Water-purification
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Disholcaspis prehensa
clasping twig gall wasp
Disholcaspis prehensa is a gall-inducing cynipid wasp native to California that induces distinctive galls on scrub oak and leather oak. The species exhibits heterogony, alternating between sexual and asexual generations that produce two morphologically different gall types. The asexual generation forms conspicuous mushroom-shaped twig galls with clasping bases, while the sexual generation produces small, hidden bud galls.
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agementstrategic-risk-management-management-managemententerprise-risk-management-management-managementintegrated-risk-management-management-managementholistic-risk-management-management-managementsystemic-risk-management-management-managementcascading-risk-management-management-managementcompound-risk-management-management-managementcomplex-risk-management-management-managementemerging-risk-management-management-managementevolving-risk-management-management-managementtransboundary-risk-management-management-managementplanetary-risk-management-management-managementexistential-risk-management-management-managementglobal-catastrophic-risk-management-management-managementcivilization-risk-management-management-managementhuman-extinction-risk-management-management-managementspecies-extinction-risk-management-management-managementecosystem-collapse-risk-management-management-managementtipping-point-management-management-managementthreshold-management-management-managementregime-shift-management-management-managementalternative-stable-state-management-management-managementhysteresis-management-management-managementpath-dependence-management-management-managementlock-in-management-management-managementcarbon-lock-in-management-management-managementinfrastructure-lock-in-management-management-managementbehavioral-lock-in-management-management-managementinstitutional-lock-in-management-management-managementtechnological-lock-in-management-management-managementregulatory-lock-in-management-management-managementfinancial-lock-in-management-management-managementpolitical-lock-in-management-management-managementcultural-lock-in-management-management-managementsocial-lock-in-management-management-managementeconomic-lock-in-management-management-managementstructural-inertia-management-management-managementresistance-to-change-management-management-managementbarrier-to-change-management-management-managementenabler-of-change-management-management-managementdriver-of-change-management-management-managementaccelerator-of-change-management-management-managementcatalyst-of-change-management-management-managementleverage-point-management-management-managementintervention-point-management-management-managemententry-point-management-management-managementwindow-of-opportunity-management-management-managementpolicy-window-management-management-managementpolitical-opportunity-management-management-managementsocial-opportunity-management-management-managementeconomic-opportunity-management-management-managementtechnological-opportunity-management-management-managementenvironmental-opportunity-management-management-managementcrisis-opportunity-management-management-managementdisaster-opportunity-management-management-managementbuild-back-better-management-management-managementgreen-recovery-management-management-managementjust-recovery-management-management-managementresilient-recovery-management-management-managementsustainable-recovery-management-management-managementtransformational-recovery-management-management-managementdisaster-risk-reduction-management-management-managementprevention-management-management-managementpreparedness-management-management-managementresponse-management-management-managementrecovery-management-management-managementrehabilitation-management-management-managementreconstruction-management-management-managementresilience-building-management-management-managementadaptive-capacity-building-management-management-managementtransformative-capacity-building-management-management-managementPacifastacus leniusculus
Signal Crayfish
The signal crayfish is a large North American freshwater crayfish introduced to Europe in the 1960s to replace declining native fisheries. It has become one of the most ecologically impactful invasive decapods in Europe, outcompeting native crayfish and serving as a carrier of crayfish plague (Aphanomyces astaci). The species establishes self-sustaining populations rapidly, with six age cohorts documented within a few years of introduction. It shows sex- and size-specific coloration patterns, with males displaying more saturated and brighter ventral claw surfaces than females, suggesting a role in intraspecific communication.
invasive-speciescrayfish-plague-carrierdecapodfreshwater-crustaceanconservation-concernspecies-of-Union-concernearly-detection-rapid-responseark-sitesecosystem-engineerbioaccumulationsexual-dimorphismnocturnal-activityinvasion-gradienttrappingelectrofishingeradicationMediterranean-invasionheadwater-threatnative-crayfish-displacementfisheries-introduction1960s-introductionEuropeJapanCalifornia-nativePacifastacusAstacidaeDecapodaMalacostracaArthropodaAphanomyces-astaciwhite-clawed-crayfishsignal-crayfishcontrol-planningremoval-actionscatch-per-unit-effortcolor-variationcarotenoidscamouflageconspicuousnessintraspecific-communicationelemental-accumulationcontaminanttrophic-levelmacroinvertebrateplant-detritusrifflestreamriverlaketributaryinvasion-frontcore-populationexploratory-behaviormigration-patternsontogenetic-color-changekick-samplingdetection-protocolfalse-negativeCataloniaItalyPortugalSpainPolandScandinaviaBritish-IslesSegura-RiverClitunno-RiverValla-streamRabaçal-RiverFosso-VecchioUnion-concernLIFE-IMAGINEeradication-attemptbiosecuritypathway-action-plansINNS-inspectorateenvironmental-DNAeDNAhost-pathogen-dynamicsconservation-translocationark-siteaggregates-levyenvironment-agencyBBC-wildlife-funddefrahabitats-directivefavourable-conservation-statusunfavourable-badextinction-riskfunding-cutsecosystem-serviceskeystone-specieswoodlandpollinationdecompositionnutrient-cyclingpredationwater-purificationcitizen-scienceex-situ-conservation-rearingzoosaquariaFen-Raft-SpiderPond-Mud-SnailLarge-Marsh-GrasshopperFreshwater-Pearl-MusselMarbled-White-ButterflySmall-Skipperclimate-changeassisted-colonizationrange-marginbiotic-responseabiotic-driverwarmingpollutioneutrophicationfunctional-traitthermal-limitembryogenesiscompetitive-advantagealien-aquatic-speciesartificial-light-at-nightnutrient-enrichmentbrown-troutbiological-controlclearance-rateparasite-loadsympatryglobal-invaderpredatory-interactionexperimental-approachepiphytic-algaesubmerged-plant-communitymolecular-toolsinformaticssocial-mediapooled-samplingintegrative-taxonomyhybridbryozoancost-efficient-methodologypolicy-effectivenesslegislative-toolsLIFE-INVASAQUAnetworkingpreventionawarenessmarine-protected-areacitizen-science-datanon-native-freshwater-fishknowledge-gapsinvasive-alien-freshwater-plantsnaturalised-plantsaquatic-habitatspot-plantshorticultureNew-Guinea-flatwormPartula-tree-snailsLob-wormLumbricus-terrestrisHarlequin-ladybirdOak-processionary-mothNew-Zealand-flatwormAustralian-flatwormLily-beetleRosemary-leaf-beetleSpanish-slugGirdled-snailAustralian-landhopperLight-brown-apple-mothAsian-hornetArgentine-antLinepithema-humileVespa-velutinaash-diebackHymenoscyphus-fraxineusFloating-PennywortGiant-HogweedChinese-Mitten-CrabEriocheir-sinensisBallast-Water-ConventionOffice-for-Environmental-ProtectionEnvironmental-Improvement-PlanGlobal-Biodiversity-Frameworkdelistinglistingrapid-responseGreat-Britain-Non-native-Species-StrategyNature-2030Wildlife-and-Countryside-LinkBuglifeinvertebrateconservationreintroductionreinforcementassisted-colonisationhabitat-managementgenetic-diversitydonor-stockstakeholder-collaborationNatural-EnglandeNGOlandownerpublic-engagementmedia-attentiontabloidsensationalismspidersize-of-ratsMarvellous-Mud-Snails-CornwallCitizen-ZooHop-of-Hopevolunteerex-situ-rearinglong-life-cycleglochidiasalmonid-fish-hostFreshwater-Biology-Associationjuvenile-musselhabitat-restorationmicro-habitatField-CricketWart-biter-Bush-cricketBarberry-Carpet-MothMarsh-Fritillary-ButterflyFisher's-Estuarine-MothSouthern-DamselflyWhite-faced-Darter-DragonflyPine-HoverflyDark-bordered-Beauty-MothMedicinal-LeechTadpole-ShrimpNetted-Carpet-MothLadybird-SpiderNarrow-headed-AntCumbriaDorsetDevonmicrohabitatlow-mobilitynatural-colonizationshort-haired-bumblebeeBombus-subterraneussub-optimal-managementBarberry-bushPaul-WaringBenoit-Guénardconservation-fundingvertebrate-biasinvertebrate-neglectbeaverCastor-fiberpine-martenMartes-martesbird-of-preyLarge-Blue-ButterflyPhengaris-arionChequered-SkipperCarterocephalus-palaemonmainland-Europenational-reintroductionlocal-reintroductiondonor-populationreceptor-sitecounty400-misolated-habitatEngland-Species-Reintroduction-Task-ForceKarim-Vahedhalf-a-centurydiverse-specieslogistically-easierguidelinescodegovernmenthabitat-conditionssite-conditionstargeted-habitat-managementmobilityrecoveryunsuccessful-caselack-of-genetic-diversityoptimal-managementestablishment-failurecareknowledgefunding-allocationPNASthreatened-species80%6%species-numbersimbalancelegislationwild-releasehigh-profilemain-imageDecticus-verrucivorusDr-Sarah-HenshallshareFacebookLinkedInTrinity-AudiotweetNEOBIOTA-2024Lisbon421-participants47-countriesinvasion-scienceaquatic-studiesmarinefreshwateroral-sessionposterworkshopNeoBiota-Special-IssueeditorialPedro-AnastácioFilipe-RibeiroPaula-Chainho23-papersfive-themes100th-issueZooKeysdigital-taxonomyenvironmental-stressorinvasion-successsalinitysea-level-riseAlternanthera-philoxeroidesstress-toleranceavoidanceescapeGonçalvesphysiological-performanceCallinectes-sapidusclimate-warmingPhymactis-papillosaenvironmental-toleranceecological-impactPortuguese-intertidalsynergistic-effectZhangecological-interactioninvasion-impactpopulation-dynamicsSalmo-truttaMatosbivalvecapture-efficiencynatural-sestonCabralEupercariaTkachenkoglobal-aquatic-invaderReshetnikovPontederia-crassipesPistia-stratiotesShendetectionmonitoringsurveillanceearly-detectionDiasXenopus-laevispooled-eDNAEvertsSqualiusGkenasChilean-SE-PacificRechmanagementpolicylegislative-toolEU-policysectoral-impactMagliozzifreshwater-turtleRatoCarosihabitat-usetrapping-efficiencyhypersaline-lagoonHerrero-ReyesIberian-PeninsulaLópez-CañizaresAfrican-marine-protected-areaglobal-databaseAcklandIndian-freshwater-fishevidence-gapKumarEuropean-freshwater-plantecosystem-impactDi-Lerniaglobal-synthesisnaturalised-plantaquatic-habitatKortzinterdisciplinaritytranslational-relevanceissue-4930Blueskyscholarly-publishingecologyinvasion-ecologyaquatic-ecosystemflatwormsnailgang-attackextinctionpot-plantsoil-sterilizationfumigationhot-water-immersionbiosecurity-measureinternational-tradeHirudo-medicinalisNeil-PhillipsSteven-FalkSarah-Henshallomphiscola-glabraCornwallScotlandBlera-fallaxEpione-vespertariaTriops-cancriformisEustroma-reticulatumEresus-sandaliatusFormica-exsectaGryllus-campestrisDecticus-verrucivorousPareulype-berberataEuphydryas-auriniaMargaritifera-margaritiferaGortyna-borelii-lunataDolomedes-plantariusCoenagrion-mercurialeLeucorrhinia-dubiaStethophyma-grossumMelanargia-galatheaThymelicus-sylvestrisFormica-rufaKielder-ForestNorthumberlandLiz-OldringStephen-WillsDurham-Universityclimate-suitabilitylimited-fundingbiased-fundingvertebratenature-positive-trade2024-General-ElectionManifesto-for-Bugsseven-actionscommitmentshalting-nature-lossreversing-invertebrate-declineAndrew-WhitehouseSouth-West-ManagerLord-De-Mauleywildlife-ministermineral-extractionTreasuryGeorge-Entwistle50%-cutbadger-cullriver-dredging£100K£12.75£420£1,6162012201421-projects2-projectsreportingBedstraw-hawk-mothnational-prideleadershipDavid-SmithSocial-Change-and-Advocacy-OfficerLisa-ManningPolicy-and-Engagement-OfficerFebruary-2024GB-Non-Native-Species-Strategyone-year-anniversarymeasurabilitytimelineoff-track2030time-lagestablishmentRed-Imported-Fire-AntSolenopsis-invictaworld's-worst-invasive-speciesPaPsdraft-formconsultation-delay2023-State-of-Nature-ReportEnvironmental-Audit-Committee£6-millionanimal-healthplant-healthresourcinglong-term-futureslipped-timelinesinefficient-processfully-resourced-implementation-plansgeneral-electionmanifestosmallest-creaturesfoundationshealthy-environmentecosystem-functionnature's-declineactioncommitmentEngland-Managerdeliberate-movementreleasewildconservation-purposefeatheredfurredmultitudelarge-scale1980s1990s2018Englandsmall-sizesmall-scaleregion2005200720082010-201520092010201920222023isolatedhigh-reproductive-potentialcost-effectivezooaquariumcollaborationten-different-zoosthousandsspiderlingsfour-new-populationsNorfolkSuffolkmedia-response2024headlinehomeownerurgent-warningrelatively-easy-to-rearlocal-schoolscollegesvolunteerssmall-aquaria500-snailsfour-new-sites6,00047-volunteerslong-complex-life-cyclelong-livedmany-years50,000specialised-facilitieshundredsjuvenile-musselsageing-populationsNorthern-Englandnatural-rangeconservation-status2000climatically-suitablenine-yearspest-speciesForestry-EnglandWood-Antkeystone-woodland-speciesrescueimmediate-dangerAustropotamobius-pallipesNorth-American-Signal-CrayfishPacifastacus-leniusculusoutcompetesfungalCrayfish-Plaguesusceptiblesuccessful-reintroductionrigorous-planningappropriate-guidelinesreintroduction-codenatural-habitatrestorationmicro-habitat-requirementslife-cycle-stageconservation-tool-kittargeted-habitat-restorationmobile-speciesspecies-specialistpublic2010s2004thousands-of-caterpillarsmultiple-attemptspublic-attentionvertebrate-relative2025opposite-patterncelebrationPentodontini
rhinoceros beetles
Pentodontini is the most diverse tribe within the subfamily Dynastinae (rhinoceros beetles), containing over 100 genera distributed across multiple biogeographic regions. Most genera are restricted to a single biogeographic region. The tribe is characterized by substantial morphological diversity, with generic-level identification often relying on mouthpart morphology in females and secondary sexual characters (horns, claw modifications, antennal club length) in males.
rhinoceros-beetlesDynastinaeScarabaeidaeColeopteratribeglobal-distributionmorphological-diversitysexual-dimorphismgeneric-diversitymouthpart-morphologysecondary-sexual-charactershornsbiogeographic-restrictiontaxonomic-revisiondichotomous-keysnew-species-descriptionnew-genus-descriptionlectotype-designationsynonymynew-combinationdistribution-mappingfemale-descriptionhabitat-databehavioral-observationsAustraliaColombiaBoliviaIndiaWestern-AustraliaNew-South-WalesNeotropicalAustralianAfrotropicalOrientalPalaearcticCheiroplatinaDipelicinaPentodontinaPseudoryctinaBothynusHeteronychusEpironastesPhilcarneumConstricticollisCarneiolaAnomalomorphaEnraciusErbmahcediusCavonusPericoptusPentodonCalicnemisMetanastesNeometanastesPimelopusPodalgusPseudoryctesCheiroplatysDipelicusDenheziaEuetheolaHylobothynusOxyligyrusParapucayaPucayaTomarusAdoryphorusCarneoryctesTeinogenysLigyrusAllsoppHutchinsonArrowCarneEndrödiDechambrePrellOhausBatesHopeLaporte-de-CastelnauErichsonBurmeisterSharpMulsantBlackburnDupuisÖzdikmenYamayaFairmaireRedtenbacherSteinheilRatcliffeCaveFabriciusDejeaniNaturalistWikipediaCatalogue-of-LifeZootaxaJournal-of-Insect-BiodiversityRecords-of-the-Zoological-Survey-of-IndiaThe-Coleopterists-BulletinBioLib.czWikimedia-CommonsDOI10.11646/zootaxa.4048.4.110.11646/zootaxa.4852.4.210.11646/zootaxa.5351.3.210.26515/rzsi/v125/i2s/2025/17296410.11646/zootaxa.5716.4.710.11646/zootaxa.5072.5.210.11646/zootaxa.4852.4.310.12976/jib/2024.54.2.210.1649/1186.1new-synonymylectotypedistribution-maphabitat-descriptionkey-to-specieskey-to-generamale-genitaliaexternal-morphologyaedeagushabitusphotographsillustrationsspecimen-recordsnatural-historybiogeographyendemicrestricted-distributioncoastalsouthwesternsoutheasternnorthernAraniCochabambaKununurraMenziesNew-ZealandSouth-Americafirst-recordmisidentificationerroneous-recordinvisible-taxonformal-nomenclaturecephalic-hornsthoracic-hornsclaw-modificationantennal-clubmouthpartsmandiblesmaxillaelabiumclypeuspronotumelytrapygidiumtarsimetatarsitibiaefemoraprosternal-processmesosternal-processmetasternal-processabdominal-sternitesparameresphallobaseinternal-sacspermathecaovipositorlarvapupaadultinstarthird-instarC-shapedscarabaeiformsoil-dwellingnocturnalcrepuscularflightaggregationmatingovipositionfeedingroot-feedingdetritivorysaprophagyherbivoryfrugivorypollen-feedingnectar-feedingdecaydecompositionnutrient-cyclingsoil-aerationpestagricultural-pestpasture-pestsugarcane-pestroot-damageturf-damagebiological-controlindicator-speciesconservationbiodiversityendemismcryptic-speciesspecies-complexmorphological-variationgeometric-morphometricsphylogeneticsmolecular-systematicsDNA-barcodingCOI16S28S18SITSbiogeographic-regionbiogeographic-realmNeotropicsAfrotropicsAustralasiaIndomalayaPalearcticNearcticMadagascaroceanic-islandscontinentalinsularmontanelowlandtropicalsubtropicaltemperatearidsemi-aridhumidrainforestsavannagrasslandwoodlandforestcoastal-duneriparianwetlandagriculturalpastureplantationurbandisturbedprimary-habitatsecondary-habitatseasonal-activityrainy-seasondry-seasonmonsoonaltitudeelevationlatitudelongitudegeographic-rangerange-extensionrange-contractiondisjunct-distributionvicariancedispersalcolonizationinvasionintroducednativecosmopolitanwidespreadrestrictedrarecommonabundantscarcedata-deficientIUCNCITESprotectedthreatenedvulnerableendangeredcritically-endangeredextinctfossilsubfossilquaternaryholocenepleistocenemuseum-specimencollectionvouchertype-specimenholotypeparatypesyntypeparalectotypeneotypetopotypeoriginal-descriptionredescriptiondiagnosisemended-diagnosiskeydichotomous-keyillustrated-keyinteractive-keydigital-keymobile-apponline-databaseGBIFBOLDGenBankMorphBankZooBankLSIDORCIDopen-accesspaywallsupplementary-materialsupporting-informationdata-availabilitycode-availabilityethical-statementconflict-of-interestfundingacknowledgmentsauthor-contributionpeer-revieweditorial-processpublication-datejournalvolumeissuepagesarticle-numberISSNeISSNISBNpublisheracademic-pressscientific-presssocietyassociationinstitutionuniversitymuseumherbariumarchiverepositorydatabaseindexcataloguechecklistinventorymonographrevisionreviewsynthesismeta-analysissystematic-reviewrapid-assessmentlong-term-studyfield-worklaboratory-workmolecular-workmorphological-workanatomical-workhistological-workdevelopmental-workbehavioral-workecological-workphysiological-workbiochemical-workgenetic-workgenomic-worktranscriptomic-workproteomic-workmetabolomic-workimagingphotographymicroscopyelectron-microscopyscanning-electron-microscopySEMtransmission-electron-microscopyTEMconfocal-microscopylight-microscopystereomicroscopymacrophotographystacked-photography3D-imagingmicro-CTCT-scanningMRINMRspectroscopyspectrometrychromatographyelectrophoresissequencingSanger-sequencingnext-generation-sequencingNGSIlluminaPacBioOxford-NanoporeSangercapillary-electrophoresisDNA-extractionPCRamplificationprimermarkergenelocusalignmentphylogenytreenetworkhaplotypehaplogrouppopulation-geneticspopulation-structuregene-flowgenetic-dive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hconnectivity-conservationcorridorbuffer-zoneprotected-areanational-parknature-reservewildlife-refugewilderness-areaworld-heritage-sitebiosphere-reserveRamsar-siteImportant-Bird-AreaKey-Biodiversity-AreaAlliance-for-Zero-Extinction-siteconservation-priorityhotspotcrisis-ecoregionglobal-200last-of-the-wildhuman-footprintcumulative-impactthreat-indexvulnerability-indexadaptive-capacityexposuresensitivityresilienceresistancerecoveryrestorationrehabilitationreintroductiontranslocationex-situin-situcaptive-breedingbotanic-gardenzoogene-bankseed-banktissue-banksperm-bankoocyte-bankembryo-bankDNA-bankfrozen-zooarkinsurancesafety-netde-extinctiongenetic-rescuegenetic-restorationgenetic-augmentationgenetic-managementpopulation-managementmetapopulationsource-sinkpatchmatrixlandscapeseascapeecosystembiomeecoregionprovincezoneregiondistrictsitelocalityhabitatmicrohabitatnicheecological-nichefundamental-nicherealized-nichetrophic-nichespatial-nichetemporal-nichebiotic-nicheabiotic-nichemultidimensional-nichen-dimensional-nicheHutchinsonian-nicheGrinnellian-nicheEltonian-nicheresourcerequirementlimitationstressdisturbanceperturbationfluctuationvariabilityheterogeneitycomplexitydiversityredundancystabilitypersistenceadaptationacclimationplasticityevolvabilityheritabilityselectiondriftflowmutationrecombinationspeciationcoalescencedivergenceconvergenceparallelismhomoplasyanalogyhomologysynapomorphysymplesiomorphyautapomorphyapomorphyplesiomorphyderivedancestralprimitiveadvancedbasalcrownstemnodebranchcladegradesubfamilyfamilysuperfamilyinfraordersuborderordersuperorderinfraclasssubclassclasssuperclasssubphylumphylumsuperphylumkingdomdomainlifeorganismindividualetc.Tortopus
Tortopus is a genus of burrowing mayflies in the family Polymitarcyidae, restricted to six species based on cladistic revision: T. igaranus, T. circumfluus, T. harrisi, T. zottai, T. bellus, and T. arenales. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological synapomorphies including female parastyli receptors with long anterior furrows, entirely flattened penes, and nymphs bearing two subapical tubercles on mandibular tusks. Nymphs construct U-shaped tunnels in clay banks, a behavior that renders them difficult to sample with standard aquatic survey methods.
EphemeropteraPolymitarcyidaeburrowing-mayfliesNeotropicalclay-bank-habitatU-shaped-tunnelsmandibular-tusksTortopsisCampsurinaePanamerican-distributioncladistic-revisionsynapomorphyparastyli-receptorsflattened-penesfurcasternal-protuberancessubapical-tubercleslimnological-sampling-biasnymph-morphologyadult-morphologytype-species-T.-igaranusnew-species-T.-arenalesEcuadorColombiaArgentinaMolineri-2008Needham-&-Murphy-1924ZootaxaArthropod-Systematics-&-PhylogenyFlorida-EntomologistGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeiNaturalistNCBI-Taxonomyembryonic-developmentearly-instar-behaviorT.-harrisiT.-bellusT.-circumfluusT.-zottaiT.-igaranusT.-incertusT.-coreguajeTortopsis-toroTortopsis-andakiTortopsis-limoncochaTortopsis-spatulaaquatic-insectsfreshwaterriverineloticephemeropteran-systematicstaxonomic-revisionphylogenetic-analysismorphological-charactersegg-morphologymale-imago-descriptionfemale-adult-descriptionkeys-to-speciesSEM-photographyline-drawingstype-material-examinationredescriptioncomparative-diagnosisburrowing-behaviorclay-substratetunnel-constructionsampling-methodologysurber-sampler-limitationsdrift-net-avoidancePanamaSouth-AmericaCentral-Americamayfly-diversityhighest-diversity-NeotropicsAsthenopodinaeEphemeroideaHexapodaMetazoaEukaryotaaccepted-genushigher-rank-matchobservation-count-2no-Wikipedia-summaryDOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2481.1.1DOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2436.1.4DOI-10.3897/asp.79.e62735DOI-10.2307/3493493Scott-et-al.-1959NavásUlmerTraverLugo-Ortiz-&-McCaffertyDomínguezBanksMcDunnoughPictetNeedham-&-Murphyfreshwater-ecologyaquatic-entomologyinsect-developmentnymphal-stagesimago-descriptionalate-adultswing-venationR-sectorgonopore-structureparastyli-lengthpedestal-morphologylateral-view-curvaturemandibular-morphologytusk-tuberclesmesosternal-structureabdominal-sternum-notchfurcasternumprotuberance-configurationreceptor-socket-orientationIR-veinR2-veinclaw-like-structuregonopore-associationpenis-base-separationfemale-fore-wingadditional-veinscomparative-morphologytype-specimenholotypeallotypeparatypeneotropical-speciesnew-species-descriptionspecies-keyidentification-keymale-adult-keyfemale-adult-keynymph-keygeneric-keyPolymitarcyidae-generasystematicsphylogenycladisticsmonophylysister-groupcharacter-statetransformation-seriesparsimony-analysismorphological-data-setexternal-morphologyegg-chorionmicropyleegg-bursterhatchingemergencebehavioral-studyearly-instarembryologyovipositionsubstrate-preferencehabitat-specificityendemicregional-diversityconservationbiomonitoringwater-quality-indicatormacroinvertebratebenthicinfaunalinterstitialhyporheicriver-bankstream-bankerosionsedimentparticle-sizeclay-contentbank-stabilityroot-matvegetation-associationflow-regimecurrent-velocitydepthwidthstream-ordercatchmentbasinecoregionbiogeographydispersalcolonizationvicariancespeciationadaptive-radiationmorphological-divergenceconvergent-evolutionhomoplasycharacter-conflictbootstrap-supportBremer-supportconsensus-treestrict-consensusmajority-ruletaxonomic-stabilitynomenclatural-actoriginal-descriptionsubsequent-designationtype-localitytype-depositorymuseum-collectionspecimen-preservationalcohol-preservationslide-mountingSEM-preparationimaging-techniquesscientific-illustrationphotographymeasurementmorphometricsratiosproportionsallometrysexual-dimorphismgeographic-variationintraspecific-variationinterspecific-variationdiagnostic-charactersidentification-confidencetaxonomic-expertiseliterature-reviewbibliographic-searchdatabase-queryonline-repositoryopen-accesspaywallabstract-onlyfull-text-unavailablecitation-analysisreference-listsource-qualityevidence-strengthknowledge-gapresearch-needfuture-studycollaborationfield-workcollection-tripsampling-effortspecimen-availabilitytype-examinationrevision-scopetaxonomic-conceptcircumscriptioninclusionexclusionspecies-groupspecies-complexcryptic-speciesmorphospeciesphylogenetic-speciesevolutionary-significant-unitoperational-taxonomic-unitDNA-barcodingmolecular-systematicsintegrative-taxonomytraditional-taxonomyalpha-taxonomybeta-taxonomygamma-taxonomyclassification-hierarchyLinnaean-systemrank-based-nomenclaturephylogenetic-nomenclatureclade-namecrown-groupstem-grouptotal-evidencecongruenceincongruencedata-partitioncharacter-weightingimplied-weightingequal-weightingordered-charactersunordered-charactersmultistate-charactersbinary-characterscontinuous-charactersmeristic-charactersqualitative-charactersquantitative-charactersmorphological-matrixdata-matrixcharacter-matrixtaxon-samplingcharacter-samplingmissing-datainapplicable-datapolymorphismintraspecific-polymorphismfixed-differencediagnostic-differenceunique-derived-characterautapomorphyshared-derived-charactersymplesiomorphyconvergent-characterparallel-evolutionreversalcharacter-optimizationACCTRANDELTRANunambiguous-optimizationambiguous-optimizationmost-parsimonious-treetree-lengthconsistency-indexretention-indexrescaled-consistency-indexhomoplasy-indexcharacter-fitcharacter-congruencecharacter-supportbranch-supportnode-supportclade-stabilitytaxonomic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