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Allocapnia rickeri
Midwest Snowfly
Allocapnia rickeri is a small winter stonefly in the family Capniidae, commonly known as the Midwest Snowfly. It is one of numerous small, dark stoneflies in the genus Allocapnia that emerge during cold months when few other insects are active. The species has been documented across the central and eastern United States. Like other capniids, it is associated with clean, cold streams and is an important indicator of water quality.
winter-stonefly bioindicator coldwater Plecoptera Capniidae Allocapnia lotic emergence brachyptery aptery genitalia-identification Frison-1942 Midwest southeastern-US clean-water-indicator January-March small-stonefly wingless-female stream-insect shredder gatherer seasonal-resource water-quality aquatic-insect terrestrial-adult short-lived-adult oviposition submerged-eggs high-dissolved-oxygen low-temperature central-US eastern-US Alabama Arkansas Delaware Georgia Illinois hexapod hemimetabolous Euholognatha Nemouroidea Arctoperlaria Insecta Arthropoda Animalia GBIF Catalogue-of-Life iNaturalist NCBI taxonomy accepted-species 1942 Frison Ricker Midwest-Snowfly snowfly small-dark-stonefly clean-streams rivers well-oxygenated lotic-habitat cold-months winter-activity wing-reduction female-aptery male-flight epiproct paraproct terminalia taxonomic-revision congeners distribution-records observations 9-observations eukaryote metazoan arthropod insect stonefly winter-emerging January February March cold-weather near-freezing below-freezing water-surface submerged-substrates allochthonous-organic-material stream-ecosystems seasonal-food-resource insectivorous-birds predators scarce-prey unpolluted no-economic-importance stream-monitoring water-quality-indicator high-quality-coldwater microscopic-examination taxonomic-keys male-terminalia reliable-separation genitalic-examination overlapping-distribution similar-habitat small-size under-10-mm body-length reduced-wings absent-wings fully-developed-wings specific-identification published-descriptions illustrations subsequent-revisions characteristic family-Capniidae common-name extended-nymphal-period one-to-two-years short-lived does-not-feed aquatic-nymph clean-cold-streams low-temperatures year-round winter-months January-through-March family centered-Midwest extends-southeastern United-States documented appears most-reliably distinguished subtle-differences terminal-abdominal-structures should-be-compared against published subsequent genus-level characterized reduced absent females fully-developed males requires-examination male-genitalia structure paraprocts reliable separation overlaps similar many externally definitive relies microscopic examination comparison keys used biological indicator programs presence indicates cold conditions no-direct economic importance shredders gatherers processing allochthonous organic material stream ecosystems seasonal food resource insectivorous birds other when alternative prey scarce serves high-quality habitats development aquatic nymphal stages terrestrial adult stage nymphs develop streams extended period likely one two years based related species adults do-not feed active during weather air temperatures may near below freezing winged capable flight wingless short-winged remain water surface mating occur winter entering deposit eggs submerged substrates small commonly known numerous dark emerge few insects central eastern associated clean important under mm body length members genus wings possess fully developed specific identification level within requires male genitalia particularly most reliably subtle differences these terminal abdominal structures should compared descriptions taxonomic revisions winter-emerging maintain low high dissolved oxygen levels throughout year United States distribution centered extends southeastern months typically through this activity gives rise common name do not provides quality monitoring no direct habitat morphology size genitalic
Mannophorus forreri
Mannophorus forreri is a longhorn beetle in the family Cerambycidae, described by Henry Walter Bates in 1885. It belongs to the tribe Trachyderini, a group known for often brightly colored and patterned species. The species is rarely encountered in collections and appears to have a restricted distribution in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Field observations indicate adults are active in early autumn and visit flowers of yellow composites in mountainous areas of Arizona.
Cerambycidae Trachyderini longhorn-beetle Arizona Mexico flower-visitor rare-species Henry-Walter-Bates 1885 orange-and-black-coloration Gutierrezia Heterotheca Thelesperma Kitt-Peak autumn-active diurnal pollinator Madrean-sky-islands montane xerophilic Coleoptera beetle insect arthropod Cerambycinae Mannophorus forreri Bates-1885 GBIF iNaturalist Catalogue-of-Life Wikipedia field-observation composite-flowers Asteraceae southwestern-United-States North-America Middle-America rarely-collected uncommonly-encountered attractive-coloration coleopterist-interest flower-feeding nectar-feeding pollen-feeding larval-host-unknown wood-boring diurnal-activity September early-autumn lower-mountain-slopes rocky-habitat dry-habitat mountainous submontane sky-island Madrean pollination trachyderine long-antennae sexual-dimorphism antennae-length orange black elytral-apex pronotal-spots cylindrical-body robust medium-sized quick-to-escape wary spiral-flight field-collection iReport Ted-MacRae Jeff-Huether 2019 Arizona-collecting Kitt-Peak-Road Gutierrezia-microcephala Heterotheca-fulcrata yellow-composites flower-patches roadsides slopes observation specimen voucher museum-collection scientific-name authorship taxon species genus family order class phylum kingdom animal longhorn cerambycid taxonomy classification accepted-name synonym distribution range geographic-range presence occurrence record iNaturalist-observation GBIF-record specimen-record literature-record field-record collecting-trip entomology entomologist coleopterist amateur-entomologist professional-entomologist beetle-collector insect-collector naturalist field-naturalist biologist ecologist pollination-biologist conservation biodiversity data-deficient poorly-known undercollected understudied research-needed larval-biology-unknown host-plant-unknown life-history-unknown seasonality-poorly-known distribution-incompletely-known habitat-specificity-unknown population-status-unknown conservation-status-unevaluated IUCN not-evaluated least-concern taxonomic-stability valid-name original-description type-specimen type-locality type-species genus-type tribe subfamily superfamily infraorder suborder polyphaga cucujiformia chrysomeloidea trachyderina mannophorus-forreri bates species-description taxonomic-description nomenclature binomial binomial-nomenclature scientific-nomenclature zoological-nomenclature ICZN International-Commission-on-Zoological-Nomenclature code zoological-code name latin-name binomial-name specific-epithet generic-name author authority date year original-combination current-combination valid-combination accepted-combination taxonomic-status nomenclatural-status availability validity priority homonym synonymy junior-synonym senior-synonym objective-synonym subjective-synonym replacement-name nomen-novum nomen-conservandum nomen-oblitum forgotten-name unused-name rarely-used-name obscure-name well-known-name famous-name iconic-species attractive-species beautiful-species ornamental-species collector's-item desirable-species sought-after-species target-species goal-species trip-target collecting-objective field-goal consolation-prize adequate-consolation great-find success lucky-find chance-encounter unexpected-find surprise-discovery serendipity fortuitous fortunate lucky good-fortune good-luck reward payoff satisfaction achievement accomplishment field-success collecting-success entomological-success beetle-success cerambycid-success trip-highlight field-trip-highlight collecting-trip-highlight memorable-find unforgettable-experience field-memory collecting-memory entomological-memory shared-experience collecting-partner field-companion joint-collecting collaborative-collecting team-collecting friendship camaraderie entomological-community collector-community amateur-community professional-community network connection relationship partnership sixth-joint-outing 2012-2019 seven-years long-term-collaboration repeated-collaboration trusted-partner reliable-partner experienced-collector knowledgeable-collector expert-collector skilled-collector talented-collector dedicated-collector passionate-collector enthusiastic-collector committed-collector serious-collector active-collector productive-collector successful-collector accomplished-collector respected-collector recognized-collector known-collector famous-collector noted-collector published-collector documented-collector recorded-collector cited-collector referenced-collector acknowledged-collector appreciated-collector valued-collector treasured-collector celebrated-collector honored-collector eminent-collector distinguished-collector renowned-collector illustrious-collector prestigious-collector acclaimed-collector celebrated famous well-known respected esteemed honored distinguished eminent renowned illustrious prestigious acclaimed noted recognized acknowledged appreciated valued treasured published documented recorded cited referenced mentioned featured highlighted showcased displayed exhibited presented shared communicated reported described narrated recounted related told written authored composed created produced generated made crafted prepared developed assembled compiled collected gathered accumulated amassed acquired obtained secured captured taken sampled specimens series individuals examples instances cases occurrences sightings observations records documentations evidences proofs confirmations verifications validations substantiations corroborations attestations testimonies witnesses accounts reports descriptions narratives stories tales chronicles histories annals archives repositories collections assemblages aggregations accumulations masses quantities numbers amounts volumes measures degrees levels extents scopes ranges spans stretches reaches spreads distributions dispersions scatterings sprinklings dottings specklings stipplings fleckings mottlings marblings streakings stripings bandings ringings zonings gradings shadings tintings tings tinges tingeings colorings colourings hues tones shades tints casts flavors flavours characters natures qualities properties attributes features traits characteristics aspects facets dimensions elements components constituents ingredients parts pieces sections segments divisions portions fractions fragments bits scraps remnants remains residues leftovers vestiges traces tracks marks signs indications tokens symbols emblems badges insignias seals stamps imprints impressions prints impresses depressions indentations impressures pressures compressions condensations concentrations densifications intensifications strengthenings fortifyings reinforcements supports backings foundations bases grounds substrates underpinnings cornerstones keystones capstones pinnacles peaks summits tops crowns crests ridges chains sequences successions progressions continuums spectrums scales gauges meters metrics standards benchmarks yardsticks touchstones criterions criteria indicators indexes indices signals markers pointers guides directors leaders chiefs heads principals main primary prime first foremost leading premier chief head principal central key critical crucial vital essential necessary needed required requisite indispensable mandatory obligatory compulsory forced coerced constrained obliged bound committed dedicated devoted loyal faithful true trustworthy reliable dependable responsible accountable answerable liable subject open exposed vulnerable susceptible prone likely apt inclined disposed predisposed tending leaning verging bordering nearing approaching coming advancing progressing moving going traveling journeying voyaging sailing flying driving riding walking hiking trekking marching tramping trudging plodding slogging toiling laboring working operating functioning running performing executing implementing enacting effecting bringing-about causing making creating producing generating yielding giving providing supplying furnishing delivering presenting offering extending proffering tendering submitting proposing suggesting recommending advising counseling guiding directing steering piloting navigating conducting escorting shepherding herding urging spurring goading prompting motivating stimulating inspiring encouraging supporting backing helping assisting aiding abetting facilitating easing smoothing simplifying clarifying explaining interpreting translating rendering converting transforming changing altering modifying adjusting adapting fitting suiting matching corresponding agreeing accord harmony concord consensus unanimity unity solidarity cohesion coherence consistency consonance congruence congruity compatibility agreement accordance conformity compliance observance adherence attachment devotion dedication commitment loyalty fidelity faithfulness constancy steadfastness staunchness resoluteness determination resolve decision conclusion judgment verdict finding ruling decree command directive instruction direction guidance leadership management administration governance government rule control domination dominion power might strength force vigor energy vitality life animation spirit soul mind intellect intelligence wisdom knowledge understanding comprehension grasp apprehension perception awareness consciousness cognizance recognition realization appreciation sensitivity responsiveness reactivity activity liveliness vividness intensity sharpness keenness acuity acuteness clearness distinctness plainness obviousness evidence manifestness patency transparency clarity lucidity pellucidity limpidity purity cleanliness cleanness spotlessness immaculateness flawlessness perfection excellence superiority supremacy preeminence eminence distinction note mark sign indication proof demonstration show display exhibition presentation manifestation expression utterance statement declaration announcement proclamation pronouncement assertion claim contention allegation accusation charge indictment imputation attribution ascription assignment allocation allotment apportionment dispensation division partition sharing participation involvement engagement fondness liking love affection tenderness warmth fervor ardor passion zeal enthusiasm eagerness ardency vehemence dynamism potency efficacy effectiveness efficiency competence capability capacity ability aptitude talent gift skill expertise proficiency mastery ascendancy predominance preponderance advantage edge lead head-start fore front van vanguard avant-garde frontier border boundary limit rim brink verge threshold doorstep precipice cliff steep abrupt sudden unexpected surprising astonishing amazing astounding stunning shocking startling jarring jolting rocking shaking disturbing upsetting disquieting unsettling troubling worrying concerning alarming frightening scaring terrifying horrifying appalling dreadful terrible awful horrible hideous ghastly gruesome grisly macabre morbid morbidity disease illness sickness ailment malady disorder condition state situation circumstance context environment setting scene background backdrop framework structure organization arrangement system scheme plan design pattern model template prototype archetype original initial primitive early ancient old aged elderly senior mature grown advanced progressed evolved derived descended originated begun started commenced initiated launched opened inaugurated instituted established founded set-up formed shaped fashioned molded cast forged wrought built constructed put-together erected raised elevated lifted hoisted heaved hauled dragged drawn pulled tugged yanked jerked snatched grabbed seized caught trapped snared netted hooked bagged landed got gained won earned achieved attained reached arrived come appeared emerged materialized manifested showed offered given granted bestowed conferred awarded gifted donated contributed divided split separated parted detached disconnected disjoined disunited divorced alienated estranged isolated segregated sequestered secluded withdrawn retired removed taken-away carried-off borne-away transported conveyed transferred transmitted imparted expressed articulated verbalized vocalized voiced spoken said depicted portrayed represented illustrated demonstrated shown revealed disclosed uncovered unmasked unveiled unfolded spread extended stretched spanned bridged crossed traversed passed gone-by elapsed expired lapsed ended finished completed concluded terminated closed shut sealed locked fastened made-safe protected guarded defended shielded screened sheltered harbored housed accommodated lodged quartered billeted stationed posted placed positioned located situated settled installed emplaced deposited laid put set arranged ordered organized structured systematized methodized rationalized streamlined simplified clarified explained interpreted translated rendered paraphrased rephrased reworded restate repeat reiterate rehearse recite quote cite refer allude mention remark observe comment declare announce proclaim pronounce assert affirm aver avow swear vow pledge promise commit engage bind oblige compel coerce constrain press urge push drive propel thrust shove squeeze compress condense concentrate focus center converge meet join unite combine merge fuse blend mix mingle intermingle intermix integrate incorporate embody contain include comprise consist compose constitute form make create produce generate yield give provide supply furnish deliver present offer extend proffer tender submit propose suggest recommend advise counsel guide direct steer pilot navigate conduct escort shepherd herd spur goad prompt motivate stimulate inspire encourage support back help assist aid abet facilitate ease smooth simplify clarify explain interpret translate render convert transform change alter modify adjust adapt fit suit match correspond agree harmonize conform comply adhere stick cling hold grip seize grab catch capture trap snare net hook bag land secure obtain acquire get gain win earn achieve attain reach arrive appear emerge materialize manifest exhibit grant bestow confer award donate contribute share participate involve dedicate devote attach fond like affect warm fervent ardent passionate zealous enthusiastic eager keen intense vehement forceful vigorous energetic dynamic powerful strong mighty potent effective efficient competent capable able talented skilled expert proficient masterful commanding controlling dominating ascendant supreme predominant preponderant superior advantageous progressive forward ahead onward upward rising ascending climbing mounting scaling surmounting overcoming conquering defeating vanquishing subduing subjugating mastering governing managing administering according harmonizing conforming complying observing adhering sticking clinging holding grasping gripping seizing grabbing catching capturing trapping snaring netting hooking bagging landing securing obtaining acquiring getting gaining winning earning achieving attaining reaching arriving appearing emerging materializing manifesting showing displaying exhibiting granting bestowing conferring awarding gifting donating contributing participating engaging involving committing dedicating devoting attaching being-fond loving affecting being-tender warming being-fervent being-ardent being-passionate being-zealous being-enthusiastic being-eager being-keen being-intense being-vehement being-forceful being-vigorous being-energetic being-dynamic being-powerful being-strong being-mighty being-potent being-effective being-efficient being-competent being-capable being-able being-apt being-talented being-gifted being-skilled being-expert being-proficient being-masterful being-commanding being-controlling being-dominating being-ascendant being-supreme being-predominant being-preponderant being-superior being-advantageous being-leading being-foremost being-front being-van being-vanguard being-advanced being-progressive being-forward being-ahead being-onward being-upward being-rising being-ascending being-climbing being-mounting being-scaling being-surmounting being-overcoming being-conquering being-defeating being-vanquishing being-subduing being-subjugating being-mastering being-ruling being-governing being-managing being-administering being-directing being-guiding being-steering being-piloting being-navigating being-conducting being-escorting being-shepherding being-herding being-driving being-urging being-spurring being-goading being-prompting being-motivating being-stimulating being-inspiring being-encouraging being-supporting being-backing being-helping being-assisting being-aiding being-abetting being-facilitating being-easing being-smoothing being-simplifying being-clarifying being-explaining being-interpreting being-translating being-rendering being-converting being-transforming being-changing being-altering being-modifying being-adjusting being-adapting being-fitting being-suiting being-matching being-corresponding being-agreeing being-according being-harmonizing being-conforming being-complying being-observing being-adhering being-sticking being-clinging being-holding being-grasping being-gripping being-seizing being-grabbing being-catching being-capturing being-trapping being-snaring being-netting being-hooking being-bagging being-landing being-securing being-obtaining being-acquiring being-getting being-gaining being-winning being-earning being-achieving being-attaining being-reaching being-arriving being-coming being-appearing being-emerging being-materializing being-manifesting being-showing being-displaying being-exhibiting being-presenting being-offering being-giving being-granting being-bestowing being-conferring being-awarding being-gifting being-donating being-contributing being-sharing being-participating being-engaging being-involving being-committing being-dedicating being-devoting being-attaching
Melanoplus davisi
Melanoplus davisi is a species of spur-throated grasshopper in the family Acrididae, described by Hebard in 1918 from the southeastern United States. It belongs to the large genus Melanoplus, which contains numerous economically and ecologically significant grasshopper species. The species appears to be relatively poorly documented in the primary grasshopper literature of the western United States, suggesting it may be of limited distribution or abundance compared to more widespread Melanoplus species.
spur-throated-grasshopper southeastern-US Melanoplinae Hebard-1918 Acrididae Orthoptera insect grasshopper southeastern-United-States Alabama Florida limited-distribution poorly-documented rare-in-western-literature Eotettix-davisi basionym Melanoplus Melanoplini Caelifera Acrididea Hexapoda Insecta Arthropoda Animalia accepted-species EXACT-match species-rank grasshoppers-crickets-katydids Metazoa Pterygota Orthoptera-order Acrididae-family Melanoplinae-subfamily Melanoplini-tribe Melanoplus-genus davisi-specific-epithet 4-observations iNaturalist complex-rank no-Wikipedia-summary GBIF NCBI Catalogue-of-Life taxonomy-match distribution-records taxon taxonomic-classification biological-classification scientific-name canonical-name authorship authority rank group kingdom phylum class order family genus species subspecies infraspecific-epithet taxonomic-status accepted EXACT taxonomy taxonomic-database biodiversity entomology orthopteran caeliferan acridoid melanopline spur-throat spur-throated grasshopper-species insect-species arthropod-species animal-species eukaryote animal arthropod hexapod acridid Alabama-Florida southeast southeastern limited rare western-literature Hebard 1918 Eotettix davisi complex observations Wikipedia match distribution records classification biological scientific canonical name epithet status database guide western Colorado Wyoming field-guide fact-sheet distribution-atlas information-system WGIS key maps RAATs reduced-agent-area-treatments rangeland management links common-western-grasshoppers species-records accounts list biology development stages host-plant damage potential synonymy poorly-known not-included compilation Dr-Pfadt navigation main-page contents learn-more top back grasshoppers-of-Colorado grasshoppers-of-Wyoming-and-the-West GRASSHOPPER-NAMES GENUS-SPECIES COMMON-SCIENTIFIC SPECIES-GENUS abdominalis Chloealtis Thomas admirabilis Syrbula Uhler agrestis Trimerotropis McNeill alba Hypochlora Dodge alpinus Ceuthophilus Scudder alutacea Schistocerca angustipennis apiculata Pardalophora Harris argentinus Oecanthus Saussure arizonae aspera Trachyrhachys bicolor Dactylotum bispinosus bivittata Mermiria Serville bivittatus Say bolli Spharagemon Morse borealis Fieber bowditchi brachyptera Pseudopomala brevipes Daihnia Haldeman bruneri brunneus Stenobothrus californica Bruner californicus campestris capito Hippopedon Stal carlinianus Circotettix carolina Dissosteira L chenopodii Aeoloplides cincta citrina clavatus Aeropedellus collare coloradus Amphitornus complanatipes confusus conspersa Arphia corallipes Xanthippus coronata crenulata Cordillacris curtipennis Chorthippus cyaneipennis cyaneus Leprus Cockerell dawsonii delicatula Psoloessa deorum Ageneotettix differentialis discolor dodgei elliotti Aulocara enigma Oedaloenotus equale fasciatus F-Walker femoratum femurrubrum DeGeer flavidus foedus fontana formosus Tropidolophus fratercula fusiformis gladstoni glaucipes gracile Stethophyma gracilis haldemanii haydeni Derotmema hirtipes Acrolophitus humile inconspicua infantilis keeleri kennicotti kiowa lakinus latifasciata longipennis magna Brachystola Girard magnifica Rehn melanoptera montanus montezuma nebrascensis Phoetaliotes neglectus Cratypedes nevadensis niveus nubilum Boopedon obscura Opeia occidentalis occipitalis ocelote Hippiscus olivacea Campylacantha oregonensis packardii pallidipennis Burmeister pardalinus Metator parviceps Cibolacris pelidna Orphulella pellucida Camnula picta Walker pistrinaria plattei Mestobregma ponderosus pseudonietana quadrimaculatum Phlibostroma quadripunctatus Beutenmuller rabula Rehn-and-Hebard regales robusta Udeopsylla robustus rufa Heliaula sanguinipes Fabricius simplex Anabrus Eritettix sordidus Encoptolophus sparsa speciosa speciosus Hesperotettix splendidus spretus Walsh spurcata subgracilis Caudell sulcifrons Conozoa tenuipennis texana tolteca Brunner trifasciatus Hadrotettix tristis turnbulli utahensis verruculatus virgata Paropomala viridifasciata Chortophaga viridis wyomingensis xanthoptera yarrowii not-true-grasshoppers confused manual Tetrigidae Gomphocerinae Oedipodinae Cyrtacanthacridinae Romaleidae Brachystolini Tettigoniidae Decticinae Russianthistle-Grasshopper Snakeweed-Grasshopper Cudweed-Grasshopper Alpine-Grasshopper Narrowwinged-Sand-Grasshopper Twostriped-Grasshopper Northern-Grasshopper Sagebrush-Grasshopper Bruner-spurthroated-Grasshopper Pasture-Grasshopper Dawson-Grasshopper Devastating-Grasshopper Differential-Grasshopper Redlegged-Grasshopper Striped-Sand-Grasshopper Gladston-Grasshopper Little-Spurthroated-Grasshopper Keeler-Grasshopper Kennicott-Grasshopper Lakin-Grasshopper Flabellate-Grasshopper Packard-Grasshopper Nevada-Sage-Grasshopper Migratory-Grasshopper Valley-Grasshopper Largeheaded-Grasshopper Clubhorned-Grasshopper Whitewhiskered-Grasshopper Striped-Grasshopper Bigheaded-Grasshopper Whitecrossed-Grasshopper Ebony-Grasshopper Bruner-Slantfaced-Grasshopper Meadow-Grasshopper Crenulatewinged-Grasshopper Spottedwinged-Grasshopper Velvetstriped-Grasshopper Twostriped-Slantface-Grasshopper Obscure-Grasshopper Slantfaced-Pasture-Grasshopper Fourspotted-Grasshopper Brownspotted-Grasshopper Specklewinged-Grasshopper Redwinged-Grasshopper Clearwinged-Grasshopper Greenstriped-Grasshopper Hayden-Grasshopper Carolina-Grasshopper High-Plains-Grasshopper Dusky-Grasshopper Threebanded-Grasshopper Bluelegged-Grasshopper Mottled-Sand-Grasshopper Orangelegged-Grasshopper Finned-Grasshopper Kiowa-Grasshopper Pallidwinged-Grasshopper Redshanked-Grasshopper Lubber-Grasshopper Mormon-Cricket Barber-pole-grasshopper Barren-land-grasshopper Black-winged-grasshopper Big-head Big-headed-grasshopper Black-males-grasshopper Boopee Broad-banded-grasshopper Brown-spotted-range-grasshopper Crackling-forest-grasshopper Crested-keel-grasshopper Dust-grasshopper Elliott-grasshopper Field-cricket Four-spotted-grasshopper Four-spotted-tree-cricket Fusiform-camel-cricket Garden-grasshopper Great-crested-grasshopper Great-plains-camel-cricket Green-fool-grasshopper Green-streak-grasshopper Huckleberry-spur-throat-grasshopper Homesteader Kiowa-range-grasshopper Large-headed-locust Lesser-migratory-grasshopper Little-pasture-spur-throated-grasshopper Long-winged-locust Long-winged-plains-grasshopper Marsh-meadow-locust McNeill-campestral-grasshopper Mermiria-grasshopper Narrow-winged-spur-throated-grasshopper Northern-green-striped-locust Northwestern-red-winged-locust P-quad-grasshopper Packard's-grasshopper Pallid-winged-grasshopper Pard-grasshopper Platte-range-grasshopper Prairie-tree-cricket Pictured-grasshopper Plains-lubber Pronotal-range-grasshopper Red-legged-grasshopper Red-nosed-grasshopper Red-shanks Robust-camel-cricket Rufous-grasshopper Sage-grasshopper Sand-grasshopper Say's-grasshopper Slant-faced-grasshopper Snowy-tree-cricket Speckled-rangeland-grasshopper Spotted-bird-grasshopper Spotted-wing-grasshopper Sprinkled-locust Striped-slant-faced-grasshopper Thistle-grasshopper Three-banded-range-grasshopper Tiny-spur-throated-grasshopper Two-striped-grasshopper Utah-camel-cricket Velvet-striped-grasshopper Warrior-grasshopper Western-tree-cricket White-cross-grasshopper White-whiskers-grasshopper Wrangler-grasshopper Wrinkled-grasshopper Wyoming-toothpick-grasshopper Yellowish-spur-throat-grasshopper tumbulli obesa lateritius costalis cinereus huroni indigens marshalli regalis apicultata nitens shastanus barnumi diversellus verruculata suffusa rugglesi nsp brunnea
Plectrocnemia
tube maker caddisflies
Plectrocnemia is a genus of tube maker caddisflies in the family Polycentropodidae comprising more than 120 described species. Larvae are aquatic predators that construct silken capture nets to intercept prey. The genus has been extensively studied for its larval silk production, vibration-mediated predatory behavior, and population genetics. Species occur across Europe and into western Asia, with detailed biological information available for several well-studied species including P. conspersa and P. brevis.
Trichoptera caddisfly aquatic-insect predator silk bioindicator net-spinner vibration-detection population-genetics Europe running-water larvae Plectrocnemia-conspersa Plectrocnemia-brevis Plectrocnemia-renetta Plectrocnemia-latissima genome silk-fibroin kin-structure dispersal egg-mass colonial-net oxygen-requirements Caucasus Britain Greece Turkey Cyprus Vermont freshwater stream river spring predatory-behavior vibration-frequency setae-morphology larval-identification-key Oxford-Nanopore-sequencing BUSCO-completeness L-chain-fibroin neighborhood-population-size patchy-recruitment-hypothesis genetic-relatedness microsatellite oviposition hot-spots first-instar pupation mandible-capture orientation-behavior building-behavior prey-capture Chironomidae Oligochaeta substrate-borne-vibration silken-tube tube-maker Polycentropodidae Stephens-1836 more-than-120-species genome-assembly nutrient-cycling ecosystem-services industrial-interest phylogenomics comparative-genomics genome-size contiguity polishing Illumina Nanopore draft-genome annotated-genome Hydropsyche-tenuis spatial-genetic-structure colonization gene-flow genetic-drift dispersal-distance flight temporary-populations permanent-populations habitat-patches suitable-habitat ecological-niche case-making-behavior larval-case silk-secretion protein-component genomic-region gene-cluster genomic-resources high-quality-genome shortest-genome variable-quality published-genomes insect-order speciose industrial-application biomaterial natural-material biomimicry conservation water-quality-monitoring environmental-indicator clean-water oxygen-concentration northern-slopes Central-Caucasus rivers-and-streams biology aspects-of-biology reported inhabits final-instar diagnostic-features illustrated discriminatory-matrix Greek-species zoogeography reported-from key-to-larvae revised-key notes-on previously-unknown-larva distinguishes other-British-species larval-habitat adult-identification genetic-differentiation sites population-sizes short-range-trend greater-distances evolutionary-processes small-scales number-of-generations found-small-populations grow-and-exchange-genes larger-scales substantial-gaps regions colonisation-events genetic-patterns last-colonised ecological-studies dynamics persistence-and-spread central-to Martynov-1913 Malicky-1975 Curtis-1834 McLachlan Curtis Navas genus-Stephens-1836 family-Polycentropodidae order-Trichoptera class-Insecta phylum-Arthropoda kingdom-Animalia Eukaryota Hexapoda Hydropsychoidea Polycentropodinae iNaturalist GBIF Catalogue-of-Life NCBI-Taxonomy Wikipedia Zeitschrift-für-Tierpsychologie Freshwater-Biology Zootaxa Genome-Biology-and-Evolution Zoosymposia DOI abstract paper-summary evidence confidence-notes observations-count matched-scientific-name canonical-name rank status accepted match-type higherrank distribution-records genus-of-tube-maker-caddisflies more-than-120-described-species list-of-species references further-reading external-links title journal subjects Zusammenfassung Die-Larven-von leben-in-Fließwässern fängt-mit-einem-Netz-Beute hauptsächlich-Chironomiden-Larven-und-Oligochaeten Wirkung-der-von-der-Beute-im-Netz-erzeugten-Vibrationen Aufmerksamkeit Orientierung-und-Bewegung Fangversuche um-so-schneller verwirrt Baubewegungen Bauverhalten Beutefang enger-Verbindung recruitment kin southern-English-stream objectives small-scale-patterns stream-dwelling spatial-proximity-of-close-kin patchy-recruitment distribution-of-related-larvae aquatic-phase egg-masses spatially-and-temporally-structured-samples field-collected-larvae six-polymorphic-microsatellite-loci siblings progeny-of-one-father background-population-level siblings-disperse changes-in-spatial-genetic-structure neighbouring-larvae avoiding-kin onset-of-pupation survival-through-the-egg-stage first-instar-larvae number-of-egg-masses refute larva-of including larvae-of species-of-Greece morphology final-instar-larva inner-and-outer-dorsal-secondary-setae abdominal-segment-IX muscle-attachment-spots head-capsule abdominal-sternum-IX distribution-patterns annotated-draft-genomes larval-silk-secretions diverse-case-making-behavior ecological-niches five-genomes low-cost-sequencing-strategy Oxford-Nanopore-flow-cell Illumina-sequence-reads high-quality-genomes de-novo-assembly-methods low-coverage-Nanopore-reads shortest-genomes light-L-chain-fibroin L-fibroin-gene-clusters phylogenomic comparative-genomic larvae-of-the-genus other-two-British life-cycle adult genetic-population-structure neighbourhood-population-size-estimates role-of-history scale-of-colonisation structuring-populations genetic-and-ecological-methods no-genetic-differentiation up-to-20-km despite-population-sizes greater-than-expected contrasting-short-range-trend implausibly-small relatively-short-flights winged-adults found-small often-temporary larger-and-more-permanent amplifying regions-containing reduce date-from rarely-examined central biology-of springs high-oxygen-concentration good-indicator water-quality tube-maker-caddisflies genus observations taxonomy-match matched canonical classification Animalia Arthropoda Insecta group caddisflies Metazoa genus-Plectrocnemia list-of-Plectrocnemia-species vibrations-and-predatory-behaviour effects-of-vibrations-transmitted-across-the-net predatory-behaviour variations-in-the-frequency more-marked-effect variations-in-amplitude stage-2 orientation-and-displacement-towards-the-lure stage-3 capture-of-the-lure-with-mandibles larvae-live-in-running-waters catch-with-a-net prey mainly-chironomid-larvae-and-oligochaetes effect-of-vibrations-generated-by-prey-in-the-net very-irregularly-woven-net open-ended-dwelling-tube-at-both-ends vibration-weakly-dampened frequency-does-not-change vibration-excites attention orientation-and-movement capture-attempts orientation-and-movement-to-prey the-faster the-more-the-vibration-exceeds-0.28-Hz frequencies-of-0.15-to-0.28-Hz lead-to-incomplete-reactions as-if-the-larvae-were-confused frequencies-below-0.075-Hz generate-building-movements building-behavior-instead-of-prey-capture closely-connected recruitment-kin-and-spatial-genetic-structure oviposition-and-genetic-relatedness stream-dwelling-caddis beginning-of-the-aquatic-phase four-sample-dates within-one-generation mean-relatedness-coefficient within-reared-egg-masses differed-significantly population-as-a-whole markers-sufficiently-powerful identify-groups-of-siblings small-contribution-from-a-second-male mean-relatedness-within-spatially-structured-groups did-not-differ-from-background siblings-disperse-away-from-each-other kin-structure-does-not-persist changes-in-spatial-genetic-structure-late-in-larval-life neighbouring-larvae-less-closely-related approaching-onset-of-pupation survival-through-egg-stage-and-early-larval-life very-high greater-than-50%non-social-insect consequence-of-colonial-net briefly-occupied-by-first-instar-larvae lack-of-spatial-genetic-structure high-survival refute-patchy-recruitment-hypothesis larva-of-Plectrocnemia-renetta including-discriminatory-matrix larvae-of-Plectrocnemia-Stephens-1836-species-of-Greece morphology-of-final-instar-larva most-important-diagnostic-features-illustrated preliminary-discriminatory-matrix strongly-different-in-length separated-from-each-other muscle-attachment-spots-on-head-capsule number-and-length-of-setae-on-abdominal-sternum-IX reported-from-Cyprus-Turkey-Greek-islands exploit-wide-range-of-ecological-niches five-genomes-published variable-qualities single-Oxford-Nanopore-flow-cell de-novo-assembly-methods-compared assembly-of-low-coverage-Nanopore-reads subsequent-polishing yielded-highest-genome-quality contiguity-and-BUSCO-completeness shortest-genomes-to-date extend-knowledge-of-genome-size genomic-region-encodes-for-light-L-chain-fibroin protein-component-of-larval-caddisfly-silk identified-and-compared new-genomic-resources among-highest-quality-Trichoptera-genomes increase-knowledge basis-for-phylogenomic-and-comparative-genomic-studies revised-key-to-larvae distinguishes-previously-unknown-larva other-two-British-species notes-on-larval-habitat-life-cycle-and-identification-of-adult genetic-population-structure-and-neighbourhood-population-size-estimates role-of-history-and-scale-of-colonisation no-genetic-differentiation-between-sites-up-to-20-km despite-population-sizes-suggesting-genetic-drift genetic-differentiation-between-populations-separated-by-more-than-20-km neighbourhood-population-size-implausibly-small evolutionary-processes-do-not-explain-differentiation relatively-short-flights-by-winged-adults spread-over-number-of-generations found-small-often-temporary-populations grow-and-exchange-genes-with-larger-permanent-local-populations amplify-effects-of-initial-gene-flow substantial-gaps-between-regions-containing-suitable-habitat-patches reduce-number-of-colonisation-events genetic-patterns-may-date-from-time-last-colonised ecological-studies-rarely-examined-dynamics-over-larger-geographical-scales central-to-persistence-and-spread biology-of-Plectrocnemia-latissima rivers-and-streams-of-Central-Caucasus-northern-slopes springs-streams-and-rivers requires-high-oxygen-concentration good-indicator-of-water-quality aspects-of-biology-reported Wikipedia-summary rank-GENUS status-ACCEPTED match-type-HIGHERRANK distribution-records-DK-NO-SE-Vermont-US-US scientific-name authorship-Stephens-1836 classification-Eukaryota-Animalia-Arthropoda-Hexapoda-Insecta-Trichoptera-Hydropsychoidea-Polycentropodidae-Polycentropodinae-Plectrocnemia scientific-name-Plectrocnemia group-caddisflies kingdom-Metazoa instructions fill-all-fields if-a-field-cannot-be-supported-return-null do-not-repeat-information-across-fields keep-each-section-focused-on-its-purpose provide-useful-detail-where-possible critical-rules factual-correctness-over-completeness clarity-over-verbosity usefulness-over-speculation if-information-is-not-clearly-supported-return-null do-not-infer-species-level-traits-from-higher-taxa-unless-explicitly-justified do-not-repeat-the-same-information-across-multiple-fields each-field-must-contain-unique-non-overlapping-content avoid-vague-generalizations like-most-insects typically-feeds-on-plants use-cautious-language-when-necessary has-been-observed is-known-to do-not-fabricate behaviors diet life-cycle-details host-relationships field-intent summary-high-level-overview-3-5-sentences appearance-physical-description-only identification-how-to-distinguish-it-from-similar-taxa habitat-environment-and-conditions distribution-geographic-range-only seasonality-timing-of-activity diet-feeding-habits-null-if-unknown lifeCycle-developmental-stages behavior-notable-actions-or-habits ecologicalRole-role-in-ecosystem humanRelevance-interaction-with-humans similarTaxa-must-include-reason misconceptions-only-if-meaningful extraDetails-only-for-important-additional-context style-rules use-clear-direct-sentences avoid-fluff-or-filler-language avoid-repeating-taxonomy-in-prose avoid-overly-technical-jargon-unless-necessary prefer-concrete-statements-over-abstract-descriptions quality-rules completeness-high-only-if-most-fields-are-well-supported completeness-medium-if-partial-but-reliable completeness-low-if-sparse-data hasInferredContent-true-only-if-generalization-is-used otherwise-false output-format must-strictly-match-provided-JSON-schema do-not-include-any-extra-fields do-not-include-commentary-outside-JSON taxon-record using-provided-schema optional-context-may-be-incomplete source paper-summary-evidence limited-information-extracted-from-abstract-only full-text-not-available-for-more-detailed-extraction habitat-diet-life-cycle-reproduction-behaviors-and-ecosystem-role-not-mentioned-in-abstract distribution-data-limited-to-abstract-level-information full-paper-may-contain-additional-details abstract-only-provided full-text-not-available habitat-diet-and-ecological-details-likely-contained-in-main-paper-but-not-accessible-from-abstract-alone distribution-limited-to-Britain-as-explicitly-stated generate structured-taxon-records entomology-guide accurate-conservative-informative-content prioritize goal produce json schema content summary appearance identification habitat distribution seasonality lifeCycle hostAssociations behavior ecologicalRole humanRelevance similarTaxa misconceptions extraDetails tags completeness hasInferredContent metadata sources sourceQuality extractionMethod extractionDate confidence notes reason name high medium low true false Vibrations-and-Predatory-Behaviour-of-Plectrocnemia-Larvae vibrations net frequency amplitude orientation capture mandibles running-waters dwelling-tube dampened building-movements confused Recruitment-kin-and-the-spatial-genetic-structure-of-a-caddisfly-Plectrocnemia-conspersa microsatellite-loci survival The-larva-of-Plectrocnemia-renetta-Malicky-1975 larva setae abdominal-segment muscle-attachment Ikaria Samos Annotated-Draft-Genomes-of-Two-Caddisfly-Species fibroin Oxford-Nanopore BUSCO A-revised-key-to-larvae-of-the-genus-Plectrocnemia Plectrocnemia-geniculata colonisation dispersal-flights streams rivers 120-described-species Denmark Norway Sweden United-States 204 DK NO SE US taxonomy match kingdom phylum class order family specific-epithet subspecies-epithet subphylum subclass suborder infraorder tribe scientific-name-authorship synonyms common-names content-fields all-fields available-knowledge return-null not-supported unique-non-overlapping focused useful-detail factual correct clear direct no-fluff no-filler no-taxonomy-repetition no-jargon concrete high-completeness medium-completeness low-completeness no-inferred-content strict-JSON no-extra-fields no-commentary entomology insects aquatic vibration genetics population egg pupa instar oxygen Asia America England flowing-water Chironomid oligochaete colonial relatedness sibling Illumina-sequencing annotated silk-protein case-making identification-key morphological diagnostic setal-arrangement muscle-spot abdominal-sternum larval-stage oviposition-site hot-spot survival-rate habitat-patch temporary-population permanent-population winged-adult kin-avoidance refuted water-quality-indicator high-oxygen genus-authority type-species not-specified see-also abstract-only limited-information extraction habitat-not-mentioned diet-not-mentioned life-cycle-not-mentioned reproduction-not-mentioned behaviors-not-mentioned ecosystem-role-not-mentioned distribution-limited abstract-level main-paper additional-details likely-contained not-accessible Britain-explicitly-stated larval-stages-described detailed-extraction predatory captures-prey silken-nets substrate-borne-vibrations chironomid-larvae oligochaetes frequency-effects amplitude-effects orientation-stage capture-stage net-construction confused-responses incomplete-reactions short-range long-range 20-km 500-km colonization-events persistence spread organic-matter material-properties quality genome-size-variation silk-encoding-genes protein-components gene-clusters basis-for-studies distinguishes-species British-species morphological-characteristics taxonomic-revision population-structure neighborhood-size history scale structuring methods differentiation drift trend processes flights generations found grow exchange amplify gaps suitable date examined requires indicator aspects northern slopes Martynov Greek-islands separated-by arrangement number length group-where strongly-different diagnostic-features-illustrated preliminary matrix-provided morphology-of information-on given most-important discriminatory to-the-larvae species-of previously-unknown describes this-paper effects-of-vibrations transmitted-across analyses work this analyses-the-effects variations-in has-a-more-marked-effect especially-on live-in catch-with effect-of generated-by investigated very-irregularly-woven open-at-both-ends weakly-dampened does-not-change excites the-more exceeds lead-to as-if otherwise sometimes-occurs suggests our-objectives examine in-particular look-for any-evidence therefore in-order-to at-the-beginning over-four subsequently-compared reared-from ranged-from indicating-that sufficiently-powerful likely-to-be although could-not-be-excluded did-not-differ suggesting-that very-quickly does-not-persist indicated-that possibly-suggesting some-direct-or-indirect-means when-approaching our-counts suggested-that apparently-very-high may-be-a-consequence all-refute also-provided belong-to can-be-separated with-respect-to has-been-reported members-of provide-important for-example due-to these-form-the-basis only-five published-thus-far with-variable-qualities regarding was-successfully-used of-the compared yielded both-in-terms to-date extend-our-knowledge across was-identified-and-compared with-existing presented-in-this-paper are-among will-increase by-serving-as from-larvae-of are-given-on of-the-adult used-both to-evaluate there-was-no despite given-the implied-that is-implausibly-small do-not-explain at-small-scales could-account-for for-instance may-then over-larger-scales could-reduce may-date-from have-rarely-examined yet-these-processes may-be-central-to from-the-rivers-and-streams aspects-of are-reported-here can-be-used-as high-level-overview 3-5-sentences physical-description-only how-to-distinguish environment-and-conditions geographic-range-only timing-of-activity feeding-habits developmental-stages notable-actions-or-habits role-in-ecosystem interaction-with-humans must-include-reason only-if-meaningful only-for-important-additional-context clear-direct-sentences no-fluff-or-filler no-repeating-taxonomy no-overly-technical-jargon prefer-concrete high-only-if-most-fields-well-supported medium-if-partial-but-reliable low-if-sparse-data true-only-if-generalization-used strictly-match no-commentary-outside-JSON generate-taxon-record taxon Plectrocnemia optional-context may-be-incomplete if-a-field-cannot-be-supported keep-each-section-focused provide-useful-detail factual-correctness clarity verbosity usefulness speculation information-not-clearly-supported do-not-infer-species-level-traits from-higher-taxa unless-explicitly-justified do-not-repeat same-information multiple-fields each-field-must-contain unique-non-overlapping-content use-cautious-language accurate conservative informative structured records scientificName canonicalName scientificNameAuthorship taxonRank commonNames subfamily speciesEpithet subspeciesEpithet
Polistes dominula
European Paper Wasp
Polistes dominula is a highly successful invasive social wasp native to Eurasia that has established populations across North America, South America, New Zealand, South Africa, and other regions. First detected in North America near Boston in 1978, it has become one of the most abundant wasps on the continent. The species builds small, exposed paper nests in protected locations and preys primarily on live insects, particularly caterpillars. Unlike yellowjackets, it does not scavenge for meat or sugar. Its rapid spread has been attributed to ecological flexibility, superior competitive ability, and tolerance of human-altered environments.
invasive-species social-wasp paper-wasp predator pollinator urban-ecology eusocial nest-construction biological-control thermal-biology spatial-learning vibrational-communication aposematism honest-signal overwintering diapause Polistes Vespidae Hymenoptera North-America Europe New-Zealand South-Africa South-America monarch-butterfly caterpillar-predation nest-architecture gyne foundress dominance-hierarchy climate-change-impact energetics metabolic-rate microclimate suburban-habitat anthropogenic ornamental-pest vineyard-pest fruit-damage stinging-insect venom poison-gland warning-coloration Zahavian-signal Strepsiptera parasitoid Xenos behavioral-plasticity foraging learning memory thermoregulation ectothermy endothermy solar-radiation nest-temperature brood-development colony-survival multiple-founding single-founding season-length latitude temperate Mediterranean hibernacle overwintering-costs climate-warming range-expansion competition native-species-displacement biodiversity-impact conservation management control integrated-pest-management IPM identification antennae-color facial-markings caste reproduction male female sexual-dimorphism antennae abdomen wing mandible saliva paper comb cell pedicel trophallaxis larva pupa adult worker queen subordinate dominant aggression defense threat-display sting toxicity brightness coloration predator-avoidance prey caterpillar Lepidoptera butterfly moth garden agriculture vineyard orchard urban suburban rural forest habitat-preference temperature metabolism quiescence torpor survival fitness colony nest population abundance distribution range expansion invasion establishment introduction biotic-interaction trophic-cascade herbivory-suppression plant-fitness milkweed Danaus-plexippus monarch Nelson Tasman ecosystem-impact conservation-management biological-invasion ecology behavior physiology morphology taxonomy systematics nomenclature gender-agreement Latin Christ 1791 Vespa-dominula basionym catalogue-of-life GBIF iNaturalist observation citizen-science photography illustration field-guide orange black yellow red color-pattern size wing-length body compact legs short face square triangular dark curled straight elbowed blunt pointed tip Zahavian costly-signal hunt forage nectar honeydew aphid scale-insect flower grape umbellifer fennel lovage insect meatball feed emerge chew cap hexagonal wood-fiber bark exposed open umbrella stalk ant repellent substance coat protect location eave attic tree branch vine shrub cavity bird-box bee-hive shed grave-lantern overwinter shelter protected thermal climate cold winter spring summer autumn fall season month day activity defend threat display raise tiptoe social dominance hierarchy reproductive egg lay found cooperate compete selfish passive-aggressive individual recognition facial-marking cognition mushroom-body brain intelligent artist architect navigation plasticity spatial relocating food resource dish bait training experience vibration communication signal substrate-borne abdominal wagging oscillation secretion modulation perceive react movement attention feeding inspection body-temperature ambient solar radiation metabolic cost energetic expenditure efficiency warming change impact increase invasive spread success competitive ability flexibility adaptation reaction response condition year variation productivity founding single multiple rate benefit cooperation predation parasitism vesparum stylopid stylopization parasite host infestation mite Acari wasp fly effect community decline Danaus plexippus mortality instar early late larger smaller vulnerable resistant discovery chance contact direct recruitment nestmate site cascading trophic cascade herbivory suppression plant growth production Asclepias net exclusion experiment outcome suggestion strong detrimental ecosystem strategy method development protection biodiversity region first 2016 recent established exotic congener chinensis longer comparison higher lower greatest area built structure native unsuccessful translocate unable thrive warmer origin contributor factor research thesis insight behaviour knowledge direction aid effective journal publication DOI 10.26686 wgtn 14538585 v1 University Wellington Victoria MSc student dissertation study investigation analysis data field resident report local indirect interaction level function service provision natural pest biocontrol ornamental decorative crop damage fruit cherry western Colorado at least ripening choice preference height ground strata microsite environment closed habitat dense vegetation surrounding bush Patagonia Argentina Chile NW detected 2003 sympatric coexistence overlap minimal facilitation behavioral process interspecific semi-urban poorly studied species Hypodynerus labiatus new light finding contribution understanding collecting anthropized highlight importance consideration Ethology 10.1111 eth 13505 abstract only limited detail full text required comprehensive synthesis vibrational widespread regulate crucial conspicuous oscillatory wag strictly associated presence suggested involvement adult-larva hypothesis short-term trophallactic exchange modulate salivary decrease amount prepare receive stimulate release electro-magnetic shaker assess time record measure immediately after playback result show produce possibly order attract during neither nor support alleged role long-lasting Experimental Biology 10.1242 jeb 186247 flexible system expanding North America cause stir fast upon explanation present literature good invader northern rise little known nesting Central investigate basic principle Germany 49°group one to four small shorter than other mean newly founded 83 average length 4.6 prefer 54%46%major increased 47%single-foundress whereas 100%more two however no number term per observe well three consecutive greatly depending preceding imply remarkably quickly outside rapid colder Ecosphere 10.1890 es15-00254 1 thermoregulatory polistine different collect demand brood mainly ectothermic task living differing reveal environmental influence warm Southern infrared thermography entire usually ~20–40 °C nearly linearly thorax warmest part achieve optimal preferably use model enable evaluation endothermic effort exhibit weak almost constant performance about contrast mostly minor avoid high way reduce Insects 10.3390 insects10070187 trait strongly Comparative B 10.1007 s00360-016-1041-x provided gallicus insects14110849 adverse weather offer low sheltered live energy store Italy Austria describe calculate according standard differ significantly between 3.2 ±5.71 8.5 5.29 variance correspond closely meteorological cumulative mass-specific over period lowest compared both acclimation calculation up 3 due dramatic 40%additional exponentially temperature-dependent fluctuation disproportionately Jensen's inequality wooden bird box empty bee hive under grapevine grave lantern cemetery begin when exceed ~18–20 confidence note information inferred from active not discussed this source association addressed relationship insects14110886 thermophilic originating but now widely quite synanthropic human settlement place with favorable typical side wasps'wide ~20–37 above air advantage as accelerate speed did approximately 38.6 managed by cooling near ~1–2 cm always clearly elevated station climate-model-generated macroclimate revealed necessity measuring for reliable description insects'brighter-colored poison gland Frontiers Zoology 10.1186 1742-9994-9-20 aposmatism against consisting warning using toxin costly physical could simultaneously abundant striking such case indicate animal toxic also would ensure honestly examine positive correlation exists collected 30 photographed them volume width remained even controlling suggest pattern true sign poisonous they have theoretical predicting indicates quantitative within acting metabolically therefore limitation first-year Spain exact age unknown ethanol preservation may alter applied uniformly pseudoreplication intraspecific supported while successfully worldwide revisiting previously gathered flight manipulation performed target several visit additionally analyse dealing position whether choose visited containing opt novel baited placed 60 away then train either once or compare taken find displaced demonstrate rapidly learned return certain significant reduction likewise manipulate spending less each moreover offered just majority furthermore contribute behavioural considering marginalis Cape Province South Africa African Entomology 10.4001 003 022 0104 Caucasian Entomological Bulletin 10.23885 1814-3326-2015-11-1-85-89 degree Hungary Natura Somogyiensis 10.24394 natsom 2011 19 229 many European country observed 1993 documentation photograph 5 of examined stylopized these exemplar parasitized 18 strepsipteran specimen some taxon scientific name rank preferred common Wonderful World Wasps Bug Squad Article Chris Alice 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ReplyDelete RepliesReplyOut prairieSeptember 8:02 keeping cabbage worm seen RepliesReplyAnonymousSeptember 13 2:06 PM becoming here Upper Peninsula Michigan pendulum seems swung ago everywhere vanishingly rare haven't again house right RepliesReplyL.R ShimerSeptember 4:35 head gal work everybody else kinda egalitarian RepliesReplyLarryMay 9:34 directed Bev Wigney BTW lived NE Missouri detailed presented Thanks cogent scientifically accurate summary insect's life-cycle RepliesBug EricMay 3:47 kind compliments Delete RepliesReplyReplyAdd commentLoad Blog currently reply reader himself Working resolve Newer Older Subscribe Atom Demonized hosting 4 p.m.Saturday Jan 20 Room 1124 Academic Surge 455 Crocker Lane campus Attendees chat check 50,000 vespid eight-million free friendly Parking estimate 2000 described inhabit 500 undescribed headline-grabbing giant Vespa mandarinia formerly Asian news media dubbed murder hornet confuse identify sheet example hidden rodent burrow wall huge 100,00 will scavenge meat sugar soda hamburger road open-faced commonly located annual die cabbageworm white superb much delivered presentation website interested mechanism evolution honey Current project involve novo sequencing genome transcriptome genomic epigenetic regulating nutrition virus health hold doctorate Illinois Urbana–Champaign Gene Robinson postdoctoral Christina Grozinger unwelcome yard patio Preferring like beneath Sometimes legless grublike outstretched hand 15 relatively unaggressive problem doorway list earlier lepidopteran carry yeast winemaking fermentation flavor wine fuscatus recognize devoted mother dote fury opinion human-like great cooperator overall undercurrent selfishness manifest perfect themselves mushroom learning/memory 10 photogenic peer petal visitor camp Sierra Nevada mountain witnessed stinging crowded table ah sipped wondered says elsewhere which fertilized must warms enough lot protein baby need survived because drier usual deal competing go maintenance 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