Wingless-female
Guides
Allocapnia rickeri
Midwest Snowfly
Allocapnia rickeri is a small winter stonefly in the family Capniidae, commonly known as the Midwest Snowfly. It is one of numerous small, dark stoneflies in the genus Allocapnia that emerge during cold months when few other insects are active. The species has been documented across the central and eastern United States. Like other capniids, it is associated with clean, cold streams and is an important indicator of water quality.
winter-stoneflybioindicatorcoldwaterPlecopteraCapniidaeAllocapnialoticemergencebrachypteryapterygenitalia-identificationFrison-1942Midwestsoutheastern-USclean-water-indicatorJanuary-Marchsmall-stoneflywingless-femalestream-insectshreddergathererseasonal-resourcewater-qualityaquatic-insectterrestrial-adultshort-lived-adultovipositionsubmerged-eggshigh-dissolved-oxygenlow-temperaturecentral-USeastern-USAlabamaArkansasDelawareGeorgiaIllinoishexapodhemimetabolousEuholognathaNemouroideaArctoperlariaInsectaArthropodaAnimaliaGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeiNaturalistNCBItaxonomyaccepted-species1942FrisonRickerMidwest-Snowflysnowflysmall-dark-stoneflyclean-streamsriverswell-oxygenatedlotic-habitatcold-monthswinter-activitywing-reductionfemale-apterymale-flightepiproctparaproctterminaliataxonomic-revisioncongenersdistribution-recordsobservations9-observationseukaryotemetazoanarthropodinsectstoneflywinter-emergingJanuaryFebruaryMarchcold-weathernear-freezingbelow-freezingwater-surfacesubmerged-substratesallochthonous-organic-materialstream-ecosystemsseasonal-food-resourceinsectivorous-birdspredatorsscarce-preyunpollutedno-economic-importancestream-monitoringwater-quality-indicatorhigh-quality-coldwatermicroscopic-examinationtaxonomic-keysmale-terminaliareliable-separationgenitalic-examinationoverlapping-distributionsimilar-habitatsmall-sizeunder-10-mmbody-lengthreduced-wingsabsent-wingsfully-developed-wingsspecific-identificationpublished-descriptionsillustrationssubsequent-revisionscharacteristicfamily-Capniidaecommon-nameextended-nymphal-periodone-to-two-yearsshort-liveddoes-not-feedaquatic-nymphclean-cold-streamslow-temperaturesyear-roundwinter-monthsJanuary-through-Marchfamilycentered-Midwestextends-southeasternUnited-Statesdocumentedappearsmost-reliablydistinguishedsubtle-differencesterminal-abdominal-structuresshould-be-comparedagainstpublishedsubsequentgenus-levelcharacterizedreducedabsentfemalesfully-developedmalesrequires-examinationmale-genitaliastructureparaproctsreliableseparationoverlapssimilarmanyexternallydefinitivereliesmicroscopicexaminationcomparisonkeysusedbiologicalindicatorprogramspresenceindicatescoldconditionsno-directeconomicimportanceshreddersgatherersprocessingallochthonousorganicmaterialstreamecosystemsseasonalfoodresourceinsectivorousbirdsotherwhenalternativepreyscarceserveshigh-qualityhabitatsdevelopmentaquaticnymphalstagesterrestrialadultstagenymphsdevelopstreamsextendedperiodlikelyonetwoyearsbasedrelatedspeciesadultsdo-notfeedactiveduringweatherairtemperaturesmaynearbelowfreezingwingedcapableflightwinglessshort-wingedremainwatersurfacematingoccurwinterenteringdepositeggssubmergedsubstratessmallcommonlyknownnumerousdarkemergefewinsectscentraleasternassociatedcleanimportantundermmbodylengthmembersgenuswingspossessfullydevelopedspecificidentificationlevelwithinrequiresmalegenitaliaparticularlymostreliablysubtledifferencestheseterminalabdominalstructuresshouldcompareddescriptionstaxonomicrevisionswinter-emergingmaintainlowhighdissolvedoxygenlevelsthroughoutyearUnitedStatesdistributioncenteredextendssoutheasternmonthstypicallythroughthisactivitygivesrisecommonnamedonotprovidesqualitymonitoringnodirecthabitatmorphologysizegenitalicAlsophila
cankerworm moths
Alsophila is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae, subfamily Alsophilinae. The genus is characterized by extreme sexual dimorphism: males are winged and capable of flight, while females are wingless, flightless, and lack functional mouthparts. Adults are active in late autumn or early spring, with larvae (known as inchworms or loopers) feeding on hardwood tree foliage in spring. Several species are significant defoliators of shade trees, with populations exhibiting eruptive dynamics.
Apterodryinus torvus
Apterodryinus torvus is a species of dryinid wasp in the family Dryinidae. Dryinid wasps are parasitoids, primarily known for attacking leafhoppers and planthoppers (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha). Species in the genus Apterodryinus are characterized by reduced or absent wings in females, an adaptation associated with their parasitoid lifestyle. The specific biology of A. torvus remains poorly documented in published literature.
Aptesis
Aptesis is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Arnold Förster in 1850. The genus contains approximately 74 described species with an almost cosmopolitan distribution. Species within this genus are primarily ectoparasitoids of sawfly prepupae and cocoons, with some species serving as important biological control agents. Well-studied species include Aptesis nigrocincta, a bivoltine ectoparasitoid of apple sawfly cocoons, and Aptesis basizona, a parasitoid of pine sawflies used in classical biological control programs.
Aptesis nigrocincta
Aptesis nigrocincta is a bivoltine solitary ectoparasitoid wasp that attacks cocoons of the apple sawfly (Hoplocampa testudinea). Females are nearly wingless and significantly smaller than males, an adaptation for searching soil at 10–25 cm depth. The species is considered the most important mortality factor for apple sawfly cocoons in the studied orchard, achieving parasitism rates of 12.1–39.7% per generation.
Arenivaga floridensis
Florida Sand Cockroach
Arenivaga floridensis is a sexually dimorphic, fossorial sand cockroach endemic to Florida scrub ecosystems. It is the most geographically widespread faunal endemic of Florida scrub, documented from 11 peninsular sand ridges. Genetic analysis reveals three major mitochondrial lineages whose divergence corresponds with late Pliocene peninsula insularization, supporting a western origin hypothesis with colonization during the Pliocene or earlier. The species exhibits extreme sexual dimorphism: males possess fully developed wings and engage in low, erratic flight at dusk, while females are completely wingless and remain entirely fossorial throughout life. Its distribution is restricted to friable, sandy soils beneath light leaf litter of sand live oaks (Quercus geminata).
Arenivaga hopkinsorum
desert cockroach, sand cockroach
Arenivaga hopkinsorum is a species of desert cockroach in the family Corydiidae, described by Heidi Hopkins in 2014 as part of a major revision of the genus Arenivaga. Like other Arenivaga species, it exhibits dramatic sexual dimorphism, with females appearing wingless and males possessing fully developed wings. The species inhabits arid environments in the southwestern United States and Mexico, where it contributes to decomposition despite limited plant matter. The specific epithet honors the Hopkins family, particularly referencing the author's father and brother.
Arenivaga investigata
desert cockroach
Arenivaga investigata, the desert cockroach, is a species in the family Corydiidae endemic to the Colorado Desert of California. It is notable for its ability to absorb water vapor from unsaturated air above 82.5% relative humidity, a physiological adaptation that allows survival in one of the most arid environments on Earth. The species exhibits extreme sexual dimorphism, with wingless females and fully winged males. It inhabits sand dunes and is primarily found in subsurface microhabitats where temperature and moisture conditions remain favorable.
Baeus
micro-flea wasp
Baeus is a genus of minute parasitoid wasps in the family Scelionidae, remarkable for extreme sexual dimorphism. Females are wingless, highly compact, and flea-like in appearance with reduced or fused body segments, while males possess wings and a more typical scelionid morphology. All species are endoparasitoids of spider eggs, developing inside the oothecae (egg sacs) of diverse spider families. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution across all continents except Antarctica, with greatest species diversity documented along the eastern seaboard of Australia.
Chyphotes belfragei
Chyphotes belfragei is a species of wasp in the family Chyphotidae, a small group of solitary wasps sometimes referred to as 'bradynobaenid wasps' or 'velvet ants' due to their wingless females and ant-like appearance. The species was described by Blake in 1871. Chyphotidae wasps are characterized by reduced wing venation and a distinct body form that separates them from related families. Very little specific biological information has been published for this particular species.
Chyphotidae
Chyphotid Wasps
Chyphotidae is a small family of wasps in the order Hymenoptera, recently separated from Bradynobaenidae based on molecular and morphological studies. The family contains two subfamilies: Chyphotinae (nocturnal) and Typhoctinae (diurnal). Females are wingless and resemble velvet ants (Mutillidae), but can be distinguished by a visible suture between the pronotum and mesonotum. Biological knowledge remains extremely limited, with only a single confirmed host association documented.
Dahlica
bagworm moth
Dahlica is a genus of bagworm moths in the family Psychidae, subfamily Naryciinae. The genus was established by Enderlein in 1912 and includes several described species, most notably Dahlica triquetrella, a small and inconspicuous species often mistaken for debris. Species in this genus construct protective cases from silk and environmental materials, with Dahlica triquetrella building cases that resemble small bits of dirt or wood rather than the prominent plant-covered cases of larger bagworm species. The subgenus Postsolenobia within Dahlica has been the subject of recent taxonomic revision using DNA barcoding, revealing unexpected patterns of genetic diversity among its five validly described taxa.
Dasymutilla
velvet ants, cow killers
Dasymutilla is a genus of solitary wasps in the family Mutillidae, commonly known as velvet ants. The genus contains the majority of North American velvet ant species. Females are wingless, densely hairy, and often brightly colored in aposematic patterns of red, orange, or white against black. Males possess wings and may differ substantially in coloration from females, leading to historical taxonomic confusion. The genus is notable for females' potent stings, among the most painful of any insect, and for forming one of the world's largest known Müllerian mimicry complexes.
Dasymutilla angulata
Dasymutilla angulata is a species of velvet ant in the family Mutillidae. Like all mutillids, females are wingless while males possess wings. The species belongs to a genus characterized by aposematic coloration advertising their potent defensive sting. As with other Dasymutilla species, D. angulata likely develops as an external parasitoid of ground-nesting wasps or bees, though specific host records for this species are not documented in available sources.
Dasymutilla arenerronea
Dasymutilla arenerronea is a species of velvet ant in the family Mutillidae, described by Bradley in 1916. Like all mutillids, it is actually a wasp rather than an ant, with wingless females and winged males. The species belongs to a large genus of solitary parasitoid wasps that primarily target ground-nesting bees and wasps. Females are capable of delivering a painful sting, a trait common across the family.
Dasymutilla asopus
Dasymutilla asopus is a species of velvet ant in the family Mutillidae. Like all mutillids, females are wingless while males possess wings. The species exhibits the bright aposematic coloration typical of the genus, warning predators of its potent sting. As a parasitoid wasp, females seek out ground-nesting hosts to deposit their eggs. The species occurs across western North America, with confirmed observations from multiple states and provinces.
Dasymutilla aureola
Pacific velvet ant
Dasymutilla aureola, commonly known as the Pacific velvet ant, is a species of solitary wasp in the family Mutillidae. Despite its common name, it is not an ant but a wingless female wasp. The species is found in the western United States and is characterized by its large, square-shaped head and dense hair coloration in red, yellow, or orange. Like other velvet ants, females possess a potent sting used for defense and subduing hosts.
Dasymutilla calorata
Dasymutilla calorata is a species of velvet ant in the family Mutillidae, first described by Mickel in 1928. Like other members of the genus, females are wingless while males possess wings. The species belongs to a large group of solitary parasitoid wasps known for their potent sting and aposematic coloration. Specific biological details for this species remain poorly documented in published literature.
Dasymutilla coccineohirta
Dasymutilla coccineohirta is a species of velvet ant (family Mutillidae) native to western North America. Females are wingless and possess a potent sting, while males are winged. The species exhibits notable variation in female coloration, with setae ranging from red to white. First described by Charles Alfred Blake in 1871 from a California specimen, it was recently synonymized with Dasymutilla clytemnestra. The species can be distinguished from similar taxa by its smaller marginal wing cell and coarser body pilosity.
Dasymutilla creon
Dasymutilla creon is a species of velvet ant, a group of solitary parasitoid wasps in the family Mutillidae. Like all mutillids, females are wingless while males possess wings. The species occurs in the south-central and eastern United States, with documented records from Kansas to Texas and eastward to North Carolina. As with other Dasymutilla species, females are capable of delivering a painful sting and exhibit the family's characteristic aposematic coloration.
Dasymutilla fasciventris
Dasymutilla fasciventris is a species of velvet ant (family Mutillidae), a group of solitary parasitoid wasps in which females are wingless and males are winged. The species occurs in the southwestern United States and western Mexico. Like other Dasymutilla species, females possess a powerful sting used for defense and host subjugation, while males are harmless and fly in search of nectar and mates. The species develops as an external parasitoid of ground-nesting bees and wasps.
Dasymutilla foxi
velvet ant
Dasymutilla foxi is a velvet ant species in the family Mutillidae, found in Mexico and the southwestern United States. The species exhibits highly variable setal coloration, with body segments ranging from whitish to reddish; eastern populations in Colorado, Kansas, and Texas typically display a black setal patch on the mesosoma. First described by Theodore D. A. Cockerell and named for William J. Fox, this species has been subject to taxonomic revision with Dasymutilla phoenix and Dasymutilla dugesii synonymized under it. Females are wingless and possess a potent sting, while males are winged.
Dasymutilla gorgon
Dasymutilla gorgon is a species of velvet ant (family Mutillidae) native to central North America. Like all mutillids, it is a solitary wasp with wingless females and winged males. The species occurs from Colorado to Louisiana, inhabiting arid and semi-arid regions. As a member of the genus Dasymutilla, females likely exhibit aposematic coloration warning of their potent sting.
Dasymutilla heliophila
Dasymutilla heliophila is a species of velvet ant, a family of solitary parasitic wasps in which only males possess wings. The species was described by Cockerell in 1900. Like other members of the genus Dasymutilla, females are wingless and possess a powerful sting. The species belongs to a diverse genus known for aposematic coloration and Müllerian mimicry complexes.
Dasymutilla leda
Dasymutilla leda is a species of velvet ant in the family Mutillidae, native to the central United States. Only females have been collected by scientists, making this a species known exclusively from wingless, solitary individuals. The male remains undescribed, though D. myrice has been proposed as a possible match based on distribution and coloration patterns. Like other velvet ants, females are capable of delivering a painful sting and are parasitoids of ground-nesting bees and wasps.
Dasymutilla macilenta
Dasymutilla macilenta is a species of velvet ant in the family Mutillidae. Like all mutillids, females are wingless and capable of delivering a painful sting, while males possess wings. The species belongs to a large genus of velvet ants distributed primarily in North America, with many species exhibiting bright aposematic coloration warning predators of their defensive capabilities.
Dasymutilla magna
Dasymutilla magna is a species of velvet ant in the family Mutillidae, described by Cresson in 1865. Like other members of the genus, females are wingless and possess a powerful sting, while males are winged. The species belongs to a large Müllerian mimicry complex where numerous velvet ant species share bright aposematic coloration warning predators of their defensive capabilities. Specific biological details for this species remain poorly documented in published literature.
Dasymutilla magnifica
Magnificent Velvet Ant
Dasymutilla magnifica, commonly called the magnificent velvet ant, is a wingless female wasp in the family Mutillidae found in arid regions of western North America. Like other velvet ants, females possess a potent sting used in defense and for subduing hosts. The species is notoriously difficult to distinguish from the sympatric Dasymutilla klugii based on external appearance alone. Males are winged and likely differ in coloration from females, though specific details for this species are not well documented.
Dasymutilla monticola
Dasymutilla monticola is a species of velvet ant (family Mutillidae), a group of solitary wasps in which only males are winged. The species was described by Cresson in 1865. Like other mutillids, females are wingless and capable of delivering a painful sting. The species epithet 'monticola' suggests a mountain-dwelling habit. The genus Dasymutilla is one of the most species-rich genera in the family, with many species exhibiting bright aposematic coloration.
Dasymutilla myrice
Dasymutilla myrice is a species of velvet ant in the family Mutillidae. Like other members of this family, it is a solitary wasp with wingless females and winged males. The species belongs to a genus known for aposematic coloration and potent stings in females. Specific biological details for this species remain poorly documented.
Dasymutilla nigripes
velvet ant
Dasymutilla nigripes is a species of velvet ant (family Mutillidae) native to North America. Females are wingless and possess a powerful sting, while males are winged. The species has been documented as a likely parasite of beewolf wasp nests. It is widespread across the United States and occurs in Alberta, Canada.
Dasymutilla occidentalis
Common Eastern Velvet Ant, Red Velvet Ant, Cow Killer, Cow Ant, Eastern Velvet Ant
Dasymutilla occidentalis is a large, solitary parasitoid wasp in the family Mutillidae, commonly known as the eastern velvet ant or cow killer. Females are wingless, densely covered in velvety red and black hairs, and possess an extremely painful sting. Males are winged and less conspicuously colored. The species is an external parasitoid of ground-nesting bees and wasps, with females actively searching for host nests to lay eggs on or near developing larvae. Despite its common name, it is not an ant but a true wasp, and its sting, while intensely painful, cannot actually kill a cow.
Dasymutilla parksi
Dasymutilla parksi is a species of velvet ant (family Mutillidae), a group of solitary parasitoid wasps in which females are wingless and males are winged. First described by Mickel in 1936, this species belongs to a genus containing over 450 North American species, many of which exhibit bright aposematic coloration advertising their potent sting. Like other velvet ants, females are known for their powerful defensive sting and erratic, rapid ground movement. The biology and host associations of D. parksi specifically remain poorly documented.
Dasymutilla satanas
Satan's velvet ant
Dasymutilla satanas, commonly called Satan's velvet ant, is a species of wingless female wasp in the family Mutillidae found in the arid deserts of the Great Basin region of North America. The species name references the harsh desert environment it inhabits. Females are notably large for the genus, comparable in size to Dasymutilla magna and Dasymutilla sackenii. Like other velvet ants, females possess a powerful sting and are solitary parasitoids of ground-nesting insects.
Dasymutilla scaevola
Dasymutilla scaevola is a velvet ant species native to North America, widely distributed across the eastern half of the continent. Like other mutillids, females are wingless while males possess wings. The species is a parasitoid wasp that develops within the cocoons of other ground-nesting Hymenoptera. Research has demonstrated that females locate host nests primarily through contact chemoreception of chemical cues from host cocoons and nest materials, rather than visual cues.
Dasymutilla sicheliana
Dasymutilla sicheliana is a species of velvet ant (family Mutillidae), a group of solitary parasitoid wasps in which females are wingless and males are winged. The species occurs in arid regions of the southwestern United States and Mexico. Like other Dasymutilla species, females possess a powerful sting used for defense and host subjugation. The species develops as an external parasitoid of ground-nesting bees and wasps.
Dasymutilla waco
Dasymutilla waco is a species of velvet ant (family Mutillidae), a group of solitary parasitoid wasps in which females are wingless and males are winged. The species was described by Blake in 1871 and belongs to the large genus Dasymutilla, which contains many brightly colored species known for their powerful sting. Like other velvet ants, females are active ground-dwellers that seek out host nests to parasitize. The species epithet "waco" refers to Waco, Texas, suggesting a type locality or association with that region.
Dasymutillini
velvet ants
Dasymutillini is a tribe of velvet ants (Mutillidae) characterized by dense, velvety pubescence and aposematic coloration. Members are solitary wasps with wingless females and winged males. The tribe includes the genus Dasymutilla, which contains numerous species across the Americas. Females are known for their extremely painful stings, among the most intense of any insect.
Disholcaspis prehensa
clasping twig gall wasp
Disholcaspis prehensa is a gall-inducing cynipid wasp native to California that induces distinctive galls on scrub oak and leather oak. The species exhibits heterogony, alternating between sexual and asexual generations that produce two morphologically different gall types. The asexual generation forms conspicuous mushroom-shaped twig galls with clasping bases, while the sexual generation produces small, hidden bud galls.
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agementstrategic-risk-management-management-managemententerprise-risk-management-management-managementintegrated-risk-management-management-managementholistic-risk-management-management-managementsystemic-risk-management-management-managementcascading-risk-management-management-managementcompound-risk-management-management-managementcomplex-risk-management-management-managementemerging-risk-management-management-managementevolving-risk-management-management-managementtransboundary-risk-management-management-managementplanetary-risk-management-management-managementexistential-risk-management-management-managementglobal-catastrophic-risk-management-management-managementcivilization-risk-management-management-managementhuman-extinction-risk-management-management-managementspecies-extinction-risk-management-management-managementecosystem-collapse-risk-management-management-managementtipping-point-management-management-managementthreshold-management-management-managementregime-shift-management-management-managementalternative-stable-state-management-management-managementhysteresis-management-management-managementpath-dependence-management-management-managementlock-in-management-management-managementcarbon-lock-in-management-management-managementinfrastructure-lock-in-management-management-managementbehavioral-lock-in-management-management-managementinstitutional-lock-in-management-management-managementtechnological-lock-in-management-management-managementregulatory-lock-in-management-management-managementfinancial-lock-in-management-management-managementpolitical-lock-in-management-management-managementcultural-lock-in-management-management-managementsocial-lock-in-management-management-managementeconomic-lock-in-management-management-managementstructural-inertia-management-management-managementresistance-to-change-management-management-managementbarrier-to-change-management-management-managementenabler-of-change-management-management-managementdriver-of-change-management-management-managementaccelerator-of-change-management-management-managementcatalyst-of-change-management-management-managementleverage-point-management-management-managementintervention-point-management-management-managemententry-point-management-management-managementwindow-of-opportunity-management-management-managementpolicy-window-management-management-managementpolitical-opportunity-management-management-managementsocial-opportunity-management-management-managementeconomic-opportunity-management-management-managementtechnological-opportunity-management-management-managementenvironmental-opportunity-management-management-managementcrisis-opportunity-management-management-managementdisaster-opportunity-management-management-managementbuild-back-better-management-management-managementgreen-recovery-management-management-managementjust-recovery-management-management-managementresilient-recovery-management-management-managementsustainable-recovery-management-management-managementtransformational-recovery-management-management-managementdisaster-risk-reduction-management-management-managementprevention-management-management-managementpreparedness-management-management-managementresponse-management-management-managementrecovery-management-management-managementrehabilitation-management-management-managementreconstruction-management-management-managementresilience-building-management-management-managementadaptive-capacity-building-management-management-managementtransformative-capacity-building-management-management-managementDryinidae
Pincer Wasps
Dryinidae is a cosmopolitan family of solitary wasps comprising over 1900 described species across 11-15 subfamilies and 50-57 genera. The family name derives from the Greek 'drys' (oak), as the first species was collected on an oak tree in Spain. Adults are small to medium-sized wasps (0.9-13 mm) with distinctive morphological features including a constricted 'wasp waist,' 10-segmented antennae, and often pronounced sexual dimorphism. The larvae are obligate parasitoids of nymphs and adults of Auchenorrhyncha (leafhoppers, planthoppers, and cicadas).
Embolemidae
Embolemidae is a small family of solitary parasitoid wasps in the superfamily Chrysidoidea, comprising approximately 70 extant species in 2 genera (Embolemus and Ampulicomorpha, the latter sometimes treated as a junior synonym). The family exhibits striking sexual dimorphism: females are wingless and ant-mimicking, while males possess wings. Known biology is limited, but documented hosts include planthopper nymphs in the families Achilidae and Cixiidae. The family has a global distribution with fossil records extending to the Early Cretaceous.
Embolemus nearcticus
Embolemus nearcticus is a small parasitoid wasp in the family Embolemidae, a group of rarely encountered insects with distinctive wing reduction in females. The species is known from very few observations in North America, reflecting both its cryptic habits and the general scarcity of its family. Embolemidae are understudied, and most species are known from scattered records. E. nearcticus contributes to the limited documented diversity of this family in the Nearctic region.
Ephuta argenticeps
Ephuta argenticeps is a species of velvet ant in the family Mutillidae. Velvet ants are solitary wasps, with females being wingless and males winged. The species is known from a small number of observations, limiting detailed ecological understanding.
Ephuta spinifera
Ephuta spinifera is a species of velvet ant (family Mutillidae), a group of solitary wasps known for their dense, velvety pubescence and aposematic coloration. Like other mutillids, females are wingless and often mistaken for ants, while males are winged. The genus Ephuta is part of the diverse North American velvet ant fauna, though specific biological details for E. spinifera remain poorly documented in published literature.
Ephuta stenognatha
Ephuta stenognatha is a species of velvet ant (Mutillidae), a family of solitary wasps in which females are wingless and often brightly colored. The species is part of a genus distributed primarily in North America. Like other mutillids, females are known for their extremely painful sting, a defensive adaptation. The species is relatively poorly documented in published literature.
Erannis
Erannis is a genus of geometer moths (Geometridae: Ennominae) erected by Jacob Hübner in 1825. The genus comprises approximately twelve species distributed primarily across the Holarctic region, with greatest diversity in northern temperate zones. Several species are significant forest pests, with larvae feeding on coniferous and deciduous trees. Taxonomic placement remains debated: some authorities recognize the tribe Erannini with Erannis as type genus, while others merge this group into Boarmiini or Bistonini.
Erannis tiliaria
Linden Looper, Linden Looper Moth, Winter Moth
Erannis tiliaria, commonly known as the linden looper or winter moth, is a North American geometrid moth described by Harris in 1841. Adult males are active in late fall and possess wings with a 32–42 mm wingspan, while females are wingless. The species has a broad distribution across eastern and central North America.
Erannis vancouverensis
Vancouver Looper
Erannis vancouverensis is a geometrid moth occurring from northern British Columbia to central California. Larvae feed on young leaves of deciduous trees. Adults emerge during late autumn, with females being wingless. The species occasionally reaches infestation levels and is subject to natural population control through virus disease and tachinid fly parasitism.
Gonatopodinae
pincer wasps
Gonatopodinae is a subfamily of dryinid wasps comprising 17 genera, including the diverse genus Gonatopus. Females are wingless and ant-like in appearance, while males possess wings. A defining feature of females is the presence of a chela (pincer-like structure) on each foreleg, used to capture hosts. All known species are parasitoids of leafhoppers (Cicadellidae).
Litaneutria minor
Agile Ground Mantis, Minor Ground Mantid, Lesser Ground Mantid
Litaneutria minor is a small ground-dwelling mantid native to arid and semi-arid regions of North America. Unlike typical ambush-hunting mantids, it pursues prey actively across open ground. Adults reach approximately 30 mm in length. Females are brachypterous (short-winged or wingless); males possess small wings but do not fly. The species is notable for high rates of sexual cannibalism during mating and is the only native mantid species in Canada.