Asia
Guides
Acroneuria
common stoneflies
Acroneuria is a genus of large-bodied stoneflies in the family Perlidae, containing more than 30 described species distributed across North America and Asia. Nymphs are predatory and inhabit streams and rivers, where they serve as important bioindicators of water quality. Adults are known for distinctive emergence behaviors, including arboreal emergence in some species. Several species in the genus are experiencing range contractions and population declines due to habitat degradation and climate change.
Agalliini
Agalliini is a tribe of leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) within subfamily Megophthalminae, established by Kirkaldy in 1901. Members are distributed across Asia, with documented species in China (Guizhou, Yunnan), Pakistan, and Vietnam. The tribe has been subject to recent taxonomic revision, including descriptions of new genera and species based primarily on male genitalia characters. Species-level identification relies heavily on aedeagal morphology and pygofer structure.
Agrilus planipennis
Emerald Ash Borer, EAB
Agrilus planipennis, the emerald ash borer, is a highly destructive invasive beetle native to northeastern Asia. First detected in North America in 2002 (Michigan) and European Russia in 2003, it has since spread to 36 U.S. states, five Canadian provinces, and across Eastern Europe. The species has killed hundreds of millions of ash trees, causing severe ecological and economic damage. In its native range, it occurs at low densities without significant tree mortality; in invaded regions, it typically kills over 90% of ash trees within 2–4 years of establishment.
Amara aenea
Common Sun Beetle
Amara aenea, commonly known as the common sun beetle, is a ground beetle species in the family Carabidae. It occurs across almost all of Europe and Northern Asia, with its range extending into parts of Northern Africa. Adults are predatory, feeding on insects including agricultural pests such as apple maggot and soybean aphid. The species has been studied for potential use in integrated pest management programs.
Ambrosiophilus atratus
Black Bark Weevil
Ambrosiophilus atratus is a non-native ambrosia beetle in the weevil family Curculionidae, subfamily Scolytinae. First recorded in Europe in Slovenia in 2017 during monitoring surveys for invasive ambrosia beetles. The species is distinguished by pronounced asperities covering the entire pronotum surface. Native to North America and Southern Asia, it has established populations in Europe through human-mediated introduction.
Ampulichomorpha
Ampulichomorpha is a genus of cockroach wasps in the family Ampulicidae. These solitary wasps are characterized by their specialized predatory behavior targeting cockroaches. The genus represents a distinct lineage within the ampulicid wasps, with species distributed across parts of Asia.
Anapistula
Anapistula is a genus of minute araneomorph spiders in the family Symphytognathidae, established by Gertsch in 1941. The genus comprises 28 described species distributed across tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, South America, and Europe. Members exhibit diverse habitat preferences: approximately 18 species occur in leaf litter, soil, and mosses, while seven are obligate cave-dwellers (troglobites) and one inhabits cave entrances. The genus includes some of the smallest spiders known, with A. ataecina from Portugal representing both the first European record of the family and one of the smallest described spider species.
Apertochrysa
Apertochrysa is a genus of green lacewings in the family Chrysopidae, comprising 183 described species. The genus has undergone substantial taxonomic revision, having been previously classified under the names Navasius, Dichochrysa, and Pseudomallada before being synonymized under Apertochrysa in 2021. It is a subcosmopolitan genus with the majority of species distributed in the Palearctic region, particularly Asia and Africa. Species in this genus are predators of soft-bodied insects and some exhibit debris-carrying behavior as larvae.
Aproaerema
Aproaerema is a genus of gelechiid moths in the subfamily Anacampsinae. The genus contains at least 11 described species distributed across Africa, Asia, and Europe. Several species are significant agricultural pests, notably Aproaerema modicella (groundnut leaf miner), which causes severe yield losses in groundnut and soybean crops across South and Southeast Asia and has recently invaded Africa. The genus has been subject to taxonomic revision, with molecular and behavioral evidence suggesting relationships among A. modicella, A. simplexella, and related taxa require re-examination.
Arctogeophilus
Arctogeophilus is a genus of soil centipedes in the family Geophilidae, comprising fourteen species distributed across subarctic and temperate regions of Asia, North America, and western Europe. First described as a subgenus by Carl Attems in 1909 and elevated to genus rank by Henri Ribaut in 1910, its name references the northern distribution toward Ursa Major. Species range from 11 mm to 50 mm in length and possess 35 to 69 pairs of legs.
centipedesoil-dwellingsubarctictemperateGeophilidaeGeophilomorphaChilopodaMyriapodaArthropodanorthern-distributionelongate-headforcipule-denticlesvariable-leg-number14-speciesAttems-1909Ribaut-1910AsiaNorth-AmericaEuropephylogenetic-sister-to-AlloschizotaeniaPachymeriumSchendyloidescarpophagus-absentultimate-legs-longer-than-penultimatescattered-pores-on-ultimate-legs11-50-mm-length35-69-leg-pairsA.-sachalinus-smallA.-wolfi-smallA.-melanonotus-largeA.-macrocephalus-fewest-legsA.-atopus-most-legsA.-glacialis-phylogenetic-representativeArctogeophilus-atopusArctogeophilus-attemsiArctogeophilus-corvallisArctogeophilus-fulvusArctogeophilus-glacialisArctogeophilus-inopinatusArctogeophilus-insularisArctogeophilus-macrocephalusArctogeophilus-melanonotusArctogeophilus-quadratusArctogeophilus-sachalinusArctogeophilus-shelfordiArctogeophilus-umbraticusArctogeophilus-wolfiArthropleidae
flatheaded mayflies
Arthropleidae is a family of mayflies in the order Ephemeroptera, characterized by flattened heads. The family contains at least two genera: the extant Arthroplea and the extinct Electrogenia. Members are aquatic insects with life cycles involving aquatic nymphal stages and short-lived winged adults.
Atheta longicornis
Atheta longicornis is a rove beetle species in the family Staphylinidae, first described by Gravenhorst in 1802. The species has a broad native distribution across Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia, and has been introduced to North America (Canada and the United States), Australia, and other regions. As a member of the hyperdiverse genus Atheta, it inhabits various terrestrial habitats where it contributes to decomposition processes. The species is characterized by its relatively long antennae, which inspired its specific epithet.
Atomaria lederi
silken fungus beetle
Atomaria lederi is a species of silken fungus beetle in the family Cryptophagidae, described by Johnson in 1970. The species has a broad geographic distribution spanning three continents: Europe and Northern Asia (excluding China), North America, and Southern Asia. As a member of the Cryptophagidae, it belongs to a family commonly known as silken fungus beetles due to their association with fungal growth and the silky secretions produced by some species.
Atrichopogon
biting midges, grass punkies
Atrichopogon is a genus of small biting midges in the family Ceratopogonidae, subfamily Forcipomyiinae. Species occur across multiple continents with documented records from the Neotropical region, Patagonia, Europe, and Asia. Some species are ectoparasites of larger insects, while others develop on aquatic vegetation or in terrestrial habitats such as rotting wood. Immature stages show habitat-specific distribution patterns: larvae of A. wirthi occur on water lettuce leaves, and larvae of European Meloehelea subgenus species inhabit rotting pine wood.
Aulogymnus
Aulogymnus is a genus of chalcidoid wasps in the family Eulophidae, first described by Förster in 1851. Members of this genus are small parasitoid wasps, part of a diverse family that primarily parasitizes other insects. The genus has been recorded from Europe and Asia. Specific biological details for the genus as a whole remain poorly documented in accessible literature.
parasitoidEulophidaeChalcidoideaHymenopteraPalearcticwaspsinsectsarthropodsentomologytaxonomyFörster-1851DenmarkSpainTibetChinaEuropeAsiaminute-waspschalcid-waspsEulophinaeTerebrantesApocritaHexapodaAnimaliaArthropodaInsectaAulogymnussmall-waspstiny-waspsparasitic-waspsbiological-controlinsect-parasitoidssystematicsmorphologyidentificationkeysNearcticOrientalXizangcitizen-scienceiNaturalistobservationsrecordsdistributionFörster1851genusacceptedvalidsynonymychalcidoidchalcidchalcidseulophideulophidseulophid-waspseulophinesparasitoid-waspsparasitic-Hymenopterabiological-control-agentsinsect-diversitybiodiversityfaunaentomologicalhymenopteranarthropodhexapodhexapodspterygotepterygotesendopterygoteendopterygotesholometabolousholometabolatiny-insectsminute-insectssmall-insectsmicrohymenopteramicro-waspsmicro-parasitoidsmicro-chalcidsmicro-eulophidswing-venationantennaethoraxdiagnostic-characterstaxonomic-keysidentification-keysgeneric-keysNearctic-faunaEuropean-faunaAsian-faunaTibetan-faunaSpanish-faunaDanish-faunapoorly-knowndata-deficientunderstudiedcryptic-diversityhost-unknownbiology-unknownlife-history-unknownecology-unknowndistribution-recordsoccurrence-recordsspecimen-recordsmuseum-recordsdatabase-recordsGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeNCBIWikipediaUniversal-Chalcidoidea-DatabaseKey-to-Nearctic-eulophid-generaliteraturesourcesreferencescitationsbibliographyoriginal-descriptiontype-speciestype-localitynomenclaturesystematic-entomologyhymenopterologychalcidologyparasitologybiological-control-researchintegrated-pest-managementIPMagricultural-entomologyforest-entomologymedical-entomologyveterinary-entomologyurban-entomologyconservation-entomologyinsect-ecologycommunity-ecologypopulation-ecologybehavioral-ecologyevolutionary-ecologyphylogeneticsphylogenymolecular-systematicsDNA-barcodingtaxonomy-and-phylogenyclassificationbiodiversity-informaticsbiogeographyhistorical-biogeographyphylogeographydispersalvicariancespeciationdiversificationevolutionadaptationnatural-selectionsexual-selectionlife-history-evolutionhost-parasitoid-interactionscoevolutiontritrophic-interactionsfood-websecosystem-servicesnatural-enemiesbiocontrolaugmentative-biological-controlclassical-biological-controlconservation-biological-controlinvasive-species-managementpest-managementsustainable-agricultureorganic-farmingagroecologyecosystem-healthenvironmental-monitoringbioindicatorsindicator-speciesclimate-changeglobal-changehabitat-lossfragmentationconservation-statusIUCNred-listnot-evaluatedresearch-needsknowledge-gapsfuture-researchprioritiesspecimen-collectionvoucheringmuseum-collectionsnatural-history-collectionsdigitizationdata-sharingopen-scienceFAIR-principlescitizen-science-contributionscommunity-sciencepublic-engagementscience-communicationeducationoutreachnatural-historyinsect-watchingwasp-watchingnature-observationbiodiversity-appreciationBorboropsis
Borboropsis is a genus of small flies in the family Heleomyzidae, established by Czerny in 1902. The genus contains at least four described species distributed across Europe and East Asia. Species in this genus are part of a family commonly associated with decaying organic matter and shaded, moist habitats.
Caliscelini
Caliscelini is a tribe of small planthoppers within the family Caliscelidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea). Members are distributed across Asia, with documented genera including bamboo-feeding specialists in southwestern China and taxa from montane regions of Vietnam. The tribe has been studied primarily through taxonomic descriptions of new genera and species, with limited biological data available for most representatives.
Campylomma
mullein bugs
Campylomma is a genus of plant bugs (family Miridae, tribe Nasocorini) comprising at least 12 recognized species. The genus is best known from detailed studies of C. verbasci, the mullein bug, which exhibits a predator-phytophage feeding strategy and has been investigated for pheromone-based mating disruption in orchard systems. Japanese species have been taxonomically revised, with emphasis on genitalic characters for identification. The genus occurs across temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere including North America, Europe, and East Asia.
Capperia
Capperia is a genus of plume moths in the family Pterophoridae, established by Tutt in 1905. Species are small with wingspans ranging from approximately 12.5 to 20.5 mm. The genus is distributed across Europe, extending into parts of Asia including Kazakhstan and Turkey. Members exhibit bivoltine flight periods with adults active in late spring and mid-summer.
Caprella verrucosa
Caprella verrucosa is a marine amphipod species in the family Caprellidae, commonly known as skeleton shrimp. The species was described by Boeck in 1871. It is found in temperate Asian waters, with confirmed records from the South Korean part of the Yellow Sea. Like other caprellids, it exhibits a reduced body plan with elongated pereiopods adapted for clinging to substrates in marine environments.
Carposina fernaldana ottawana
Carposina fernaldana ottawana is a subspecies of moth in the family Carposinidae. The species Carposina fernaldana is known to occur in Asia and has been intercepted at North American ports of entry on imported goods. This subspecies designation indicates geographic variation within the species. The species is associated with Rosaceae hosts, particularly apple.
Chabula
Chabula is a genus of moths in the family Crambidae, subfamily Pyraustinae. The genus was established by Moore in 1886 and contains at least two described species: Chabula acamasalis (described by Walker in 1859) and Chabula vedonalis (described by Swinhoe in 1894). These moths belong to the diverse snout moth group, characterized by their elongated labial palps.
Chabula acamasalis
Chabula acamasalis is a small crambid moth with a wingspan of approximately 20 mm. It occurs across a broad geographic range spanning South Asia, East Asia, and Australia. The species is characterized by dark brown forewings marked with contrasting white patches. First described by Francis Walker in 1859 from a specimen originally placed in the genus Zebronia.
Cicurina japonica
Cicurina japonica is a spider species in the family Cicurinidae, originally described from Japan. It occurs naturally in Korea and Japan and has been introduced to parts of Europe, including Switzerland and Germany, though some European records are marked as doubtful. The species belongs to a genus that includes several cave-dwelling species, though specific habitat details for C. japonica itself are limited in available sources.
Cissuvorini
Cissuvorini is a tribe of clearwing moths within the family Sesiidae, established by Duckworth & Eichlin in 1977. Members of this tribe are distributed across Asia and are characterized by their wasp-mimicking appearance, a trait common to the family. The tribe includes the genus Toleria, among others. A 2020 annotated catalogue documented Asian members with distribution records and available host plant data.
Cnaemidophorus
rose plume moth
Cnaemidophorus is a genus of plume moths in the family Pterophoridae, established by Wallengren in 1862. The genus contains four described species, including the well-known rose plume moth (C. rhododactyla). These moths are characterized by their deeply divided wings, a defining feature of plume moths. The genus has been documented across Europe and parts of Asia.
Coelophora
Coelophora is a genus of ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae) established by Mulsant in 1850, containing approximately 14 described species distributed across Asia, Australia, and surrounding regions. Members of this genus are predominantly aphidophagous predators, with several species studied for their potential as biological control agents in agricultural systems. The genus exhibits notable colour pattern polymorphism, particularly in Coelophora inaequalis, where multiple elytral pattern morphs are controlled by alleles showing mosaic dominance. Some species have been transferred to other genera upon taxonomic revision, such as Coelophora circumusta moved to Phrynocaria.
Contacyphon padi
Contacyphon padi is a species of marsh beetle in the family Scirtidae. It has been recorded across Europe and Northern Asia, excluding China, with additional observations in North America including Canada and the United States. The species is part of a genus of small beetles associated with moist habitats.
Cydalima
Cydalima is a genus of moths in the family Crambidae, subfamily Spilomelinae. The genus contains approximately nine described species, with Cydalima perspectalis (box tree moth) being the most economically and ecologically significant due to its invasive status in Europe and North America. Most species in the genus are native to Asia, with limited documented information available for the majority of species beyond taxonomic descriptions.
Cyrtepistomus
oriental broad-nosed weevils
Cyrtepistomus is a genus of oriental broad-nosed weevils in the family Curculionidae, containing at least 20 described species. The genus is native to Asia, with some species introduced to North America. One well-documented species, Cyrtepistomus castaneus, is known as the Asiatic oak weevil and has established populations feeding on oak trees in North American forests.
Cyrtepistomus castaneus
Asiatic oak weevil, Asian oak weevil
Cyrtepistomus castaneus, commonly known as the Asiatic oak weevil, is an invasive broad-nosed weevil native to Asia that was first detected in North America in 1933. Adults are folivores that feed on oak (Quercus) and red maple (Acer rubrum) leaves, while larvae develop in soil feeding on root hairs. The species has established widespread populations across eastern and central North America.
Desmiphorini
Desmiphorini is a tribe of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) within the subfamily Lamiinae, distributed across the New World and Asia. Members are characterized by distinctive tufts or fascicles of erect hairs (pencils) on the body, often functioning in crypsis against bark or foliage. The tribe includes genera such as Desmiphora, Graphidessa, Miccolamia, and Ceiupaba, with species ranging from minute (Miccolamia minuta, considered the smallest cerambycid in China) to larger forms. Many species exhibit cryptic coloration matching their host substrates, with some showing potential caterpillar mimicry.
Diestrammena
Asian camel cricket, cave cricket, greenhouse camel cricket
Diestrammena is a genus of camel crickets (family Rhaphidophoridae) native to Asia, including Japan, China, and Southeast Asia. Several species have become invasive in North America, particularly in residential basements, garages, and caves. These wingless crickets are characterized by their humpbacked appearance, extraordinarily long antennae, and powerful jumping legs. Research has shown that Asian camel crickets now dominate indoor environments in many parts of the eastern United States, having largely displaced native camel cricket species.
camel-cricketcave-cricketinvasive-speciesbasement-pestAsiaNorth-Americacave-ecosystemscavengerwinglessautotomygut-microbiomekeystone-speciesDiestrammena-japanicaDiestrammena-asynamoraTachycines-asynamorusRhaphidophoridaeOrthopteranocturnalthigmotaxisurban-ecologycave-adaptationmorphological-plasticitycompetitive-displacementgreenhouse-pestfish-baitDinumma
Dinumma is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae, established by Francis Walker in 1858. The genus contains approximately 11 described species distributed across South and Southeast Asia, with one species introduced to North America. Adults exhibit characteristic wing venation and palp structure typical of the subfamily Calpinae. Larvae of at least one species demonstrate unusual aquatic locomotion behavior.
Diplous
Diplous is a genus of ground beetles in the family Carabidae, tribe Patrobini. The genus contains more than 20 described species distributed primarily in boreal North America and Asia. North American Diplous species form a monophyletic group based on morphological and molecular evidence. These beetles are associated with riparian habitats in northern forested regions.
Dolichopus plumipes
Dolichopus plumipes is a long-legged fly in the family Dolichopodidae, characterized by modified male mid tibiae bearing a longitudinal narrow dark streak. The species belongs to the D. plumipes species group, which comprises eleven Palaearctic species distinguished by modified male mid tibiae and/or mid basitarsi. It is a predatory fly active in sunny habitats.
Dracunesia parapolita
Dracunesia parapolita is a species of moth in the family Geometridae, subfamily Larentiinae. It belongs to a genus of small, relatively obscure geometrid moths found in certain regions of Asia. The species was described based on morphological characteristics distinguishing it from related taxa within the genus Dracunesia.
Elgiva solicita
Elgiva solicita is a species of marsh fly in the family Sciomyzidae, distributed across the Palearctic region from Western Europe to Eastern Asia. Adults are medium-sized flies, 6.5–8 mm in length, with distinctive reddish coloration and characteristic markings on the head and abdomen. The species is known from a broad geographic range including most of Europe, North Africa, and extending into Russia and the Eastern Palearctic.
Erastria
Erastria is a genus of geometrid moths erected by Jacob Hübner in 1813. The genus contains approximately 30 described species distributed primarily in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and Asia. Adults are characterized by distinctive morphological features including upturned palpi, minutely ciliated antennae in males, and abdominal dorsal tufts. Larvae possess four pairs of abdominal prolegs, consistent with the family Geometridae.
Eriotremex formosanus
Asian Horntail
Eriotremex formosanus is an Asian horntail wasp (family Siricidae) native to Asia that has been introduced and established in the southeastern United States. Unlike most siricid wasps, which specialize on conifers, this species exhibits unusually broad host associations, utilizing both coniferous and hardwood tree species. Females possess a long ovipositor for drilling into wood and deposit eggs along with fungal symbionts (Amylostereum areolatum) that larvae feed upon during development. The species targets stressed, dying, or recently dead trees rather than healthy timber.
Eubelidae
Eubelid Pill Woodlice
Eubelidae is a family of woodlice (terrestrial isopods) comprising approximately 50 genera. Members are primarily associated with tropical forest habitats, with the highest diversity concentrated in African tropical forests. The family extends to parts of South-East Asia and the Arabian Peninsula, reflecting a disjunct tropical distribution pattern.
Glyphodes pyloalis
lesser mulberry snout moth, lesser mulberry pyralid, beautiful glyphodes moth, mulberry pyralid
Glyphodes pyloalis is a small crambid moth native to Asia that has expanded its range to North America, Africa, and Central Asia. It is a specialist pest of mulberry (Morus spp.), with larvae feeding on leaves and causing significant economic damage to sericulture and mulberry cultivation. The species has shown notable range expansion in recent decades, facilitated by climate warming and wind dispersal. Population dynamics are strongly influenced by temperature extremes, with cold winters causing mass mortality of overwintering larvae.
Gosibius
Gosibius is a genus of lithobiomorph centipedes in the family Lithobiidae, established by Chamberlin in 1912. Members of this genus are epigean (surface-dwelling) stone centipedes found primarily in eastern Asia. Like other lithobiids, they possess 15 pairs of legs as adults and are fast-moving predators of small invertebrates. The genus contains multiple described species, though comprehensive taxonomic revision remains incomplete.
Greenideinae
Greenideinae is a subfamily of aphids (Aphididae) comprising approximately 179 extant species across 18 genera in three tribes: Cervaphidini, Greenideini, and Schoutedeniini. Species are primarily distributed in eastern and southern Asia, with many exhibiting specialized associations with woody host plants, particularly in Fagaceae. The subfamily has been extensively studied for its complex symbiotic relationships with microbial associates, including the primary endosymbiont *Buchnera aphidicola* and diverse secondary symbionts.
Habrophlebiodes
Habrophlebiodes is a genus of mayflies in the family Leptophlebiidae, established by Ulmer in 1920. The genus contains species distributed across Asia and the Americas, with at least four Asian species documented. Asian species include three endemics to China (H. gilliesi, H. tenella, H. zijinensis) plus H. prominens. The genus is divided into two distinct clades with morphological differences separating Asian and American species.
Halticus
fleahoppers, jumping plant bugs
Halticus is a genus of fleahoppers in the family Miridae, containing at least 20 described species. Members are commonly known as jumping plant bugs due to their characteristic leaping behavior. Some species are economically significant agricultural pests, particularly of cotton and sweet potato, while at least one species has been identified as a putative vector of phytoplasma plant pathogens.
Harpalus amputatus
Harpalus amputatus is a ground beetle species in the family Carabidae, described by Thomas Say in 1830. It belongs to the subfamily Harpalinae and is one of numerous species in the large genus Harpalus. The species exhibits a transcontinental distribution spanning northern Asia and North America, with recognized subspecies in Russia, China, Mongolia, and North America. Like other Harpalus species, it is a ground-dwelling beetle typically found in open, dry habitats where it hunts small invertebrates and scavenges opportunistically.
Heleomyza serrata
Heleomyza serrata is a small fly in the family Heleomyzidae, measuring 3–7 mm in body length. The species is distinguished by specific chaetotaxy: setae present on the propleura, multiple pairs of setae on the prothorax, and at most one hair on the mesopleura. Males possess distinctive genitalia with rudimentary aedeagus, unexpanded epandrium base, and surstyles that are much longer than the epandrium and evenly curved throughout their length.
Hendecaneura
Hendecaneura is a genus of tortricid moths in the subfamily Olethreutinae, established by Walsingham in 1900. The genus contains seven described species distributed primarily in Asia and North America. At least one species, H. shawiana, is a documented agricultural pest of blueberry. Most species were described by Walsingham in 1900 from material collected in Asia.
Hesperentomon
Hesperentomon is a genus of minute, soil-dwelling proturans established by Price in 1960. The genus comprises at least 14 described species distributed primarily across Asia, including China, Japan, and Central Asian regions. As members of the family Hesperentomidae, these hexapods lack eyes and antennae, and possess unique abdominal appendages characteristic of the class Protura. Most species have been described since the 1980s, reflecting ongoing taxonomic work on this understudied group.
Hydriris
Hydriris is a genus of pyraloid moths in the tribe Hydririni. Its classification has been disputed, with some authorities placing it in subfamily Spilomelinae and others in Glaphyriinae. The genus contains five described species distributed across parts of Asia and Oceania. Hydriris was established by Edward Meyrick in 1885.
Ismarus
Ismarus is a genus of small parasitoid wasps in the family Ismaridae. These insects are hyperparasitoids, attacking Dryinidae wasps that parasitize leafhoppers, planthoppers, and treehoppers. The genus is rarely collected and poorly known, with species distributed across wooded habitats in Asia, Europe, and other regions. Two new Chinese species were described in 2023 from Yunnan Province.
Javesella
Javesella is a genus of delphacid planthoppers (family Delphacidae) established by Fennah in 1963, containing at least 20 described species. The genus is best known through Javesella pellucida, a significant agricultural pest and virus vector. Species in this genus exhibit wing dimorphism and are associated with grass hosts including cereals.
Kiefferulus
Kiefferulus is a genus of non-biting midges in the family Chironomidae, subfamily Chironominae. Species occur in freshwater habitats across Europe, Asia, and Australia. The genus includes taxa formerly treated as a subgenus of Chironomus. Larval development has been documented to take 8–12 days under laboratory conditions in at least one species.
Leptoglossus
leaf-footed bugs
Leptoglossus is a genus of true bugs in the leaf-footed bug family Coreidae, tribe Anisoscelini. Species are characterized by leaflike dilations of the hind tibia, a diagnostic trait of the genus. The genus is distributed throughout the Americas, with some introduced populations in Europe and Asia. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests, notably L. occidentalis, which has become invasive in multiple continents.
Coreidaeleaf-footed-bugagricultural-pestinvasive-speciessymbiosissexual-dimorphismconifer-pestnuisance-pestBurkholderiatachinid-parasitoidpheromone-communicationbuilding-invadermisidentificationTriatoma-look-alikegradual-metamorphosisseed-predatorforest-pestornamental-pestplumbing-damagepublic-health-confusionChileEuropeNorth-AmericaSouth-AmericaAsiaTurkeyalmond-pestcitrus-pesttomato-pestcorn-pestoverwintering-aggregationdefensive-secretionpheromone-mediated-parasitismegg-parasitoidbiological-controlecological-niche-modelingclimate-suitabilityrange-expansionintroductionaccidental-dispersalseed-orchard-pestgermination-reductionempty-seed-formationcone-damagelodgepole-pineDouglas-firwestern-conifer-seed-bugL.-occidentalisL.-zonatusL.-phyllopusL.-clypealisL.-australisL.-chilensisL.-oppositusmale-combatfemoral-weaponabdominal-glandpheromone-glandtibial-dilationleaf-like-hind-legtrue-bugHemipteraHeteropteraPentatomomorphaAnisosceliniphytophagousplant-feedingstylet-feedingsalivary-sheathoverwinteringdiapausebuilding-entrystructural-pestnuisance-odorflight-sounddroning-flightaggregation-behaviormale-pheromonefemale-choiceparasitoid-hostbiological-control-agentintegrated-pest-managementmonitoringearly-detectionpreventioninvasion-biologyalien-speciesnon-native-pestglobal-spreadclimate-changeniche-modelingsuitable-habitatestablishment-riskquarantinephytosanitaryforest-healthseed-productionreforestationafforestationconifer-forestrypine-seedseed-viabilityeconomic-impactcrop-lossyield-reductionkernel-damagefruit-damagenut-damagevector-of-diseaseChagas-diseasekissing-bugpublic-alarmmisinformationeducationidentification-toolshealth-system-burdenpesticide-overuseurban-ecologydomiciliaryperidomiciliaryAndean-regionPatagoniaMediterraneantemperatesubtropicaltropicalagroecosystemnatural-enemypredatorparasitepathogensymbiontgut-microbiomesoil-ingestionfitness-benefitreproductive-successsperm-morphologytesticular-morphologyaccessory-glandpheromone-blendspecies-specific-odorcherry-scentvanilla-scentcinnamon-scentrose-scentolfactory-communicationmate-locationmate-recognitionsexual-selectionmale-male-competitionweapon-morphologyallometrydevelopmental-plasticitynymphal-instaregg-barrelegg-arrangementlinear-ovipositionleaf-surfaceplant-tissuestylet-penetrationenzymatic-digestionfluid-feedingphloem-feedingxylem-feedingseed-feedingcone-feedingfruit-feedingkernel-feedingnut-feedingcrop-feedinghost-plant-rangepolyphagyoligophagyspecialistgeneralistpest-statusdamage-thresholdeconomic-injury-levelmanagement-strategycultural-controlphysical-controlchemical-controlresistancetolerancehost-plant-resistancemonitoring-traplight-trappopulation-densitydistribution-mapspread-ratecolonizationestablishmentpopulation-dynamicslife-tabledevelopmental-ratethermal-requirementsdegree-daysphenologyvoltinismunivoltinebivoltinemultivoltinegeneration-timeoverwintering-sitehibernaculumshelter-seekingcold-hardinessfreeze-tolerancesupercoolingwater-relationsdesiccation-resistancestarvation-resistancedispersal-abilityflight-capacitywalking-behaviorclimbing-behavioraggregation-pheromonealarm-pheromonestink-glandmetathoracic-glanddorsoabdominal-glandventral-abdominal-glandsexual-glandmorphological-defensechemical-defensemechanical-defenseautotomyleg-losspredation-riskparasitism-riskparasitoid-riskpathogen-riskcompetitionintraspecificinterspecificresource-competitionmating-competitionsperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicereproductive-isolationspeciationphylogenysystematicstaxonomymorphologyanatomyhistologyultrastructurespermatogenesisspermatozoasperm-lengthnuclear-lengthcyst-productionfollicle-numbertestis-structurereproductive-anatomygenitaliamating-behaviorcopulationinseminationovipositionegg-productionfecundityfertilityhatching-successnymphal-survivaladult-longevitysex-ratiooperational-sex-ratiopopulation-sex-ratioeffective-population-sizegenetic-diversitygene-flowpopulation-structurephylogeographybiogeographyhistorical-biogeographyvicariancedispersalrange-shiftrange-contractionaltitudinal-distributionlatitudinal-distributionlongitudinal-distributionisland-distributioncontinental-distributionendemismcosmopolitanismintroduced-rangenative-rangesource-populationfounder-populationinvasion-frontlag-phaseestablishment-phasespread-phaseequilibrium-phaseimpact-assessmentrisk-assessmenthorizon-scanningearly-warningrapid-responseeradicationcontainmentcontrolmanagementadaptationmitigationrestorationconservationbiodiversityecosystem-serviceecosystem-functionfood-webtrophic-levelprimary-consumerherbivorefruit-predatorplant-animal-interactionmutualismantagonismpredationparasitismcommensalismamensalismfacilitationindirect-interactiontrait-mediated-interactiondensity-mediated-interactionbehavioral-ecologyevolutionary-ecologyfunctional-ecologyphysiological-ecologypopulation-ecologycommunity-ecologyecosystem-ecologylandscape-ecologymacroecologyglobal-ecologyapplied-ecologyagricultural-ecologyforest-ecologyconservation-biologyinvasion-ecologyrestoration-ecologypest-managementconserv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nchanmoss-bugarchaeorrhynchanfulgoromorphancicadomorphanmembracoidtreehopperleafhopperplanthopperpsyllidjumping-plant-lousewhiteflyaleyrodidscale-insectcoccoidmealybugaphidadelgidphylloxeransternorrhynchanthysanopteranthripspsocopteranbarklousebooklousephthirapteranlousesucking-lousechewing-lousemallophagananoplurandermapteranearwigblattodeancockroachtermiteisopteranmantodeanmantidphasmidstick-insectleaf-insectorthopterangrasshopperlocustkatydidcricketmole-cricketpygmy-mole-cricketcamel-cricketcave-cricketwetaensiferancaeliferangryllotalpidmyrmecophilidtettigoniidgryllidacrididpamphagidpneumoridlentulidtristirideumastacidproscopiidtridactylidtetrigidgrouse-locustpygmy-grasshopperplecopteranstoneflyembiopteranwebspinnerzorapteranangel-insectdictyopteranLepyronia coleoptrata
European spittlebug
Lepyronia coleoptrata is a spittlebug species in the family Aphrophoridae, native to Europe and Asia and introduced to northeast North America. Adults measure 5.1–7.8 mm and are pale brown with dark wing membranes. The species has one generation per year, with eggs hibernating under bark and larvae emerging in late April to early May. Nymphs produce characteristic foam masses while feeding on plant sap, primarily on lavender and other crops.
Lethe
Pearly-eyes and Allies
Lethe is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, subfamily Satyrinae, established by Jacob Hübner in 1819. The genus includes treebrowns, woodbrowns, foresters, and related species commonly known as the Pearly-eyes and Allies. Species occur across temperate-tropical southern and eastern Asia, extending to Indonesia, with some representatives in North America. The genus name derives from Greek mythology, referencing the river of forgetfulness in the underworld of Hades.
Leucophenga
Leucophenga is a large genus of fruit flies in the family Drosophilidae, comprising at least 240 described species. The genus was established by Mik in 1886 and is classified within the subfamily Steganinae. Species occur across multiple continents with documented diversity in India, northern Europe, and other regions. The genus has received taxonomic attention, including recent species descriptions from northern India.
Lipaphis
Crucifer Aphids
Lipaphis is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, commonly known as crucifer aphids. Species in this genus are specialized feeders on plants in the family Brassicaceae, with some species showing broader host ranges within dicotyledons. The genus includes economically significant pests such as Lipaphis erysimi (mustard aphid) and Lipaphis pseudobrassicae, which cause substantial yield losses in rapeseed, mustard, kale, and other cruciferous crops across multiple continents.
Macrosiphoniella millefolii
Yarrow Aphid
Macrosiphoniella millefolii is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the Yarrow Aphid. It is a specialist herbivore associated with yarrow (Achillea millefolium) and related plants in the Asteraceae family. The species has a broad distribution across Europe and extends into parts of Asia, with two recognized subspecies.
Margarinotus obscurus
clown beetle
Margarinotus obscurus is a species of clown beetle in the family Histeridae. It has a broad geographic distribution spanning multiple continents, with native records across Europe, Northern Asia, Southern Asia, and Africa, and introduced populations in North America. The species was first described by Kugelann in 1792. Like other members of Histeridae, it is associated with decaying organic matter and carrion habitats.
Megacopta
Megacopta is a genus of true bugs in the family Plataspidae, containing at least 25 described species distributed across Asia. The genus is best known for Megacopta cribraria, the kudzu bug, which became an invasive pest in North America after its accidental introduction to Georgia in 2009. Members of this genus are phytophagous, with many species associated with leguminous plants. Several Megacopta species possess obligate bacterial gut symbionts that are essential for normal development and are transmitted via symbiont capsules deposited on egg masses.
Megamelus flavus
Megamelus flavus is a species of delphacid planthopper in the family Delphacidae, described by Crawford in 1914. It belongs to the genus Megamelus, a group of planthoppers associated with aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats. Distribution records indicate presence in northern North America and parts of Asia.
Melanotus cribriventris
Melanotus cribriventris is a species of click beetle (family Elateridae) with documented occurrence in India, Sri Lanka, China, and the USA. The species has a body length of approximately 10 mm, with elytra measuring about 7.5 mm. As a member of the genus Melanotus, it belongs to a group that includes several agricultural pest species known as wireworms in their larval stage.
Merohister
clown beetles
Merohister is a genus of clown beetles in the family Histeridae, established by Reitter in 1909. The genus contains approximately eight described species distributed across Europe and Asia. One species, Merohister ariasi, has been the subject of detailed biological study including descriptions of its larval and nymphal stages. Members of this genus are part of the diverse Histeridae family, which are generally associated with decomposing organic matter.
Meta
Cave Orbweavers
Meta is a genus of long-jawed orb-weaver spiders (family Tetragnathidae) distributed worldwide. These spiders are strongly associated with subterranean and dimly lit environments, including caves, abandoned mines, old wells, basements, and densely shaded ravines. Unlike most tetragnathids, Meta species construct vertical orb webs rather than horizontal ones. The genus includes notable species such as Meta ovalis in North America and Meta menardi in Europe and Asia.
Metriochroa
Metriochroa is a genus of leaf-mining moths in the family Gracillariidae, subfamily Oecophyllembiinae. Species are known from Asia, Africa, and possibly other regions. The genus was established by Busck in 1900. Larvae create leaf mines on host plants. Pupal morphology has been described as diagnostic for distinguishing Oecophyllembiinae from related groups.
Metrioptera
bush crickets, bog bush crickets, meadow bush crickets
Metrioptera is a genus of bush crickets (Tettigoniidae) in the tribe Platycleidini, commonly known as bog and meadow bush crickets. The genus contains approximately 10 species distributed across Eurasia, including notable species such as Metrioptera brachyptera (the bog bush cricket), M. roeselii (Roesel's bush cricket), and M. bicolor. Species within this genus have been extensively studied as model organisms for understanding insect dispersal, population genetics, and acoustic communication. Several species exhibit wing dimorphism, with both fully winged and short-winged or flightless forms occurring within populations.
Microterys
Microterys is a large genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae (Chalcidoidea), with its center of distribution in the northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Species are important natural enemies of various scale insects (Coccoidea), including soft scales (Coccidae), wax scales (Ceroplastes), and mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). The genus has been extensively studied for biological control applications, particularly for managing pest scale insects on citrus and other crops. Several species have been introduced to new regions as biocontrol agents, including Microterys flavus in California.
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Myosides is a genus of weevils in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Entiminae. The genus was established by Roelofs in 1873 and is native to Asia. At least one species, Myosides seriehispidus, is known to have established populations in North America since 2000.
Neoantistea
dwarf sheet spiders
Neoantistea is a genus of dwarf sheet spiders in the family Hahniidae, established by Willis J. Gertsch in 1934. The genus contains approximately 25 species distributed across North America, Mexico, and parts of Asia. These spiders are characterized by their small size, with most adults under 4 mm in body length. Neoantistea is notable within the Hahniinae for being one of the few genera that constructs webs, unlike related genera such as Hahnia and Antistea.
Nipponoserica
May beetles, junebugs
Nipponoserica is a genus of scarab beetles in the family Scarabaeidae, commonly known as May beetles or junebugs. The genus was established by Nomura in 1973 and contains more than 20 described species. A 2022 taxonomic revision described one new species, Nipponoserica daqiao, from China and adjacent areas. The genus belongs to the tribe Sericini within the subfamily Sericinae.
Nomotettix cristatus
crested pygmy grasshopper, crested grouse locust, northern crested grouse locust
Nomotettix cristatus is a small pygmy grasshopper in the family Tetrigidae, commonly known as the crested pygmy grasshopper or crested grouse locust. It is one of approximately 35 Nearctic species of Tetrigidae. The species exhibits three recognized subspecies with distinct geographic distributions across North America. Like other members of its family, it is characterized by an elongated pronotum that extends over the abdomen, a trait distinguishing pygmy grasshoppers from typical grasshoppers in Acrididae.
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glabriculus
Octotemnus glabriculus is a minute tree-fungus beetle in the family Ciidae. It is a specialist fungivore that feeds on the bracket fungus Coriolus versicolor. Its feeding activity significantly reduces the host fungus's reproductive fitness by damaging the spore-producing hymenium. The species occurs across Europe and Northern Asia, including Kazakhstan.
Oditinae
Oditinae is a subfamily of small moths within the family Depressariidae, established by Lvovsky in 1996. The subfamily includes genera such as Odites and Amphitrias. Some taxonomic sources alternatively place Oditinae within Peleopodidae, reflecting ongoing classification debate. Members are primarily documented from Asia, with taxonomic studies focused on species-level revisions.
Odontiinae
Odontiinae is a subfamily of moths in the family Crambidae, containing approximately 100 genera organized into three tribes: Hercynini, Eurrhypini, and Odontiini. The subfamily exhibits a distinctive biogeographic pattern with exceptional diversity in arid and semi-arid regions, particularly in southwestern North America and western/central Asia. North American species show strong southwestern eremic specialization, with 34 of 57 species restricted to arid habitats, contrasting with depauperate eastern faunas. The group includes both widespread temperate species and highly restricted endemics in alpine and desert environments.
Oedipodinae
Bandwing Grasshoppers, band-winged grasshoppers
Oedipodinae, commonly known as bandwing grasshoppers, is a subfamily of grasshoppers within the family Acrididae. Members are characterized by colorful, often banded hindwings that are typically concealed at rest but revealed during flight. The subfamily has a worldwide distribution and includes many species adapted to xeric and open habitats. Some Oedipodinae species are among the most economically important locusts, capable of forming dense migratory swarms that cause extensive agricultural damage.
Oreta
Oreta is a genus of hook-tip moths in the family Drepanidae, established by Francis Walker in 1855. The genus contains approximately 50 described species distributed across Asia, organized into seven recognized species groups based on morphological characteristics. Species are primarily found in tropical and subtropical regions of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent.
Oxya
Rice Grasshoppers
Oxya is a genus of grasshoppers in the family Acrididae, distributed across Africa and Asia. Several species, including O. chinensis and O. japonica, are significant agricultural pests of rice and other cereal crops, earning the group the common name "rice grasshoppers." The genus is taxonomically placed in the subfamily Oxyinae and tribe Oxyini. Some species have been introduced to Pacific islands and Australia.
Paralimnus phragmitis
A leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Deltocephalinae. The specific epithet 'phragmitis' references its association with Phragmites (common reed). Records indicate presence in Europe and parts of Asia, with observations from England, Apulia (Italy), Karelia (Russia), Chuvash Republic (Russia), and Khuzestan (Iran). The species is part of the tribe Paralimnini, which contains leafhoppers typically associated with wetland or grassland habitats.
Parasteatoda tabulata
Wandering House Cobweaver
Parasteatoda tabulata is a cobweb spider in the family Theridiidae, first described by H. W. Levi in 1980. It is native to tropical Asia but has been introduced to North America, Europe, and temperate Asia including China, Korea, and Japan. The species belongs to a genus closely related to the Common House Spider (Parasteatoda tepidariorum) and shares similar web-building habits.
Patania
mother of pearl moth
Patania is a genus of moths in the family Crambidae, subfamily Spilomelinae, established by Frederic Moore in 1888. The genus was long treated as a junior synonym of Syllepte but was reinstated as valid in 2007, rendering Pleuroptya a junior subjective synonym. The genus contains multiple species across Asia and Europe, with some species recently transferred to the reinstated genus Nagiella.
Phaneroptera nr-nana
Phaneroptera nr-nana is a bush-cricket species within the genus Phaneroptera, a group of katydids found across Europe and Asia. The "nr" designation indicates this taxon is near Phaneroptera nana but has not been formally described or confirmed as that species. Members of this genus are typically florivorous, feeding on flowers rather than leaves.
Phlaeopterus
Phlaeopterus is a genus of omaliine rove beetles containing 22 species distributed across northwestern North America and eastern Asia. The genus exhibits notable evolutionary transitions in body size, with two independent origins of large-bodied adults (exceeding 5 mm) from a small-bodied common ancestor. Large-bodied species are exclusively associated with alpine snowfield habitats, though statistical support for this correlation remains unconfirmed. The genus is monophyletic based on combined molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyses.
Phortica
Phortica is a genus of small flies in the family Drosophilidae, subfamily Steganinae. Several species are medically significant as biological vectors of the zoonotic eyeworm Thelazia callipaeda, which causes ocular infections in humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. The genus includes at least five species in Europe and the Middle East, with P. variegata and P. okadai being the best-documented vectors. These flies exhibit unusual zoophilic feeding behaviors, including lachryphagy (tear-feeding) in adult males of some species. The genus has gained increasing attention due to climate-driven range shifts and expanding transmission of thelaziosis.
Piratula
Piratula is a genus of wolf spiders (Lycosidae) established by Roewer in 1960. The genus comprises 26 recognized species distributed primarily across Asia, with additional species in Europe and North America. Species inhabit diverse habitats from wetlands to montane regions.
Plectrocnemia
tube maker caddisflies
Plectrocnemia is a genus of tube maker caddisflies in the family Polycentropodidae comprising more than 120 described species. Larvae are aquatic predators that construct silken capture nets to intercept prey. The genus has been extensively studied for its larval silk production, vibration-mediated predatory behavior, and population genetics. Species occur across Europe and into western Asia, with detailed biological information available for several well-studied species including P. conspersa and P. brevis.
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netspinning caddisflies
Potamyia is a genus of netspinning caddisflies in the family Hydropsychidae, containing more than 20 described species. Larvae are aquatic and inhabit streams, with five instars characterized by progressive increases in head capsule width. They are omnivorous filter-feeders that consume diatoms, green algae, filamentous algae, detritus, and arthropod fragments. The genus is distributed across Asia, with documented species in Thailand, China, and other regions.
Psamathia
Psamathia is a genus of moths in the family Uraniidae, subfamily Epipleminae. The genus was established by Francis Walker in 1861. Species in this genus are found in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in Asia. The genus belongs to a family known for moths with distinctive wing shapes and often iridescent coloration.
Pseudeuophrys erratica
Black-palped Jumping Spider
Pseudeuophrys erratica is a small jumping spider native to Europe and Asia that has been introduced to the eastern and western United States. Unlike its congener P. lanigera, which is abundant in and around buildings, P. erratica is uncommon and prefers natural habitats. Adults are active primarily in spring and summer, with females persisting into autumn.
Psylliodes napi
turnip flea beetle, cabbage-stem flea beetle
Psylliodes napi is a flea beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, widely distributed across Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. The species is associated with brassicaceous host plants and is recognized as an agricultural pest of turnip and related crops. Two subspecies are recognized: P. n. napi and P. n. flavicornis.
Pterallastes
Pterallastes is a genus of bee-mimicking hoverflies (family Syrphidae) described by Loew in 1863. The genus contains four recognized species with a disjunct distribution: one species in North America (P. thoracicus), one in Japan (P. unicolor), and two in China (P. bomboides, P. bettyae). These flies exhibit Batesian mimicry of bees, a common defensive strategy in the subfamily Eristalinae.
Pterostichus empetricola
Pterostichus empetricola is a species of woodland ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is distributed across the Holarctic region, with records from Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America including Alaska, Canada, and the United States. The species is part of the diverse genus Pterostichus, which contains numerous ground beetle species.
Pyrrhalta viburni
Viburnum leaf beetle
Pyrrhalta viburni, the viburnum leaf beetle, is a Eurasian leaf beetle (Chrysomelidae) that has become a significant invasive pest in North America. Native to Europe and Asia, it was first detected in Canada in 1947 and spread to the northeastern United States by 1996. The beetle is a specialist herbivore of Viburnum shrubs, with both larvae and adults feeding on foliage. Severe infestations can completely defoliate host plants, leading to plant decline or death. The species exhibits distinctive aggregative oviposition behavior, with females preferentially laying eggs on twigs already containing conspecific egg masses.
Reptalus
Reptalus is a genus of planthoppers in the family Cixiidae, established by Emeljanov in 1971. Species in this genus are widely distributed across Europe and parts of Asia, with documented occurrences in European Russia, Kazakhstan, Korea, and Serbia. Multiple Reptalus species have been implicated as vectors of phytoplasma plant pathogens, particularly 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani', which causes economically significant diseases such as potato stolbur. The genus exhibits sexual dimorphism in some species, and identification traditionally requires examination of male genitalia, limiting identification of females and nymphs.
Rhinoncomimus
Rhinoncomimus is a genus of minute seed weevils in the family Curculionidae, established by Wagner in 1940. The genus comprises approximately eight described species distributed in Eastern Asia, with China representing a center of diversity. One species, R. latipes (the mile-a-minute weevil), has been extensively studied and deployed as a biological control agent for the invasive vine Persicaria perfoliata in North America. The genus is characterized by host associations with Polygonaceae, particularly Persicaria and Polygonum species.
Rhopalum clavipes
Rhopalum clavipes is a species of square-headed wasp in the family Crabronidae. It is native to Europe and Northern Asia, and has been introduced to North America where it is now widespread. The species has been documented with a unique phoretic association with the dipteran Ptychoneura minuta, whose eggs are attached to the thorax of adult female wasps.
Saldoida
Saldoida is a genus of shore bugs in the family Saldidae, established by Osborn in 1901. The genus comprises five described species distributed across Asia and Australia. At least one species, S. armata, exhibits distinctive ant-mimicry morphology with thoracic horns. Members inhabit damp areas adjacent to freshwater sources.
Sasajiscymnus
Sasajiscymnus is a genus of small lady beetles (Coccinellidae) established by Vandenberg in 2004. The genus contains over 100 species distributed across Asia, Africa, and Oceania. Molecular evidence suggests an origin in the Late Cretaceous, approximately 78 million years ago. The genus includes S. tsugae, which has been widely studied and deployed as a biological control agent against the hemlock woolly adelgid in North America.
Scirtothrips
leaf-feeding thrips, citrus thrips, chilli thrips
Scirtothrips is a genus of leaf-feeding thrips in the family Thripidae, established by Shull in 1909. The genus includes economically significant pest species such as the chilli thrips (S. dorsalis), citrus thrips (S. citri), and South African citrus thrips (S. aurantii), which damage agricultural crops through piercing-sucking feeding on tender leaves, buds, and fruit. Species exhibit diverse host associations ranging from highly host-specific forms on endemic Australian Acacia to broadly polyphagous invasive pests. The genus has undergone taxonomic revision, with Labiothrips synonymised under Scirtothrips.
Scrobipalpa artemisiella
thyme moth
Scrobipalpa artemisiella, commonly known as the thyme moth, is a small gelechiid moth with a wingspan of 10–12 mm. The species is widely distributed across Europe, Asia, and has unconfirmed records from North America. Adults are active in summer, and larvae are specialized feeders on thyme and related aromatic herbs.
Scythropiodes
Scythropiodes is a genus of small moths in the family Peleopodidae (subfamily Oditinae), established by Matsumura in 1931. The genus is distributed across Asia, with the majority of described species occurring in China. Taxonomic research has focused primarily on morphological characterization and species-level identification using genitalia features. The genus contains at least 15 recognized species, with ongoing revisions adding new taxa.
Scytonotus
Scytonotus is a genus of flat-backed millipedes in the family Polydesmidae, containing approximately 17 described species. The genus was established by C.L. Koch in 1847. Members of this genus are part of the diverse order Polydesmida, which includes millipedes with flattened bodies and lateral extensions of their dorsal plates (paranota). Species in this genus are poorly documented in scientific literature, with limited ecological and behavioral data available.
Sogatella
white-backed planthopper (for S. furcifera)
Sogatella is a genus of delphacid planthoppers in the family Delphacidae, comprising more than 20 described species. The genus was established by Fennah in 1956. The best-studied species, Sogatella furcifera (white-backed planthopper), is a major agricultural pest of rice across Asia. Members of this genus are characterized by their association with rice and grass hosts, with S. furcifera serving as a vector for plant viruses including southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus.
Sophonia
Sophonia is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Evacanthinae. Species in this genus are native to Asia and have been introduced to multiple regions including Hawaii, the continental United States, and Europe. At least one species, Sophonia rufofascia, has become an established pest in Hawaii since its detection in 1987. The genus is characterized by features typical of the Evacanthinae subfamily.
Synchroidae
synchroa bark beetles
Synchroidae is a small family of tenebrionoid beetles containing three extant genera: Mallodrya (monotypic, North America), Synchroa (five species, North America and Asia), and Synchroina (two species, Oriental region). The family has been historically confused with Melandryidae but was established as independent based on larval morphology and adult characters. Members are elongate, slightly flattened beetles with brownish to black coloration, ranging 10–16 mm in length.
Tautoneura polymitusa
Tautoneura polymitusa is a small leafhopper (2.4–2.7 mm) in the family Cicadellidae, first described from South Korea in 2016. It represents the first European record of both the species and the genus Tautoneura, having been detected in Hungary in 2012 and subsequently found in Italy, Spain, Slovenia, Ukraine, Russia, and Moldova. The species is associated with Ulmaceae (elm family) and has established stable, locally abundant populations in parts of Europe. It hibernates as adults and is attracted to light traps.
Telamoptilia
Telamoptilia is a genus of small moths in the family Gracillariidae, established by Kumata & Kuroko in 1988. The genus name derives from Greek 'telamon' (belt) and 'ptilia' (small wing), likely referring to wing pattern or structure. It contains six described species distributed across Africa and Asia, with some species known as leaf miners on specific host plants.
Thereuonema
Thereuonema is a genus of scutigeromorph centipedes in the family Scutigeridae. The genus contains at least one well-documented species, Thereuonema tuberculata, which is native to Asia and has been introduced to Europe and North America. Members of this genus are associated with human-modified environments and have established populations outside their native range.
Thereuonema tuberculata
Japanese House Centipede
Thereuonema tuberculata is a scutigeromorph centipede in the family Scutigeridae. Native to Asia, it has been documented from China, Japan, the Korean peninsula, and Taiwan. The species has established introduced populations in North America, particularly in the eastern United States, with confirmed outdoor populations in forested and lakeside habitats in Nebraska. It is commonly confused with the related Scutigera coleoptrata in its introduced range.
Trachelas
Trachelas is a genus of hunting spiders in the family Trachelidae, established by Ludwig Carl Christian Koch in 1872. The genus contains approximately 99 species with worldwide distribution across tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions. Trachelas sensu stricto is restricted to the Old World, while New World species represent a distinct lineage only distantly related to the core group. The genus has undergone significant taxonomic revision, with species previously assigned to Corinnidae now placed in Trachelidae.
Trachyuropodidae
Trachyuropodidae is a family of mites in the order Mesostigmata, classified within the suborder Monogynaspida and infraorder Uropodina. The family contains genera such as Leonardiella, with species documented from European and Asian localities including Turkey. Members are found in association with woody vegetation, particularly oak and willow habitats. The group belongs to the diverse assemblage of soil-dwelling and litter-inhabiting mites that contribute to decomposition processes.
Tremecinae
woodwasps, horntails
Tremecinae is a subfamily of woodwasps (Siricidae) distinguished from Siricinae by its association with the white-rot fungus Cerrena unicolor rather than Amylostereum. Unlike Siricinae, which carry symbiotic fungi in specialized mycangia, at least some Tremecinae species lack these structures and do not internally transport fungal symbionts. Females locate host wood already infected with sapwood-decaying fungi using volatile compounds. The subfamily includes forest pests that interact with fungal communities in decaying wood.
Trichonephila clavata
Jorō spider, Joro Spider, Parachute spider
Trichonephila clavata, commonly known as the Jorō spider, is a large orb-weaving spider native to East Asia that has become established as an invasive species in the southeastern United States since approximately 2010. First confirmed in Georgia in 2014, it has expanded rapidly across multiple states through a combination of ballooning dispersal and human-mediated transport. The species is notable for its substantial size, striking coloration, and extensive golden webs, but poses minimal risk to humans due to small fangs and docile behavior. Its physiological adaptations—including higher metabolic rate, faster heart rate, and greater cold tolerance than its congener Trichonephila clavipes—suggest potential for continued northward range expansion.
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brevicorne
Trimium brevicorne is a small rove beetle in the subfamily Pselaphinae, commonly known as ant-loving beetles. The species occurs across Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and has been introduced to North America. It belongs to a group of beetles that are typically found in association with ant colonies.
Tvetenia
non-biting midges
Tvetenia is a genus of non-biting midges in the family Chironomidae, subfamily Orthocladiinae. Species occur across northern and eastern Europe, extending into Russia and Central Asia. The genus was established by Kieffer in 1922. Taxonomic revisions have clarified species boundaries, including the synonymy of T. vitracies with T. tshernovskii.
Unaspis
Unaspis is a genus of armored scale insects (family Diaspididae) containing economically significant agricultural and horticultural pests. The genus includes at least 19 described species, with several species infesting citrus crops (U. citri, U. yanonensis) and ornamental plants (U. euonymi). Species in this genus are characterized by their protective waxy coverings and phytophagous feeding habits on host plant tissues.
Valgus
Valgus is a genus of small scarab beetles in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Cetoniinae. Most described species occur in Asia, with some extending into northern Africa and Europe. Three species are native to the New World, and one species is found in South Africa. Adults are characterized by their strongly flattened bodies and distinctive scale-like setae covering both dorsal and ventral surfaces.
Xyleborus xylographus
Xyleborus xylographus is a species of bark beetle in the family Curculionidae, first described by Thomas Say in 1826. It belongs to the tribe Xyleborini, which includes ambrosia beetles that cultivate symbiotic fungi in wood galleries. The species has been recorded in North America, the Caribbean, and Southern Asia. Like other members of its genus, it likely engages in fungus-farming behavior, though specific ecological details for this species remain limited in published literature.
Xylocopa appendiculata
Appendiculate Carpenter Bee, Asian Carpenter Bee
Xylocopa appendiculata is a large carpenter bee native to eastern Asia, first reported in the United States in 2013 with established populations in northern California. It belongs to the subgenus Alloxylocopa. The species has been studied using distribution modeling to predict its potential spread across North America. Like other carpenter bees, it nests in wood and serves as a pollinator, though specific ecological details for this species remain limited.
Zaitzevia
riffle beetles
Zaitzevia is a genus of riffle beetles (family Elmidae) comprising approximately 19–29 described species, depending on taxonomic treatment. The genus was established by George Charles Champion in 1923 and is named after Russian entomologist Filipp Zaitsev. Species diversity is concentrated in East, Southeast, and Central Asia, with additional representation in North America. Chinese species are particularly well-documented, with multiple new species described from Sichuan, Yunnan, Hunan, Hubei, and Guizhou provinces.