Goldenrod

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Agonopterix pulvipennella
Goldenrod Leaffolder Moth
Agonopterix pulvipennella is a small moth species in the family Depressariidae, commonly known as the Goldenrod Leaffolder Moth. It is widely distributed across North America, with adults active throughout most of the year. The species is associated with goldenrod and nettle plants during its larval stage.
moth Depressariidae North-America leaf-folder goldenrod nettle multivoltine-appearance overwintering-adult
Archips purpurana
omnivorous leafroller moth
Archips purpurana, commonly known as the omnivorous leafroller moth, is a tortricid moth species described by Clemens in 1865. The species is notable for its leafrolling larval behavior, where caterpillars bind leaves together with silk to form shelters. It has been recorded as a host for the mason wasp Ancistrocerus unifasciatus, which exploits the caterpillar's escape response to capture it. The species occurs widely across eastern North America.
Tortricidae leafroller Lepidoptera North-America predator-prey-interaction goldenrod
Asphondylia solidaginis
goldenrod gall midge
A gall midge species that induces two distinct gall types on goldenrods in North America. First described in 1907, it produces blister-like 'snap' galls on leaves in spring and early summer, and leafy rosette galls from buds in late summer. The species is multivoltine, with several generations per year, and primarily uses Solidago altissima as a host.
gall-midge goldenrod multivoltine cecidomyiidae
Asteromyia
Asteromyia is a genus of gall midges comprising approximately nine described species. Members of this genus induce distinct gall morphologies on host plants in the Asteraceae family, particularly Solidago (goldenrod) species. The genus is notable for complex ecological interactions, including obligate mutualisms with symbiotic fungi that form protective gall structures and mediate defense against parasitoids. Some species complexes exhibit incipient adaptive radiation with sympatric sibling species producing phenotypically distinct galls on the same host plant.
gall-midge Cecidomyiidae fungal-mutualism mycangia incipient-speciation sympatric-speciation adaptive-radiation clutch-size-evolution Botryosphaeria Solidago goldenrod parasitoid-defense ambrosia-gall
Asteromyia clarkei
Asteromyia clarkei is a gall midge species in the family Cecidomyiidae, first described by Felt in 1909. The genus Asteromyia comprises gall-inducing midges that form characteristic star-shaped or rosette galls on asteraceous host plants. As a member of this genus, A. clarkei is associated with inducing galls on goldenrod (Solidago) species. The species is known from North America with documented observations primarily from the United States.
gall-midge Cecidomyiidae Diptera Asteromyia gall-former Solidago goldenrod North-America
Asteromyia tumifica
Asteromyia tumifica is a gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae that induces blister galls on goldenrod stems. The species maintains a distinctive symbiotic relationship with fungi, which are transported by females in the ovipositor and transferred during egg-laying. These fungi form a black, hardened protective cast around mature larvae within the gall.
gall-midge goldenrod symbiosis fungal-mutualism blister-gall
Ceropales bipunctata
two-spotted spider wasp, kleptoparasitic spider wasp
Ceropales bipunctata is a diurnal, obligate kleptoparasitic spider wasp that cannot capture its own prey and must rely on provisions stolen from other spider wasps. The species is notable for its distinctive cream-colored spots on the thorax and its specialized parasitic lifestyle targeting the book lungs of spiders captured by host wasps. It occurs in two recognized subspecies with different geographic distributions and leg coloration.
kleptoparasite spider-wasp conservation coastal-dunes goldenrod
Chauliognathus pensylvanicus
Goldenrod Soldier Beetle, Pennsylvania Leatherwing
Chauliognathus pensylvanicus, commonly known as the goldenrod soldier beetle or Pennsylvania leatherwing, is a species of soldier beetle (family Cantharidae) native to North America. Adults are active in late summer and autumn, where they are frequently observed on goldenrod flowers and other Asteraceae. Both adult and larval stages are predatory, feeding on various plant pests. The species is notable for its susceptibility to the fungal pathogen Eryniopsis lampyridarum, which causes behavioral manipulation and death.
soldier-beetle goldenrod beneficial-insect predator entomopathogen sexual-selection flower-visitor
Cremastobombycia solidaginis
Goldenrod Leafminer
Cremastobombycia solidaginis is a microlepidopteran moth in the family Gracillariidae, commonly known as the Goldenrod Leafminer. The species is distributed across eastern North America from Ontario and Quebec south to Florida and Texas. Larvae feed internally in leaves of goldenrod (Solidago) species and Baccharis pilularis, creating characteristic mines. Adults are small with a wingspan of 7–9 mm.
leaf-miner goldenrod Gracillariidae microlepidoptera herbivore North-America
Dichomeris bilobella
Bilobed Dichomeris Moth
Dichomeris bilobella is a small gelechiid moth with a wingspan of approximately 15 mm. It occurs across eastern and central North America from Nova Scotia to eastern Kansas. Adults are active from May through August. The larvae are leaf-feeders on goldenrods (Solidago) and asters (Aster).
leaf-miner herbivore native North-America Gelechiidae goldenrod aster moth Lepidoptera
Epiblema scudderiana
goldenrod gall moth
Epiblema scudderiana, commonly known as the goldenrod gall moth, is a tortricid moth whose larvae form elliptical galls on goldenrod stems. The species is freeze-avoiding, surviving winter through deep supercooling of body fluids and accumulation of glycerol as a cryoprotectant. Larvae overwinter in diapause within silk-lined galls, exhibiting dramatic metabolic suppression and epigenetic regulation of gene expression during cold stress. This moth has been extensively studied as a model for insect cold hardiness physiology, contrasting with the freeze-tolerant strategy of the sympatric gall fly Eurosta solidaginis.
gall-former freeze-avoiding cryoprotectant diapause goldenrod cold-hardiness epigenetics metabolic-suppression model-organism
Eurosta
goldenrod gall flies
Eurosta is a genus of seven North American gall-forming flies in the family Tephritidae. All species induce galls on goldenrod (Solidago) stems. The best-studied species, Eurosta solidaginis, creates spherical stem galls and has served as a model organism for research on freeze tolerance, host-race formation, and plant-insect coevolution. Research has demonstrated that Eurosta galls accumulate environmental contaminants at higher concentrations than surrounding plant tissues, suggesting potential use as pollution biosensors.
gall-former goldenrod freeze-tolerance host-race pollution-biosensor Tephritidae North-America phytoscreening acetylated-triacylglycerols coevolution
Eurosta comma
Eurosta comma is a tephritid fruit fly that forms rhizome galls on goldenrod host plants (Solidago missouriensis). As a rhizome-galling specialist, it diverts host plant resources toward root tissue and away from vegetative growth, significantly reducing the host's ability to produce new rhizomes. The species interacts indirectly with other herbivores such as the leaf beetle Trirhabda canadensis by impairing the host plant's capacity to recover from defoliation.
gall-forming rhizome-gall goldenrod herbivore plant-insect-interaction resource-allocation indirect-competition
Eurytoma gigantea
Eurytoma gigantea is a specialist parasitoid wasp in the family Eurytomidae. It is known to parasitize the tephritid gallmaker Eurosta solidaginis, which forms galls on goldenrod (Solidago). The species has been studied for the relationship between host gall size and oviposition success, with field observations showing higher parasitism rates in smaller galls.
parasitoid gall-associated Chalcidoidea goldenrod Eurosta oviposition host-size-selection
Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis
Goldenrod Elliptical-Gall Moth, Goldenrod Gall Moth, Solidago Gall Moth, Goldenrod Gallmaker
Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis is a small moth in the family Gelechiidae that induces distinctive elliptical galls on goldenrod (Solidago) stems. The species exhibits host-associated genetic differentiation, with populations on different Solidago species showing significant genetic divergence even when geographically proximate. Research has demonstrated that the galls formed by this moth accumulate soil contaminants at higher concentrations than surrounding plant tissues, making them potentially useful as environmental pollution detectors. The moth is widely distributed across North America and is one of several gall-forming insects associated with goldenrod.
gall-former goldenrod Solidago phytoscreening pollution-detection ecological-speciation host-race Gelechiidae
Gnorimoschema salinaris
Gnorimoschema salinaris is a small moth in the family Gelechiidae, described by August Busck in 1911. It is found in eastern and central North America, with records from Florida to Maine and west to Illinois and Michigan. The species is closely related to Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis, sharing similar wing patterns but differing in specific markings. Its larvae form galls on the stalks of seaside goldenrod (Solidago sempervirens).
Gelechiidae gall-former goldenrod North-America coastal
Leuconycta diphteroides
green leuconycta moth, green owlet
Leuconycta diphteroides is a small noctuid moth native to eastern and central North America. Adults are active from late spring through summer and are recognized by their greenish coloration. Larvae feed on goldenrod and aster plants.
noctuidae north-america herbivore goldenrod aster
Megacyllene angulifera
Megacyllene angulifera is a longhorn beetle (Cerambycidae) native to central North America, ranging from Alberta to Texas. Adults are typically observed in fall on flowers of Solidago (goldenrod). Larvae develop in root crowns of Dalea candida (Fabaceae). The species is closely related to M. comanchei, with which it may be confused, though the two differ in elytral coloration, host plant associations, and adult behavior.
Cerambycidae longhorn-beetle prairie goldenrod Dalea root-crown-borer
Megacyllene snowi
Megacyllene snowi is a species of longhorn beetle in the tribe Clytini, described by Casey in 1912. It belongs to a genus of North American beetles characterized by bold yellow and black banding patterns that resemble wasps. Records indicate it occurs in the southwestern United States and Mexico, with specific observations from the east side of the Chiricahua Mountains in Arizona.
Cerambycidae Clytini Megacyllene longhorn-beetle North-America Southwest Arizona Mexico goldenrod Robinia fabaceae-feeder wasp-mimicry Casey-1912 Chiricahua-Mountains fall-active wood-borer root-crown-borer
Microrhopala vittata
goldenrod leaf miner, goldenrod leafminer
Microrhopala vittata is a small leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, commonly known as the goldenrod leaf miner. Adults are 5–6 mm in length and exhibit variable coloration from red to black with distinctive lighter vittae (stripes) on the elytra. The species is highly specialized on goldenrods (Solidago spp.) and flat-topped goldenrod (Euthamia graminifolia), with larvae mining between leaf surfaces and adults feeding on upper leaves. Ecological studies have demonstrated its potential as a keystone species in old field communities, where outbreak populations can dramatically reduce tall goldenrod dominance and alter plant community composition for multiple years.
leaf-miner goldenrod keystone-species old-field-ecology hispine Cassidinae Chrysomelidae herbivory plant-community-dynamics Solidago Euthamia North-America outbreak-dynamics succession-ecology
Mordellistena convicta
tumbling flower beetle, gall-boring beetle, inquiline beetle
Mordellistena convicta is a gall-boring beetle in the family Mordellidae, described by LeConte in 1862. The species is an inquiline that inhabits galls induced by the goldenrod gall fly (Eurosta solidaginis) on goldenrod plants (Solidago spp.). It has been studied as a model system for sequential radiation and host-associated speciation, with populations showing differentiation corresponding to the host races of their gall fly associates. Adults use olfactory cues from gall tissues to locate suitable host plants for mating and oviposition.
inquiline gall-borer sequential-radiation host-associated-differentiation olfactory-ecology Eurosta-solidaginis goldenrod Solidago chemical-ecology speciation-model
Neolasioptera lathami
Neolasioptera lathami is a gall midge species in the family Cecidomyiidae, described by Gagné in 1971. The species is associated with goldenrod (Solidago) host plants, where it induces stem galls. It has been documented in 745 iNaturalist observations, indicating moderate public awareness and detectability. As a member of Neolasioptera, it belongs to a genus of gall midges specialized on asteraceous plants.
gall-midge Cecidomyiidae goldenrod Solidago stem-gall parasitoid-host induced-structure plant-insect-interaction
Polistes dominula
European Paper Wasp
Polistes dominula is a highly successful invasive social wasp native to Eurasia that has established populations across North America, South America, New Zealand, South Africa, and other regions. First detected in North America near Boston in 1978, it has become one of the most abundant wasps on the continent. The species builds small, exposed paper nests in protected locations and preys primarily on live insects, particularly caterpillars. Unlike yellowjackets, it does not scavenge for meat or sugar. Its rapid spread has been attributed to ecological flexibility, superior competitive ability, and tolerance of human-altered environments.
invasive-species social-wasp paper-wasp predator pollinator urban-ecology eusocial nest-construction biological-control thermal-biology spatial-learning vibrational-communication aposematism honest-signal overwintering diapause Polistes Vespidae Hymenoptera North-America Europe New-Zealand South-Africa South-America monarch-butterfly caterpillar-predation nest-architecture gyne foundress dominance-hierarchy climate-change-impact energetics metabolic-rate microclimate suburban-habitat anthropogenic ornamental-pest vineyard-pest fruit-damage stinging-insect venom poison-gland warning-coloration Zahavian-signal Strepsiptera parasitoid Xenos behavioral-plasticity foraging learning memory thermoregulation ectothermy endothermy solar-radiation nest-temperature brood-development colony-survival multiple-founding single-founding season-length latitude temperate Mediterranean hibernacle overwintering-costs climate-warming range-expansion competition native-species-displacement 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Procecidochares atra
Goldenrod Brussels Sprout Gall Fly
Procecidochares atra is a gall-inducing fruit fly in the family Tephritidae that forms distinctive galls on goldenrod plants (Solidago species). The species is native to North America and has been documented in Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Its galls are most commonly found on Solidago altissima, S. gigantea, and S. rugosa.
gall-inducing tephritid goldenrod North-America
Publilia
Publilia is a genus of treehoppers (Membracidae) native to North America, with species occurring primarily in the eastern and central United States. The genus is notable for forming dense aggregations on host plants, particularly goldenrods (Solidago spp.), where nymphs and adults are tended by ants in exchange for honeydew. This mutualistic relationship has made Publilia a model system for studying ant-hemipteran interactions and their ecological consequences for host plants. The genus is distinguished from related treehoppers by its relatively unadorned pronotum compared to the elaborate projections seen in many Neotropical membracids.
treehopper membracidae ant-mutualism myrmecophily hemiptera solidago goldenrod aggregation-behavior honeydew nearctic
Publilia concava
Aster Treehopper
Publilia concava is an eastern North American treehopper (Hemiptera: Membracidae) commonly occurring in large aggregations on goldenrod (Solidago spp.). Adults oviposit in early June; nymphs hatch by late June and aggregations peak in mid-July. The species forms dense aggregations of up to 500+ individuals on single plant ramets. It is obligately associated with tending ants, primarily Formica subsericea, Camponotus noveboracensis, and Lasius species, which defend treehoppers from natural enemies in exchange for honeydew. Feeding causes leaf damage including drooping and premature browning. The species is a model system for studying ant-hemipteran mutualisms and spatial ecology.
treehopper Membracidae ant-tended myrmecophile mutualism goldenrod Solidago aggregation-behavior model-organism eastern-North-America
Rhopalomyia anthophila
Downy Flower Gall Midge
Rhopalomyia anthophila is a gall midge species in the family Cecidomyiidae that induces distinctive galls on the capitulum (flower head) of Solidago altissima (tall goldenrod). The species is distributed across much of North America. The gall's modified flower structure provides a protected chamber for larval development.
gall-midge Cecidomyiidae Solidago goldenrod gall-inducer North-America
Rhopalomyia clarkei
Rhopalomyia clarkei is a gall midge species in the family Cecidomyiidae, first described by Felt in 1907. The species induces small, conical, single-chambered galls on two host plants: Solidago altissima and Solidago rugosa. It occurs in north-eastern and north-central North America. Adult females are approximately 2 mm long with a dull red abdomen and 17 antennal segments.
gall-midge Cecidomyiidae gall-former goldenrod Solidago North-America
Rhopalomyia hirtipes
Rhopalomyia hirtipes is a gall midge species in the family Cecidomyiidae that induces distinctive galls on Solidago juncea (early goldenrod) in eastern North America. The species forms large, ovoid, multi-chambered stem galls at the base of host plant stems, surrounded by a rosette of long leaves. Adults emerge in early to late September following larval development and pupation within the gall structure.
gall-midge cecidomyiidae solidago goldenrod stem-gall eastern-north-america
Rhopalomyia lobata
Rhopalomyia lobata is a gall midge (family Cecidomyiidae) that induces large, multi-chambered galls on the stems and buds of Euthamia graminifolia (grass-leaved goldenrod). The species has a broad North American distribution spanning from Florida to Oregon and northward across Canada. Adult emergence occurs during late June to mid-July, after which the galls desiccate and persist on host plants for several weeks.
gall-midge Cecidomyiidae gall-inducer goldenrod Euthamia North-America multi-chambered-gall
Rhopalomyia solidaginis
Goldenrod Bunch Gall Midge, goldenrod bunch gall
Rhopalomyia solidaginis is a gall midge (Cecidomyiidae) that induces distinctive bunch galls on goldenrod plants. It is bivoltine, producing separate spring and summer gall generations with different morphologies. The species is the second-largest Rhopalomyia on goldenrods and can be identified by male gonopod structure and female ovipositor length. It has been documented across eastern North America.
gall-midge Cecidomyiidae goldenrod bivoltine phytoscreening
Schinia nundina
Goldenrod Flower Moth
Schinia nundina, commonly known as the goldenrod flower moth, is a noctuid moth native to eastern and central North America. The species was first described by Dru Drury in 1773. Adults are typically encountered in late summer and early autumn when their host plants are in bloom. The species has one generation per year.
Noctuidae Heliothinae flower-moth goldenrod aster univoltine North-America
Schizomyia racemicola
Goldenrod Bunch Gall Midge
Schizomyia racemicola is a gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae that induces characteristic bunch galls on goldenrods (Solidago species). First described by Carl Robert Osten-Sacken in 1862, this species is found in eastern North America. The galls it produces cause dense clusters of stunted leaves at the stem tips, creating a broom-like or "bunch" appearance. The species is relatively well-documented due to the conspicuous nature of its galls on a common host plant.
gall-midge Cecidomyiidae goldenrod gall-inducer eastern-North-America herbivore Diptera
Trirhabda
skeletonizing leaf beetles, goldenrod beetles
Trirhabda is a genus of skeletonizing leaf beetles in the family Chrysomelidae, comprising over 30 described species distributed in North America and Mexico. These beetles are specialist herbivores primarily associated with plants in the Asteraceae family, particularly goldenrods (Solidago), asters, and related composites. The genus has been extensively studied in ecological research due to its host-specific feeding habits, density-dependent dispersal behaviors, and potential keystone species effects on plant community dynamics. Several species are notable for sequestering defensive compounds and exhibiting complex movement behaviors in response to landscape structure and host plant quality.
Chrysomelidae Galerucinae specialist-herbivore Asteraceae goldenrod density-dependent-dispersal keystone-herbivore chemical-sequestration landscape-ecology North-America Mexico skeletonizing-leaf-beetle host-specificity plant-herbivore-interactions induced-resistance metapopulation-dynamics
Trirhabda canadensis
goldenrod leaf beetle
Trirhabda canadensis, commonly known as the goldenrod leaf beetle, is a leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in North America and specializes in feeding on goldenrod species (Solidago). Outbreak populations can cause severe defoliation, removing 20-100% of leaf area from host plants. The species has been studied for its ecological impacts on plant communities and its interactions with other herbivores.
Chrysomelidae goldenrod Solidago folivore outbreak-species keystone-herbivore defoliation old-field-ecology
Trirhabda virgata
goldenrod beetle, goldenrod leaf beetle
Trirhabda virgata is a leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, commonly known as the goldenrod beetle. It is native to North America and specializes on goldenrod plants (Solidago spp.) in the Asteraceae family. The species has been extensively studied for its host plant relationships, density-dependent dispersal behavior, and potential role as a keystone herbivore in old field ecosystems. Adults and larvae feed on goldenrod foliage, with larvae causing significant defoliation during outbreak conditions.
leaf-beetle Chrysomelidae goldenrod Solidago herbivory dispersal keystone-species old-field-ecology density-dependent-behavior host-specialization Asteraceae
Uroleucon caligatum
Northern Green Goldenrod Aphid
Uroleucon caligatum is a North American aphid species in the family Aphididae, specialized on goldenrod hosts in the genus Solidago. The species exhibits significant intraspecific variability in performance across different host plant clones. Like other Uroleucon species, it likely reproduces parthenogenetically during the growing season. Field studies have demonstrated that plant clone identity strongly affects aphid developmental time, adult weight, and colony growth.
aphid herbivore parthenogenesis host-plant-interaction Solidago goldenrod intraspecific-variability
Uroleucon nigrotuberculatum
red goldenrod aphid
Uroleucon nigrotuberculatum, commonly known as the red goldenrod aphid, is a North American aphid species introduced to Japan. In its native range, it is a specialist feeder on Solidago (goldenrod) species. Following introduction to Japan, this aphid has demonstrated remarkable dietary flexibility, expanding its host range to include multiple exotic plant species beyond its native specialization. The species exhibits complex ecological interactions, including semiochemical-mediated relationships with gall-forming flies and serves as prey for various native parasitoids and predators in its introduced range.
aphid invasive-species host-range-expansion goldenrod Japan North-America semiochemical-ecology tritrophic-interactions parasitoid biological-invasion Asteraceae phloem-feeder parthenogenesis collective-defense
Xylotrechus colonus
rustic borer, rustic borer beetle
A medium-sized longhorn beetle in the tribe Clytini, known for its distinctive black elytra with variable grey bands and a sinuous yellow mark near the base. The species was described by Fabricius in 1775 and is common in eastern North American woodlands. Larvae are wood-borers in oak sapwood, while adults feed on nectar of composite flowers including goldenrod.
Cerambycidae Cerambycinae Clytini wood-borer oak goldenrod eastern-North-America Fabricius-1775 rustic-borer Xylotrechus-colonus