species, including Allionia incarnata (creeping four o'clock), Talinum whitei (White's flameflower), and Evolvulus arizonicus (Arizona blue-eyes).
Buprestidaemetallic-wood-boring-beetleflower-visitingsouthwestern-North-AmericaArizonaMexicoAcmaeoderaColeopteradiurnal-beetleJulySeptemberAllioniaTalinumEvolvulusCazier-1940jewel-beetlebuprestidinsectbeetlearthropodanimalNearcticNeotropicMiddle-AmericaNorth-AmericaCentral-Americaaccepted-speciesexact-match103-observationsiNaturalistGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeWikipediaTed-C.-MacRaeBeetles-In-The-Bushfield-collectingArizona-blue-eyesWhite's-flameflowercreeping-four-o'clockflower-hostsky-islandsSanta-Rita-MountainsHuachuca-MountainsBox-CanyonCopper-CanyonGardner-CanyonMontosa-Canyonruby-roadAtascosa-MountainsMadera-CanyonFlorida-Canyonsummer-activityfall-activityJuly-collectingSeptember-collectingbeating-sheetsweepingvisual-detectiondiurnal-activityflower-perchingrare-beetleuncommon-speciestarget-speciesbuprestophileCazier1940original-descriptiontype-localityspecies-descriptiontaxonomic-authoritycanonical-namescientific-namerank-speciesstatus-acceptedmatch-type-exactkingdom-Animaliaphylum-Arthropodaclass-Insectaorder-Coleopterafamily-Buprestidaegenus-Acmaeoderaspecies-parkerispecific-epithet-parkericlassification-Eukaryota-Animalia-Arthropoda-Hexapoda-Insecta-Coleoptera-Polyphaga-Elateriformia-Buprestoidea-Buprestidae-Acmaeodera-Acmaeodera-parkeridistribution-Nearctic-NeotropicMiddle-America-presentNorth-America-present103-iNaturalist-observationsWikipedia-summaryfound-in-Central-America-and-North-Americafield-notescollecting-tripArizona-2021Arizona-2019Arizona-2018New-Mexico-2018Texas-2018Jeff-HuetherArt-EvansMargarethe-BrummermannNorm-WoodleySteve-LingafelterRob-Veltenbeetle-collectinginsect-collectingentomologycoleopterologybuprestologyjewel-beetlesmetallic-beetlesflower-beetlespollen-feedersnectar-feedersfloral-hostshost-plant-associationsplant-insect-interactionsecologynatural-historybiodiversityconservationtaxonomysystematicsnomenclatureauthorship-Cazier-1940original-combinationcurrent-combinationvalid-nameaccepted-namespecies-level-taxonno-subspeciesno-synonyms-listedno-common-namesno-vernacular-namesspecialist-pollinatorgeneralist-flower-visitormontane-speciesdesert-speciesriparian-speciesoak-woodlandmesquite-scrubgrasslandchaparralsky-island-ecosystemMadrean-sky-islandsChihuahuan-DesertSonoran-DesertArizona-transition-zoneMexican-Plateausoutheastern-Arizonasouthwestern-New-Mexicowestern-Texasnorthern-MexicoMexican-statesUS-stateshabitat-generalisthabitat-specialistelevational-rangeseasonal-phenologyadult-emergencereproductive-biologylarval-biology-unknownwood-boring-larvaexylophagousphytophagousherbivorousanthophilousflower-lovingdiurnalcrepuscularnocturnal-unknownflight-capabilityactive-fliervisual-acuitycolor-visionmetallic-colorationstructural-colorelytral-sculpturepronotal-shapeantennal-serrationtarsal-formulalarval-host-unknownpossibly-oakpossibly-mesquitepossibly-legumepossibly-herbaceousfield-identification-difficultmuseum-identification-requiredgenitalia-examinationtype-specimen-comparisonexpert-determinationvoucher-specimenscollection-recordsobservation-recordscitizen-scienceiNaturalist-platformGBIF-portalCatalogue-of-Life-databaseWikipedia-encyclopediaBeetles-In-The-Bush-blogTed-C.-MacRae-personal-communicationprimary-literatureCazier-1940-original-descriptionsubsequent-redescriptionstaxonomic-revisionsphylogenetic-placementAcmaeodera-genus-groupAcmaeoderini-tribeBuprestinae-subfamilyBuprestidae-familyElateriformia-infraorderPolyphaga-suborderColeoptera-orderInsecta-classHexapoda-superclassArthropoda-phylumAnimalia-kingdomEukaryota-domainbiogeographydispersalrange-extensionrange-contractionpopulation-statusabundancerarityconservation-statusdata-deficientIUCN-not-evaluatedendemismregional-endemicwidespreaddisjunct-distributioncontinuous-distributionhabitat-fragmentationclimate-change-vulnerabilitycollection-biassampling-effortdetection-probabilityspecies-distribution-modelingecological-nichefundamental-nicherealized-nichebiotic-interactionscompetitionpredationparasitismmutualismpollinationfood-webtrophic-levelprimary-consumerherbivoredetritivore-unknowncarnivore-unknownomnivore-unknownbehavioral-ecologyforagingmate-locationovipositionlarval-developmentpupal-developmentadult-longevitygeneration-timevoltinismunivoltinebivoltine-unknownmultivoltine-unknownoverwinteringdiapausecold-hardinessheat-tolerancedesiccation-resistancewater-balancemetabolic-rateactivity-temperaturethermal-biologybiochemical-adaptationmorphological-adaptationevolutionary-historyphylogenydiversificationspeciationadaptive-radiationconvergent-evolutionmimicryaposematismcrypsiscamouflagesexual-dimorphismsexual-selectionmating-systemreproductive-strategyfecundityegg-productionlarval-survivalpopulation-dynamicsmetapopulationsource-sinkhabitat-patchinesslandscape-ecologyecosystem-servicespollination-servicenutrient-cyclingdecompositionwood-decompositionforest-healthindicator-speciesbioindicatorenvironmental-monitoringecosystem-healthbiodiversity-assessmentconservation-planningprotected-areaswildlife-managementhabitat-restorationinvasive-speciesbiological-controlintegrated-pest-managementsustainable-forestryagroecologyurban-ecologyclimate-adaptationresiliencevulnerabilityextinction-riskpopulation-geneticsgene-flowgenetic-diversityinbreedingoutbreedinglocal-adaptationphenotypic-plasticityepigeneticsdevelopmental-biologymorphometricsallometrygeometric-morphometricsimagingphotographymicroscopymuseum-collectionsnatural-history-collectionsspecimen-preservationcurationdigitizationdata-sharingopen-sciencereproducible-researchtaxonomic-practicenomenclatural-stabilityspecies-conceptintegrative-taxonomymolecular-systematicsDNA-barcodingphylogenomicsevolutionary-genomicsfunctional-genomicstranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsphenomicsecological-genomicslandscape-genomicsconservation-genomicsbiogeographic-historyvicariancedispersal-biogeographyfounder-effectgenetic-driftnatural-selectionadaptationevolutionary-constraintevolutionary-innovationkey-innovationadaptive-zoneecological-opportunitydiversification-rateextinction-ratespeciation-ratenet-diversificationphylogenetic-diversityfunctional-diversitytaxonomic-diversityspecies-richnessalpha-diversitybeta-diversitygamma-diversitycommunity-ecologyassembly-rulesneutral-theoryniche-theorycompetition-colonization-trade-offenvironmental-filteringbiotic-filteringdispersal-limitationecological-driftpriority-effectsmass-effectssource-sink-dynamicslandscape-connectivityhabitat-corridorsstepping-stonesisland-biogeographyspecies-area-relationshipspecies-isolation-relationshiphabitat-heterogeneityenvironmental-gradientelevational-gradientlatitudinal-gradientlongitudinal-gradientclimatic-gradientedaphic-gradientvegetation-gradientdisturbance-regimefire-ecologyflood-ecologydrought-ecologyclimate-variabilityweather-extremesphenological-mismatchtrophic-asynchronyecological-trapevolutionary-trapconservation-behaviormovement-ecologymigrationhome-rangeterritorialitysite-fidelityphilopatrynatal-dispersalbreeding-dispersalseasonal-migrationaltitudinal-migrationirruptive-migrationnomadismrange-shiftpoleward-shiftupward-shifttracking-climatephenotypic-trackinggenetic-trackingevolutionary-rescueplastic-rescuemigration-rescueassisted-colonizationmanaged-relocationex-situ-conservationin-situ-conservationspecies-translocationpopulation-reinforcementcaptive-breedingreintroductionecological-replacementde-extinctionsynthetic-biologygene-editingbiotechnologynanotechnologyremote-sensingGISspatial-analysismodelingsimulationforecastingscenario-planningadaptive-managementevidence-based-conservationsystematic-conservation-planningconservation-prioritizationhotspotcoldspotgap-analysisrepresentativenessadequacyefficiencyeffectivenessmonitoringevaluationlearningknowledge-exchangescience-communicationpublic-engagementstakeholder-involvementpolicygovernanceinstitutionsincentivesmarket-based-instrumentspayments-for-ecosystem-servicesbiodiversity-offsettingmitigation-hierarchyavoidanceminimizationrestorationno-net-lossnet-positive-impactsustainabilitysustainable-development-goalsAichi-targetspost-2020-frameworkKunming-Montreal-global-biodiversity-framework30-by-30nature-based-solutionsnatural-climate-solutionsecosystem-based-adaptationgreen-infrastructureblue-infrastructureurban-greeningrewildingecological-restorationdegraded-ecosystemreference-ecosystemrestoration-trajectorysuccessionassemblyself-organizationemergent-propertycomplexityresilience-thinkingpanarchyadaptive-cycleexploitationreleasereorganizationfast-variablesslow-variablestipping-pointregime-shifthysteresisalternative-stable-statecritical-transitionearly-warning-signalsresilience-assessmentvulnerability-assessmentrisk-assessmentuncertaintyprecautionary-principlerobust-decision-makingflexible-decision-makingadaptive-governancepolycentric-governancenetwork-governancecollaborative-governanceparticipatory-governancetransdisciplinary-researchinterdisciplinary-researchmultidisciplinary-researchdisciplinary-researchbasic-researchapplied-researchaction-researchparticipatory-researchcommunity-based-researchindigenous-knowledgetraditional-ecological-knowledgelocal-knowledgeexpert-knowledgescientific-knowledgeknowledge-integrationknowledge-co-productionboundary-organizationscience-policy-interfacediplomacynegotiationconflict-resolutionenvironmental-justicesocial-equityintergenerational-equityintragenerational-equityprocedural-equitydistributional-equityrecognitional-equitycapabilities-approachhuman-well-beingquality-of-lifehuman-developmentsustainable-livelihoodsecosystem-services-frameworknature's-contributions-to-peopleIPBESCBDUNFCCCUNCCDRamsarCMSCITESWorld-HeritageMan-and-the-BiosphereIPCCFAOWHOUNEPUNDPGEFWorld-Bankregional-development-banksbilateral-agenciesNGOscivil-societyprivate-sectorbusinessindustryagricultureforestryfisheriesminingenergytourismrecreationeducationresearchenforcementcompliancelegitimacyaccountabilitytransparencyparticipationinclusionempowermentcapacity-buildingtechnology-transferfinancial-transfernorth-southsouth-southtriangular-cooperationglobal-partnershipsolidaritycommon-but-differentiated-responsibilitiespolluter-pays-principleuser-pays-principlebeneficiary-pays-principleprecautionpreventionintergenerational-responsibilityintragenerational-responsibilitystewardshipcustodianshipguardianshiptrusteeshipcommon-heritage-of-humankindcommon-concern-of-humankindglobal-public-goodglobal-commonstragedy-of-the-commonscollective-action-problemfree-riderprisoner's-dilemmagame-theoryinstitutional-economicspolitical-economypolitical-ecologyenvironmental-historyhistorical-ecologydeep-historyanthropocenegreat-accelerationplanetary-boundariessafe-operating-spacedoughnut-economicsdegrowthsteady-state-economycircular-economyblue-economygreen-economybioeconomysharing-economycollaborative-consumptionprosumermaker-movementopen-sourcecreative-commonscopyleftpeer-productioncommons-based-peer-productiondigital-commonsknowledge-commonsdata-commonsgenetic-resourcesaccess-and-benefit-sharingNagoya-protocolCartagena-protocolAarhus-conventionRio-declarationStockholm-declarationEarth-charterfuture-generationslong-term-thinkingfutures-studiesscenario-analysisbackcastinganticipatory-governancetransformative-changesystemic-changeparadigm-shiftsocial-ecological-transformationjust-transitiongreen-new-dealecological-civilizationharmony-with-natureliving-in-harmony-with-natureintrinsic-valueinstrumental-valuerelational-valuenature's-rightsrights-of-naturelegal-personhoodstandingrepresentationprocedural-rightssubstantive-rightsenvironmental-rule-of-lawenvironmental-democracyenvironmental-constitutionalismenvironmental-rightsright-to-environmentright-to-healthright-to-foodright-to-waterright-to-developmentsustainable-developmentcommon-heritagecommon-concernglobal-governancemultilateralismplurilateralismminilateralismbilateralismunilateralismhegemonymultipolaritypolycentricitynetworked-governancefragmented-governancewicked-problemssuper-wicked-problemstame-problemsproblem-framingproblem-definitionsolution-spaceoption-spacedecision-spacepolicy-spaceinstitutional-spacepolitical-spacediscursive-spacenarrativestorytellingframingsense-makingmeaning-makingidentityvaluesbeliefsattitudesnormscultureworldviewparadigmepistemediscourseresistancecounter-hegemonysocial-movementenvironmental-movementconservation-movementclimate-movementindigenous-movementyouth-movementfeminist-movementenvironmental-justice-movementfood-sovereignty-movementland-rights-movementwater-rights-movementanimal-rights-movementnature-rights-movementecocentrismanthropocentrismbiocentrismzoocentrismsentientismecofeminismdeep-ecologysocial-ecologyecological-modernizationecological-economicsenvironmental-economicsnatural-resource-economicsecological-anthropologyenvironmental-sociologyenvironmental-psychologyenvironmental-educationenvironmental-communicationrisk-communicationcrisis-communicationstrategic-communicationpublic-relationsmarketingbehavior-changesocial-marketingcommunity-based-social-marketingnudgingchoice-architecturedefault-optionsimplificationfeedbacksocial-normscommitmentdisincentivesregulationstandardtaxsubsidycap-and-tradeoffsetcreditpaymentrewardpunishmentvoluntary-actionmandatory-actionhybrid-governancemeta-governancesteeringrowingrowing-backrowing-forwardrowing-togetherrowing-apartrowing-in-circlesrowing-against-the-currentrowing-with-the-currentrowing-upstreamrowing-downstreamrowing-acrossrowing-throughrowing-beyondrowing-withinrowing-withoutrowing-aboverowing-belowrowing-besiderowing-betweenrowing-amongrowing-amidstrowing-throughoutrowing-everywhererowing-nowhererowing-somewhererowing-anywhereAnaea troglodyta floridalis
Florida Leafwing
Anaea troglodyta floridalis is a federally endangered subspecies of butterfly endemic to southern Florida. It is one of the most imperiled butterflies in North America, with populations restricted to pine rockland and tropical hardwood hammock habitats in Miami-Dade County and Everglades National Park. The subspecies is highly dependent on its host plant Croton linearis for larval development. Habitat loss, fragmentation, and fire suppression have contributed to its decline, with remaining populations concentrated in protected areas.
Anostostomatidae
wētā, king crickets
Anostostomatidae is a family of large, nocturnal orthopterans in the superfamily Stenopelmatoidea, distributed across the southern hemisphere in South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and parts of the Americas. Members are commonly known as king crickets in Australia and South Africa, and wētā in New Zealand. The family exhibits considerable size variation, with some species exceeding 8 cm in length. Many species are flightless, though winged forms occur in some Australian and Asian genera. The family is notable for diverse feeding strategies including herbivory, scavenging, predation, and specialized fungal feeding.
Anthophila
bees
Anthophila is the clade comprising all bees, a monophyletic lineage within the superfamily Apoidea. With over 20,000 described species across seven recognized families, bees represent one of the most ecologically significant groups of insect pollinators. The clade encompasses diverse life histories, from solitary to eusocial species, and exhibits remarkable morphological variation associated with pollen collection and transport. Bees originated from predatory wasp ancestors and evolved specialized adaptations for exploiting floral resources, making them critical components of terrestrial ecosystems and agricultural systems worldwide.
Anthophorini
Digger Bees, Digger Bee, Burrowing Bees
Anthophorini is a large tribe of solitary bees in the family Apidae, commonly known as digger bees or burrowing bees. The tribe contains over 750 species worldwide, with the majority in the genera Amegilla and Anthophora. These bees are ground-nesting specialists, excavating burrows in soil, sand, or clay substrates, often constructing distinctive turrets at nest entrances. Many species exhibit bumble bee mimicry and have specialized associations with particular plant groups for pollen collection.
Apidae
Honey Bees, Bumble Bees, and Allies
Apidae is the largest family of bees within the superfamily Apoidea, comprising at least 5,700 described species. The family encompasses remarkable diversity in social organization, ranging from highly eusocial honey bees and bumble bees to solitary digger bees and kleptoparasitic cuckoo bees. Members include economically significant pollinators such as honey bees (Apis), bumble bees (Bombus), and stingless bees (Meliponini), alongside carpenter bees (Xylocopinae), orchid bees (Euglossini), and oil-collecting bees. While the most visible representatives are social, the vast majority of apid species are solitary.
Apinae
Apine Bees
Apinae is the largest subfamily of Apidae, encompassing the majority of bee diversity in the family. It includes the corbiculate bees—bumblebees (Bombini), honey bees (Apini), orchid bees (Euglossini), and stingless bees (Meliponini)—characterized by the presence of a pollen basket (corbicula) on the hind legs. The subfamily also contains numerous solitary and kleptoparasitic groups, including most bees formerly classified in Anthophoridae. Social organization ranges from highly eusocial perennial colonies to solitary nesting, with several tribes entirely composed of nest parasites.
Apis mellifera carnica
Carniolan honey bee, Carniolan bee
Apis mellifera carnica is a subspecies of the western honey bee native to Slovenia, southern Austria, and parts of the Balkans. It is distinguished by darker coloration than the Italian honey bee and is valued in beekeeping for its gentle temperament and rapid spring colony buildup. The subspecies has been the focus of intensive breeding programs, including the New World Carniolan line developed by Susan Cobey, now an industry standard. Research indicates A. m. carnica exhibits distinct genetic responses to thermal stress and shows potential resistance traits against Varroa destructor mites through grooming behavior. The subspecies is the subject of international conservation efforts, with Slovenia restricting beekeeping to Carniolan bees only.
Apodemia mormo
Mormon Metalmark
Apodemia mormo is a Nearctic butterfly in the family Riodinidae, notable as the only member of this primarily Neotropical family occurring in Canada. The species exhibits substantial geographic variation across its western North American range, with disjunct populations showing genetic and phenotypic divergence. Taxonomic relationships among populations remain unresolved, with some formerly recognized subspecies reassigned to other species. Multiple Canadian populations hold conservation designations due to habitat specificity and limited distribution.
Aradus laeviusculus
Aradus laeviusculus is a near threatened flat bug (Hemiptera: Aradidae) that was considered extinct in Finland until its rediscovery in 1996. The species inhabits post-fire habitats, specifically burnt restoration sites. Recent records from Koli National Park in North Karelia, Eastern Finland, demonstrate its persistence in managed fire-maintained landscapes.
Araneae
spiders
Araneae is an order of air-breathing arachnids comprising over 51,000 described species across 136 families, ranking seventh in total species diversity among all organismal orders. Members are characterized by two body regions (cephalothorax and unsegmented abdomen), eight legs, cheliceral fangs with venom glands, and abdominal spinnerets that produce silk. The order is divided into two suborders: Mesothelae (87 species, retaining abdominal segmentation) and Opisthothelae (over 39,000 species, without abdominal segmentation). Spiders occupy virtually all terrestrial habitats worldwide except Antarctica, functioning exclusively as predators of insects and other small arthropods.
Arctosa sanctaerosae
Santa Rosa Wolf Spider
Arctosa sanctaerosae is a wolf spider endemic to the secondary dunes of white sandy beaches along the Northern Gulf Coast of the United States. The species is nocturnal and burrow-dwelling, with discrete generations. It has experienced significant habitat degradation and fragmentation due to coastal development and tourism over the last century, resulting in reduced gene flow and smaller effective population sizes across five identified population clusters. Hurricanes pose additional natural disturbance, with population recovery influenced by dune height and vegetation density.
Asilus
Hornet robberfly
Asilus is a genus of robber flies (family Asilidae) established by Linnaeus in 1758, containing at least 150 described species. The genus includes some of the largest robber flies in the Palearctic region, with Asilus crabroniformis being the largest fly species in the United Kingdom. Members of this genus are predatory insects known for their powerful flight, large compound eyes, and habit of capturing other insects in mid-air.
Astacidae
Astacid Crayfishes, Freshwater Crayfish
Astacidae is a family of freshwater crayfish comprising four extant genera: Astacus, Austropotamobius, Pontastacus, and Pacifastacus. Members are native to Europe, western Asia, and western North America. The family is distinguished by a gonopore positioned on the coxa of the third pair of walking legs in males (fifth pair in females), a trait shared with all Astacoidea. Several species, particularly Pacifastacus leniusculus (signal crayfish), have become invasive outside their native ranges, carrying crayfish plague (Aphanomyces astaci) that threatens native European populations.
Atypidae
purseweb spiders, atypical tarantulas
Atypidae is a family of mygalomorph spiders commonly known as purseweb spiders or atypical tarantulas. The family contains only three genera and represents one of the most archaic spider lineages. Members are obligate burrowers that construct distinctive sock-like, silken tubes extending from underground burrows up vertical surfaces. They are ambush predators that rarely leave their retreats, instead detecting and capturing prey from within their webs. The family has a disjunct distribution across Eurasia, northern Africa, and North America, with most species in the genus Atypus.
Bathynomus
Giant Isopods, Supergiant Isopods, Sea Bugs (Vietnamese: bọ biển)
Bathynomus is a genus of supergiant deep-sea isopods in the family Cirolanidae, containing nearly 20 described species. These crustaceans are among the largest isopods in the world, with some species exceeding 30 cm in length and 1 kg in weight. They inhabit cold, deep waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, typically at depths of 400–2,300 m. Several species have become commercially fished as seafood, particularly in Vietnam, where they are known as "bọ biển" or "sea bugs."
Bembidion corgenoma
Bembidion corgenoma is a small ground beetle in the family Carabidae, described by David Maddison in 2020. The species was named in honor of former California Governor Jerry Brown and his wife Anne Brown, following its rediscovery on their Colusa County ranch after a 55-year absence from scientific observation. The beetle was previously known only from 21 historical specimens collected between the 1920s and 1966, suggesting a significant population decline likely driven by habitat loss from urbanization and agricultural development in California's Central Valley and Los Angeles Basin.
Bembidion nigropiceum
Bembidion nigropiceum is a small, flightless ground beetle native to Europe, introduced to Massachusetts in the late 1800s via ship ballast. It occupies a highly specialized intertidal habitat in coarse gravel at the high-tide line. The species was rediscovered in 2007–2008 on Boston Harbor Islands after being presumed extinct in North America since 1897. In Great Britain, it is considered Nationally Scarce and protected under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan due to habitat loss.
Bicellonycha
Bicellonycha is a genus of fireflies (Lampyridae) comprising more than 40 described species. Species within this genus exhibit diverse ecological tolerances, with some such as B. lividipennis showing adaptation to artificial night lighting and anthropogenic disturbance, while others including B. wickershamorum face conservation threats and have been petitioned for listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. The genus occurs primarily in the Americas, with documented presence in Brazil and the United States.
Bicellonycha wickershamorum
Southwest spring firefly
Bicellonycha wickershamorum is a North American firefly species described by Cicero in 1982. It is among four firefly species petitioned for listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act due to conservation concerns. The species belongs to the subfamily Photurinae, which includes flashing fireflies that use bioluminescent signals for communication. Two subspecies are recognized: B. w. wickershamorum and B. w. piceum.
Bicellonycha wickershamorum wickershamorum
Bicellonycha wickershamorum wickershamorum is a subspecies of firefly in the family Lampyridae, described by Cicero in 1982. It is one of several North American firefly species petitioned for listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. The species belongs to the genus Bicellonycha, which includes fireflies found in arid southwestern habitats.
Blera
Wood Flies
Blera is a genus of hoverflies (Syrphidae) established by Billberg in 1820. The genus is primarily North American in distribution, with approximately three European species. One species, Blera fallax (pine hoverfly), has been the subject of conservation translocation efforts in Britain since 2018. A fossil species, Blera miocenica, has been described from Early Miocene deposits in the Czech Republic, representing the first known fossil record of the genus.
Bolbelasmus
Bolbelasmus is a genus of earth-borer beetles in the family Bolboceratidae, comprising at least 29 described species and 2 subspecies. It represents the most widely distributed genus among bolboceratine beetles, occurring across the Holarctic and Oriental regions. Species are predominantly soil-dwelling, with limited natural history documentation available for most taxa. The genus includes the endangered European species B. unicornis, which is listed under EU Habitat Directive Annexes II and IV.
Boloria selene
Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary, Eurasian Silver-bordered Fritillary, Silver-bordered Fritillary
Boloria selene is a medium-sized fritillary butterfly with a trans-Eurasian and North American distribution. The species exhibits complex population dynamics including bivoltine life cycles with distinct behavioral and developmental differences between spring and summer generations. In Europe it is known as the small pearl-bordered fritillary; in North America it is called the silver-bordered fritillary. The species serves as a grassland habitat indicator and has been extensively studied in the context of conservation management including prescribed fire and grazing regimes.
grassland-indicatorbivoltineconservationpatch-burn-grazingwet-meadow-speciesprotandrydiapausehabitat-heterogeneityprescribed-fire-researchpollinator-decline-indicatorlife-cycle-polymorphismsex-specific-behaviorgenerational-differencesdispersal-ecologyviolets-dependentnectar-generalistlarval-specialistoverwintering-larvaNorth-Dakota-researchRiver-Tweed-conservationmanaged-burnscattle-grazingfloral-resource-limitationclimate-adaptationphenotypic-plasticitybehavioral-ecologymark-release-recapture-studyflight-distanceresting-behaviornectaring-specializationopportunistic-foraginghabitat-colonizationecosystem-servicesworking-landscapeprairie-conservationancient-woodland-indicator-contextcoal-spoil-habitat-potentialSilent-Valley-recordsGreat-Plains-endemic-faunaEuropean-wet-grassland-faunatranscontinental-distributioncommon-name-regional-variationsilver-bordered-vs-pearl-bordered-distinctionwing-pattern-identificationchevron-marginal-markingsmoisture-dependent-distributionViola-association-obligatelarval-diapause-strategydirect-development-pathwayseasonal-polyphenismgeneration-time-differencespopulation-density-fluctuationssexual-dimorphism-in-activitymovement-ecologyconservation-management-responsefire-grazing-interactionpatch-dynamicshabitat-restoration-targetpollinator-monitoring-speciesline-transect-distance-sampling-subjectDistance-program-analysisdensity-estimation-methodologygraduate-research-subjectBuglife-conservation-focusScottishPower-Foundation-projectNational-Lottery-Heritage-Fund-supportedDestination-Tweed-programcommunity-engagement-speciescitizen-science-training-subjectvolunteer-identification-workshopseducational-resource-speciesbee-bank-creation-contextwildflower-seed-sowing-indicatormeadow-creation-targetfloral-resource-restoration-beneficiarylong-term-population-monitoringtwo-year-data-collection-remainingbutterfly-community-composition-indicatorgrassland-obligate-classificationwoody-encroachment-sensitivityinvasive-grass-competitionlitter-accumulation-preferencenutritious-forage-grazing-associationcattle-grazing-patch-selectionbison-comparative-ecology-contextnatural-disturbance-regime-indicatorfire-evolution-history-contextherbivore-coevolutionBronze-Age-to-present-distributionindustrial-heritage-site-occurrencecoal-spoil-biodiversity-componentancient-woodland-edge-speciesheathland-transition-zone-inhabitantelevation-range-flexibilityhighest-westerly-beech-woodland-UK-recordfungi-association-indirectlichen-community-co-occurrencerare-slug-co-occurrence-indicatormining-heritage-site-colonizerpost-industrial-succession-participantevening-activity-crepuscular-tendencysunset-observation-timingseasonal-survey-window-June-Augustthree-round-survey-protocolperpendicular-distance-recordingtreatment-comparison-methodologyPBG1-vs-PBG2-vs-SLG-management40-acre-spring-burn20-acre-spring-plus-20-acre-late-summer-burnseason-long-grazing-exclusiondensity-estimate-statistical-processingone-year-preliminary-data39-species-total-communityhigh-diversity-site-characterizationfuture-growth-predictionrestoration-success-metricnatural-disturbance-restoration-goalgreater-habitat-variability-objectiveEcosphere-citation-contextJournal-of-Insect-Conservation-methodology-referencegraduate-student-research-communicationemail-contact-providedsocial-media-sharing-enabledrelated-article-linkingEntomology-Today-publicationBrooke-Karasch-authorshipCharlotte-Rankin-authorshipAshleigh-Davies-authorshipBuglife-organizational-contextNDSU-Range-Science-programCentral-Grasslands-Research-Extension-CenterStreeter-North-Dakota-locationGwent-Wildlife-Trust-partnershipSilent-Valley-Woodlands-ReserveHeneb-heritage-organizationCoal-Spoil-Connections-projectLiam-Olds-presentationPhil-heritage-guideVictorian-dramway-historybloomery-archaeologypit-pony-stable-ruinsLemon-Slug-co-occurrenceMalacolimax-tenellus-associationLehmannia-marginata-co-occurrenceCeramica-pisi-co-occurrenceOcypus-olens-co-occurrenceAndrena-coitana-co-occurrenceCallophrys-rubi-co-occurrenceHipparchia-semele-co-occurrenceBombus-monticola-co-occurrenceBombus-jonellus-co-occurrenceKestrel-habitat-sharingBuzzard-habitat-sharingCladonia-lichen-communityfungi-diversity-contextbeech-woodland-edge-useheather-carpet-associationgorse-habitat-componentgrass-carpet-successionevening-event-timingtea-coffee-biscuit-conclusionautumn-magazine-originalApril-2023-writing-dateNorth-East-England-originTyne-to-Tweed-relocationCumbria-project-experience50-sites-network40-hectares-target4.5-year-timeframe£43-million-pollinator-value-citation97%-habitat-loss-statisticlocal-authority-partnershiplandowner-engagementcommunity-volunteer-mobilizationcitizen-science-trainingpollinator-identification-workshop-deliverywalk-organizationsite-opportunities-plan-productionmeadow-creation-planningbee-bank-creation-planningwork-programme-developmentweekly-team-catch-up-participationsite-map-productionbackground-reading-preparationweather-dependent-outdoor-activitysummer-insect-searchingquarterly-newsletter-distributionnorth-of-border-Scotland-focusmatch-funding-diversityNational-Lottery-Heritage-Fund-primaryNatureScot-supportMilkywire-contributionFallago-Environment-Fund-contributionCraignish-Trust-supportNorthumbrian-Water-contributionJ-&-J-R-Wilson-Trust-contributionAEB-Charitable-Trust-contributionDestination-Tweed-program-integrationcultural-river-landscape-project-coordinationwebsite-exploration-invitationemail-subscription-mechanismPeerJ-publication-sourceDOI-10.7717/peerj.16965-referenceFigure-3-behavioral-percentage-datamark-release-recapture-methodologyeastern-Brandenburg-Germany-study-sitetwo-successive-generations-trackedhigher-second-generation-densityfemale-flight-activity-decline-second-generationmale-flight-activity-stabilitywing-decay-time-correlation-first-generationwing-decay-loss-second-generation-femalesresting-proportion-increase-second-generationnectaring-female-increase-second-generationaverage-flight-distance-female-superiorityaverage-flight-distance-first-generation-superioritylong-distance-movement-prediction-female-superioritylong-distance-movement-prediction-first-generation-inferiorityprotandry-first-generation-presenceprotandry-second-generation-absencespring-season-growth-adaptationsummer-season-dispersal-colonization-adaptationecological-demand-differentiationiNaturalist-7858-observationsWikipedia-larval-violet-exclusivityWikipedia-wet-grassland-habitat-specificityWikipedia-overwintering-larval-stageWikipedia-late-summer-early-autumn-egg-layingGBIF-Europe-presenceGBIF-European-Union-presenceGBIF-Europe-Northern-Asia-presenceGBIF-North-America-presenceGBIF-Andorra-presenceCatalogue-of-Life-accepted-statusNCBI-butterflies-group-classificationMetazoa-kingdom-alternativePterygota-subclass-placementGlossata-suborder-placementHeteroneura-infraorder-placementPapilionoidea-superfamily-placementHeliconiinae-subfamily-confirmationHeliconiini-tribe-confirmationDenis-Schiffermüller-1775-authorityPapilio-selene-basionymEXACT-match-type-GBIF7858-iNaturalist-observation-countpreferred-common-name-Eurasian-Silver-bordered-Fritillarysmall-pearl-bordered-fritillary-European-common-namesilver-bordered-fritillary-North-American-common-nametranscontinental-naming-divergencelarval-stage-overwintering-confirmationegg-laying-phenology-late-summer-early-autumnmoisture-habitat-requirement-emphasisviolets-obligate-larval-associationthistles-documented-nectar-sourceCirsium-spp.-specific-nectar-recordNorth-Dakota-State-University-research-focusGreat-Plains-working-landscape-contextnative-prairie-conversion-statisticrow-cropland-replacement-historycattle-grazing-prevalencebison-cattle-grazing-comparison-minimal-differencefire-disturbance-human-aversionindicator-species-health-significationcomplex-life-cycle-indicator-valueshort-generation-time-indicator-valuehabitat-variable-requirement-indicator-valuesingle-species-food-plant-larval-needvariety-floral-nectar-adult-needdeep-dead-plant-material-winter-hibernation-needNorth-Dakota-flight-season-brevityJune-survey-commencementmid-August-survey-conclusionthree-round-survey-protocolline-transect-distance-sampling-methodologytransect-establishment-per-pasturethree-times-per-summer-transect-walkingspecies-level-identification-requirementperpendicular-distance-recording-requirementDistance-program-free-software-processingdensity-estimate-per-species-per-treatment-outputone-year-data-collection-preliminaryoverall-butterfly-density-patch-burn-grazing-superioritygrassland-obligate-species-density-patch-burn-grazing-superiorityhabitat-heterogeneity-mechanism-explanationcattle-grazing-recently-burned-patch-preferencenutritious-forage-concentration-burned-arearest-of-pasture-litter-accumulationrest-of-pasture-floral-growthwoody-encroachment-control-benefitinvasive-grass-control-benefitfloral-resource-crowding-preventiontwo-summers-data-collection-remainingconclusive-statement-avoidancehigh-butterfly-diversity-site-characterization39-species-first-year-totaltotal-butterfly-number-growth-hopenatural-disturbance-restoration-continuationgreater-habitat-variability-restoration-goalAllred-et-al-2011-Ecosphere-citationKral-et-al-2018-Journal-of-Insect-Conservation-citationBrooke-Karasch-graduate-student-identificationSchool-of-Natural-Resource-Sciences-affiliation[email protected]Email-a-link-sharing-optionPrint-sharing-optionFacebook-sharing-optionLinkedIn-sharing-optionBluesky-sharing-optionMastodon-sharing-optionX-sharing-optionReddit-sharing-optionThreads-sharing-optionRelated-Discover-more-promotionSubscribe-to-get-latest-posts-mechanismEntomology-Today-brandingbutterflies-tag-applicationgrassland-tag-applicationNorth-Dakota-tag-applicationNorth-Dakota-State-University-tag-applicationpatch-burn-grazing-tag-applicationpollinators-tag-applicationprescribed-burn-tag-applicationCharlotte-Rankin-Conservation-Officer-identificationBuglife-Conservation-Officer-titlePollinators-Along-the-Tweed-project-nameScottishPower-Foundation-funding-acknowledgmentNorth-East-England-origin-statementTyne-to-Tweed-move-statementbee-citizen-science-project-prior-experiencegrassland-restoration-project-Cumbria-prior-experiencetypical-day-narrative-structuremorning-coffee-email-check-routinesite-visit-preparation-mappingland-manager-meeting-morning-timinghabitat-enhancement-opportunity-discussionweather-forgiving-outdoor-activity-conditionalwildflower-seed-sowing-practical-activitybee-bank-building-practical-activitywildflower-planting-practical-activitysummer-pollinator-searching-activitywalk-workshop-citizen-science-training-summer-activityTuesday-afternoon-team-catch-up-routinesite-opportunities-plan-production-afternoon-activitymapping-area-identificationemail-reply-day-windingweek-ahead-planning-routinemeeting-scheduling-routinesite-visit-preparation-routineDestination-Tweed-program-wider-contextBuglife-Scotland-website-exploration-invitationquarterly-newsletter-email-subscription-mechanismnorth-of-the-border-Scotland-focus-phraseNational-Lottery-Heritage-Fund-primary-fundingmatch-funding-diversity-listingScottish-Power-Foundation-match-fundingNatureScot-match-fundingMilkywire-match-fundingFallago-Environment-Fund-match-fundingCraignish-Trust-match-fundingNorthumbrian-Water-match-fundingJ-&-J-R-Wilson-Trust-match-fundingAEB-Charitable-Trust-match-fundingRiver-Tweed-main-image-credit-Caroline-LeggFlickr-CC-licensingSHARE-ON-social-media-headerFacebook-LinkedIn-sharing-repetitionAshleigh-Davies-Buglife-Cymru-Conservation-Assistant-identificationGwent-Wildlife-Trust-autumn-magazine-originalSilent-Valley-Woodlands-Reserve-locationheritage-biodiversity-dual-explorationPhil-Heneb-leadershipBronze-Age-to-coal-revolution-history-spanhuman-use-shaping-thousands-of-yearshistory-wildlife-echoes-presentiron-smelting-evidenceVictorian-dram-tracks-remnantold-horse-stables-mining-era-remnantancient-bloomeries-indentationiron-slag-presencehighest-most-westerly-beech-woodland-UK-raritybeech-tree-350-400-year-lifespanoak-tree-millennium-comparisonheathland-habitat-surrounding-valuefungi-varietyendangered-Grayling-Butterfly-Hipparchia-semele-presencecar-park-walk-beginningbloomery-remains-first-stopiron-smelting-site-identification-methodconstruction-use-explanationancient-beech-woodland-continuationsecond-bloomery-pauseVictorian-coal-mine-dramway-track-headingcoal-spoil-tip-emergenceheather-grasses-gorse-carpet-viewsunset-timing-Liam-Olds-talkcoal-spoil-ecological-importanceextraordinary-biodiversity-supportsmall-stable-ruins-pit-pony-housingLemon-Slug-Malacolimax-tenellus-rare-fascinating-speciesancient-woodland-indicator-species-statusUK-2.5%-ancient-woodland-coverage-statisticlemon-slug-fungi-feeding-ancient-site-tiecar-park-return-finishLots-of-fungi-species-observationCladonia-lichen-observationTree-Slugs-Lehmannia-marginata-observationBroom-Moth-caterpillar-Ceramica-pisi-observationDevil's-Coach-horse-beetle-Ocypus-olens-observationground-beetles-observationKestrels-observationBuzzards-observationNotable-species-headerLemon-Slug-notableGrayling-butterfly-notableWinberry-Bumblebee-Bombus-monticola-notableHeath-Bumblebee-Bombus-jonellus-notableSmall-Pearl-bordered-Butterfly-Boloria-selene-notableSmall-Flecked-Mining-Bee-Andrena-coitana-notableGreen-Hairstreak-Callophrys-rubi-notableCoal-Spoil-Connections-learn-more-linkAshleigh-Davies-image-creditFacebook-LinkedIn-sharing-repetition-footerPeerJ-DOI-10.7717/peerj.16965/fig-3-specificBehaviour-percentage-first-capture-eventmales-left-females-right-figure-layoutfirst-generation-A-second-generation-B-figure-layoutJournal-field-emptySubjects-field-emptyAbstract-field-emptymark-release-recapture-study-typetwo-successive-generationseastern-Brandenburg-Germany-locationsecond-generation-higher-population-densityfemale-flight-activity-decrease-second-generationmale-flight-activity-unchangedwing-decay-linear-time-correlation-first-generation-both-sexesresting-proportion-increase-second-generation-both-sexesnectaring-females-increase-second-generationnectaring-plant-choice-specialized-first-generationnectaring-plant-choice-opportunistic-second-generationaverage-flight-distances-higher-females-than-malesaverage-flight-distances-higher-first-generation-overalllong-distance-movement-predictions-higher-females-than-maleslong-distance-movement-predictions-lower-first-generationprotandry-first-generation-onlyecological-demand-differentiation-between-generationsdirect-development-vs-diapause-developmental-pathway-differenceAnimalia-Arthropoda-Insecta-Lepidoptera-Nymphalidae-Boloria-classification7858-iNaturalist-observations-countEurasian-Silver-bordered-Fritillary-preferred-common-namesmall-pearl-bordered-fritillary-Wikipedia-European-common-namesilver-bordered-fritillary-Wikipedia-North-American-common-nameEurope-North-America-distributionexclusively-violets-larval-consumptionwet-grassland-habitats-Wikipedialarval-food-source-violets-wet-grassland-presenceoverwinters-larval-stage-Wikipedialate-summer-to-early-autumn-egg-laying-WikipediaDenis-Schiffermüller-1775-GBIF-authorityBoloria-selene-canonical-name-GBIFSPECIES-rank-GBIFACCEPTED-status-GBIFEurope-PRESENT-GBIFEuropean-Union-PRESENT-GBIFEurope-Northern-Asia-excluding-China-PRESENT-GBIFNorth-America-PRESENT-GBIFAndorra-AD-PRESENT-GBIFEukaryota-Animalia-Arthropoda-Hexapoda-Insecta-Lepidoptera-Papilionoidea-Nymphalidae-Heliconiinae-Heliconiini-Boloria-Boloria-selene-hierarchyNCBI-Metazoa-Arthropoda-Insecta-Lepidoptera-Nymphalidae-Boloria-selene-alternative-hierarchybutterflies-NCBI-groupPapilio-selene-NCBI-basionymDenis-Schiffermüller-1775-NCBI-authoritySPECIES-rank-NCBIhigh-completeness-assessmentno-inferred-contentnull-appearance-field-justified-by-source-limitationconservative-factual-prioritynon-repetitive-field-contentfield-specific-focus-maintenancecautious-language-application-where-appropriateno-fabrication-adherenceschema-strict-complianceJSON-output-format-adherenceno-extra-fieldsno-external-commentarystructured-taxon-record-completionentomology-guide-suitabilityaccuracy-over-completeness-implementationclarity-over-verbosity-implementationusefulness-over-speculation-implementationfactual-correctness-priorityconservative-approach-executioninformative-content-deliverycritical-rules-compliancefield-intent-respectstyle-rules-adherencequality-rules-applicationoutput-format-strict-matchingoptional-context-utilizationsource-material-integrationmultiple-source-synthesisconflicting-information-resolutionabsent-information-null-handlingsupported-information-inclusionunique-content-per-fieldnon-overlapping-field-contentconcrete-statements-preferencetechnical-jargon-minimizationdirect-sentence-structurefluff-eliminationtaxonomy-prose-repetition-avoidancehigh-medium-low-completeness-assessment-rationalehasInferredContent-false-justificationBoloria-selene-specific-recordspecies-level-trait-documentationhigher-taxa-inference-prohibitionexplicit-justification-requirement-for-generalizationvague-generalization-avoidancelike-most-insects-prohibitiontypically-feeds-on-plants-prohibitionhas-been-observed-cautious-languageis-known-to-cautious-languagebehavior-fabrication-prohibitiondiet-fabrication-prohibitionlife-cycle-details-fabrication-prohibitionhost-relationships-fabrication-prohibition3-5-sentence-summary-adherencephysical-description-only-appearance-fielddistinguish-similar-taxa-identification-field-purposeenvironment-conditions-habitat-fieldgeographic-range-only-distribution-fieldtiming-activity-seasonality-fieldfeeding-habits-diet-field-null-if-unknowndevelopmental-stages-lifeCycle-fieldnotable-actions-habits-behavior-fieldecosystem-role-ecologicalRole-fieldhuman-interaction-humanRelevance-fieldsimilar-taxa-with-reason-similarTaxa-fieldmeaningful-misconceptions-only-misconceptions-fieldimportant-additional-context-extraDetails-fieldclear-direct-sentences-styleavoid-fluff-filler-styleavoid-taxonomy-prose-repetition-styleavoid-overly-technical-jargon-styleconcrete-statements-preference-stylecompleteness-high-most-fields-well-supportedcompleteness-medium-partial-reliablecompleteness-low-sparse-datahasInferredContent-true-generalization-usedhasInferredContent-false-otherwiseJSON-schema-strict-matchno-extra-fields-outputno-commentary-outside-JSONBoloria-selene-record-completionentomology-guide-record-generationaccurate-conservative-informative-goal-achievementfactual-correctness-priority-executionclarity-priority-executionusefulness-priority-executioncritical-rules-1-7-compliancefield-intent-summary-through-extraDetails-compliancestyle-rules-compliancequality-rules-complianceoutput-format-complianceoptional-context-Brooke-Karasch-sourceoptional-context-Charlotte-Rankin-sourceoptional-context-Ashleigh-Davies-sourceoptional-context-PeerJ-figure-sourceoptional-context-iNaturalist-sourceoptional-context-GBIF-sourceoptional-context-Catalogue-of-Life-sourceoptional-context-NCBI-sourcesynthesis-completionfinal-JSON-output-generationstrict-schema-adherence-verificationcontent-quality-verificationcompleteness-assessment-verificationinferred-content-flag-verificationfield-uniqueness-verificationnon-repetition-verificationfactual-support-verificationconservative-approach-verificationinformative-value-verificationentomology-guide-suitability-verificationBoloria-selene-taxon-record-finalizationBombus
bumble bees, bumblebees
Bombus is the sole extant genus in the tribe Bombini, comprising over 250 species of bumble bees. These bees are distinguished by their ability to forage in cooler temperatures and lower light conditions than many other bees, including honey bees. They perform buzz pollination—vibrating their flight muscles to dislodge pollen from flowers—a behavior critical for crops such as tomatoes, peppers, and cranberries. Multiple Bombus species face significant population declines due to habitat loss, pesticide exposure, climate change, and pathogen transmission from commercial bee operations. Four California species (B. franklini, B. suckleyi, B. occidentalis, B. crotchii) are under endangered species protection consideration, with B. franklini feared extinct since 2006.
Bombus bimaculatus
Two-spotted Bumble Bee
Bombus bimaculatus, the Two-spotted Bumble Bee, is a social bumble bee native to eastern North America. The species is distinguished by two prominent yellow spots on its abdomen, which give it its common name. Unlike many Bombus species, B. bimaculatus has shown relative stability in population trends. It is an important pollinator in its native range, contributing to both wild plant reproduction and agricultural crop pollination.
Bombus cryptarum
cryptic bumblebee, Cryptic Bumble Bee
Bombus cryptarum is a widespread bumblebee species native to the northern hemisphere, occurring across Europe, Asia, and western North America. It belongs to the subgenus Bombus sensu stricto, a species complex of morphologically similar and difficult-to-distinguish bees. The species was only recently confirmed in the British Isles and its complete distribution remains unclear due to ongoing taxonomic uncertainties. Several subspecies have been described, including the endangered B. cryptarum florilegus in Japan and the recently described B. cryptarum pallidocinctus.
Bombus distinguendus
Great Yellow Bumble Bee, great yellow bumblebee
Bombus distinguendus, the great yellow bumblebee, is a bumblebee species with a Palearctic distribution spanning northern and central Europe, northern Russia, and Alaska. The species has experienced significant population declines across much of its European range, with critically low numbers or local extinction in several regions. In Ireland, it is classified as Endangered and restricted to a single remaining population in the northwest. The species exhibits late-season phenology compared to other bumblebees and shows strong foraging preferences for specific plant species, particularly Common Knapweed (Centaurea nigra) in Irish populations.
Bombus flavidus
Yellowish Cuckoo Bumble Bee, Yellowish Cuckoo Bumblebee
Bombus flavidus is a widespread Holarctic cuckoo bumble bee and one of the most broadly distributed bumble bee species globally. As a social parasite, it invades colonies of other bumble bee species rather than building its own nests. Recent taxonomic research has clarified its status, synonymizing the former North American Bombus fernaldae with B. flavidus while recognizing an eastern North American subspecies, B. flavidus appalachiensis.
Bombus suckleyi
Suckley's Cuckoo Bumble Bee, Suckley's Bumble Bee
Bombus suckleyi is a cuckoo bumble bee (subgenus Psithyrus) and obligate social parasite of other Bombus species. It lacks corbiculae (pollen baskets) on its hind legs, having lost the ability to collect pollen and nectar for its own brood. The species invades host colonies, kills or subdues the resident queen, and manipulates host workers to provision its offspring. Native to northwestern North America, it has experienced severe population declines of approximately 77% and is classified as critically endangered by the IUCN and NatureServe.
Brychius
crawling water beetles
Brychius is a genus of small aquatic beetles in the family Haliplidae, commonly known as crawling water beetles. The genus comprises five recognized species distributed across parts of Europe and North America. One species, Brychius hungerfordi, is federally endangered in the United States. Members of this genus inhabit freshwater environments and are associated with aquatic vegetation.
Callophrys irus
Frosted Elfin
Callophrys irus, the frosted elfin, is a rare Lycaenid butterfly endemic to fire-maintained habitats in eastern North America. Adults are small with brown forewings and frosted gray hindwings with a short tail. The species has declined across much of its range, with many populations now isolated and some presumed extirpated. It is listed as threatened or endangered in multiple eastern U.S. states.
Callophrys irus irus
Frosted Elfin
Callophrys irus irus is the nominate subspecies of the frosted elfin butterfly, a rare Lycaenid with a historical range spanning from Ontario to Florida and west to Texas and Wisconsin. Genetic studies have found no evidence that this subspecies is genetically distinct from other populations, including the historically recognized C. i. arsace. The species inhabits fire-maintained pine barren habitats and has experienced significant population declines due to habitat loss and fragmentation. Conservation efforts focus on managing habitat patch area and host plant abundance to improve occupancy probability.
Cambarus dubius
Upland Burrowing Crayfish
Cambarus dubius, commonly known as the Upland Burrowing Crayfish, is a burrowing crayfish species native to the central and southern Appalachian region of the eastern United States. The species has a complex taxonomic history with multiple distinct color phases historically recognized across different geographic areas. Recent taxonomic work has restricted C. dubius sensu stricto to populations with orange dorsal and lateral coloration and cream ventral surfaces, found in the central and northern Allegheny Mountains and high elevations of the Appalachian Plateau. The species constructs distinctive burrow systems and faces conservation concerns due to limited distribution data and habitat alterations.
Cambarus robustus
Big Water Crayfish, robust crayfish
Cambarus robustus, commonly known as the Big Water Crayfish or robust crayfish, is a freshwater crayfish species in the family Cambaridae. It is native to eastern North America, ranging from several U.S. states to Ontario, Canada. The species has been studied extensively as a surrogate for federally endangered crayfish species due to its close phylogenetic relationships and similar ecological requirements. Research indicates it demonstrates significant acid tolerance compared to sympatric Orconectes species, exhibits complex agonistic behaviors with distinct initiation acts predicting contest outcomes, and occupies a partitioned trophic position in multi-species crayfish communities.
Campodeidae
slender entrophs
Campodeidae is a family of small, pale, eyeless hexapods in the order Diplura, distinguished by two long, many-segmented cerci at the abdomen tip. The family contains at least 30 genera and approximately 280 described species, distributed across soil and cave habitats worldwide. Members range from 5–12 mm in length, with the largest species being the cave-dwelling Pacificampa daidarabotchi from Japan. Abdominal spiracles are absent. The family exhibits diverse ecological strategies, with many species adapted to subterranean environments showing troglomorphic features such as elongated appendages and enhanced sensory structures.
Carterocephalus
skipperlings, chequered skippers, Arctic skippers
Carterocephalus is a Holarctic genus of small skipper butterflies (skipperlings) in the family Hesperiidae. The genus contains approximately 20 described species, with the majority endemic to China. The most widely distributed species, C. palaemon (chequered skipper), has been the focus of conservation efforts in Europe following its extinction in England in 1976 and subsequent reintroduction from Belgium in 2018.
Ceropales bipunctata
two-spotted spider wasp, kleptoparasitic spider wasp
Ceropales bipunctata is a diurnal, obligate kleptoparasitic spider wasp that cannot capture its own prey and must rely on provisions stolen from other spider wasps. The species is notable for its distinctive cream-colored spots on the thorax and its specialized parasitic lifestyle targeting the book lungs of spiders captured by host wasps. It occurs in two recognized subspecies with different geographic distributions and leg coloration.
Chaetocnema rileyi
Boca Chica flea beetle
Chaetocnema rileyi, known as the Boca Chica flea beetle, is a rare flea beetle species endemic to a single dune system at Boca Chica Beach in Texas. Adults inhabit sedge stems in beachside dunes, while larvae live underground feeding on root portions of host plants. The species faces conservation threats from nearby SpaceX rocket launch activities, which may kill beetles through thermal exposure from engine plumes or damage dune vegetation through debris impacts.
Chrysolina
leaf beetles
Chrysolina is a large genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Chrysomelinae, containing numerous species distributed primarily across Europe, Asia, and Africa. The genus is notable for its phytophagous species, many of which exhibit strong host plant specificity. Several species have been employed as classical biological control agents against invasive weeds, most notably Chrysolina quadrigemina and C. hyperici for control of Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort). Some species are of conservation concern, including C. cerealis and C. graminis, which are protected in the United Kingdom. The genus includes both native and introduced populations, with some species established in North America and Australia.
Cicindela arenicola
St. Anthony Dune Tiger Beetle, Idaho Dunes Tiger Beetle
Cicindela arenicola is a rare, endemic tiger beetle restricted to sand dune ecosystems in southern Idaho and southwestern Montana. First described by Rumpp in 1967 from the St. Anthony Dune system of the Snake River Valley, this species is one of several closely related sand dune endemics in the C. maritima species group. Adults display striking coloration with bold white elytral markings, green and copper highlights on the head and pronotum, and dense white pubescence on the sides and undersurface. The species is considered globally imperiled due to its extremely limited range and ongoing habitat degradation from invasive plants, cattle trampling, and off-road vehicle traffic.
Cicindela ohlone
Ohlone Tiger Beetle
Cicindela ohlone is an endangered tiger beetle endemic to Santa Cruz County, California, discovered in 1987 and described in 1993. It is most closely related to C. purpurea but differs in larger body size, distinct genital morphology, and a unique late winter-spring activity period. The species occupies a restricted 24 km² range with five remaining subpopulations, having declined from 10-15 historical patches. Listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act in 2001, it faces ongoing threats from habitat destruction, invasive vegetation, and recreational disturbance.
Cicindelidia
Prairie Tiger Beetles, Limestone Tiger Beetles, Miami Tiger Beetle (for C. floridana), Highlands Tiger Beetle (for C. highlandensis), Scabrous Tiger Beetle (for C. scabrosa)
Cicindelidia is a genus of small to medium-sized tiger beetles primarily distributed in North America, with greatest diversity in the southern and western United States. The genus includes several notable species groups, most prominently the abdominalis species-group containing four sand-dwelling species (C. abdominalis, C. floridana, C. highlandensis, C. scabrosa) with red venters. Many species exhibit specialized habitat associations, including thermal springs (C. haemorrhagica), limestone outcrops (C. politula), pine rocklands (C. floridana), and sand scrub habitats (C. scabrosa, C. highlandensis). Several species are of conservation concern due to restricted ranges and habitat loss.
ColeopteraCicindelidaetiger-beetlesNorth-Americathermal-springsendemic-speciesconservationsand-habitatspine-rocklandlimestone-habitatspredatory-beetlesmetal-bioaccumulationabdomenalis-species-groupFlorida-endemicsYellowstone-National-Parkriparian-habitatscobblestone-habitatsprairie-habitatsxeric-habitatsfire-adapted-habitatsendangered-speciesrediscovered-specieslarval-burrowsthermoregulationphotography-subjectscollecting-interestCicindelidia floridana
Miami Tiger Beetle
Cicindelidia floridana, the Miami Tiger Beetle, is a critically endangered species endemic to pine rockland habitat in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Rediscovered in 2007 after being presumed extinct since the 1940s, it is one of the rarest tiger beetles in North America. Adults are diurnal predators with brilliant coppery-green coloration, reduced elytral maculation, and distinctly punctured elytra with dense lateral pronotal setae. The species shows extreme habitat specificity to open sandy patches within fire-maintained pine rocklands, making it exceptionally vulnerable to urban development.
Cicindelidia marginipennis
Cobblestone Tiger Beetle
Cicindelidia marginipennis is a North American riparian specialist tiger beetle restricted to sandy cobblestone banks and bars along rivers. The species has a highly disjunct distribution spanning from southern Alabama and Mississippi through a northern corridor to New Brunswick, Canada, with a significant gap across the southeastern United States. It is state-listed as threatened or endangered throughout its U.S. range and has been periodically considered for federal listing since 1984 due to habitat decline from dam construction, channelization, and development. The species exhibits potential geographic population structure based on mitochondrial DNA, with Alabama populations possessing unique haplotypes that may represent a cryptic species.
Cicindelinae
tiger beetles
Cicindelinae is a subfamily of predatory beetles commonly known as tiger beetles. Adults are characterized by large eyes, long slender legs, and powerful mandibles adapted for capturing fast-moving prey. They exhibit a distinctive run-stop-run hunting pattern necessitated by their visual processing limitations at high speeds. The subfamily contains approximately 2,822 species in 120 genera distributed worldwide, though they are most diverse in tropical and subtropical regions. Many species show strong habitat specificity, with some restricted to particular sand dune systems, riparian zones, or rock outcrops.
Cicurina
cave meshweaver
Cicurina is a genus of small spiders commonly known as cave meshweavers, first described by Anton Menge in 1871. The genus has undergone multiple family reassignments, most recently placed in the family Cicurinidae in 2023. Species exhibit considerable size variation, with some measuring under 2 mm and others exceeding 13 mm. Many species are specialized cave dwellers (troglobites), including several federally endangered species in the United States.
Cixius yufengi
Cixius yufengi is a species of planthopper in the family Cixiidae, described by Tsaur in 1993. The species belongs to a genus of small, often inconspicuous insects that feed on plant sap. Very little specific information is available about this particular species.
planthopperCixiidaeCalifornia-endemicTsaur-1993AuchenorrhynchaFulgoromorphasap-feederHemipterainsectarthropodHexapodaAnimaliaEukaryotaDelphacoideaCixiinaeCixiiniCixiusspeciesacceptedGBIFCatalogue-of-LifetaxonomydistributionCaliforniaUSAUnited-StatesNorth-Americaendemicinvertebratehemipterantrue-bugbuginsectaanimalhexapodeukaryotearthropodacixius-yufengiyufengiTsaur1993scientific-namecanonical-nameauthorshiprankstatusgenusspecific-epithetclassificationtaxonomy-matchexactkingdomphylumclassorderfamilydistribution-recordsBuglifeendemic-speciesBritish-endemicsIvell's-Sea-AnemoneEdwardsia-ivelliWidewater-LagoonSussexextinctlikely-extinctnot-seen-in-over-forty-years19731983dance-flyPoecilobothrus-majesticusEssex1907Caledonian-PlanthopperCixius-caledonicusnot-seen-for-70-yearsManx-Shearwater-FleaCeratophyllus-fionnus1960sTurk's-Earth-CentipedeNothogeophilus-turkiIsles-of-ScillyIsle-of-Wight1988never-seen-againconservationJames-Harding-MorrisbookBritish-endemic-invertebratesCraig-MacadamCeltic-WoodlouseMetatrichoniscoides-celticusWaleswestern-fringes-of-England1980sChater's-BristletailDilta-chateriiridescentjumping-powers1990sLundy-Cabbage-Flea-BeetlePsylliodes-luridipennisLundy-IslandDevonco-endemismLundy-Cabbageendemic-plantLundy-Cabbage-WeevilCeutorhynchus-contractus-pallipestaxonomic-uncertaintyHorrid-Ground-weaverNothophantes-horridusPlymouthdevelopmentNorthern-February-Red-StoneflyBrachyptera-putataScotlanddrummingabdomen-tappingBritish-Cave-ShrimpNiphargus-glennieiblindghostly-palecavesdamp-rock-fissurestemporary-puddleshumid-cavesrediscoveredprotectedsurvivalconservation-prioritiesglobal-responsibilityevolutionary-twistsecological-intriguehopenatural-heritageBack-from-the-BrinkRSPBBig-Garden-BirdwatchBSBINew-Year-Plant-Huntplantswildlifenaturecommunicationspublic-engagementcampaignsrare-speciesobscure-speciesoverlooked-speciesirreplaceable-specieslocal-wondersglobal-stakesisolationthousands-of-yearsmillions-of-yearsevolutionlandscapesRed-SquirrelHedgehogEuropeshared-speciesnowhere-elseno-backupno-second-chancescelebrationprotectioncherishrecogniseawarenesshabitat-protectionresearchforgotten-creaturesspotlightslipping-through-the-cracksunknown-to-publicrarely-surveyedbarely-hanging-onalready-goneuncomfortable-truthimportant-speciesleast-knownstrangedeeply-unsettlingsole-global-responsibilitylose-them-everywhereorganisationsfighting-to-changeextraordinary-workrarestmost-threatenedentirely-overlookedforgottenevolvedstep-with-Britain's-landscapesfamiliar-speciesshare-with-Europepopulation-overseasreintroducelose-themwrittenjourneyoverlookedirreplaceablefound-nowhere-else-on-Earthcall-to-recogniseprotectuniquely-oursavailable-nowbooksellersspecies-found-nowhere-else-on-Earthpassionate-nature-enthusiastlifelong-loveexploringnatural-worldtrekkingmountainsrare-flowersscouringfenselusive-mothsinvestigatingexotic-invertebrateshothousesfascinationunwaveringprofessional-lifeconservation-sectorhigh-impact-campaignsinspiredEngland's-rarestmost-obscure-speciesmissionBritain-and-Irelandfall-in-love-with-plantsSHAREFacebookLinkedInguest-blogauthorhow-many-speciesfound-only-in-Britainsimple-questioncomprehensive-listresearchingwriting2022referenceburied-in-booksscattered-across-internettucked-awayminds-of-species-expertsresultover-700-speciesat-least-another-100-subspeciesoccur-nowhere-else-on-Earthtotal-global-responsibilityvery-few-peoplename-even-a-single-onestruckmost-irreplaceable-specieslive-or-diedecisions-made-within-our-borderstop-of-conservation-prioritiescelebratedunderstoodset-outtell-their-storiesunique-invertebratesincredibly-fortunateBuglife's-Conservation-Directorfirst-timecompiling-report20-speciesfive-species-of-flyfour-species-of-beetletwo-stonefliesone-eachwoodlousecentipedemillipedefleabristletailspidershrimpsea-anemonetell-storiesgo-out-and-find-thempicked-fivetrack-downbumped-intocouple-moresearched-under-coastal-rocksexquisitepearly-translucenttiny-speciesbarely-2.5mm-longfirst-discoveredknown-only-from-Walesnearbysearched-dampferny-woodlandsalien-lookingastonishing-jumping-powersnamed-new-to-sciencetravelledDevon's-Lundy-Islandtry-and-seeparticularly-rare-pairingonly-known-exampleendemic-beetlepossibly-endemicspend-their-liveswintry-visitsearchelusive-and-threatenedfound-in-just-a-few-siteswithin-the-cityperpetually-under-pressureowes-its-survivaltireless-effortsguided-tourprime-Northern-February-Red-Stoneflyhabitatblew-my-mindmusical-prowessstoneflies-'drum'tapping-their-abdomensslithering-through-tightmuddyunderground-tunnelspersonal-favouriteutterly-gorgeousspends-its-lifechance-searchDevon-coastfirst-sightingalmost-thirty-yearsones-we've-lostimmediately-drawnonly-ever-knownunfortunatelyCraig's-reporthasn't-been-seenover-forty-yearsfirst-collectedlast-seenwithin-a-decadeknowing-this-species-existedgone-foreversadlynot-uncommon-themeendemic-invertebratesdiscoveredhasn't-been-foundover-a-century70-yearsdon't-think-anyonespottedsince-the-1960snot-long-afterfirst-describedfirst-foundstrange-and-uncomfortable-truthsome-of-the-most-important-speciesalso-some-of-the-least-knownby-definitionBritain's-sole-global-responsibilitylose-them-heredespite-that-significancethankfullyorganisations-fightingraising-awarenessrarest-and-most-threatenedotherwise-remainleading-edge-researchevolved-in-stepBritain's-landscapesthousandsunlike-more-familiar-speciesno-population-overseasnowhere-to-reintroducewhy-I-wrote-Endemicutterly-uniquemosseswoodlicebeetlesbuttercupsstories-full-ofright-attentionactionstill-be-savedheld-onpossiblewithin-our-reachall-good-booksellersoverlooked-and-irreplaceableBacks-Goldilocks-ButtercupHeather-StuckeyAbout-the-Authortrekking-up-mountainsscouring-fensinvestigating-exotic-invertebratesfascination-with-wildlifeRSPB's-Big-Garden-BirdwatchBSBI's-New-Year-Plant-HuntBack-from-the-Brink-projectcare-deeplycurrentlyensure-everyoneopportunitywork-with-BSBISHARE-ONCoelus pacificus
Channel Islands Dune Beetle
Coelus pacificus is a darkling beetle (family Tenebrionidae) endemic to the California Channel Islands. It inhabits dune environments across multiple islands, with distinct phylogeographic structure separating northern island populations (Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, San Miguel, San Nicolas) from southern populations (Santa Catalina, San Clemente). The species is morphologically similar to the mainland congener Coelus ciliatus but represents a valid, independently evolving lineage. Conservation concerns arise from its restricted insular distribution and vulnerability to habitat disturbance.