Nymphalidae
Guides
Adelpha
sisters
Adelpha is a genus of brush-footed butterflies distributed from the southern United States and Mexico through Central America to South America. The common name "sisters" refers to the white wing markings that resemble a nun's habit. The genus contains approximately 90 described species, many of which exhibit Batesian mimicry and are organized into distinct species groups based on morphological and phylogenetic relationships.
Adelpha basiloides
spot-celled sister
Adelpha basiloides is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae, commonly known as the spot-celled sister. It belongs to the genus Adelpha, a group of butterflies often called admirals or sisters. The species is found in North and Central America. The specific epithet and common name reference distinctive wing pattern characteristics.
Adelpha californica
California sister
Adelpha californica, the California sister, is a butterfly species in the family Nymphalidae found in western North America. Adults are active from March through November, with one to three generations per year depending on conditions. The species is unpalatable to predators and serves as the model for a large mimicry complex involving other butterflies. Larvae feed exclusively on oaks (Quercus), particularly canyon live oak and coast live oak.
Adelpha eulalia
Arizona Sister
Adelpha eulalia, commonly known as the Arizona Sister, is a butterfly species in the family Nymphalidae. It belongs to the serpa species group within the genus Adelpha. The species was previously treated as a subspecies of Adelpha bredowii (Bredow's Sister), but phylogenetic studies based on morphological, geographical, and genetic evidence have established it as a distinct species.
Adelpha fessonia
Band-celled Sister, Mexican Sister
Adelpha fessonia is a brush-footed butterfly in the family Nymphalidae, commonly known as the band-celled sister or Mexican sister. The species occurs from Panama northward through Central America to Mexico, with periodic vagrant populations establishing in the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Adults have a wingspan of 56–70 mm. The species exhibits partial migration patterns, with Texas populations representing temporary rather than permanent residents.
Ageroniini
Ageroniini is a tribe of butterflies within the subfamily Biblidinae (Nymphalidae), commonly known as the tropical brushfoots. The tribe includes genera such as Ageronia and Hamadryas, species of which are known for their rapid, erratic flight patterns and often cryptic underside wing patterns that resemble dead leaves. Members of this tribe are primarily Neotropical in distribution.
Aglais io
European peacock butterfly, peacock butterfly
A colorful nymphalid butterfly found across Europe and temperate Asia to Japan. Adults overwinter and emerge in spring to reproduce. Recent studies in Belgium demonstrate a shift from univoltine to bivoltine life history, with three flight peaks now observed: spring (overwintering adults), early summer (first generation), and autumn (second generation). The species is known for prominent eyespots on its wings that function in anti-predator defense.
Aglais urticae
Small Tortoiseshell
Aglais urticae, commonly known as the Small Tortoiseshell, is a widespread Eurasian butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is one of the most familiar butterflies across Europe, recognized by its distinctive orange and black wing pattern with blue marginal spots. The species is strongly associated with nettle patches, which serve as the primary larval foodplant. Adults are frequently observed in gardens, meadows, and woodland edges, and are known for their territorial behavior and extended hibernation as adults.
Agraulis incarnata
Gulf Fritillary
Agraulis incarnata, commonly known as the Gulf Fritillary, is a brush-footed butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. The species is widely distributed across the southern United States, Mexico, Central America, and South America. Adults are characterized by bright orange upper wings with black markings and three white spots on the forewing. The caterpillars feed exclusively on passionflower vines (Passiflora spp.), sequestering cyanogenic glycosides from their host plants for chemical defense. The species is a sporadic migrant in northern parts of its range, occasionally establishing temporary colonies before winter mortality.
Anaea aidea
Tropical Leafwing
Anaea aidea, commonly known as the tropical leafwing, is a brush-footed butterfly in the subfamily Charaxinae. It occurs from Mexico to northwestern Costa Rica, with occasional strays reaching the southern United States. The species has a wingspan of 57–78 mm and is recognized for its leaf-like wing appearance. Some taxonomic treatments consider it a subspecies of Anaea troglodyta.
Anaea andria
Goatweed Leafwing, Goatweed Butterfly
Anaea andria is a leafwing butterfly in the family Nymphalidae, commonly known as the Goatweed Leafwing. It is native to North America and is named for its association with goatweed (Croton capitatus) and related plants. The species is notable for its leaf-like wing appearance when at rest. It has two recognized subspecies: A. a. andria and A. a. andriaesta.
Anaea troglodyta
Florida leafwing, Portia, Florida goatweed butterfly, Jamaican tropical leafwing, Cuban red leaf
A Nymphalidae butterfly with a wingspan of 76–90 mm, found in southern Florida and throughout the Caribbean. The species exhibits seasonal polyphenism, with distinct dry-season and wet-season forms. Larvae feed on Croton species, while adults consume rotting fruit, dung, and fluids. Taxonomic status is contested: some authorities recognize over 230 species in the genus Anaea, while others (following Lamas 2004) treat all populations as a single species, Anaea troglodyta.
Anaeini
Anaeini is a tribe of brush-footed butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, subfamily Charaxinae. These Neotropical butterflies are renowned for their remarkable dead leaf mimicry: when at rest with wings closed, the undersides closely resemble dried, brown foliage. The tribe includes approximately nine genera, among them Anaea, Memphis, Fountainea, Zaretis, and Hypna. Some taxonomic uncertainty exists regarding the placement of Anaeomorpha, which is sometimes included in Anaeini but more frequently assigned to the related tribe Preponini.
Anartia fatima
Banded Peacock, Fatima
Anartia fatima, the banded peacock, is a brush-footed butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It occurs from southern Texas through Mexico and Central America to Panama, inhabiting subtropical open areas and disturbed habitats such as second-growth woodlands. Males defend territories around host plants to secure mating opportunities, a behavior documented in both this species and its congener Anartia jatrophae. The species exhibits wing color polymorphism, with individuals bearing either white or yellow median bands.
Anthanassa
crescents, crescent butterflies
Anthanassa is a genus of brush-footed butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, found from the United States through Central America to South America. The genus comprises approximately 17 described species, many bearing common names with "crescent" (e.g., Texan crescent, orange-patched crescent, chestnut crescent). Taxonomic placement remains debated; one authority treats Anthanassa as a subgenus of Phyciodes. Adults typically display orange and black patterned wings with crescent-shaped markings.
Anthanassa frisia
Cuban Crescent, Cuban Crescentspot, Cuban Checkerspot
A small to medium-sized checkerspot butterfly in the family Nymphalidae, with a complex subspecies structure spanning the Caribbean, southern Florida, and the Neotropics. The nominate subspecies occurs in the West Indies and Florida, while subspecies tulcis (sometimes treated as a separate species) ranges from Argentina to the southwestern United States. Adults fly year-round in tropical regions and have distinct seasonal activity patterns in temperate areas. Larvae feed on specific Acanthaceae host plants.
Anthanassa texana
Texan crescentspot, Texan Crescent
Anthanassa texana, the Texan crescentspot, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found from Guatemala north through Mexico to the southern United States, with strays reaching as far north as South Dakota and central Nevada. The species is multivoltine, with adults active year-round in southern Texas and the tropics, and from March to November in southern Florida and Arizona. Larvae feed on leaves of low-growing Acanthaceae plants, while adults feed on flower nectar.
Anthanassa tulcis
Pale-banded Crescent, Tulcis Crescent
Anthanassa tulcis, commonly known as the Pale-banded Crescent or Tulcis Crescent, is a brush-footed butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It was described by Henry Walter Bates in 1864. The species ranges from Argentina northward through Central America and Mexico to southern Texas, with occasional strays to west Texas. Some taxonomic authorities treat A. tulcis as a subspecies of A. frisia (the Cuban Crescent), but it is widely accepted as a distinct species in modern classifications.
Apaturinae
emperors
Apaturinae is a subfamily of brush-footed butterflies (Nymphalidae) comprising approximately 20 genera and roughly 100 species commonly called 'emperors.' Members are distinguished by a green proboscis, strikingly colored upperwings, and cryptic underwings. The subfamily exhibits a disjunct global distribution, with most genera occurring in South and East Asia and Africa, while the genera Doxocopa and Asterocampa are primarily Neotropical and Nearctic. Larvae of at least some species possess a unique defensive mechanism: oral emission of volatile halitosis (alcohols and aldehydes/ketones with 4–5 carbon chains) when disturbed by predators.
Argynnini
Fritillaries
Argynnini is a tribe of brush-footed butterflies in the subfamily Heliconiinae, commonly known as fritillaries. The group comprises roughly 100 species worldwide, with approximately 30 species in North America. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies have substantially revised generic boundaries within the tribe, with several formerly recognized genera now synonymized under Argynnis and Boloria, while others such as Speyeria and Fabriciana have been reinstated as distinct. Members of this tribe are characterized by their often bright orange and black patterned wings and their ecological associations with specific larval host plants, primarily violets (Viola) and related species.
Asterocampa
Hackberry Butterflies, American Emperors
Asterocampa is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, commonly known as hackberry butterflies or American emperors. The genus contains four recognized species distributed primarily in North and Central America and the Caribbean. Two species groups are recognized: the celtis group (hackberry emperor and Empress Leilia) and the clyton group (tawny emperor and dusky emperor). All species are closely associated with hackberry trees (Celtis spp.) as larval host plants.
Asterocampa celtis
Hackberry Emperor
Asterocampa celtis, the Hackberry Emperor, is a North American brush-footed butterfly (Nymphalidae) whose life cycle is entirely dependent on hackberry trees (Celtis spp.). Adults are known for their rapid, erratic flight and frequent habit of landing on humans to feed on sweat. The species ranges across much of the eastern and central United States, with larvae feeding exclusively on hackberry foliage.
Asterocampa celtis antonia
Empress Antonia
Asterocampa celtis antonia is a subspecies of tawny emperor butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is currently recognized as a synonym of Asterocampa leilia according to GBIF taxonomy, though NCBI and iNaturalist maintain it as a distinct subspecies. The taxon was originally described by W.H. Edwards in 1878 as Apatura antonia.
Asterocampa celtis celtis
Eastern Hackberry Butterfly
Asterocampa celtis celtis is the nominate subspecies of the Hackberry Butterfly, a brush-footed butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is strongly associated with hackberry trees (Celtis spp.) throughout its life cycle, with larvae feeding exclusively on these host plants. The subspecies ranges across eastern North America, where it is a common and widespread resident of woodland edges and riparian corridors.
Asterocampa celtis reinthali
Florida Hackberry Butterfly
Asterocampa celtis reinthali is a subspecies of hackberry butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is recognized as the Florida Hackberry Butterfly, distinguishing it from other subspecies of A. celtis. Like other members of its genus, it is associated with hackberry (Celtis) host plants. The subspecies was described by Friedlander in 1988.
Asterocampa clyton flora
Florida Tawny Emperor
Asterocampa clyton flora is a subspecies of the tawny emperor butterfly, commonly known as the Florida Tawny Emperor. It is endemic to Florida and is distinguished from other subspecies by subtle differences in wing pattern and coloration. Like other members of the genus, adults are known to feed on sap flows, rotting fruit, and animal dung rather than flower nectar. The subspecies is associated with forested habitats where its larval host plants, hackberries (Celtis spp.), occur.
Asterocampa clyton louisa
Asterocampa clyton louisa is a subspecies of the tawny emperor butterfly, recognized by Stallings & Turner in 1947. It belongs to the family Nymphalidae, commonly known as the brush-footed butterflies. The species is known to feed on fermenting tree sap, often aggregating with other insects at sap flows on hardwood trees.
Asterocampa leilia
Empress Leilia, Leilia hackberry butterfly, desert hackberry
Asterocampa leilia, commonly known as the Empress Leilia or desert hackberry, is a medium-sized brush-footed butterfly (Nymphalidae) native to the southwestern United States and Mexico. Adults are brownish-orange with distinctive white and black spots on the ventral wing surfaces. The species is closely associated with hackberry (Celtis) host plants and exhibits notable behavioral adaptations for mate location, including perching and patrolling strategies. Males engage in territorial defense and behavioral thermoregulation at sunlit perching sites.
Biblidini
Biblidini is a tribe of brush-footed butterflies within the subfamily Biblidinae, commonly known as tropical brushfoots. The tribe contains numerous genera distributed primarily in tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, with some representatives in the Old World tropics. Members of this tribe are characterized by reduced forelegs typical of the family Nymphalidae, and many species exhibit striking wing patterns with bold colors and distinctive markings.
Boloria alaskensis
Alaskan Fritillary, Mountain Fritillary
Boloria alaskensis is a fritillary butterfly in the family Nymphalidae, described by William Jacob Holland in 1900. It occurs in North America and North European Russia. The species is very similar to Boloria pales, requiring careful identification. Two subspecies are recognized: B. a. alaskensis and B. a. halli. The larvae feed on specific host plants in the genus Polygonum.
Boloria chariclea butleri
Butler's Fritillary
Boloria chariclea butleri is a subspecies of fritillary butterfly in the family Nymphalidae, commonly known as Butler's Fritillary. It belongs to a genus of butterflies typically associated with northern and montane habitats. The species Boloria chariclea has a Holarctic distribution, with subspecies butleri occurring in North America. Like other Boloria species, it is likely associated with moist meadow and tundra-edge habitats where larval host plants in the Violaceae family occur.
Boloria chariclea grandis
Purple Lesser Fritillary
Boloria chariclea grandis is a subspecies of fritillary butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is currently classified under the genus Boloria, though some sources place it in the genus Clossiana. The subspecies is recognized as a synonym in some taxonomic databases. It belongs to a group of butterflies commonly known as lesser fritillaries, which are typically associated with northern and montane habitats.
Boloria chariclea montinus
White Mountain Fritillary
The White Mountain Fritillary is a critically imperiled subspecies endemic to the alpine zone of the Presidential Range in New Hampshire's White Mountains. A glacial relict isolated for approximately 9,000 years, it represents one of the rarest butterfly populations in eastern North America. Systematic point-count surveys in 2012-2013 found highest densities in herbaceous-snowbank plant communities, though the more widespread heath-shrub-rush community likely supports the majority of adults. The subspecies is easily alarmed by human approach and exhibits variable detectability depending on weather conditions.
Boloria epithore
Pacific Fritillary
Boloria epithore, the Pacific Fritillary, is a small to medium-sized fritillary butterfly endemic to western North America. It is distinguished from other Boloria species by its geographic restriction to the Pacific coastal region and associated mountain ranges. The species completes its life cycle in association with Viola ocellata as the sole documented larval host plant. Adults are active during a relatively brief flight period in early summer.
Boloria freija freija
Freija Fritillary
The Freija Fritillary (Boloria freija freija) is a subspecies of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in both Europe and North America, with distribution records from Belarus and broader European regions as well as North American localities. As a member of the genus Boloria, it shares characteristics with other fritillary butterflies, including complex life cycles with specific host plant relationships. The subspecies is relatively poorly documented compared to congeners such as Boloria selene.
Boloria kriemhild
Relict Fritillary
Boloria kriemhild, the relict fritillary, is a North American butterfly species in the family Nymphalidae. It is a grassland-associated fritillary within the genus Boloria, which includes other species such as the silver-bordered fritillary (B. selene) and small pearl-bordered fritillary (B. selene). The species has been recorded in 212 iNaturalist observations. Its common name "relict" suggests association with remnant or isolated habitats, though specific ecological details remain limited in published sources.
Boloria natazhati
Beringian fritillary, cryptic fritillary, Pleistocene fritillary
Boloria natazhati is a small fritillary butterfly endemic to northwestern North America. It is found in alpine and subalpine habitats from northwestern Canada to northern British Columbia. The species has a narrow flight period in mid-summer and is associated with rocky, open terrain. Its common names reference its Beringian distribution and cryptic appearance.
Callicorini
Eighty-eights and Allies
Callicorini is a tribe of nymphalid butterflies within the subfamily Biblidinae, commonly known as "eighty-eights and allies" due to distinctive wing patterns resembling the numerals "88" in some species. The tribe includes the genus Perisama, a species-rich group predominantly restricted to Neotropical cloud forests in the Andes, as well as Diaethria and related genera. Phylogenetic studies indicate Miocene divergence between major lineages, with subsequent radiation correlated to Andean orogeny. Members exhibit diverse wing color patterns, though these have proven less geographically stable than historically assumed.
Cercyonis meadii alamosa
Cercyonis meadii alamosa is a subspecies of the Mead's satyr butterfly (Cercyonis meadii), a member of the brush-footed butterfly family Nymphalidae. The species C. meadii is considered endangered in Missouri, where the nominate subspecies occurs. The subspecies epithet "alamosa" suggests an association with the Alamosa region of Colorado, though specific distinguishing characteristics from other subspecies remain undocumented in available sources. Like other Cercyonis species, adults are likely active during late summer.
Chlosyne
Patches and Allies, checkerspots, patches, crescentspots
Chlosyne is a genus of brush-footed butterflies (family Nymphalidae) distributed across North and South America. The genus includes approximately 25-30 species commonly known as patches, checkerspots, and crescentspots based on their wing patterns. Species in this genus exhibit diverse ecological strategies, with larvae of many species feeding gregariously in early instars—a trait that has been shown to enhance growth rates and survival in studied species such as C. lacinia and C. janais. Adults typically display orange, black, and white checkered wing patterns that vary considerably among species and geographic regions.
Chlosyne acastus
Sagebrush Checkerspot
Chlosyne acastus, the sagebrush checkerspot, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae native to western North America. Adults have a wingspan of 33–44 mm and display the characteristic orange and black checkered pattern typical of the genus. The species has one flight period annually, with adults active from May through early September. Larvae feed on specific Asteraceae host plants, with documented utilization of rabbit-brush, desert-aster, woolly sunflower, arrowleaf balsamroot, and common sunflower.
Chlosyne damoetas
Rockslide Checkerspot
Chlosyne damoetas, commonly known as the Rockslide Checkerspot, is a butterfly species in the family Nymphalidae. It is native to western North America, where it inhabits rocky and montane environments. The species was originally described by Skinner in 1902 under the basionym Melitaea damoetas.
Chlosyne definita
Definite Patch, Definite Checkerspot
Chlosyne definita, commonly known as the Definite Patch or Definite Checkerspot, is a butterfly species in the family Nymphalidae. It is native to North America and belongs to the checkerspot group within the genus Chlosyne. The species was first described by Aaron in 1885, originally placed in the genus Melitaea. Two subspecies are recognized: C. d. definita and C. d. anastasia.
Chlosyne endeis
Banded Checkerspot, Banded Patch
Chlosyne endeis, commonly known as the banded checkerspot or banded patch, is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It belongs to the tribe Melitaeini, which includes crescents, checkerspots, and anglewings. The species was first described by Godman and Salvin in 1894. Two subspecies are recognized: Chlosyne endeis endeis and Chlosyne endeis pardelina.
Chlosyne eumeda
Eumeda Checkerspot
Chlosyne eumeda is a checkerspot butterfly in the family Nymphalidae, described by Godman and Salvin in 1894. It is primarily found in Mexico, with rare strays occasionally reaching southern Arizona and southern Texas. The species belongs to a genus of brush-footed butterflies known for their distinctive checkered wing patterns.
Chlosyne fulvia
Fulvia checkerspot
Chlosyne fulvia, the Fulvia checkerspot, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. The species ranges from the southwestern United States (Kansas, Colorado, southern Utah, Arizona) south to central Mexico. Adults have a wingspan of 32–50 mm and feed on flower nectar. The larvae are specialized feeders on Castilleja species, particularly Castillega integra and Castilleja lanata.
Chlosyne gabbii
Gabb's Checkerspot
Chlosyne gabbii is a rare checkerspot butterfly endemic to California. Adults have a wingspan of 32–45 mm with bright orange-brown and black checkered uppersides; females are lighter than males. The species is threatened throughout its range and is known from only a small geographic area in the western United States.
Chlosyne gorgone
Gorgone Checkerspot
Chlosyne gorgone is a Nymphalinae butterfly occurring across central North America. Adults have orange wings with black markings and a wingspan of 32–45 mm. Larvae feed on Asteraceae host plants including Helianthus, Ambrosia, Iva, and Viguiera species; adults visit nectar sources, particularly yellow flowers. The species exhibits geographic variation in brood number, with one generation in the north and up to three in the south.
Chlosyne janais
crimson patch, janais patch
Chlosyne janais is a common New World butterfly in the family Nymphalidae, known as the crimson patch or janais patch. It ranges from Colombia north through Central America and Mexico to southern Texas, with occasional sightings extending into northern Texas and southeastern Mexico. The species inhabits lowland tropical to subtropical forest edges, fields, and riparian areas. Adults feed on flower nectar, while larvae feed gregariously on acanthus shrubs, particularly Anisacanthus wrightii and Odontonema callistachyus. Reproduction is continuous in the tropics; in temperate areas, multiple broods occur from July to November.
Chlosyne leanira
Leanira Checkerspot
Chlosyne leanira, commonly known as the Leanira Checkerspot, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae, tribe Melitaeini. It occurs in western North America from Oregon through California, Nevada, Utah, western Colorado, and south to Baja California. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in size and coloration, with females larger but males displaying more prominent red wing markings. Larvae are specialized feeders on Castilleja species (Orobanchaceae) and overwinter in the third instar.
Chlosyne melitaeoides
Red-spotted Patch
Chlosyne melitaeoides, commonly known as the red-spotted patch, is a butterfly species in the family Nymphalidae. It belongs to a group that includes crescents, checkerspots, and anglewings. The species was originally described by Felder & Felder in 1867 under the basionym Synchloe melitaeoides. It carries the MONA/Hodges number 4501.1.
Chlosyne nycteis
Silvery Checkerspot
Chlosyne nycteis, the silvery checkerspot, is a North American brush-footed butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. Adults display pale yellow-orange wings with dark borders and distinctive white-centered submarginal spots on the hindwings. The species inhabits moist areas including streamsides, meadows, and forest openings across a broad range from southern Canada to Georgia, Florida, and Texas. It has declined in parts of its northeastern range and is listed as a species of special concern in Connecticut and Maine, believed extirpated from Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire.
Chlosyne palla altasierra
High Sierra Checkerspot
Chlosyne palla altasierra is a subspecies of checkerspot butterfly in the family Nymphalidae, described by Emmel, Emmel & Mattoon in 1998. It is known by the common name High Sierra Checkerspot. The subspecies is recognized as valid and accepted in taxonomic databases. As a member of the genus Chlosyne, it belongs to a group of butterflies commonly known as crescents and checkerspots, which are characterized by their orange and black patterned wings.
Chlosyne palla palla
Chlosyne palla palla is a subspecies of checkerspot butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in North America. The species belongs to a genus of brush-footed butterflies commonly known as the checkerspots or crescents. Limited observational records exist for this particular subspecies.
Chlosyne rosita
Rosita Patch
Chlosyne rosita is a butterfly species in the family Nymphalidae, characterized by distinctive orange-red patches on the wings. It occurs throughout Central America and Mexico, with occasional records in the southwestern United States. The species is similar in appearance to the more widespread crimson patch (Chlosyne janais).
Chlosyne rosita browni
Chlosyne rosita browni is a subspecies of checkerspot butterfly described by Bauer in 1961. It belongs to the genus Chlosyne, a group of brush-footed butterflies commonly known as checkerspots. The subspecies is part of the larger species Chlosyne rosita, which occurs in North America. Like other members of the Nymphalidae family, it exhibits the characteristic reduced front legs of brush-footed butterflies.
Chlosyne theona
Theona Checkerspot
Chlosyne theona, commonly known as the Theona Checkerspot, is a species of brush-footed butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is native to North America and has been recorded in Hawaii. The species is part of the checkerspot group within the genus Chlosyne, which includes several similar-looking species with patterned orange and black wing markings. The MONA or Hodges number for this species is 4508.
Coeini
Cecropians and Allies
Coeini is a tribe of brush-footed butterflies (family Nymphalidae) restricted to the Neotropical realm. The tribe comprises six recognized genera: Baeotus, Colobura, Historis, Pycina, Smyrna, and Tigridia. Members are commonly referred to as "Cecropians and Allies" in reference to their association with Cecropia trees. The group is characterized by reduced forelegs typical of the Nymphalidae family.
Coenonympha tullia ampelos
Common Ringlet (subspecies)
Coenonympha tullia ampelos is a subspecies of the Common Ringlet butterfly, distributed across parts of Europe and North America. As a member of the Satyrinae subfamily, it inhabits open grassland and wetland habitats including peat bogs. The species is known to occur in association with Sphagnum moss-dominated blanket bogs, where it serves as an indicator of intact bog ecosystems.
Coenonympha tullia columbiana
Coenonympha tullia columbiana is a subspecies of the large heath butterfly, a member of the Nymphalidae family. This subspecies is part of a complex of heathland and bog-dwelling butterflies distributed across North America and Europe. The species group is associated with peatland and wetland habitats, where larvae feed on specific grass species. Conservation concerns exist for related taxa due to habitat degradation from peatland drainage and wildfire.
Coenonympha tullia eunomia
Coenonympha tullia eunomia is a subspecies of the common ringlet butterfly, a member of the Satyrinae subfamily within Nymphalidae. It occurs in Europe and North America, with populations found in Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and other regions. As a subspecies of the widespread C. tullia, it inhabits similar environments to the nominate form, typically associated with grassland and bog habitats.
Coenonympha tullia inornata
Inornate Ringlet, Common Ringlet (inornata subspecies)
Coenonympha tullia inornata is a subspecies of the Common Ringlet butterfly, a member of the family Nymphalidae. This subspecies occurs in North America, where it inhabits peatland and bog habitats. The species has been documented in association with blanket bog ecosystems, where it serves as an indicator of intact peatland conditions. Like other members of the genus, it is associated with grasses as larval host plants.
Coenonympha tullia insulana
Large Heath butterfly (subspecies)
Coenonympha tullia insulana is a subspecies of the Large Heath butterfly, a member of the Satyrinae subfamily within Nymphalidae. The species is associated with peatland habitats, particularly blanket bogs. It is one of several subspecies of Coenonympha tullia found across parts of Europe and potentially North America, though specific details for insulana are limited in the provided sources.
Coenonympha tullia mcisaaci
Coenonympha tullia mcisaaci is a subspecies of the common ringlet butterfly, a member of the family Nymphalidae. It belongs to a genus of small brown butterflies commonly associated with grassland and bog habitats. The subspecies is part of a widespread Holarctic species complex with variable taxonomy across its range.
Coenonympha tullia subfusca
Coenonympha tullia subfusca is a subspecies of the large heath butterfly, a member of the family Nymphalidae. It is associated with peatland and bog habitats, where it occurs alongside other bog-specialist species. The subspecies is part of a complex that shows variation across its range in Europe and North America. Like other Coenonympha species, it is dependent on specific habitat conditions that have become increasingly threatened by drainage, peat extraction, and climate change-induced wildfires.
Colobura
Colobura is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae containing two recognized species: Colobura dirce (zebra mosaic) and Colobura annulata (new beauty). The genus ranges from Mexico through Central America to South America. Larvae of at least one species have been documented feeding on Cecropia obtusifolia (Urticaceae).
Colobura annulata
new beauty
Colobura annulata, commonly known as the new beauty, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. The species was described in 2001 by Willmott, Constantino, and Hall. It ranges from Central America into northern South America, with records extending as far north as southern California and northern Texas. Historical records from Suriname have contributed to understanding of its biology, including corrections to erroneous early hostplant records.
Cyllopsis
gemmed satyrs
Cyllopsis is a genus of satyrid butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, established by Rudolf Felder in 1869. The genus comprises approximately 30 species distributed across the Neotropical realm, with at least one species, C. gemma, extending into North America as far north as Missouri and Illinois. These butterflies are commonly known as "gemmed satyrs" and are typically associated with forested habitats where adults fly low near the ground.
Cyllopsis pertepida
Canyonland Satyr, Canyonland Gemmed-Satyr
Cyllopsis pertepida is a brush-footed butterfly in the family Nymphalidae, commonly known as the canyonland satyr or canyonland gemmed-satyr. The species was first described by Dyar in 1912 and is native to North America. It belongs to the genus Cyllopsis, which comprises small to medium-sized satyr butterflies typically associated with forested habitats. The species has been assigned MONA/Hodges number 4572. Three subspecies are recognized: C. p. avicula, C. p. dorothea, and C. p. maniola, all described by Nabokov in 1942.
Cyllopsis pyracmon
Nabokov's Satyr
Cyllopsis pyracmon, commonly known as Nabokov's satyr, is a butterfly species in the family Nymphalidae. It is recognized as a synonym of Euptychia pyracmon in some taxonomic databases. The species is found in North America and has been documented in alpine and forested habitats. Two subspecies are recognized: C. p. pyracmon and C. p. henshawi.
Cyrestinae
Daggerwing and Map Butterflies
Cyrestinae is a small subfamily of brush-footed butterflies (Nymphalidae) comprising three genera: Cyrestis, Chersonesia, and Marpesia. The subfamily was established after taxonomic revision split the former Cyrestini and Pseudergolini tribes, which were briefly combined before being recognized as separate subfamilies. Cyrestinae is now considered the sister group to the larger Nymphalinae subfamily. The group exhibits a disjunct tropical distribution, with Marpesia restricted to the Neotropics and Cyrestis and Chersonesia occurring primarily in the Oriental region with some Afrotropical representation.
Danaus
tiger milkweed butterflies, tigers, milkweeds, monarchs, wanderers, queens
Danaus is a genus of butterflies in the tiger butterfly tribe (Danaini), commonly known as tiger milkweed butterflies, monarchs, wanderers, and queens. The genus includes some of the most recognizable butterflies worldwide, notably the migratory monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus). Species in this genus are characterized by their association with milkweed host plants (Asclepias spp.), from which larvae sequester cardiac glycosides for chemical defense. The genus has a global distribution spanning North America, South America, Africa, Asia, Indonesia, and Australia, and serves as an important model system for studying migration, plant-insect coevolution, and genome evolution.
Dione juno huascuma
Dione juno huascuma is a subspecies of silverspot butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It belongs to a genus closely related to the more widely known Agraulis (Gulf Fritillary). The species Dione juno occurs from the southwestern United States through Mexico and Central America to South America. This subspecies represents a distinct geographic population within that broader range. Adults and larvae are associated with passion vines (Passiflora spp.) as host plants.
Dione moneta
Mexican silverspot
Dione moneta, commonly known as the Mexican silverspot, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae, subfamily Heliconiinae. Its normal range extends from Mexico through Central America to Brazil, with occasional strays northward into the southern United States. The species is named after the Roman goddess Moneta, representing fortune and wealth. A notable vagrant record occurred in Colorado in April 2017, representing a significant northward extension of its documented range.
Doxocopa pavon
Pavon Emperor, Pavon
Doxocopa pavon is a sexually dimorphic butterfly in the emperor butterfly subfamily Apaturinae, with males displaying iridescent blue-purple upper wing surfaces and females exhibiting mimicry of unrelated Adelpha species. The species ranges from South America through Mexico, with occasional vagrancy into southern Texas. Larvae feed exclusively on hackberry species (Celtis), while adults are nectar-feeders that also engage in mud-puddling and rotting material feeding.
Dryadula phaetusa
Banded Orange Heliconian, Banded Orange, Orange Tiger
Dryadula phaetusa, the sole species in its genus, is a Neotropical heliconiine butterfly recognizable by its bold orange and black banded wing pattern. It ranges from Brazil to central Mexico, with occasional summer vagrants reaching central Florida. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in color intensity and participates in Müllerian mimicry complexes due to its unpalatability to birds.
Dryas
Julia heliconians
Dryas is a monotypic genus of brush-footed butterflies (Nymphalidae) containing the single species Dryas iulia, commonly known as the Julia butterfly or Julia heliconian. Native from Brazil through Central America to the southern United States, this species has been observed as far north as eastern Nebraska during summer months. The genus is notable for its specialized feeding behavior, with adults known to drink tears from reptiles and eye secretions from sleeping birds to obtain salts and amino acids. Over 15 subspecies have been described across its broad Neotropical and Nearctic range.
Dynamine
Dynamine is a genus of nymphalid butterflies comprising approximately 38 described species distributed across South America. The genus was established by Hübner in 1819 and is classified within the subfamily Biblidinae. Species within this genus exhibit considerable diversity in wing pattern and coloration.
Epiphile
banners
Epiphile is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, commonly known as banners. The genus comprises approximately 19 described species. Members are distributed in the Neotropical region. The common name "banners" refers to distinctive wing patterns or shapes characteristic of this group.
Erebia fasciata
banded alpine
Erebia fasciata, commonly known as the banded alpine, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae, subfamily Satyrinae. It is distributed across high-latitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere, ranging from central Siberia through Alaska, Yukon, and the Canadian Arctic to Hudson Bay, with additional populations on Banks Island and Victoria Island. The species exhibits a wingspan of 38–53 mm. Adults are active from May to late July depending on location, with larvae feeding on Carex species.
Eueides
Eueides is a genus of longwing butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, subfamily Heliconiinae. The genus comprises approximately 12 recognized species distributed primarily in the Neotropics. Eueides species are closely related to Heliconius and share the characteristic elongated wings and bright coloration typical of heliconiine butterflies. The genus has been subject to taxonomic revision and phylogenetic study, particularly in relation to the evolutionary development of the Heliconius-Eueides clade.
Euphydryas anicia
Anicia checkerspot, Sacramento Mountains checkerspot
Euphydryas anicia is a checkerspot butterfly (family Nymphalidae) native to the southwestern United States. The species is represented by several subspecies, including E. a. howlandi and E. a. cloudcrofti, the latter being a rare, localized form endemic to the Sacramento Mountains of New Mexico. The subspecies E. a. cloudcrofti has been proposed for listing under the Endangered Species Act due to its extremely restricted range and vulnerability to habitat changes. Checkerspot butterflies in this genus are typically associated with specific host plants and occupy distinct elevational zones.
Euphydryas anicia bernadetta
Euphydryas anicia bernadetta is a subspecies of checkerspot butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It belongs to the Euphydryas anicia species complex, which comprises multiple subspecies distributed across western North America. The bernadetta subspecies occurs in specific regional populations. Like other checkerspot butterflies, it exhibits the characteristic orange, black, and white wing patterning typical of the genus. The species complex includes several named subspecies with restricted distributions, reflecting localized adaptation to specific habitats and host plants.
Euphydryas anicia brucei
Bruce's checkerspot
Euphydryas anicia brucei is a subspecies of checkerspot butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. Historically treated under the genus Occidryas, it is now classified within Euphydryas. The subspecies is associated with montane habitats in western North America. Like other Euphydryas species, it likely has a complex life cycle involving specific larval host plants and adult nectar sources.
Euphydryas anicia capella
Euphydryas anicia capella is a subspecies of checkerspot butterfly in the family Nymphalidae, originally described by W. Barnes in 1897. It is currently recognized as a synonym of Occidryas anicia capella in some taxonomic databases, reflecting ongoing taxonomic revision within the Euphydryas complex. The species belongs to a group of fritillary butterflies known for their distinctive orange and black checkered wing patterns and association with specific host plants.
Euphydryas anicia carmentis
Euphydryas anicia carmentis is a subspecies of checkerspot butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is currently recognized as a synonym under the genus Occidryas in some taxonomic systems, though iNaturalist maintains it under Euphydryas. The subspecies has been documented in at least 6 observations on iNaturalist. Like other members of the Melitaeini tribe, it is associated with specific larval host plants and occupies particular habitat types in its range.
Euphydryas anicia eurytion
Euphydryas anicia eurytion is a subspecies of checkerspot butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is currently classified under the genus Euphydryas, though some taxonomic systems place it in the genus Occidryas. The subspecies has been documented in 21 iNaturalist observations. Like other members of the Euphydryas genus, it is a brush-footed butterfly with specialized larval host plant associations.
Euphydryas anicia hermosa
Euphydryas anicia hermosa is a subspecies of checkerspot butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. The species Euphydryas anicia is currently placed in the genus Euphydryas, though some sources recognize it under the genus Occidryas. This subspecies was described by W.G. Wright in 1905. The broader species Euphydryas anicia is known as the Anicia checkerspot, with several recognized subspecies distributed across western North America.
Euphydryas anicia hopfingeri
Hopfinger's Checkerspot
Euphydryas anicia hopfingeri is a subspecies of checkerspot butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It was described by Gunder in 1934. The subspecies is currently considered a synonym under Occidryas anicia in some taxonomic systems, though it remains recognized as Euphydryas anicia hopfingeri in others. It is part of the Euphydryas anicia species complex, which includes multiple subspecies distributed across western North America. The species complex is associated with specific host plants and has been subject to conservation concern due to habitat requirements and climate sensitivity.
Euphydryas anicia veaziae
Veazie's checkerspot
Euphydryas anicia veaziae is a subspecies of checkerspot butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It belongs to the Euphydryas anicia species complex, a group of closely related checkerspot butterflies found in western North America. The subspecies is named after Veazie, likely referencing a person or place associated with its discovery or type locality. Like other members of the genus, it is associated with specific host plants for larval development.
Euphydryas anicia wecoeut
Euphydryas anicia wecoeut is a subspecies of checkerspot butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It belongs to a complex of Euphydryas checkerspots found in western North America. The subspecies was described in 2006 by M. Fisher, Spomer, and Scott. Like other members of the genus, it is associated with specific host plants for larval development. The broader species Euphydryas anicia has been the subject of conservation concern, with related subspecies proposed for federal listing.
Euphydryas anicia windi
Euphydryas anicia windi is a subspecies of checkerspot butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is currently classified as a synonym of Occidryas anicia windi in some taxonomic databases. The subspecies was described by Gunder in 1932. Very limited information is available about this specific subspecies in the provided sources.
Euphydryas chalcedona
Chalcedon Checkerspot, Variable Checkerspot
Euphydryas chalcedona, commonly known as the Chalcedon Checkerspot or Variable Checkerspot, is a butterfly species in the family Nymphalidae. The species exhibits considerable geographic variation in appearance across its range. It is found in western North America, with populations occurring in diverse habitats from coastal areas to montane regions. Like other members of the genus Euphydryas, it has been affected by the broader declines in butterfly populations documented across the western United States.
Euphydryas chalcedona
Chalcedon checkerspot, variable checkerspot
Euphydryas chalcedona is a species of checkerspot butterfly in the family Nymphalidae, commonly known as the Chalcedon checkerspot or variable checkerspot. It is native to western North America, with its range extending from British Columbia south to Baja California and east to the Rocky Mountains. The species exhibits considerable variation in wing pattern and coloration across its geographic range. Like other members of the genus Euphydryas, it is associated with specific larval host plants and has been subject to conservation concern due to habitat loss and climate change impacts affecting butterfly populations across the western United States.
Euphydryas chalcedona a paradoxa
Euphydryas chalcedona a paradoxa is a subspecies of the variable checkerspot butterfly, a member of the Nymphalidae family. The species Euphydryas chalcedona occurs in western North America, with subspecies showing geographic variation in appearance and distribution. Like other checkerspots, this taxon is associated with specific host plant relationships and has been subject to conservation concern due to habitat pressures. The subspecies epithet 'a paradoxa' suggests anomalous or unusual characteristics compared to the nominate form.
Euphydryas chalcedona chalcedona
Chalcedon Checkerspot
Euphydryas chalcedona chalcedona is a subspecies of checkerspot butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. The larvae are oligophagous, feeding primarily on plants in the Scrophulariaceae family including Diplacus aurantiacus and Scrophularia californica. Populations show geographic variation in host plant use and specialization, with some colonies being monophagous on single Penstemon species while others use multiple hosts. The subspecies has been the subject of extensive research on insect-plant coevolution, host preference, and population biology.
Euphydryas chalcedona klotsi
Euphydryas chalcedona klotsi is a subspecies of the variable checkerspot butterfly described by dos Passos in 1938. It belongs to the family Nymphalidae and is currently treated as a synonym of Occidryas chalcedona in some taxonomic databases, reflecting ongoing taxonomic revision in the Euphydryas genus complex. The broader species Euphydryas chalcedona is known to exhibit significant population declines in western North America, with climate change identified as a major contributing factor.
Euphydryas chalcedona macglashanii
Euphydryas chalcedona macglashanii is a subspecies of checkerspot butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It belongs to a genus whose members are known for their distinctive orange and black checkered wing patterns. The subspecies is currently recognized as a synonym under the genus Occidryas in some taxonomic treatments. Checkerspot butterflies in this group are associated with specific host plants and have been subject to conservation concern due to habitat loss and climate change impacts across western North America.
Euphydryas gillettii
Gillett's Checkerspot, Gillette's Checkerspot
Euphydryas gillettii is a medium-sized checkerspot butterfly native to western North America. The species exhibits variable chemical defense through sequestration of iridoid glycosides from host plants, with defensive compound concentrations varying significantly between populations based on host plant use. First described by William Barnes in 1897, this montane butterfly has been the subject of ecological research examining host-plant selection and chemical ecology.
Euptoieta
fritillary butterflies
Euptoieta is a genus of fritillary butterflies in the subfamily Heliconiinae, distributed throughout the Neotropical region and extending northward into temperate North America. The genus includes approximately eight described species, with Euptoieta claudia (variegated fritillary) and Euptoieta hegesia (Mexican fritillary) being the most widely recognized. Members of this genus are characterized by their orange and black wing patterns and their ecological association with Viola (violet) species as larval host plants.
Euptoieta hegesia
Mexican Fritillary
Euptoieta hegesia, commonly known as the Mexican Fritillary, is a butterfly species in the family Nymphalidae found throughout North and South America. It is characterized by bright orange upper wings with black spotting and yellow-orange undersides lacking submarginal spots. The species has a wingspan of 2.5 to 3 inches and is active year-round in Mexico, with seasonal flight periods in the southern United States. Larvae feed on passionflowers and other host plants, displaying distinctive red coloration with silver spots and black spines.
Fountainea
Fountainea is a genus of Neotropical leaf butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, established by Rydon in 1971. The genus contains eight species known for their remarkable camouflage: when at rest with wings closed, their undersides closely resemble dead leaves. The genus was named in honor of Margaret Fountaine, a renowned entomologist. These butterflies are part of the Charaxinae subfamily, a group known for their robust bodies and often cryptic wing patterns.
Greta
Glasswing Butterflies
Greta is a genus of clearwing butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, established by Arthur Francis Hemming in 1934. These butterflies are characterized by their transparent or partially transparent wings, a trait shared with other members of the ithomiine group. The genus occurs in the Neotropical region, with species distributed across Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. Notable species include Greta oto, commonly known as the glasswing butterfly, and Greta morgane, the thick-tipped greta.
Hamadryas
Cracker Butterflies
Hamadryas is a genus of medium-sized brush-footed butterflies (Nymphalidae) native to the Neotropics. Males produce distinctive 'cracking' sounds during territorial displays, giving the group its common name. The genus includes approximately 20 species, with Hamadryas amphinome (Red Cracker) among the most well-known. These butterflies are characterized by their cryptic underwing patterns and rapid, erratic flight behavior.
Hermeuptychia sosybius
Carolina Satyr
Hermeuptychia sosybius, the Carolina Satyr, is a small brown butterfly in the family Nymphalidae described by Fabricius in 1793. It is one of the most common butterflies in the eastern United States and is frequently found in shaded, wooded habitats. The species has a wingspan of 32–38 mm and is characterized by eyespots along the wing edges. It was historically considered conspecific with H. hermes but is now recognized as a distinct species based on morphological and genetic evidence.
Historis acheronta
Tailed Cecropian
Historis acheronta, commonly known as the tailed cecropian, is a butterfly species in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in North America, with distribution extending into Central and South America. The species has been recorded in at least 962 observations on iNaturalist, indicating it is relatively well-documented.
Hypanartia lethe
Orange Mapwing, Orange Admiral
Hypanartia lethe is a medium-sized nymphalid butterfly commonly known as the orange mapwing or orange admiral. It is recognized by its distinctive wing pattern featuring orange-brown and black markings, with the underside resembling topographic contour lines. The species is widespread across the Americas, from the southern United States through Central and South America.
Hypna clytemnestra
Silver-studded Leafwing, Jazzy Leafwing, Marbled Leafwing
Hypna clytemnestra is the sole species in the monotypic genus Hypna, a leafwing butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. The species is known by multiple common names reflecting its distinctive wing patterning. It is classified within the subfamily Charaxinae, tribe Anaeini, a group characterized by robust bodies and often cryptic, leaf-mimicking wing shapes.
Junonia neildi
West Indian Mangrove Buckeye
Junonia neildi, the West Indian Mangrove Buckeye, is a butterfly species in the family Nymphalidae. It was elevated from subspecies status under Junonia genoveva to full species rank in 2004. The species occurs in coastal regions of the southeastern United States, Mexico, and the Caribbean. It is one of three Junonia species currently documented in Florida, alongside J. coenia and J. zonalis.
Junonia zonalis
Northern Tropical Buckeye
Junonia zonalis, the northern tropical buckeye, is a butterfly species in the family Nymphalidae. It was formerly treated as a subspecies of Junonia evarete but was elevated to full species status based on phylogenetic and DNA research. The species occurs in Florida, the Caribbean, Mexico, Central America, and tropical South America.
Lethe
Pearly-eyes and Allies
Lethe is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, subfamily Satyrinae, established by Jacob Hübner in 1819. The genus includes treebrowns, woodbrowns, foresters, and related species commonly known as the Pearly-eyes and Allies. Species occur across temperate-tropical southern and eastern Asia, extending to Indonesia, with some representatives in North America. The genus name derives from Greek mythology, referencing the river of forgetfulness in the underworld of Hades.
Libytheana
New World Snouts
Libytheana is a genus of nymphalid butterflies in the snout butterfly subfamily Libytheinae, established by Michener in 1943. The genus comprises four species, with Libytheana carinenta (American snout) being the most widespread and migratory, occurring across North and South America. The remaining three species—L. terena, L. motya, and L. fulvescens—are restricted to the Caribbean. These butterflies are characterized by their distinctive elongated labial palps that form a prominent "snout," a defining feature of the subfamily.
Libytheinae
snout butterflies, beak butterflies
Libytheinae is a subfamily of brush-footed butterflies (Nymphalidae) commonly known as snout butterflies. The group contains two extant genera: Libythea (six species, Old World) and Libytheana (four species, New World). A third genus, †Libytheides, is known from fossils. The subfamily is distinguished by elongated, thick labial palps that project forward like a snout. Historically treated as the separate family Libytheidae, molecular studies have confirmed its placement within Nymphalidae.
Limenitidinae
Admirals and Allies, Admirals and relatives
Limenitidinae is a subfamily of brush-footed butterflies (Nymphalidae) containing approximately 1,000 species across four tribes: Parthenini, Adoliadini, Limenitidini, and Neptini. The group includes well-known butterflies such as admirals (Limenitis), sisters (Adelpha), sailers (Neptis), and clippers (Parthenos). Many species exhibit bold wing patterns with light longitudinal stripes, and their common names often reference military ranks or noble titles reflecting their large size and striking appearance. The subfamily has a cosmopolitan distribution with major centers of diversity in tropical Africa and Asia.
Limenitidini
Limenitidini is a tribe of brush-footed butterflies within the subfamily Limenitidinae. The tribe comprises approximately 20 genera distributed primarily in tropical and temperate regions of the Old World and Neotropics. Notable genera include Adelpha (sisters), Limenitis (admirals), Cymothoe (gliders), and Athyma (sergeants). The subtribal classification of Limenitidini has been subject to revision based on cladistic analyses.
Limenitis
admirals
Limenitis is a genus of brush-footed butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, commonly called the admirals. The genus includes well-known North American species such as the viceroy (L. archippus), a Müllerian mimic of the monarch butterfly, and the red-spotted purple (L. arthemis astyanax), a forest-dwelling butterfly. Some authorities include the sister butterflies (Adelpha) and commander butterflies (Moduza) within this genus. The name derives from Neo-Latin meaning 'of harbours,' from Ancient Greek λιμήν (harbour, haven).
Limenitis archippus lahontani
Nevada Viceroy
Limenitis archippus lahontani is a subspecies of the Viceroy butterfly, commonly known as the Nevada Viceroy. It is part of a well-known mimicry complex with the Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus), though recent research suggests the Viceroy itself may also be chemically protected rather than a pure Batesian mimic. This subspecies is found in western North America, particularly in the Great Basin region.
Limenitis archippus watsoni
Watson's Gulf Coast Viceroy
Limenitis archippus watsoni is a subspecies of the viceroy butterfly found in central North America. It is part of the well-known mimicry complex with the monarch butterfly, though recent research suggests viceroys may also be unpalatable to predators. This subspecies is distinguished from other viceroy populations by geographic range and subtle morphological differences.
Limenitis arthemis arizonensis
Arizona Red-spotted Purple
Limenitis arthemis arizonensis is a subspecies of the red-spotted purple butterfly complex found in western North America. It represents one of several stable hybrid wing patterns within the nominal species L. arthemis, which has been extensively studied for its evolution of mimicry. The subspecies occurs from Arizona to southern California and Mexico, overlapping with the range of the white admiral and red-spotted purple forms. Like other members of the complex, males are known to defend territories along riparian corridors.
Limenitis weidemeyerii
Weidemeyer's Admiral
Weidemeyer's Admiral is a medium-sized butterfly in the brush-footed family Nymphalidae, found across western North America from the Rocky Mountains to the Sierra Nevada and California. Adults display distinctive black and white dorsal wing patterns with rows of white spots, while the ventral surface shows brown with gray marginal markings. The species is named after 19th-century entomologist John William Weidemeyer, whose Rocky Mountain specimen was used for the original description. Larvae develop on woody plants in the genera Populus, Salix, Holodiscus, and Amelanchier, while adults feed on tree sap, carrion, and flower nectar.
Marpesia
Daggerwings
Marpesia is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, commonly known as daggerwings. These butterflies are found in the Neotropical and Nearctic realms, with species distributed from the southern United States through Central and South America. The genus is named after Marpesia, a queen of the Amazons in Greek and Roman legendary history. Marpesia butterflies are notable for their striking wing patterns and distinctive behavior called "pumping," in which they rapidly imbibe water through their proboscis and expel it from their abdomen, possibly for thermoregulation.
Megisto cymela cymela
Little Wood Satyr
Megisto cymela cymela is a subspecies of satyrine butterfly commonly known as the Little Wood Satyr. It belongs to the family Nymphalidae and is currently treated as a synonym of Euptychia cymela in some taxonomic databases. The subspecies has been documented in the northeastern United States, including Vermont.
Megisto cymela viola
Viola's Wood-Satyr
Megisto cymela viola, known as Viola's Wood-Satyr, is a subspecies of wood-satyr butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is currently treated as a synonym of Euptychia cymela. The subspecies was described by Maynard in 1891. Based on records from GBIF and iNaturalist, it has been documented in Vermont and other parts of the United States. As a member of the Satyrinae subfamily, it belongs to a group of butterflies commonly associated with woodland habitats and shaded environments.
Melinaea lilis
Mimic Tigerwing
Melinaea lilis is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae, commonly known as the Mimic Tigerwing. It belongs to the tribe Ithomiini, a group of neotropical butterflies known for their unpalatability to predators and participation in Müllerian mimicry rings. The species was originally described as Mechanitis lilis by Doubleday in 1847. It is one of approximately 12 species in the genus Melinaea, which are distributed across Central and South America.
Melitaeini
checkerspots, crescents, crescentspots, fritillaries
Melitaeini is a tribe of brush-footed butterflies (Nymphalidae), commonly known as checkerspots, crescents, or crescentspots. The tribe comprises 20–25 genera divided among five subtribes. Members are distributed across diverse habitats including steppe and taiga forest regions. Larvae exhibit gregarious behavior and feed on specific host plants, with documented associations including Veronica incana, Scabiosa comosa, and Stemmacantha uniflora. The tribe serves as host for specialized parasitoid wasps, particularly in the genus Cotesia.
Memphis
Memphis is a Neotropical genus of brush-footed butterflies in the subfamily Charaxinae, described by Jacob Hübner in 1819. The genus belongs to the family Nymphalidae and is part of the tribe Anaeini. These butterflies are found exclusively in the Neotropical region.
Mestra
Arizona Sister, Curve-winged Metalmark
Mestra is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, subfamily Biblidinae, established by Jacob Hübner in 1825. The genus contains several species distributed primarily in the Americas, with the most well-known being Mestra amymone, commonly called the Arizona Sister or Curve-winged Metalmark. These butterflies are medium-sized with distinctive wing patterns and are associated with specific host plants in their larval stages. The genus name derives from Greek mythology, referencing Mestra, daughter of Erysichthon, who possessed the ability to change her shape at will.
Microtia
elf
Microtia is a monophyletic genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, containing the single species Microtia elva, commonly known as the elf. The genus is distributed across the southern United States and Central America. Larvae feed on plants in the family Acanthaceae, particularly Tetramerium.
Microtia elada
Elada Checkerspot
Microtia elada, commonly known as the Elada Checkerspot, is a butterfly species in the brush-footed butterfly family Nymphalidae. The species was formerly placed in the genus Texola, and some sources still use this synonym. It is a North American species with a distribution spanning from the southwestern United States into Mexico.
Microtia elva
Elf, Elf Butterfly
Microtia elva, commonly known as the elf or elf butterfly, is a small butterfly species in the family Nymphalidae. It is the sole member of its genus, which is monophyletic and restricted to the southern United States and Central America. The species has been observed over 3,000 times on iNaturalist, indicating it is relatively well-documented within its range. Larvae feed on plants in the family Acanthaceae, particularly Tetramerium species.
Morphini
Morphos and Allies
Morphini is a tribe of nymphalid butterflies within the subfamily Satyrinae, comprising two subtribes: Antirrheina and Morphina. The tribe includes the iconic genus Morpho, known for large butterflies with brilliant metallic blue dorsal wing surfaces, as well as the genera Antirrhea and Caerois. Members are primarily Neotropical in distribution. The group is characterized by substantial body size, with some Morpho species reaching wingspans of four to six inches.
Myscelia
Bluewing Butterflies
Myscelia is a genus of nymphalid butterflies commonly known as bluewing butterflies. The genus includes approximately nine recognized species distributed across southern North America, Central America, and northern South America. Several species are notable for their striking blue coloration on the upper wing surfaces, including the well-known Mexican bluewing (Myscelia ethusa) and blue wave (Myscelia cyaniris).
Neominois
satyr
Neominois is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, subfamily Satyrinae. The genus contains three described species, including the well-studied Neominois ridingsii. These butterflies are commonly known as satyrs. Taxonomic placement has been debated, with some sources treating Neominois as a subgenus of Oeneis.
Neominois ridingsii
Ridings' satyr
Neominois ridingsii is a North American butterfly in the family Nymphalidae, commonly known as Ridings' satyr. The species occupies short-grass prairie and intermountain grassland habitats across a broad range from southern Canada to the southwestern United States. Larvae feed exclusively on Bouteloua gracilis, and third- and fourth-instar larvae overwinter. Multiple subspecies have been described based on geographic variation across its range.
Neonympha areolatus
Georgia Satyr
Neonympha areolatus, commonly known as the Georgia satyr, is a brush-footed butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is native to North America, with populations concentrated in the southeastern United States. The species inhabits wetland and grassland habitats, particularly areas with sedges. Like other satyrs, it exhibits a low, bouncing flight pattern and often rests with wings closed.
Nymphalinae
Checkerspots, Anglewings, Peacocks, and Allies
Nymphalinae is a subfamily of brush-footed butterflies within the family Nymphalidae. The group includes well-known butterflies such as anglewings, tortoiseshells, fritillaries, and admirals. Phylogenetic studies indicate the subfamily diversified following the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction, with subsequent dispersals into the Old World and New World beginning in the Eocene.
Nymphalis l-album
Compton Tortoiseshell, False Comma
The Compton Tortoiseshell is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae, closely related to other tortoiseshell butterflies. It shares the characteristic reduced front legs of brushfoot butterflies, with only four functional walking legs. The species exhibits territorial behavior typical of the genus, with males defending perches against rivals.
Oeneis alberta
Alberta Arctic
Oeneis alberta is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae, commonly known as the Alberta Arctic. It inhabits prairie and montane grassland habitats across the Canadian prairie provinces and isolated Rocky Mountain populations in the southwestern United States. The species exhibits a single annual generation with adults active in late spring. Larvae feed on bunch grasses and overwinter in the larval stage.
Oeneis jutta ascerta
Oeneis jutta ascerta is a subspecies of Arctic butterfly in the genus Oeneis, described by Masters and Sorensen in 1968. Like other members of the genus Oeneis, it is associated with high mountain and alpine habitats. The subspecies is part of a group of butterflies commonly known as "Arctics" that occur across western North America, Canada, and Alaska. Oeneis jutta ascerta has been documented in both North America and parts of Europe, including Belarus.
Oeneis melissa lucilla
Oeneis melissa lucilla is a subspecies of the Melissa Arctic butterfly, a member of the Satyrinae subfamily within Nymphalidae. This subspecies occurs in North America and has been documented in Russia and parts of Europe. Like other Oeneis species, it inhabits cool, often high-elevation environments. The genus Oeneis comprises Arctic and alpine butterflies adapted to cold climates, with many species showing limited dispersal capabilities.
Oeneis philipi
Philip's Arctic
Oeneis philipi, known as Philip's Arctic, is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae described by Troubridge in 1988. It belongs to the genus Oeneis, commonly referred to as the Arctics, which are associated with high mountain habitats across western North America. The species is part of a group that has been noted for its ecological sensitivity to habitat disturbance, including wildfire. Like other Oeneis species, it likely exhibits the reduced wing patterns and cryptic coloration characteristic of alpine butterflies.
Oeneis uhleri uhleri
Uhler's Arctic
Oeneis uhleri uhleri is a subspecies of Arctic butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It occurs in the western United States and Canada, inhabiting high-elevation mountain environments. Like other members of the genus Oeneis, it is associated with alpine and subalpine habitats. The species has been documented from the Rocky Mountain region northward into the Canadian prairie provinces.
Paramacera xicaque
Pine Satyr
Paramacera xicaque, commonly known as the Pine Satyr, is a butterfly species in the family Nymphalidae. The species was originally described as Neonympha xicaque by Reakirt in 1867 and later transferred to the genus Paramacera. It is a member of the satyr group of butterflies, characterized by their association with forested habitats and generally subdued coloration.
Phyciodes
crescents, crescent spots
Phyciodes is a genus of butterflies in the brush-footed family Nymphalidae, commonly known as crescents or crescent spots. These small to medium-sized butterflies are characterized by orange and black wing patterns with distinctive crescent-shaped markings on the hindwings. The genus includes approximately 20 species distributed across North America, with larvae that typically feed on plants in the Asteraceae family, particularly asters and thistles. Several species have experienced regional population declines attributed to climate change and pesticide use.
Phyciodes cocyta
northern crescent
Phyciodes cocyta, the northern crescent, is a brush-footed butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is distributed across the Nearctic realm, particularly in northern North America. The species has a wingspan of 32–38 mm and is active during summer months. Adults feed on nectar from specific flowering plants, while larvae specialize on Asteraceae species.
Phyciodes graphica
Vesta Crescent
Phyciodes graphica, commonly known as the vesta crescent, is a butterfly species in the family Nymphalidae. It is currently recognized as a subspecies of Phyciodes vesta (P. vesta graphica) in some taxonomic treatments, though it has historically been treated as a distinct species. The vesta crescent belongs to a group of small to medium-sized butterflies known as crescents and checkerspots, characterized by their orange and black patterned wings.
Phyciodes incognitus
Phyciodes incognitus is a species of brush-footed butterfly in the genus Phyciodes, which includes the crescent butterflies. The genus Phyciodes comprises small to medium-sized butterflies characterized by orange and black wing patterns with distinctive crescent-shaped markings on the hindwings. Species within this genus are primarily North American and are associated with asteraceous host plants.
Phyciodes orseis
California Crescent, Orseis crescentspot
Phyciodes orseis is a small nymphalid butterfly endemic to western North America, with its core range in northern California and Oregon. It inhabits mountain valleys, meadows, and stream canyons, where it has been documented as part of ecosystem monitoring efforts on the Fremont-Winema National Forests. The species has experienced range contraction, with historical records from the San Francisco Bay Area now considered mislabeled or representing extirpated populations.
Phyciodes pallida
Pale Crescent, Pallid Crescentspot
Phyciodes pallida is a butterfly species in the family Nymphalidae, commonly known as the pale crescent or pallid crescentspot. It occurs in western North America. Adults have a wingspan of 33–44 mm. The species has at least two recognized subspecies: P. p. pallida and P. p. barnesi.
Phyciodes phaon
Phaon crescent, mat plant crescent, crescent spot
Phyciodes phaon is a small brush-footed butterfly of the southeastern United States, the Caribbean, and extending west to New Mexico. Adults are active from early spring through late fall in northern portions of the range, with nearly year-round activity in peninsular Florida. The species is closely associated with fogfruit host plants (Phyla nodiflora), on which females lay eggs in clusters on leaf undersides. Males patrol open areas near host plants to locate females, with mating concentrated at mid-day.
Phyciodes picta
Painted Crescent
Phyciodes picta, the painted crescent, is a butterfly species in the family Nymphalidae. It belongs to the tribe Melitaeini, which includes crescents and checkerspots. The species is distributed across North America and is recognized by its distinctive wing patterns. Three subspecies have been described: P. p. picta, P. p. canace, and P. p. pallescens.
Phyciodes pulchella
Field Crescent
Phyciodes pulchella, commonly known as the field crescent, is a small butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found across the Nearctic realm, with a wingspan of 24–36 mm. The species is active from May to August in Canada. Multiple subspecies have been described, reflecting geographic variation across its range.
Phyciodes tharos
Pearl Crescent
Phyciodes tharos, commonly known as the Pearl Crescent, is a small brush-footed butterfly native to North America. It is one of the most widespread and abundant crescent butterflies, occurring from southern Canada through the United States and into Mexico. The species is notable for its variable wing patterns and its ecological flexibility, thriving in disturbed and open habitats. Populations in warmer southern regions may produce up to six generations annually, while northern populations typically have fewer broods.
Polygonia
comma, anglewing
Polygonia is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, commonly known as commas or anglewings. Members are recognized by a conspicuous white comma-shaped mark on the underside of each hindwing and angular notches on the outer edges of the forewings. The genus exhibits remarkable seasonal polyphenism, with distinct light and dark morphs corresponding to non-diapausing and diapausing generations. Many species hibernate as adults. The genus has been alternatively classified as a subgenus of Nymphalis.
Polygonia gracilis zephyrus
Zephyr Comma
A subspecies of comma butterfly in the family Nymphalidae, found in the western interior of North America. Adults display the characteristic ragged wing margins and comma-shaped silver marking on the hindwing underside shared with other Polygonia species. The subspecies is distinguished from other P. gracilis populations by geographic range and subtle phenotypic differences.
Polygonia satyrus
Satyr Comma, Satyr Anglewing
Polygonia satyrus, commonly known as the satyr comma or satyr anglewing, is a North American butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is primarily distributed in western Canada and bears close resemblance to Polygonia comma, with which it is frequently confused. The species is locally common within its range. Its caterpillars feed on Urtica gracilis, the American stinging nettle.
Preponini
Preponini is a tribe of butterflies within the subfamily Charaxinae (Nymphalidae), comprising approximately 22 recognized species. Molecular systematics studies have significantly revised the group's classification: Anaeomorpha splendida was excluded to maintain tribal monophyly (reinstated as tribe Anaeomorphini), Noreppa was synonymized with Archaeoprepona, and Agrias was synonymized with Prepona. The tribe is distributed in the Neotropical region and includes some of the region's most visually striking butterflies.
Pteronymia
Clearwing butterflies
A genus of clearwing butterflies in the tribe Ithomiini, characterized by reduced wing scaling that creates transparent or semi-transparent wing areas. The genus contains approximately 40 described species distributed in the Neotropics. Members exhibit Müllerian mimicry with other ithomiine genera and are active during daylight hours.
Satyrini
Alpines, Arctics, Nymphs, Satyrs, Graylings, Ringlets
Satyrini is the largest tribe in the subfamily Satyrinae, containing approximately 2,200 species of butterflies. The group includes well-known butterflies such as graylings, ringlets, and satyrs. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies have substantially revised the tribe's taxonomy, incorporating many genera formerly placed in the tribe Elymniini. The tribe's evolutionary history is closely tied to the diversification of grasses.
Siproeta
Malachite and Pages, Malachite
Siproeta is a genus of brush-footed butterflies (family Nymphalidae) comprising three recognized species found in the Neotropical region. The genus includes the well-known Malachite butterfly (Siproeta stelenes), named for its striking green coloration resembling the mineral malachite. These butterflies occur from Central America through South America, with some species extending into the Caribbean and occasionally reaching extreme southern Florida and Texas. Adults are long-lived and exhibit distinctive behaviors including hilltopping aggregations for mating.
Siproeta epaphus
Rusty-tipped Page, Brown Siproeta
Siproeta epaphus, commonly known as the rusty-tipped page or brown siproeta, is a New World butterfly species in the family Nymphalidae. It is a tropical butterfly with large wings averaging 7.0–7.5 cm in wingspan, characterized by striking black, brown, white, and rusty orange coloration. The species is resident year-round in tropical habitats and ranges from southern North America through Central America to central South America. Three subspecies are recognized, with the nominate subspecies S. epaphus epaphus being the most widespread and displaying the characteristic rusty orange wing tips.
Siproeta stelenes
Malachite
Siproeta stelenes, commonly known as the malachite, is a neotropical brush-footed butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is named for the mineral malachite due to the brilliant green or yellow-green coloration on the upperside of its wings. The species ranges from Brazil through Central America to Mexico, with populations also established in southern Florida, southern Texas, and several Caribbean islands. Adults are long-lived and feed on diverse carbohydrate sources including flower nectar, rotting fruit, and even carrion. Larvae feed on plants in the family Acanthaceae.
Smyrna
Smyrna is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, distributed from Mexico through Central America to South America. The genus was established by Jacob Hübner in 1823 and belongs to the tribe Coeini within the subfamily Nymphalinae. Species in this genus are medium-sized brush-footed butterflies with distinctive wing patterns.
Speyeria
greater fritillaries
Speyeria is a genus of approximately 19 species of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, commonly known as greater fritillaries. The genus was reestablished as separate from Argynnis in 2017 based on phylogenetic evidence. Three species occur in Eurasia and 16 in North America. Species are univoltine, with larvae feeding exclusively on native violets (Viola spp.) and adults nectaring on diverse flowers. Several species and subspecies are threatened or endangered due to habitat loss and climate change.
Speyeria aphrodite
Speyeria aphrodite is a butterfly species in the family Nymphalidae, native to North America. It belongs to a genus commonly known as greater fritillaries, characterized by their orange-brown wing coloration with black markings and silver spots on the underside. The species has been documented in Canadian provinces including Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan, as well as in Vermont, USA.
Speyeria atlantis
Atlantis fritillary
Speyeria atlantis, the Atlantis fritillary, is a North American brush-footed butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It ranges from Newfoundland and Labrador across northern Canada to British Columbia, and south through the northern United States to Colorado and West Virginia. The species is listed as endangered in Connecticut and shows sensitivity to climate warming trends. Research demonstrates that adults rely primarily on visual senses to navigate to suitable habitat patches across fragmented landscapes.
Speyeria callippe calgariana
Callippe Fritillary
Speyeria callippe calgariana is a subspecies of fritillary butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is currently recognized as a synonym of Speyeria nevadensis. The subspecies was described by McDunnough in 1924. Like other Speyeria species, it belongs to a genus characterized by close ecological relationships with violet host plants and distinctive orange and black wing patterns.
Speyeria callippe callippe
Callippe Fritillary
Speyeria callippe callippe is a subspecies of fritillary butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It belongs to the greater fritillary genus Speyeria, which includes species known for their close ecological association with violets (Viola spp.) as larval host plants. The subspecies is native to western North America. Related Speyeria species have been demonstrated to rely primarily on visual cues for navigation to suitable habitat patches.
Speyeria callippe comstocki
Comstock's Callippe Fritillary
Speyeria callippe comstocki is a subspecies of the Callippe fritillary butterfly, endemic to the Canadian prairies. It belongs to the greater fritillary group (genus Speyeria), characterized by silvery spots on the wing undersides and obligate associations with violet host plants. The subspecies is distinguished from other S. callippe populations by geographic isolation in the northern Great Plains. Like other Speyeria species, adults are strong fliers that rely primarily on vision for habitat navigation.
Speyeria callippe gallatini
Speyeria callippe gallatini is a subspecies of fritillary butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. The taxon is currently recognized as a synonym of Speyeria nevadensis. It was described by McDunnough in 1929. No specific biological information for this subspecies is documented in the provided sources.
Speyeria callippe macaria
Speyeria callippe macaria is a subspecies of the callippe fritillary butterfly, a member of the Nymphalidae family. This subspecies was named in honor of California lepidopterist Charles "Chuck" Hageman, who conducted extensive field research on California butterflies. The species is part of the Speyeria genus, commonly known as greater fritillaries, which are characterized by their close ecological relationship with violet host plants.
Speyeria callippe meadii
Speyeria callippe meadii is a subspecies of the Callippe fritillary butterfly, a member of the brush-footed butterfly family Nymphalidae. It belongs to the greater fritillary genus Speyeria, which comprises large, orange-brown butterflies with distinctive silvery spots on the wing undersides. The subspecies was described by W.H. Edwards in 1872. Like other Speyeria fritillaries, it maintains an obligate relationship with violet plants (Viola spp.) as larval host plants.
Speyeria coronis
Coronis fritillary
Speyeria coronis, the Coronis fritillary, is a North American butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It ranges from Baja California to Washington and eastward to Colorado and western South Dakota, with one historical report from Alberta. The species exhibits apparent migratory behavior in central Washington populations. Larvae feed on Viola species.
Speyeria cybele
Great Spangled Fritillary
Speyeria cybele, the great spangled fritillary, is a large brush-footed butterfly native to North America. Adults have a wingspan of 2.25 to 4 inches, with orange-brown upper wings marked by black chevrons and distinctive silvery spots on the undersides. The species exhibits pronounced geographic variation: eastern populations are more orange, while western populations are browner. Females are slightly darker than males and have longer lifespans, often surviving into October. The butterfly has an obligate relationship with violets (Viola spp.) as larval host plants. Research has demonstrated that S. cybele relies primarily on vision for habitat detection and navigation, with flash-blinded individuals showing 30 times lower success in locating habitat patches.
Speyeria cybele charlottii
Charlottesville great spangled fritillary
Speyeria cybele charlottii is a subspecies of the great spangled fritillary butterfly, distinguished from other S. cybele populations by geographic occurrence in the eastern United States. The parent species is a large, orange and black butterfly with silvery spots on the undersides of its wings. Adults are strong, fast fliers that nectar on a wide range of flowers. The subspecific name references Charlottesville, Virginia.
Speyeria cybele krautwurmi
Great Spangled Fritillary
Speyeria cybele krautwurmi is a subspecies of the great spangled fritillary butterfly, recognized by Holland in 1931. It belongs to a species complex known for visual-based navigation to habitat patches and close ecological ties to violet host plants. The subspecies occurs in northern North America, with records from the Canadian Prairie provinces and Vermont.
Speyeria cybele leto
Great Spangled Fritillary (subspecies)
Speyeria cybele leto is a subspecies of the great spangled fritillary butterfly, a large and striking member of the brush-footed butterfly family Nymphalidae. This subspecies belongs to a species complex renowned for its silvery wing spots and close ecological association with violets as larval host plants. Research on Speyeria cybele has demonstrated that visual perception is the primary sense used for navigation to suitable habitat patches, with individuals capable of detecting and orienting toward habitat from distances of at least 60 meters. The species exhibits pronounced geographic variation in coloration, with western populations typically browner than their more orange eastern counterparts.
Speyeria cybele novascotiae
Great Spangled Fritillary
Speyeria cybele novascotiae is a subspecies of the great spangled fritillary, a large brush-footed butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. This subspecies occurs in northern North America, including the Canadian provinces of Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan, as well as Vermont in the United States. Like other members of Speyeria cybele, adults exhibit strong visual-based navigation abilities to locate suitable habitat patches across fragmented landscapes.
Speyeria cybele pugetensis
great spangled fritillary
Speyeria cybele pugetensis is a western North American subspecies of the great spangled fritillary, a large orange and black butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It was described by F. Chermock and Frechin in 1947. Like other members of the Speyeria cybele complex, this subspecies exhibits strong visual navigation abilities for locating habitat patches and maintains a close ecological association with violets (Viola spp.) as larval host plants.
Speyeria hesperis
northwestern fritillary
Speyeria hesperis, the northwestern fritillary, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is relatively small for a fritillary, with distinctive bright orange uppersides in males and yellow in females. The species is found in the northwestern United States and western Canada. Its taxonomic status has been debated, with some sources treating it as a synonym of Speyeria atlantis.
Speyeria hesperis dennisi
Dennis' Fritillary
Speyeria hesperis dennisi is a subspecies of fritillary butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. As a member of the genus Speyeria, it belongs to a group of large, orange and black butterflies commonly known as greater fritillaries. The subspecies epithet "dennisi" honors an individual associated with its discovery or study. Like other Speyeria species, it is likely associated with violet family plants (Violaceae) for larval development, though specific ecological details for this subspecies are not well documented in the provided sources.
Speyeria hesperis hutchinsi
Speyeria hesperis hutchinsi is a subspecies of fritillary butterfly described in 1947. It is currently treated as a synonym of Speyeria atlantis, indicating taxonomic uncertainty or reclassification. The species belongs to the genus Speyeria, commonly known as greater fritillaries, which are large, orange-brown butterflies with silvery spots on the wing undersides.
Speyeria hesperis irene
Speyeria hesperis irene is a subspecies of the Hesperis fritillary, a North American butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It belongs to the greater fritillary group within the genus Speyeria, which are medium to large butterflies with characteristic silver spots on the undersides of their wings. The subspecies designation indicates geographic variation within the broader species S. hesperis. Like other Speyeria species, it is associated with violets (Viola spp.) as larval host plants. GBIF currently lists this taxon as a synonym of Speyeria atlantis, reflecting ongoing taxonomic revision in this complex group.
Speyeria hesperis lurana
Speyeria hesperis lurana is a subspecies of the northwestern fritillary butterfly described by Passos and Grey in 1945. It belongs to the genus Speyeria, commonly known as the greater fritillaries, which are medium to large orange and black butterflies distributed across North America. The subspecific status indicates it represents a geographically isolated population with distinguishing characteristics from the nominate subspecies.
Speyeria hesperis nausicaa
Speyeria hesperis nausicaa is a subspecies of the northwestern fritillary butterfly, first described by W.H. Edwards in 1874. It is currently recognized as a synonym of Speyeria atlantis. The species belongs to the brush-footed butterfly family Nymphalidae. Research on related Speyeria species has demonstrated that visual perception is the primary sense used for navigation to suitable habitat patches.
Speyeria hesperis ratonensis
Speyeria hesperis ratonensis is a subspecies of fritillary butterfly described by Scott in 1981. It belongs to the genus Speyeria, commonly known as greater fritillaries, which are characterized by their orange and black wing patterns and violet-feeding larvae. The subspecies epithet "ratonensis" suggests an association with Raton, New Mexico or the Raton Mesa region. Like other Speyeria species, it is expected to exhibit visual-based navigation to locate suitable habitat patches, though specific studies on this subspecies are lacking.
Speyeria hesperis tetonia
Speyeria hesperis tetonia is a subspecies of fritillary butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It was described by Passos and Grey in 1945. The taxon is currently listed as a synonym of Speyeria atlantis in GBIF, indicating taxonomic uncertainty or reclassification. Like other Speyeria species, it belongs to a genus of greater fritillaries found across North America.
Speyeria mormonia bischoffii
Speyeria mormonia bischoffii is a subspecies of Mormon fritillary butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is part of the greater fritillary genus Speyeria, which includes numerous species distributed across North America. Like other Speyeria, it likely exhibits the characteristic orange and black wing patterning with silvery spots on the undersides typical of the genus. The subspecific epithet honors an individual associated with its discovery or study.
Speyeria mormonia opis
Mormon Fritillary
Speyeria mormonia opis is a subspecies of the Mormon fritillary butterfly, recognized by GBIF and Catalogue of Life as an accepted taxon. It belongs to the genus Speyeria, commonly known as the greater fritillaries. The subspecies is present in the Canadian provinces of Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan. As a member of the Nymphalidae family, it shares traits with other fritillaries including a close larval association with violet host plants.
Speyeria mormonia washingtonia
Washington's Fritillary
Speyeria mormonia washingtonia is a subspecies of Mormon fritillary butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It belongs to a genus of greater fritillaries known for their close ecological association with violet host plants. As a subspecies, it represents a geographically distinct population within the broader Speyeria mormonia species complex found in western North America.
Speyeria nokomis
Nokomis fritillary
Speyeria nokomis, the Nokomis fritillary, is a North American butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. The species has a highly specialized relationship with its host plant, with larvae feeding exclusively on northern bog violet (Viola nephrophylla). It is currently recognized with nine subspecies, including the imperiled Carson Valley silverpot butterfly (S. n. carsonensis), which has experienced significant population declines. Conservation efforts focus on habitat restoration through propagation of its obligate host plant.
Vanessa annabella
West Coast Lady
The West Coast Lady is one of three North American "painted lady" butterflies, endemic to western North America. Long-term monitoring by UC Davis researcher Art Shapiro since 1972 documents this species as in conspicuous decline across its California range, with populations dwindling even in urban and weedy habitats where it was once abundant. The species is known to overwinter as adults in mild climates, emerging on warm winter days to nectar.
Vanessa virginiensis
American Lady, American Painted Lady
Vanessa virginiensis, commonly known as the American Lady or American Painted Lady, is a widespread butterfly found throughout North America. It belongs to the brush-footed butterfly family Nymphalidae and is closely related to the Painted Lady (Vanessa cardui) and the Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta). The species is known for its distinctive wing patterns and its habit of feeding on flower nectar. Unlike some of its Vanessa relatives, the American Lady is not strongly migratory in the mass-movement sense, though it does expand its range seasonally.