Scrophulariaceae
Guides
Cionini
Cionini is a tribe of weevils (Curculionidae: Curculioninae) distributed across the Palaearctic region. The tribe includes at least two well-studied genera, Cionus and Stereonychus, with 61 species currently recognized in Cionus alone. Larvae of this tribe exhibit distinctive morphological features that distinguish them from related groups, including reduced numbers of cranial and epipharyngeal setae, one-segmented labial palpi, absent labral rods, and swollen pedal lobes. Members are primarily associated with plants in the family Scrophulariaceae.
Cionus
Target Weevils
Cionus is a genus of weevils in the family Curculionidae, tribe Cionini, established by Clairville in 1798. The genus is distributed across the Palaearctic, Afrotropical, and Oriental regions, with over 100 recognized species including 61 Palaearctic and 52 Afrotropical species. Several species are associated with plants in the family Scrophulariaceae, particularly genera Scrophularia and Verbascum.
Euphydryas chalcedona chalcedona
Chalcedon Checkerspot
Euphydryas chalcedona chalcedona is a subspecies of checkerspot butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. The larvae are oligophagous, feeding primarily on plants in the Scrophulariaceae family including Diplacus aurantiacus and Scrophularia californica. Populations show geographic variation in host plant use and specialization, with some colonies being monophagous on single Penstemon species while others use multiple hosts. The subspecies has been the subject of extensive research on insect-plant coevolution, host preference, and population biology.
Gimnomera
Gimnomera is a genus of flies in the family Scathophagidae, established by Rondani in 1866. The genus includes at least eight Nearctic species, three of which were described as new in a 2020 revision. Larvae of studied species feed on reproductive structures of specific host plants in the Scrophulariaceae family, with life cycles tightly synchronized to host phenology. Adults are predaceous on small insects.