Conservation-concern
Guides
Acronicta albarufa
Barrens dagger moth
Acronicta albarufa, the barrens dagger moth, is a nocturnal noctuid moth with a fragmented distribution across North America. Adults are typically 3.0–3.5 cm in length and active from June to August, with some populations producing a partial second brood. The species is strongly associated with oak and pine barren habitats, particularly pitch pine–bear oak communities in the Northeast and oak savannahs in the western and southern portions of its range. It is listed as a species of special concern in Connecticut and believed extirpated there.
Acronicta lanceolaria
lanceolate dagger moth, pointed dagger
Acronicta lanceolaria is a noctuid moth native to North America, ranging from Nova Scotia to British Columbia. The species was described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1875. Adults fly in early June in a single generation. It is listed as a species of special concern and believed extirpated in Connecticut.
Agonum belleri
Beller's Ground Beetle
Agonum belleri is a flightless ground beetle endemic to Pacific Northwest wetlands. It is metallic-black with copper, blue, or green reflections. The species is restricted to sphagnum bogs and associated wetlands in Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. It is listed as endangered by the Xerces Society and a species of greatest conservation need in Washington due to habitat loss from peat mining and development.
Amblyderus pallens
pale ant-like flower beetle
Amblyderus pallens is a small, flightless ant-like flower beetle in the family Anthicidae. It is restricted to dune and sandy beach habitats across central and eastern North America, with a notable absence from western regions. The species is considered critically imperiled in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Canada. Adults are active primarily during warmer months but have been observed in winter in some areas.
Anaea
leafwing butterflies, goatweed butterflies
Anaea is a genus of Neotropical leafwing butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, tribe Anaeini. Species are renowned for their cryptic coloration, with wing undersides that mimic dead leaves. The genus is primarily associated with Croton species (Euphorbiaceae) as larval host plants. Anaea butterflies exhibit seasonal dimorphism and host plant segregation among sympatric species. Several species are of conservation concern, including the federally endangered Anaea troglodyta floridalis in Florida.
Andrena rehni
Rehn's Miner Bee
Andrena rehni is a solitary, ground-nesting miner bee native to eastern North America. The species is oligolectic, specializing on pollen from Castanea species including American chestnut and Allegheny chinkapin. Following the functional extinction of American chestnut due to chestnut blight, the bee became increasingly rare and was not documented for nearly a century until its rediscovery in 2018. It has since been recorded in multiple states after long absences.
Andrenidae
mining bees, miner bees, bulldozer bees
Andrenidae is a large, nearly cosmopolitan family of solitary, ground-nesting bees commonly known as mining bees. The family exhibits exceptional diversity with over 2,000 described species across four subfamilies: Andreninae, Panurginae, Oxaeinae, and Alocandreninae. Most diversity occurs in temperate and arid (warm temperate xeric) regions. The genus Andrena contains approximately 1,700 species, making it one of the most rapidly speciating bee lineages known. Members are typically small to moderate-sized bees with distinctive morphological features including two subantennal sutures on the face—a primitive trait shared with sphecoid wasps—and often possess foveae (depressions) near the upper margin of the eyes. Unlike most bee families, Andrenidae have no known kleptoparasites. Some lineages, particularly within Panurginae, have evolved crepuscular (dusk-active) foraging behavior with enlarged ocelli.
Anisogammaridae
Anisogammaridae is a family of small benthic amphipod crustaceans endemic to the northern Pacific Rim. The family includes freshwater, estuarine, and marine species distributed across the Japanese Archipelago, Korean Peninsula, Chinese mainland, and Pacific coast of North America. Members exhibit diverse life history strategies including annual winter-breeding cycles in temperate freshwater habitats and bivoltine patterns in estuarine environments. The family is notable for containing the most diverse group of Japanese freshwater amphipods (genus Jesogammarus) and species of conservation concern due to restricted ranges and habitat vulnerability.
Anotia fitchi
ball-nosed planthopper
Anotia fitchi is a rare, flightless or weakly-flying planthopper species endemic to North American tallgrass prairies. Adults measure less than 5 mm in length but can leap up to 35 inches—approximately 250 times their body length—making them among the most prodigious jumpers relative to size in the insect world. The species was historically known from scattered records across 16 U.S. states and Ontario, Canada, but 90% of all collected specimens come from a single 12-year study in Iowa prairies. Its distinctive inflated, spherical beak may function in intraspecific communication.
Antistrophus
Antistrophus is a genus of gall wasps in the family Cynipidae containing approximately 10 species, all restricted to the Nearctic region. Species induce galls on herbaceous plants in four Asteraceae genera: Silphium, Lygodesmia, Chrysothamnus, and Microseris. The genus was first described by Benjamin Walsh in 1869. Some species exhibit complex chemical ecology, using host plant volatile monoterpenes as olfactory cues for mate location.
Antistrophus laciniatus
Antistrophus laciniatus is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces stem galls on Silphium integrifolium (wholeleaf rosinweed), a prairie plant in the Asteraceae. The species was described by Gillette in 1891 and is one of several Antistrophus species associated with Silphium hosts. New host plant and distribution records have been documented in recent years.
Antistrophus pisum
Antistrophus pisum is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. It is a synonym of Antistrophus lygodesmiaepisum, a monophagous cynipid wasp that induces pea-like stem galls on the rush skeletonplant (Lygodesmia juncea). The species occurs in the Loess Hills region of western Iowa and extreme northwestern Missouri, where its host plant persists as a hypsithermal relict in hilltop prairie remnants. The galls are solid, succulent structures that exude latex-like sap when damaged.
Apamea lintneri
sand wainscot moth, Sand Wainscot
Apamea lintneri, commonly known as the sand wainscot moth, is a noctuid moth native to North America. First described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1873, this species is listed as a species of special concern in Connecticut. As a member of the genus Apamea, it belongs to a group of cutworm moths known for being difficult to identify due to individual variation and overlapping appearances with congeners.
Aphonopelma catalina
Santa Catalina Mountain Tarantula
Aphonopelma catalina is a tarantula species described in 2016 from the Santa Catalina Mountains of southeastern Arizona. It belongs to a genus of large-bodied, ground-dwelling spiders native to the southwestern United States and Mexico. Like other Aphonopelma species, it exhibits characteristics typical of primitive mygalomorph spiders, including simple genitalia that complicate species identification. The species is endemic to a single mountain range, making it vulnerable to habitat loss.
Aphonopelma chiricahua
Chiricahua Tarantula
Aphonopelma chiricahua is a tarantula species endemic to the Chiricahua Mountains of southeastern Arizona. It was described in 2016 during a comprehensive revision of the genus Aphonopelma, which revealed significant previously unrecognized diversity in the southwestern United States. Like other Madrean Sky Island endemics, this species occupies isolated montane habitats and represents part of the exceptional biodiversity found in this region.
Apterocyclus
Kauai flightless stag beetles
Apterocyclus is a genus of flightless stag beetles endemic to the Hawaiian island of Kauai. The genus comprises five described species, ranging from 14 to 23 mm in length. These beetles represent the only native scarabaeoid beetles in the Hawaiian Islands. Three species (A. honoluluensis, A. kawaii, and A. waterhousei) have been confirmed living since the late 1960s, while others may be extinct. Historical collection data shows a dramatic decline, with over 130 specimens documented between 1871 and 1922 but very few found in recent decades.
Apterocyclus honoluluensis
Kauai Flightless Stag Beetle
Apterocyclus honoluluensis, the Kauai flightless stag beetle, is a flightless stag beetle endemic to the Hawaiian island of Kauai. It is the smallest and most commonly encountered species in its genus, with adults measuring 14–17 mm, rarely reaching 21 mm. The species has declined due to predation by introduced mice and habitat loss, and was considered for protection under the U.S. Endangered Species Act in 1994 but was declined due to insufficient data.
Astacoidea
Northern Hemisphere Crayfishes
Astacoidea is a superfamily of freshwater crayfish restricted to the Northern Hemisphere. It comprises three families: Astacidae (Europe and western North America), Cambaridae (eastern North America), and Cambaroididae (eastern Asia). Members are distinguished from the Southern Hemisphere superfamily Parastacoidea by geographic distribution. Crayfish in this group possess ten walking legs, feather-like gills for respiration, and a segmented body with a hard exoskeleton. Many species construct burrows for shelter, with complexity varying from simple tunnels to elaborate multi-chambered systems.
Attaneuria
Enigmatic Stone
Attaneuria is a monotypic genus of stoneflies in the family Perlidae, containing only the species Attaneuria ruralis. The genus was established by Ricker in 1954. The single species, commonly known as the Enigmatic Stone, has not been collected in Ohio for 50–60 years despite historical records from larger rivers in that state. Like other Perlidae, members are aquatic as immatures and terrestrial as adults.
Attaneuria ruralis
Giant Stone, Enigmatic Stone
Attaneuria ruralis, commonly known as the Giant Stone or Enigmatic Stone, is a stonefly species in the family Perlidae. It was historically documented from larger rivers in Ohio but has not been collected in the last 50-60 years, raising concerns about local extinction. The species possesses a long life cycle of 1-2 years, which increases its vulnerability to population loss. Its distribution extends across the southeastern and midwestern United States.
Automeris louisiana
Louisiana eyed silkmoth
Automeris louisiana, the Louisiana eyed silkmoth, is a species of giant silkmoth in the family Saturniidae. It is native to North America and was described by Ferguson and Brou in 1981. Like other members of the genus Automeris, adults are characterized by prominent eyespots on the hindwings used for predator deterrence. The species has been subject to a petition for listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, with a status review initiated in 2011.
Beameria
Aridland Cicadas
Beameria is a genus of small cicadas in the family Cicadidae, comprising at least three described species. Members are among the smallest cicadas in North America, with body lengths around 16 mm. The genus is associated with prairie habitats and has been documented producing high-frequency calling songs. Beameria was established by Davis in 1934.
Bombini
bumblebees
Bombini is a tribe of large, densely hairy apid bees containing the single living genus Bombus, the bumblebees, plus several extinct genera. The tribe includes both social species that form annual or perennial colonies of up to a few hundred individuals, and brood-parasitic species (formerly classified as Psithyrus) that invade and exploit nests of social species. Bumblebees are distinguished by their ability to perform buzz pollination and to forage in cooler temperatures and lower light conditions than most other bees.
Bombus pensylvanicus
American bumblebee, Sonoran bumblebee
Bombus pensylvanicus is a threatened bumble bee species historically widespread across eastern North America. Populations have declined approximately 90% since the early 2000s, with range contractions particularly severe in northern and eastern portions of its former distribution. The species is a long-tongued pollinator favoring open grassland and agricultural habitats. It maintains a typical bumble bee colony cycle with queens initiating nests in early spring and colonies persisting until late autumn. The species is of significant conservation concern and has been proposed for Endangered Species Act protection.
Bombus terricola
Yellow-banded Bumble Bee, Yellow-banded Bumblebee
Bombus terricola, the yellow-banded bumble bee, is a North American bumble bee native to southern Canada and the eastern and midwestern United States. The species has experienced significant population declines since the late 1990s, with range contractions particularly severe in its southern distribution. It is now classified as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List and listed on the Xerces Society Red List of endangered bees. The species exhibits complex behavioral traits including thermoregulation for cold-weather flight and adaptive responses to queenless nests.
Boridae
Conifer Bark Beetles
Boridae is a small family of tenebrionoid beetles comprising three genera: Boros (North America and northern Eurasia), Lecontia (endemic to North America), and Synercticus (Australia and New Guinea). These saproxylic beetles are strongly associated with coniferous trees, particularly standing dead pines. The family was previously classified within Salpingidae before being recognized as distinct. Despite their common name, they are not destructive forest pests but rather occupy specialized niches in dead wood decomposition.
Cactoblastis
Cactoblastis is a genus of snout moths (Pyralidae) described by Émile Louis Ragonot in 1901. The genus contains five described species native to South America, with C. cactorum being the most extensively studied due to its historical role as a biological control agent. Larvae are specialized internal feeders on cactus cladodes, and the genus is notable for complex collective behaviors in neonate caterpillars. C. cactorum was famously introduced to Australia in 1925 to control invasive prickly pear cacti, achieving significant success, though later spreading to threaten native Opuntia species in other regions.
LepidopteraPyralidaebiological-controlOpuntiacactus-mothherbivorysocial-behaviorinvasive-speciesclassical-biological-controlSouth-AmericaAustraliaFloridaneonate-aggregationegg-stickinternal-feedermeristem-feedermandibular-gland-markingtrail-followingcontagious-distributionpopulation-regulationhost-specificityecosystem-impacthistorical-ecologypestconservation-concernCalephelis
metalmarks, metalmark butterflies
Calephelis is a genus of metalmark butterflies in the family Riodinidae, comprising 54 species distributed across the Americas. Eleven species occur in the Nearctic region and 43 in the Neotropical realm. The genus includes both widespread and highly localized species, with some like C. borealis being globally rare and declining due to habitat loss.
Callophrys henrici
Henry's elfin, woodland elfin
Callophrys henrici, commonly known as Henry's elfin or woodland elfin, is a small North American butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. The species exhibits distinct population groups with different host plant associations: Atlantic Coast populations feed on various hollies (Ilex species), while northern and Appalachian populations use redbud (Cercis canadensis). The species has shown recent range expansion in New England due to adoption of introduced common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) as a host plant. It is listed as a species of special concern in Connecticut.
Callophrys mossii
Moss's elfin, stonecrop elfin, Schryver's elfin
Callophrys mossii is a small North American butterfly in the family Lycaenidae, commonly known as Moss's elfin, stonecrop elfin, or Schryver's elfin. It is distributed in isolated populations from British Columbia south to southern California and east to Wyoming and Colorado. The species is univoltine, with adults active from March to June. Larvae are specialized feeders on stonecrop family plants (Crassulaceae), particularly Sedum, Sedella, Dudleya, and Parvisedum species. Multiple subspecies have been described, reflecting geographic isolation across its range.
Callophrys polios
Hoary Elfin
Callophrys polios, the hoary elfin, is a small butterfly in the family Lycaenidae with a wingspan of 22–29 mm. It is a northern specialist species associated primarily with pine-oak barrens and other open habitats. The species has a broad but patchy distribution across North America, from Alaska and Canada south through the Great Lakes, New England, Appalachians, Rocky Mountains, and Pacific Coast to northern California. Adults are active in spring, with a single generation from April to June. The species is listed as a species of special concern and believed extirpated in Connecticut.
Catocala pretiosa
Precious Underwing
Catocala pretiosa, the Precious Underwing, is a moth in the family Erebidae first described by Joseph Albert Lintner in 1876. It was long treated as a synonym of Catocala crataegi but has been revalidated as a distinct species. The nominate subspecies is listed as a species of special concern and believed extirpated in Connecticut. Adults are active from May to June with likely one generation per year.
Cercyonis
wood-nymphs, wood nymphs
Cercyonis is a genus of satyrine butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, distributed across North America. The genus comprises at least four recognized species, including the widespread common wood-nymph (C. pegala) and the regionally restricted Mead's wood-nymph (C. meadii). A newly described species, the Bald Hills Satyr (C. incognita), was discovered in the High North Coast Range of California and may be at risk due to habitat loss from wildfires. Members of this genus are commonly referred to as wood-nymphs or wood nymphs.
Chaetaglaea cerata
Waxed Sallow
Chaetaglaea cerata is a noctuid moth native to northeastern North America, first described in 1943. Adults are recognized by their pale greyish-tan forewings with contrasting whitish veins. The species has a wingspan of approximately 35 mm. It is listed as a species of special concern in Connecticut, reflecting its limited distribution and apparent rarity.
Chlosyne gabbii
Gabb's Checkerspot
Chlosyne gabbii is a rare checkerspot butterfly endemic to California. Adults have a wingspan of 32–45 mm with bright orange-brown and black checkered uppersides; females are lighter than males. The species is threatened throughout its range and is known from only a small geographic area in the western United States.
Chlosyne harrisii
Harris's checkerspot
Chlosyne harrisii, or Harris's checkerspot, is a North American butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is a Batesian mimic of the unpalatable Baltimore checkerspot (Euphydryas phaeton), sharing similar orange and black checkered wing patterns. The species has a single flight period in early summer and is closely associated with wet meadow habitats where its host plant, flat-topped white aster (Aster umbellatus), grows. It is listed as a species of special concern and believed extirpated in Connecticut.
Chlosyne nycteis
Silvery Checkerspot
Chlosyne nycteis, the silvery checkerspot, is a North American brush-footed butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. Adults display pale yellow-orange wings with dark borders and distinctive white-centered submarginal spots on the hindwings. The species inhabits moist areas including streamsides, meadows, and forest openings across a broad range from southern Canada to Georgia, Florida, and Texas. It has declined in parts of its northeastern range and is listed as a species of special concern in Connecticut and Maine, believed extirpated from Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire.
Chrysina
Jewel Scarabs
Chrysina is a genus of large, charismatic scarab beetles commonly known as jewel scarabs. Adults are noted for their brilliant metallic iridescence, with coloration ranging from silver and gold to green, blue, and purple. The genus contains approximately 100 species distributed from the southwestern United States through Mexico and Central America to northern South America. Adults are nocturnal and readily attracted to lights. Larvae develop in decaying wood.
Cicindela timbisha
Timbisha Tiger Beetle
Cicindela timbisha is a recently described tiger beetle species endemic to a single freshwater spring locality in Inyo County, California, east of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The species occupies an extremely restricted geographic range of less than 5 hectares, making it highly vulnerable to extinction. Adults have been observed ovipositing in damp dark soils along the spring margin. The specific habitat requirements and highly localized distribution suggest this species has precise microhabitat needs associated with freshwater spring environments in an otherwise arid region.
Cicindela tranquebarica viridissima
Greenest Tiger Beetle
Cicindela tranquebarica viridissima is a highly localized subspecies of the widespread Oblique-lined Tiger Beetle, distinguished by its exceptionally bright metallic green coloration. Formerly ranging along much of the Santa Ana River from Orange County to Mentone and possibly the San Jacinto River, it now survives only in two small populations: along the Santa Ana River adjacent to Riverside, and near Bautista Creek in Hemet, California. Adults exhibit a distinctive life cycle with fall emergence, winter dormancy underground, and spring re-emergence for reproduction.
Coenonympha tullia ochracea
Large Heath, Ochraceous Ringlet
Coenonympha tullia ochracea is a subspecies of the Large Heath butterfly, a satyrine nymphalid found in peatland and bog habitats across northern Europe and North America. This subspecies exhibits the characteristic orange-ochre coloration that distinguishes it from other C. tullia forms. The species is notable for its association with intact blanket bog ecosystems, where it serves as an indicator of healthy peatland conditions. Like other Coenonympha species, it faces threats from habitat degradation, drainage, and wildfire.
Colias palaeno
Moorland Clouded Yellow, Palaeno Sulphur, Pale Arctic Clouded Yellow
Colias palaeno is a Holarctic butterfly species in the family Pieridae, occurring across northern Eurasia and North America. It inhabits moorlands, bogs, and open coniferous forests, with southern populations restricted to high alpine zones above 1,500 meters. The species has experienced significant declines in parts of its European range, particularly in Bavaria, where larval survival depends critically on microclimatic conditions associated with Sphagnum moss. It is univoltine, with adults flying from June to August.
Compsilura concinnata
European Tachinid Fly
Compsilura concinnata is a polyphagous tachinid fly native to Europe that was introduced to North America in 1906 as a biological control agent for the spongy moth (Lymantria dispar). It is an endoparasitoid of insect larvae, developing within the host midgut and eventually killing it. The species attacks over 200 host species across Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera, but has proven ineffective against its intended target while causing significant non-target impacts on native Lepidoptera, including giant silk moths and monarch butterflies.
Copablepharon fuscum
sand-verbena moth
Copablepharon fuscum, commonly known as the sand-verbena moth, is a noctuid moth species restricted to sandy ocean beaches along the Pacific coast of North America. The species was described in 1996 by Troubridge and Crabo. Adults have a wingspan of 35–40 mm. The larvae are specialized feeders on Abronia latifolia (yellow sand-verbena), a coastal dune plant. The species has a very limited geographic range and is considered at risk due to habitat loss and degradation of coastal dune ecosystems.
Coranarta luteola
Small Dark Yellow Underwing
Coranarta luteola is a small noctuid moth native to boreal North America. First described in 1865, it occurs from Alaska and Labrador south through the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and eastward to Maine. The species has a forewing length of 11–12 mm. Its larvae feed on laurels (Kalmia species), while adults visit flowers, particularly Andromeda polifolia. The species is listed as endangered in Connecticut.
Cordulegaster
Golden-ringed Spiketails, Goldenrings, Spiketails
Cordulegaster is a genus of large dragonflies in the family Cordulegastridae, commonly known as golden-ringed dragonflies or spiketails. The genus contains approximately 30 described species distributed across North America, Europe, and Asia. Members are characterized by their distinctive yellow or golden ring markings on the abdomen and, in females, prominent spikelike ovipositors used for inserting eggs into stream substrates. Several species are habitat specialists associated with forested streams and are of conservation concern, including C. heros, which is protected under the EU Habitats Directive.
Cordulegaster erronea
tiger spiketail
Cordulegaster erronea, the tiger spiketail, is a large, uncommon dragonfly in the family Cordulegastridae. It is a habitat specialist requiring small, pristine, spring-fed forest streams with muck bottoms and overhanging vegetation. The species has a long larval period estimated at 3-4 years and a brief adult flight period of approximately 2-3 weeks in early summer. Radio-telemetry studies in New Jersey have revealed limited adult movement, with individuals typically remaining within 100-200 meters of natal streams and showing strong site fidelity.
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Spiketails, biddie, flying adder
Cordulegastridae, commonly known as spiketails, is a family of dragonflies (Anisoptera) distributed across the Holarctic region. The family contains approximately 51 species in three to four genera, including Cordulegaster, Anotogaster, Neallogaster, and the recently restored Thecagaster and Zoraena. Adults are characterized by large black or brown bodies with yellow markings, blue-green eyes that meet at a single point, and a slow flight pattern 30–70 cm above water. Nymphs are specialized ambush predators that conceal themselves in sand or silt substrates of clean, flowing streams.
Cucullia speyeri
Speyer's paint, Speyer's cucullia, Speyer's hooded owlet moth
Cucullia speyeri is a noctuid moth species found in North America, ranging from the Canadian prairies to the Atlantic coast. The species inhabits open, dry grassland and meadow habitats. Adults are active in late spring and summer, with a wingspan of approximately 48 mm. The larvae feed on herbaceous Asteraceae and Conyza species. In Connecticut, the species is listed as a species of special concern and is believed to be extirpated.
Cybaeus
Soft Spiders
Cybaeus is a genus of araneomorph spiders in the family Cybaeidae, first described by Ludwig Carl Christian Koch in 1868. The genus contains approximately 198 species distributed across America, Europe, Japan, Korea, and China. North American species are classified into Holarctic and Californian clades, with many exhibiting restricted geographic ranges and conservation concerns. Females of different species are difficult to distinguish, particularly in North America; species identification relies heavily on examination of male pedipalps.