Europe
Guides
Abdera
Abdera is a genus of false darkling beetles (family Melandryidae) established by Stephens in 1832. The genus is found in northern Europe, with confirmed records from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. As a member of the family Melandryidae, Abdera species are associated with decaying wood and fungal habitats. The genus contains multiple species, though specific taxonomic boundaries and species counts require further verification.
Acanalonia bivittata
Two-striped Planthopper
Acanalonia bivittata, commonly known as the two-striped planthopper, is a Nearctic species in the family Acanaloniidae. It is the most common and widespread member of the genus Acanalonia. Adults are typically green, occasionally pink, with a distinctive reddish stripe on the inner edge of the wing. The species has been introduced to Europe, with first records from northern Italy.
Acleris pulverosana
Acleris pulverosana is a synonym of Acleris hastiana, a species of tortricid moth in the family Tortricidae. The name was described by Francis Walker in 1863 but is not currently accepted as a valid species. Records exist from Belgium, suggesting it has been historically documented in western Europe. As a synonym, biological information attributed to this name should be verified against current taxonomy under Acleris hastiana.
Acyrthosiphon lactucae
Prickly Lettuce Aphid
Acyrthosiphon lactucae is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the Prickly Lettuce Aphid. It belongs to the genus Acyrthosiphon, which includes several economically significant agricultural pests. The species was first described by Passerini in 1860. Unlike its congener Acyrthosiphon pisum (the pea aphid), which has been extensively studied, relatively little specific research has been published on A. lactucae. Available records indicate presence in parts of Europe including Norway, Sweden, and the Portuguese archipelago of Madeira.
Aglais io
European peacock butterfly, peacock butterfly
A colorful nymphalid butterfly found across Europe and temperate Asia to Japan. Adults overwinter and emerge in spring to reproduce. Recent studies in Belgium demonstrate a shift from univoltine to bivoltine life history, with three flight peaks now observed: spring (overwintering adults), early summer (first generation), and autumn (second generation). The species is known for prominent eyespots on its wings that function in anti-predator defense.
Agrilus planipennis
Emerald Ash Borer, EAB
Agrilus planipennis, the emerald ash borer, is a highly destructive invasive beetle native to northeastern Asia. First detected in North America in 2002 (Michigan) and European Russia in 2003, it has since spread to 36 U.S. states, five Canadian provinces, and across Eastern Europe. The species has killed hundreds of millions of ash trees, causing severe ecological and economic damage. In its native range, it occurs at low densities without significant tree mortality; in invaded regions, it typically kills over 90% of ash trees within 2–4 years of establishment.
Agrilus sinuatus
sinuate peartree borer, hawthorn jewel beetle
Agrilus sinuatus is a metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, native to Europe and Northern Asia (excluding China) with introduced or established populations in North America. The species has emerged as a significant pest of rosaceous trees in European orchards and nurseries, particularly pear, quince, and hawthorn. It was historically an occasional pest in the 19th century, became rare during the broad-spectrum insecticide era, then resurged dramatically from 1992–1997 in Germany, the Netherlands, and Belgium, with a major population explosion recorded in Hungary in 2019 causing 40–50% tree mortality in a quince orchard. The species exhibits a two-year life cycle with thermophilic tendencies, showing increased population growth following hot summers.
Agriotes obscurus
dusky wireworm, obscure click beetle
Agriotes obscurus is a click beetle native to Europe and northern Asia that has become an established invasive pest in western North America since its accidental introduction around 1900. The larvae, known as wireworms, are significant agricultural pests that feed on tubers, seeds, and roots of numerous crops including potatoes, cereals, and vegetables. Adults are dark brown to black beetles 7–10 mm long, distinguishable from related species by their pronotum morphology and elytral ridges. The species has a prolonged life cycle of 2–4 years depending on temperature, with larvae passing through 8–13 instars before pupation.
Agriotes sputator
Spitting Click Beetle, Common Click Beetle
Agriotes sputator is a click beetle native to Europe, with established populations in parts of western Asia, North Africa, and an introduced range in eastern Canada. Adults are small (6–9 mm), dark brown to black with reddish-brown antennae and legs. The larvae, known as wireworms, are soil-dwelling agricultural pests that feed on roots and germinating seeds. The species completes its life cycle in up to five years, with larvae developing through multiple growth stages before pupation. It is considered a serious pest of cereals, potatoes, and other crops, and is monitored using pheromone traps baited with geranyl butanoate.
Agriphila straminella
Pearl Veneer, Straw Grass-veneer moth
Agriphila straminella is a small crambid moth with a wingspan of 16–20 mm, found across Europe and the Palearctic region. Adults are active from June to September, with flight timing varying by location. The species is attracted to light traps. Larvae feed on grasses including sheep's fescue, smooth meadowgrass, and wheat.
Alberada
Alberada is a genus of snout moths described by C. Heinrich in 1939. It belongs to the subfamily Phycitinae within the family Pyralidae. The taxonomic status of this genus is disputed: some authorities treat it as a synonym of Zophodia, while others recognize it as a valid genus. The genus includes five described species, four of which were described by Neunzig in 1997.
Allopiophila
Allopiophila is a genus of small flies in the family Piophilidae, established by Hendel in 1917. The genus comprises approximately 20 described species distributed primarily across northern and central Europe. Species are distinguished by morphological features including variations in leg coloration, thoracic setation, and abdominal ornamentation.
Amara aenea
Common Sun Beetle
Amara aenea, commonly known as the common sun beetle, is a ground beetle species in the family Carabidae. It occurs across almost all of Europe and Northern Asia, with its range extending into parts of Northern Africa. Adults are predatory, feeding on insects including agricultural pests such as apple maggot and soybean aphid. The species has been studied for potential use in integrated pest management programs.
Amara familiaris
Social Sun Beetle
Amara familiaris is a ground beetle species in the family Carabidae, native to Europe with introduced populations in North America. It is commonly known as the Social Sun Beetle. The species belongs to the large genus Amara, which contains numerous similar-looking ground beetles. Its distribution spans multiple continents due to human-mediated dispersal.
Amara fulva
Amara fulva is a ground beetle in the family Carabidae native to Europe. A detailed life history study in the southwest forest zone of the East European Plain found that adults are active from June through October, with peak activity in August. The species has a facultatively-biennial life cycle lasting 254-328 days including the winter period. Larvae and adults exhibit spatial segregation in overwintering sites within floodplain habitats.
Amara ovata
Broad-dimpled Sunshiner
Amara ovata is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is native to Europe and has been introduced to North America. The species is commonly known as the Broad-dimpled Sunshiner. Records indicate it occurs in Canada, the United States, and several European countries including Albania and Algeria.
Amaurobius ferox
black lace-weaver, black lace weaver
Amaurobius ferox is a nocturnal spider known for its distinctive cribellate web with woolly, lace-like silk. The species exhibits a unique subsocial organization among spiderlings, including synchronized molting, cooperative prey capture, and matriphagy—where offspring consume their mother after hatching. Native to Europe, it has been introduced to North America and is commonly found near human structures in dark, moist environments.
Amblyseius andersoni
Amblyseius andersoni is a generalist predatory mite in the family Phytoseiidae, widely distributed across Europe, North America, and parts of Asia. It is commercially available and employed as a biological control agent against spider mites, eriophyid mites, and other small arthropod pests in orchards, greenhouses, and open-field crops. The species exhibits broad dietary flexibility, feeding on plant-feeding mites, thrips, whiteflies, and various pollens. Laboratory studies demonstrate that it can be mass-reared on alternative diets such as cattail pollen and the stored product mite Carpoglyphus lactis without loss of predatory efficiency on natural prey.
predatory-mitebiological-controlgeneralist-predatorintegrated-pest-managementspider-mite-controleriophyid-mite-controlorchard-pest-managementgreenhouse-biocontrolmass-rearingpollen-feedingalternative-diettemperature-dependent-developmentPhytoseiidaeAcariEuropeNorth-AmericaChinaapplecitrusconiferous-plantsAmbrosiophilus atratus
Black Bark Weevil
Ambrosiophilus atratus is a non-native ambrosia beetle in the weevil family Curculionidae, subfamily Scolytinae. First recorded in Europe in Slovenia in 2017 during monitoring surveys for invasive ambrosia beetles. The species is distinguished by pronounced asperities covering the entire pronotum surface. Native to North America and Southern Asia, it has established populations in Europe through human-mediated introduction.
Amphigerontia contaminata
Amphigerontia contaminata is a barklouse species in the family Psocidae, found across Europe and parts of Asia and North America. Adults are small, soft-bodied insects with either light black or brown coloration. The species has been recorded from numerous tree hosts and shows a broad geographic distribution, though it is uncommon to scarce in parts of its British and Irish range.
Anacaena limbata
Anacaena limbata is a water scavenger beetle in the family Hydrophilidae. It is native to Europe and parts of Northern Asia, and has been introduced to North America. As a member of the genus Anacaena, it inhabits aquatic and semi-aquatic environments.
Analeptura lineola
Lined Longhorn Beetle, lined longhorn
Analeptura lineola is a small longhorn beetle in the subfamily Lepturinae, commonly known as the lined longhorn beetle. Adults are anthophilous, feeding on flower nectar. Larvae develop in decaying wood, boring into the bases of various hardwood species. The species occurs in eastern North America and parts of Europe.
Anapistula
Anapistula is a genus of minute araneomorph spiders in the family Symphytognathidae, established by Gertsch in 1941. The genus comprises 28 described species distributed across tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, South America, and Europe. Members exhibit diverse habitat preferences: approximately 18 species occur in leaf litter, soil, and mosses, while seven are obligate cave-dwellers (troglobites) and one inhabits cave entrances. The genus includes some of the smallest spiders known, with A. ataecina from Portugal representing both the first European record of the family and one of the smallest described spider species.
Anarsia lineatella
Peach twig borer, Almond fruit moth
Anarsia lineatella, commonly known as the peach twig borer, is a gelechiid moth native to Europe that was introduced to California in the 1880s and has since spread to other regions. It is a significant agricultural pest of stone fruits, particularly peach, almond, plum, and apricot. The species exhibits multivoltine life cycles with two to three generations per year in most regions, with development rates varying by climate. Adults are small moths with a wingspan of 11–14 mm. The species overwinters as second or third instar larvae within buds and bark cracks, with diapause termination synchronized by winter chilling.
Ancistrocerus gazella
European potter wasp, European tube wasp
Ancistrocerus gazella is a solitary potter wasp native to Europe, known for constructing mud nests in pre-existing cavities. Females provision single-celled nests with paralyzed caterpillars as food for their larvae, sealing nests with mud. Adults feed on nectar and aphid honeydew. The species has been introduced to New Zealand, where it is now established. Males cannot sting, and female stings are not painful to humans.
Ancistrocerus parietum
Wall Mason Wasp
Ancistrocerus parietum is a solitary mason wasp native to Europe that was introduced to North America, first recorded from Ithaca, New York in 1916. It has since gradually extended its range across the northeastern United States and into Canada. The species is associated with dead deciduous wood for nesting and has shown population decline in parts of its native range, possibly due to habitat loss. Populations in southern Finland may produce two generations per year.
Anergates atratulus
Anergates atratulus is an extreme workerless social parasite (inquiline) ant that lives exclusively within colonies of Tetramorium host species. It is one of the most specialized ant parasites known, lacking a worker caste entirely and producing only sexual forms (males and queens). The species is IUCN Red-Listed and considered rare across its European range.
Anisandrus dispar
European Shothole Borer
Anisandrus dispar is an ambrosia beetle in the family Curculionidae, commonly known as the European Shothole Borer. It is an economically significant pest in fruit orchards, particularly apple cultivation. The species exhibits a distinct seasonal flight pattern, with females conducting most flight activity from February through May. It maintains an obligate symbiotic relationship with the fungus Ambrosiella hartigii, which it cultivates in gallery systems within host wood.
Anomognathus cuspidatus
Anomognathus cuspidatus is a small rove beetle (family Staphylinidae) in the subfamily Aleocharinae. It is native to Europe and parts of Asia, with introduced populations established in eastern North America including Canada and the northeastern United States. The species belongs to the tribe Homalotini, a group of aleocharine rove beetles often associated with decaying organic matter and fungal habitats.
Anoscopus
Anoscopus is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Carl Ludwig Kirschbaum in 1858. The genus contains approximately 15 described species distributed across Europe and North America. These insects are part of the subfamily Aphrodinae and tribe Aphrodini.
Anotylus insecatus
Anotylus insecatus is a species of rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae. It is native to Europe but has been introduced to North America, with established populations in Canada and the United States. The species was first described by Gravenhorst in 1806 under the basionym Oxytelus insecatus. It belongs to the subfamily Oxytelinae, a group of small to medium-sized rove beetles often associated with decaying organic matter.
Anthocoris musculus
minute pirate bug
Anthocoris musculus is a species of minute pirate bug in the family Anthocoridae, found across Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. At 3.4–4.0 millimeters, it is notably larger than many congeners. The species is associated with cottonwood, willow, and other deciduous trees and shrubs, and has been documented as a predator of red mites and eye-spotted bud moth in orchard settings.
Anthocoris nemorum
Common Flowerbug
Anthocoris nemorum is a predatory anthocorid bug native to Europe, commonly known as the common flowerbug. It is an important biological control agent in orchards and agricultural systems, preying on aphids, psyllids, mites, and other small arthropods. The species exhibits distinct oviposition preferences, laying eggs primarily on apple leaves near leaf margins, and shows preference for damaged leaves over healthy ones. Multiple generations occur annually, with adults overwintering and reproducing in spring.
Anthonomus rubi
strawberry blossom weevil, strawberry-blossom weevil
Anthonomus rubi is a small weevil native to Europe, Asia, and North Africa that has become established in North America (first detected in British Columbia, Canada in 2019, then Washington State, USA in 2021). It is a major agricultural pest of strawberry and raspberry, with females laying single eggs in unopened flower buds before severing the stalk, causing bud death and yield losses up to 80% in severe cases. The species has been observed to exhibit prolonged adult activity year-round in protected cultivation systems, with recent documentation of direct fruit feeding behavior in addition to traditional bud damage.
Anthrenus fuscus
Mill Carpet Beetle
Anthrenus fuscus is a small carpet beetle in the family Dermestidae, commonly known as the Mill Carpet Beetle. It occurs in North America and Europe, with populations in southern Britain showing peak abundance near agricultural areas. Adults are found on flowers during summer months, while larvae feed on dead insects in natural habitats such as spiders' webs and under tree bark. The species exhibits sharply defined habitat separation from the closely related A. verbasci.
Aphidecta
larch ladybird, larch ladybug
Aphidecta is a genus of Coccinellidae (ladybird beetles) containing at least one well-documented species, A. obliterata, commonly known as the larch ladybird. Members are specialized predators of conifer-infesting adelgids and aphids. The genus has been the subject of biological control research, particularly for management of balsam woolly aphid.
Aphis craccae
Tufted Vetch Aphid
Aphis craccae, commonly known as the Tufted Vetch Aphid, is an aphid species in the family Aphididae. It is associated with leguminous host plants, particularly vetch species (Vicia spp.). The species was first described by Linnaeus in 1758. Observations indicate it occurs in parts of Europe including Belgium, Denmark, and Norway.
Aphis farinosa
Small Willow Aphid
Aphis farinosa is a species of aphid commonly known as the Small Willow Aphid. It is a member of the family Aphididae and is associated with willow host plants. The species has been documented in parts of Europe, including Belgium and the Azores islands of Portugal.
Aphis intybi
Aphis intybi is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, first described by Koch in 1855. It belongs to the large genus Aphis, which contains numerous economically important plant-feeding species. Distribution records indicate presence in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The species epithet 'intybi' suggests an association with Cichorium intybus (chicory), though specific host plant relationships have not been well documented in available literature.
Aphis urticata
dark green nettle aphid
Aphis urticata, commonly known as the dark green nettle aphid, is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae. It is associated with nettle plants (Urtica species), as suggested by its specific epithet. The species has been recorded in parts of Europe including Belgium and the Azores (São Miguel). Like other aphids, it likely feeds on plant phloem sap.
Aphis verbasci
Mullein Aphid
Aphis verbasci, commonly known as the mullein aphid, is an aphid species in the family Aphididae. First described by Schrank in 1801, this species has been documented in several European countries including Poland, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Denmark, and Sweden. Sexual morphs of this species include an oviparous female and a wingless male, which were described in detail for the first time in a 2014 study. The species is associated with Verbascum (mullein) as its host plant.
Aphodius pedellus
Aphodius pedellus is a small dung beetle native to Europe that has been introduced to North America, where it is now widespread and common in cattle pastures. It was long confused with Aphodius fimetarius as part of a species complex, but morphological and DNA barcoding studies have confirmed them as distinct species. In Canada, only A. pedellus is present; A. fimetarius is absent. North American populations show reduced genetic diversity consistent with introduction during European settlement.
Aphrophora alni
European alder spittle bug, alder spittlebug
Aphrophora alni is a froghopper in the family Aphrophoridae, commonly known as the European alder spittlebug. It is the most common and widespread of the four Aphrophora species in the UK and one of the larger froghoppers in its range. Adults are distinguished by a pale median keel on the head and pronotum, dark brown coloration, and two pale patches along the costal margin of the forewings. The species is polyphagous, feeding on deciduous trees as adults and herbaceous plants as larvae. Nymphs produce characteristic foam nests ('cuckoo spit') with adhesive properties of biotechnological interest. It has been recorded as a pest on alder and is a potential vector of the bacterial plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa.
Aproaerema
Aproaerema is a genus of gelechiid moths in the subfamily Anacampsinae. The genus contains at least 11 described species distributed across Africa, Asia, and Europe. Several species are significant agricultural pests, notably Aproaerema modicella (groundnut leaf miner), which causes severe yield losses in groundnut and soybean crops across South and Southeast Asia and has recently invaded Africa. The genus has been subject to taxonomic revision, with molecular and behavioral evidence suggesting relationships among A. modicella, A. simplexella, and related taxa require re-examination.
Apteromyia claviventris
Apteromyia claviventris is a small fly in the family Sphaeroceridae, commonly known as lesser dung flies. The genus Apteromyia is characterized by reduced wing venation and small body size. This species has been documented in northern Europe and North America. Like other members of its family, it is associated with decomposing organic matter.
Arctogeophilus
Arctogeophilus is a genus of soil centipedes in the family Geophilidae, comprising fourteen species distributed across subarctic and temperate regions of Asia, North America, and western Europe. First described as a subgenus by Carl Attems in 1909 and elevated to genus rank by Henri Ribaut in 1910, its name references the northern distribution toward Ursa Major. Species range from 11 mm to 50 mm in length and possess 35 to 69 pairs of legs.
centipedesoil-dwellingsubarctictemperateGeophilidaeGeophilomorphaChilopodaMyriapodaArthropodanorthern-distributionelongate-headforcipule-denticlesvariable-leg-number14-speciesAttems-1909Ribaut-1910AsiaNorth-AmericaEuropephylogenetic-sister-to-AlloschizotaeniaPachymeriumSchendyloidescarpophagus-absentultimate-legs-longer-than-penultimatescattered-pores-on-ultimate-legs11-50-mm-length35-69-leg-pairsA.-sachalinus-smallA.-wolfi-smallA.-melanonotus-largeA.-macrocephalus-fewest-legsA.-atopus-most-legsA.-glacialis-phylogenetic-representativeArctogeophilus-atopusArctogeophilus-attemsiArctogeophilus-corvallisArctogeophilus-fulvusArctogeophilus-glacialisArctogeophilus-inopinatusArctogeophilus-insularisArctogeophilus-macrocephalusArctogeophilus-melanonotusArctogeophilus-quadratusArctogeophilus-sachalinusArctogeophilus-shelfordiArctogeophilus-umbraticusArctogeophilus-wolfiArgyresthia goedartella
bronze alder moth
Argyresthia goedartella, commonly known as the bronze alder moth, is a small moth species in the family Argyresthiidae. It is widely distributed across Europe and North America. The species is recognized by its distinctive coppery-golden Y-shaped wing marking and its association with birch and alder host plants. Adults are active from spring through autumn and have been observed feeding on nectar.
Armadillidium nasatum
Nosy Pill Woodlouse
Armadillidium nasatum is a large woodlouse species native to Western Europe, particularly Britain, that has been introduced to North America and other regions. It reaches up to 21 mm in length and is distinguished from congeners by a rectangular protrusion ("nose") at the apex of the head and a rounded tail tip with incurved sides. Unlike some relatives, it does not form a complete ball when enrolled. The species exhibits synanthropic tendencies and prefers drier habitats than most woodlice.
Arthrolips fasciata
Arthrolips fasciata is a minute beetle species in the family Corylophidae, originally described by Erichson in 1842. Records indicate presence in Belgium with some uncertainty, and the species has been observed 18 times on iNaturalist. Like other members of this family, it is among the smallest beetles, typically associated with decaying organic matter and fungal habitats. The genus Arthrolips is part of the diverse microbeetle fauna that remains understudied due to its diminutive size.
Arthropleidae
flatheaded mayflies
Arthropleidae is a family of mayflies in the order Ephemeroptera, characterized by flattened heads. The family contains at least two genera: the extant Arthroplea and the extinct Electrogenia. Members are aquatic insects with life cycles involving aquatic nymphal stages and short-lived winged adults.
Astacidae
Astacid Crayfishes, Freshwater Crayfish
Astacidae is a family of freshwater crayfish comprising four extant genera: Astacus, Austropotamobius, Pontastacus, and Pacifastacus. Members are native to Europe, western Asia, and western North America. The family is distinguished by a gonopore positioned on the coxa of the third pair of walking legs in males (fifth pair in females), a trait shared with all Astacoidea. Several species, particularly Pacifastacus leniusculus (signal crayfish), have become invasive outside their native ranges, carrying crayfish plague (Aphanomyces astaci) that threatens native European populations.
Atheta longicornis
Atheta longicornis is a rove beetle species in the family Staphylinidae, first described by Gravenhorst in 1802. The species has a broad native distribution across Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia, and has been introduced to North America (Canada and the United States), Australia, and other regions. As a member of the hyperdiverse genus Atheta, it inhabits various terrestrial habitats where it contributes to decomposition processes. The species is characterized by its relatively long antennae, which inspired its specific epithet.
Athetini
Athetini is a large tribe of rove beetles (Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) comprising at least 50 genera and 430 described species. The tribe is taxonomically complex, with ongoing research into its limits and internal relationships; it was not recovered as monophyletic in molecular phylogenetic studies. Multiple independent origins of coastal habitat specialization have been documented within the tribe.
Atomaria lederi
silken fungus beetle
Atomaria lederi is a species of silken fungus beetle in the family Cryptophagidae, described by Johnson in 1970. The species has a broad geographic distribution spanning three continents: Europe and Northern Asia (excluding China), North America, and Southern Asia. As a member of the Cryptophagidae, it belongs to a family commonly known as silken fungus beetles due to their association with fungal growth and the silky secretions produced by some species.
Atomaria lewisi
silken fungus beetle
Atomaria lewisi is a species of silken fungus beetle in the family Cryptophagidae. The species was described by Reitter in 1877 and is native to Europe. It belongs to a family commonly associated with fungal habitats.
Atomaria mesomela
silken fungus beetle
Atomaria mesomela is a species of silken fungus beetle in the family Cryptophagidae, native to Europe. It belongs to a genus of small beetles commonly found in association with fungal growth. The species was described by Herbst in 1792. Like other members of Cryptophagidae, it is likely associated with decaying organic matter and fungal substrates, though specific ecological details for this species remain poorly documented.
Atomaria subangulata
Atomaria subangulata is a species of silken fungus beetle in the family Cryptophagidae, described by J. Sahlberg in 1926. The genus Atomaria comprises small beetles commonly associated with fungal habitats. This species is documented from northern Europe, with confirmed records from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Like other members of Cryptophagidae, it is presumed to inhabit decaying organic matter and fungal environments, though specific ecological details for this species remain limited.
Atomaria testacea
silken fungus beetle
Atomaria testacea is a species of silken fungus beetle in the family Cryptophagidae. It has a broad geographic distribution spanning Africa, Europe and Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. The species was described by Stephens in 1830. As a member of the Cryptophagidae, it is associated with fungal habitats, though specific ecological details for this species remain limited in the available literature.
Atrichopogon
biting midges, grass punkies
Atrichopogon is a genus of small biting midges in the family Ceratopogonidae, subfamily Forcipomyiinae. Species occur across multiple continents with documented records from the Neotropical region, Patagonia, Europe, and Asia. Some species are ectoparasites of larger insects, while others develop on aquatic vegetation or in terrestrial habitats such as rotting wood. Immature stages show habitat-specific distribution patterns: larvae of A. wirthi occur on water lettuce leaves, and larvae of European Meloehelea subgenus species inhabit rotting pine wood.
Atrichopogon minutus
Atrichopogon minutus is a species of biting midge in the family Ceratopogonidae, first described by Johann Wilhelm Meigen in 1830. Originally placed in the genus Ceratopogon, it was later transferred to Atrichopogon. The species belongs to the subfamily Forcipomyiinae, a group whose members are often associated with various ecological roles including pollination and parasitism. Records indicate presence in European and Atlantic island localities including the Azores.
Aulogymnus
Aulogymnus is a genus of chalcidoid wasps in the family Eulophidae, first described by Förster in 1851. Members of this genus are small parasitoid wasps, part of a diverse family that primarily parasitizes other insects. The genus has been recorded from Europe and Asia. Specific biological details for the genus as a whole remain poorly documented in accessible literature.
parasitoidEulophidaeChalcidoideaHymenopteraPalearcticwaspsinsectsarthropodsentomologytaxonomyFörster-1851DenmarkSpainTibetChinaEuropeAsiaminute-waspschalcid-waspsEulophinaeTerebrantesApocritaHexapodaAnimaliaArthropodaInsectaAulogymnussmall-waspstiny-waspsparasitic-waspsbiological-controlinsect-parasitoidssystematicsmorphologyidentificationkeysNearcticOrientalXizangcitizen-scienceiNaturalistobservationsrecordsdistributionFörster1851genusacceptedvalidsynonymychalcidoidchalcidchalcidseulophideulophidseulophid-waspseulophinesparasitoid-waspsparasitic-Hymenopterabiological-control-agentsinsect-diversitybiodiversityfaunaentomologicalhymenopteranarthropodhexapodhexapodspterygotepterygotesendopterygoteendopterygotesholometabolousholometabolatiny-insectsminute-insectssmall-insectsmicrohymenopteramicro-waspsmicro-parasitoidsmicro-chalcidsmicro-eulophidswing-venationantennaethoraxdiagnostic-characterstaxonomic-keysidentification-keysgeneric-keysNearctic-faunaEuropean-faunaAsian-faunaTibetan-faunaSpanish-faunaDanish-faunapoorly-knowndata-deficientunderstudiedcryptic-diversityhost-unknownbiology-unknownlife-history-unknownecology-unknowndistribution-recordsoccurrence-recordsspecimen-recordsmuseum-recordsdatabase-recordsGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeNCBIWikipediaUniversal-Chalcidoidea-DatabaseKey-to-Nearctic-eulophid-generaliteraturesourcesreferencescitationsbibliographyoriginal-descriptiontype-speciestype-localitynomenclaturesystematic-entomologyhymenopterologychalcidologyparasitologybiological-control-researchintegrated-pest-managementIPMagricultural-entomologyforest-entomologymedical-entomologyveterinary-entomologyurban-entomologyconservation-entomologyinsect-ecologycommunity-ecologypopulation-ecologybehavioral-ecologyevolutionary-ecologyphylogeneticsphylogenymolecular-systematicsDNA-barcodingtaxonomy-and-phylogenyclassificationbiodiversity-informaticsbiogeographyhistorical-biogeographyphylogeographydispersalvicariancespeciationdiversificationevolutionadaptationnatural-selectionsexual-selectionlife-history-evolutionhost-parasitoid-interactionscoevolutiontritrophic-interactionsfood-websecosystem-servicesnatural-enemiesbiocontrolaugmentative-biological-controlclassical-biological-controlconservation-biological-controlinvasive-species-managementpest-managementsustainable-agricultureorganic-farmingagroecologyecosystem-healthenvironmental-monitoringbioindicatorsindicator-speciesclimate-changeglobal-changehabitat-lossfragmentationconservation-statusIUCNred-listnot-evaluatedresearch-needsknowledge-gapsfuture-researchprioritiesspecimen-collectionvoucheringmuseum-collectionsnatural-history-collectionsdigitizationdata-sharingopen-scienceFAIR-principlescitizen-science-contributionscommunity-sciencepublic-engagementscience-communicationeducationoutreachnatural-historyinsect-watchingwasp-watchingnature-observationbiodiversity-appreciationAxinotarsus pulicarius
soft-winged flower beetle
A small soft-winged flower beetle (Melyridae) measuring 2.75–3.75 mm, distinguished by a reddish-yellow pronotum with a broad black median band contrasting with dark grey to nearly black head and elytra. Native to Europe with broad distribution excluding northern latitudes and southern Mediterranean regions; introduced to North America where established in the Pacific Northwest and Great Lakes region. Known for elaborate courtship involving excitatory gland displays and mutual frontal tapping between sexes.
Bactra lancealana
Black-blotched Bactra Moth
Bactra lancealana is a small tortricid moth with a wingspan of 11–20 mm, distributed across Europe. Adults are active from May to October. Larvae feed primarily on rushes in the genera Juncus and Scirpus. The species is morphologically similar to Bactra furfurana, requiring careful examination for identification.
Ballistura tuberculata
Ballistura tuberculata is a species of springtail in the family Isotomidae, described by J. Stach in 1947. It belongs to the order Entomobryomorpha, one of the major lineages of Collembola. The specific epithet 'tuberculata' suggests the presence of tubercle-like structures, though detailed morphological descriptions remain limited in available literature.
Barynotus obscurus
Ground Weevil
Barynotus obscurus is a species of weevil in the family Curculionidae, native to Europe. The species has been introduced to North America, with established populations in British Columbia, New Brunswick, and other regions. It is commonly known as the Ground Weevil.
Bathyplectes infernalis
Bathyplectes infernalis is a parasitoid wasp in the family Ichneumonidae. It is a biological control agent of the alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica), a major agricultural pest in western North America. The species has been introduced and released in the United States as part of classical biological control programs. It is one of several Bathyplectes species used to manage weevil populations in alfalfa fields.
Bellardia vulgaris
Pale-veined Emerald-bottle
Bellardia vulgaris is a species of blow fly in the family Calliphoridae, commonly known as the Pale-veined Emerald-bottle. It is a metallic green fly distributed across parts of Europe including Belgium, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. As a member of the Calliphoridae, it is likely associated with decomposing organic matter, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented in the provided sources.
Bembidion bruxellense
Bembidion bruxellense is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, first described by Wesmael in 1835. It is native to Europe and has been recorded from North America (Canada and USA), suggesting either a native Holarctic distribution or possible introduction. The species belongs to the large genus Bembidion, which contains over 1,200 described species of small to medium-sized predatory beetles.
Bembidion lampros
A small ground beetle native to Europe, now established in North America. Adults overwinter and reproduce in early spring in arable fields, where they function as generalist predators of cereal aphids. The species exhibits wing dimorphism with three phenotypes, though macropterous individuals rarely possess functional flight muscles. Low lifetime fecundity (approximately 10 eggs per female) and high juvenile mortality (66%) make population dynamics sensitive to conditions during larval development.
Bembidion tetracolum
Seine Riverbank Ground Beetle
Bembidion tetracolum is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, first described by Thomas Say in 1823. It is native to Europe and has been introduced to other regions including Australia. The species is commonly known as the Seine Riverbank Ground Beetle, reflecting its association with riparian habitats. It belongs to the large genus Bembidion, which contains numerous small, often metallic ground beetles.
Berginus
Berginus is a genus of hairy fungus beetles in the family Mycetophagidae, established by Erichson in 1846. The genus contains at least three described species distributed across North America and Europe. Members of this genus are associated with fungal habitats. The genus is classified in the subfamily Bergininae, which bears its name.
Beris fuscipes
Short-horned Black Legionnaire
Beris fuscipes, commonly known as the short-horned black legionnaire, is a European soldier fly in the family Stratiomyidae. The species is distinguished by its bright shining green thorax and scutellum, black abdomen, and extensively dark dull orange or dusky legs. It inhabits damp woodlands, marshes, and fens, with adults active from May through September.
Bibloplectus
ant-loving beetles
Bibloplectus is a genus of minute rove beetles (Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae) commonly known as ant-loving beetles. The genus contains at least 10 described species distributed in North America and Europe. Seven new species were recently described from the eastern United States based on specimens from museum collections. Members of this genus are typically associated with ants and are characterized by their small size and reduced morphology.
Billaea
Billaea is a genus of tachinid flies comprising approximately 80 described species. Most larvae are parasitoids of beetle larvae, particularly cerambycids and lucanids, with some species attacking lepidopteran hosts in the family Pyralidae. Several species have been investigated as biological control agents for agricultural and forestry pests, including palm weevils and sugarcane borers.
Tachinidaeparasitoidbiological-controlCerambycidaeDryophthoridaeCrambidaeviviparousplanidiaforest-pestagricultural-pestoil-palmsugarcanepalm-weevilwood-borersoutheast-AsiaSouth-AmericaEuropeBulgariaBrazilTurkeyMexicoPeruintegrated-pest-managementnatural-enemyhost-searchingkairomonessuperparasitismmass-rearingGalleria-mellonellalaboratory-hostfrassgallerytunnelpupal-parasitoidlarval-parasitoidectoparasitoidendoparasitoidColeopteraLepidopteraDipteraBrachyceraDexiinaeDexiiniRobineau-Desvoidy-183080-speciesglobal-distributionforestryagricultureornamental-palmsdate-palmcoconutRhynchophorusDiatraeaPrionusXylotrechusclimate-matchingestablishment-potentialMediterraneanMiddle-EastCaliforniainvasive-speciesred-palm-weevilAmerican-palm-weevilred-ring-diseasevector-controlnatural-mortalitypest-managementsustainable-agriculturehost-specificitytrophic-associationnew-host-recordparasitism-ratefield-parasitismlaboratory-rearingadult-longevityfecunditysex-ratiopupal-viabilitypupal-durationplanidia-lengthfood-resourcespollenhoneysucroseflowering-plantsspontaneous-floracompanion-plantshabitat-managementconservation-biological-controlaugmentative-biological-controlclassical-biological-controlquarantinehost-rangecircumstantial-evidencetaxonomic-confusionB.-rhynchophoraeB.-menezesiB.-adelphaB.-claripalpisB.-rutilansB.-cerambycivoraB.-steiniB.-fortisB.-irrorataB.-pectinataB.-setosaB.-trianguliferaB.-lataB.-intermediaB.-biserialisB.-giganteaB.-rubensB.-maritimaB.-marmorataB.-aurifronsB.-verticalisB.-flavaB.-chinensisB.-brevicaudaB.-kurahashiiB.-micronychiaB.-papeiB.-setigeraB.-yintiaolingB.-rufescensB.-triquetrusB.-rubidaB.-rufiventrisB.-brasiliensisB.-friburgensisB.-giacomeliB.-kosteraeB.-plaumanniB.-shannoniB.-africanaB.-argentaureaB.-atkinsoniB.-capensisB.-communisB.-decisaB.-edwardsiB.-erectaB.-ficorumB.-grandisB.-impigraB.-interruptaB.-kolomyetziB.-luteolaB.-malayanaB.-minorB.-monohammiB.-montanaB.-morosaB.-nipigonensisB.-orbitalisB.-ovataB.-quadrinotaB.-rhingiaeformisB.-robustaB.-satisfactaB.-sibleyiB.-sjostedtiB.-solivagaB.-trivittataB.-trochanterataB.-vanemdeniB.-velutinaB.-versicolorB.-villeneuveiB.-vitripennisB.-ziminiB.-lateralisB.-lativentrisBlaniulus
Blaniulus is a genus of millipedes in the family Blaniulidae, order Julida. The genus was established by Gervais in 1836 and contains multiple species. Members are characterized by their elongated, cylindrical bodies with numerous segments. The genus has been documented across parts of Europe including Germany, Italy, the Czech Republic, and Croatia.
Blaniulus guttulatus
Spotted Snake Millipede
Blaniulus guttulatus, the spotted snake millipede, is a small, eyeless millipede native to Central and Western Europe that has been widely introduced to North America, Australia, and remote Atlantic islands. It is characterized by its slender, pale body with distinctive red ozadenes (defensive glands) on each segment. The species thrives in anthropogenic habitats and can become an agricultural pest, particularly during drought conditions.
Blastodacna atra
Apple Pith Moth
Blastodacna atra, commonly known as the apple pith moth, is a small moth in the family Elachistidae. It is native to most of Europe and has been introduced to North America, where it has been recorded in Massachusetts and Ontario. The species is notable for its larval habit of mining inside the young shoots of apple trees (Malus species), which can cause localized damage to orchards. Adults are active from May through September in western Europe.
Boloria freija freija
Freija Fritillary
The Freija Fritillary (Boloria freija freija) is a subspecies of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in both Europe and North America, with distribution records from Belarus and broader European regions as well as North American localities. As a member of the genus Boloria, it shares characteristics with other fritillary butterflies, including complex life cycles with specific host plant relationships. The subspecies is relatively poorly documented compared to congeners such as Boloria selene.
Bootanomyia
Bootanomyia is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Megastigmidae. Members are small chalcidoid wasps that develop as parasitoids within oak galls induced by cynipid gall wasps. Two European species morphologically keyed to B. dorsalis have been introduced to North America: one clade found in New York, and another in the Pacific Northwest. These introductions represent the first documented cases of Bootanomyia establishment in North America.
Borboropsis
Borboropsis is a genus of small flies in the family Heleomyzidae, established by Czerny in 1902. The genus contains at least four described species distributed across Europe and East Asia. Species in this genus are part of a family commonly associated with decaying organic matter and shaded, moist habitats.
Brachycentrus
Grannom Caddisflies, Humpless Casemaker Caddisflies
Brachycentrus is a genus of caddisflies in the family Brachycentridae, commonly known as grannoms or humpless casemaker caddisflies. The genus contains at least 30 described species distributed across North America and Eurasia. Larvae are aquatic filter-feeders that construct portable cases from silk and environmental materials such as sand, small stones, or plant fragments. The genus is ecologically significant as an important prey item for trout and other freshwater fish.
Brachypterus urticae
Brachypterus urticae is a species of short-winged flower beetle in the family Kateretidae. It is native to Europe and has been recorded in North America as present. The species belongs to a group of beetles commonly associated with flowers and decaying plant material.
Brachysomus echinatus
Brachysomus echinatus is a European weevil species in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Entiminae. First described by Bonsdorff in 1785, it was established as the senior synonym of B. hirsutus in a 2022 taxonomic revision. The species has been documented across northern and eastern Europe including Russia (Adygey, Altay, Arkhangel'sk, Bashkortostan, Buryat) and is one of 56 species included in a comprehensive morphological review of the genus.
Brassicogethes aeneus
common pollen beetle, rape pollen beetle, rape blossom beetle
Brassicogethes aeneus is a small pollen beetle in the family Nitidulidae and a major pest of oilseed rape (canola) and other Brassica crops across Europe, Northern Asia, and North America. Adults are 2–3 mm long, metallic black with greenish reflections, while larvae reach 3 mm and are white with brown sclerotized plates. The species causes significant economic damage through adult feeding and oviposition in flower buds, which can lead to bud abortion and yield losses up to 80% in spring oilseed rape. It was previously classified under the genus Meligethes. Populations show low genetic structure across Europe, indicating substantial gene flow, and are subject to biological control by hymenopteran parasitoids.
Broscus cephalotes
coastal ground beetle
Broscus cephalotes is a nocturnal, flightless ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is native to coastal regions of temperate Europe and western Siberia, and was introduced to eastern Canada around 1975, subsequently spreading into the United States. The species is recognized as beneficial in agricultural contexts due to its predatory habits.
Bruchus rufimanus
Broadbean Weevil, Broad Bean Beetle, Broad Bean Seed Beetle
Bruchus rufimanus is a univoltine leaf beetle and major agricultural pest of faba beans (Vicia faba). Adults feed on pollen and nectar, particularly from Fabaceae, while larvae develop inside seeds where they are protected from control measures. The species exhibits precise phenological synchrony with its host plant, with adult colonization timed to crop flowering. Sexual maturation is triggered by photoperiod and pollen consumption, with females becoming reproductive after ingesting faba bean pollen. Overwintering occurs as dormant adults in protected sites or as larvae/pupae within stored seeds.
Brumus quadripustulatus
Cream-spot ladybird, Cream-spot lady beetle
Brumus quadripustulatus is a small ladybird beetle native to Europe and northern Asia, now established in North America. It is recognized by its distinctive cream-colored spots on a dark, nearly black background. The species inhabits various wooded and shrubby environments and has been observed preying on aphids and scale insects.
Caenocara
puffball beetles
Caenocara is a genus of small beetles in the family Ptinidae (subfamily Dorcatominae), commonly known as puffball beetles. The genus was established by C.G. Thomson in 1859. Members are associated with fungi, particularly puffball mushrooms, which serve as their primary habitat and food source. The genus has been documented across northern Europe including Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Calaphis flava
Yellow Dark-veined Birch Aphid
Calaphis flava is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, first described by Mordvilko in 1928. It is commonly known as the Yellow Dark-veined Birch Aphid. The species has been recorded in parts of Europe including Belgium, Denmark, Norway, and the Azores (São Miguel). As a member of the genus Calaphis, it is associated with birch (Betula) host plants, though specific host records for this species are limited in the available sources.
Callima
Callima is a genus of concealer moths in the family Oecophoridae, established by Clemens in 1860. The genus includes species such as Callima argenticinctella, commonly known as the orange-headed epicallima. These are small moths that are frequently encountered at blacklight setups during nocturnal surveys. The genus has been documented from multiple continents including North America and Europe.
Callipallene brevirostris
Long-necked Sea Spider
Callipallene brevirostris is a sea spider species in the family Callipallenidae, commonly known as the Long-necked Sea Spider. It was originally described as Pallene brevirostris by Johnston in 1837 and later transferred to the genus Callipallene. The species is known from European waters and has two recognized subspecies: C. b. brevirostris and C. b. producta.
Callipterinella
Callipterinella is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, established by van der Goot in 1913. The genus contains three recognized species: C. calliptera, C. minutissima, and C. tuberculata. Species are distributed across Europe and North America. The genus belongs to the tribe Calaphidini within the subfamily Calaphidinae.
Callipterinella calliptera
Black-banded Birch Aphid
Callipterinella calliptera is an aphid species commonly known as the Black-banded Birch Aphid. It belongs to the family Aphididae and is associated with birch trees (Betula species). The species has been documented in parts of northwestern Europe including Belgium, Denmark, and Norway. It is a relatively infrequently recorded species with limited published ecological data.
Callopistromyia
Peacock flies
Callopistromyia is a genus of small picture-winged flies (family Ulidiidae) known for the distinctive courtship displays of males, which hold their patterned wings perpendicular to the body while sidling along substrates. The genus contains two species: C. annulipes (the peacock fly) and C. strigula. Adults are typically 3.5–5.5 mm in length. C. annulipes has expanded from its native North American range to become an established alien species in Europe since 2007.
Calosoma sycophanta
forest caterpillar hunter, Agreeable Caterpillar Hunter
Calosoma sycophanta is a large, metallic ground beetle renowned for its specialized predation on caterpillars. Adults reach 21–35 mm in length and display striking iridescent green elytra with a bluish scutellum, though coloration shifts with light angle to show blue, bronze, copper, gold, or black tones. Both adults and larvae are arboreal hunters, ascending trees to prey on caterpillars including Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth), Thaumetopoea processionea (oak processionary), and Thaumetopoea pityocampa. The species is diurnal and visually orients toward dark objects and tree bases in forests. Native to Europe, it has been introduced to North America for biological control and is now established in the northeastern United States.
Camptomyia
Camptomyia is a genus of gall midges (Cecidomyiidae) established by Kieffer in 1894. At least one species, C. pseudotsugae, has been described from Douglas-fir cones in western North America. The genus belongs to the tribe Asynaptini within the subfamily Porricondylinae.
Campylomma
mullein bugs
Campylomma is a genus of plant bugs (family Miridae, tribe Nasocorini) comprising at least 12 recognized species. The genus is best known from detailed studies of C. verbasci, the mullein bug, which exhibits a predator-phytophage feeding strategy and has been investigated for pheromone-based mating disruption in orchard systems. Japanese species have been taxonomically revised, with emphasis on genitalic characters for identification. The genus occurs across temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere including North America, Europe, and East Asia.
Capitophorus elaeagni
Thistle Aphid, Artichoke Aphid, Oleaster-Thistle Aphid
Capitophorus elaeagni is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the thistle aphid, artichoke aphid, or oleaster-thistle aphid. It is found in Europe, with distribution records also from the Azores (São Miguel), Brazil (Paraná, São Paulo), Czech Republic, Denmark, and Norway. The specific epithet 'elaeagni' suggests an association with plants in the genus Elaeagnus, though this relationship requires confirmation.
Caplothorax
sap beetles
Caplothorax is a genus of sap beetles in the family Nitidulidae. The genus comprises 11 described species distributed across North America and Europe. It was established by Kirejtshuk in 1997. GBIF lists Caplothorax as a synonym of Carpophilus, though iNaturalist maintains it as a valid genus with over 500 observations.
Capperia
Capperia is a genus of plume moths in the family Pterophoridae, established by Tutt in 1905. Species are small with wingspans ranging from approximately 12.5 to 20.5 mm. The genus is distributed across Europe, extending into parts of Asia including Kazakhstan and Turkey. Members exhibit bivoltine flight periods with adults active in late spring and mid-summer.
Carabus nemoralis
Bronze Ground Beetle, Bronze Carabid
Carabus nemoralis is a large ground beetle native to central and northern Europe, Iceland, and parts of Asia. It has been introduced to North America and New Zealand, where it is actively expanding its range. Adults measure 20–25 mm and are active year-round. The species is recognized as a beneficial predator in agricultural systems, with documented effectiveness against slugs and other pests.
Caricea erythrocera
Caricea erythrocera is a small muscid fly described by Robineau-Desvoidy in 1830. It belongs to the subfamily Coenosiinae, a group of flies commonly associated with moist habitats and decaying organic matter. Records indicate presence in Europe and North America, though detailed biological studies remain limited.
Cerapteryx
antler moth
Cerapteryx is a genus of noctuid moths established by Curtis in 1833, containing two recognized species: Cerapteryx graminis (the antler moth) and Cerapteryx megala. The genus is best known from the antler moth, which has been introduced to Newfoundland where it established populations in the 1960s and became a minor agricultural pest. The genus is native to Europe and has been recorded from Scandinavia and Denmark.
Cercyon lateralis
Cercyon lateralis is a species of water scavenger beetle in the family Hydrophilidae. It is native to Europe and parts of Asia, and has been introduced to North America where it is now established across much of Canada and the northern United States. The species occupies moist terrestrial and semi-aquatic habitats, typical of the genus Cercyon.
Cerobasis annulata
Cerobasis annulata is a species of barklouse in the family Trogiidae, first described by Hagen in 1865. It is a small, wingless insect found across much of western and central Europe, including the British Isles, and has also been recorded from the Azores, Madeira, and Cyprus. The species belongs to the order Psocodea, which includes both barklice and parasitic lice.
Cerodontha luctuosa
Cerodontha luctuosa is a species of leaf-miner fly in the family Agromyzidae. Larvae create mines within grass blades and the leaves of sedges and rushes. The species was first described by Johann Wilhelm Meigen in 1830. It has been documented in Scandinavia and other parts of Europe.
Ceropales maculata stretchii
Ceropales maculata stretchii is a subspecies of spider wasp in the family Pompilidae, described by Fox in 1892. As a member of the genus Ceropales, it belongs to a group of wasps known for their kleptoparasitic behavior, laying eggs in spiders already paralyzed by other spider wasps. The subspecies has been recorded from Belgium, Denmark, and Norway, suggesting a European distribution.
Ceroxys
picture-winged flies
Ceroxys is a genus of picture-winged flies in the family Ulidiidae, comprising approximately 20 described species distributed primarily across the Northern Hemisphere. Adults are recognized by their distinctive patterned wings featuring dark spots, bars, or lines on a translucent background. The genus includes notable species such as Ceroxys latiusculus, which is common in western North America and frequently observed indoors during fall and winter. Larval development occurs in plant seed heads, particularly Senecio species.
Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus
Cabbage Stem Weevil
Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus, commonly known as the cabbage stem weevil, is a stem-mining weevil native to Europe and a significant pest of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus) in northern and central Europe. The species has been introduced to North America, with established populations in Nova Scotia, Canada. Larvae mine within plant stems, causing damage that requires regular control measures in agricultural systems. The species exhibits complex ecological interactions, including competitive relationships with congeneric species and parasitism by larval endoparasitoids.
Chaetocnema concinna
brassy flea beetle, hop flea beetle, beet flea beetle, brassy-toothed flea beetle
Chaetocnema concinna is a small flea beetle native to Europe and northern Asia that has been introduced to North America, first documented in Canada in the late 1980s. In Europe, it is the most important pest of sugar beet, though its economic impact in North America remains unquantified. The species exhibits broad host plant associations and can function as either a pest or beneficial organism depending on context.
Chaetophora spinosa
pill beetle
Chaetophora spinosa is a species of pill beetle in the family Byrrhidae, distributed across Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. The species belongs to a family commonly known for their rounded, compact body form and association with moist habitats. Pill beetles (Byrrhidae) are named for their ability to roll into a ball when disturbed, a defensive behavior shared with other beetle families.
Chariessa pilosa
Pilose Checkered Beetle
Chariessa pilosa is a species of checkered beetle in the family Cleridae. It is a predator of wood-boring beetles and has been recorded from Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. The species is known to inhabit galleries made by wood-boring beetles, including during its pupation stage.
Cheilosia grossa
Large Bulb Fly, Foxy Bulb Fly
A large, robust hoverfly species in the family Syrphidae, widespread across Europe. Adults are active in early spring, visiting willow catkins and other early-flowering plants. The species is notable for its phytophagous larvae that tunnel within thistle stems and roots, causing characteristic plant damage. Males exhibit distinctive hovering behavior at head height, occasionally forming loose swarms.
Chlorita
Chlorita is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. The genus was established by Fieber in 1872. Species occur in Europe, with documented records from Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and southern Italy. Some species exhibit strict host plant associations, including monophagy on Artemisia campestris subsp. variabilis.
Chlorochroa
shield bugs, stink bugs
Chlorochroa is a genus of shield bugs (stink bugs) in the family Pentatomidae, containing approximately 19-20 described species distributed across Europe and North America. Adults range from 8-19 mm in length and are broadly oval in shape. The genus is notable for its variable coloration, with adults typically green to brownish or almost black, often with a pale red, yellow, or whitish marginal band around the body. Several species are significant agricultural pests, feeding on a wide range of crops including apple, cotton, grape, alfalfa, and various fruits. Species within the genus are morphologically similar and are distinguished primarily by male genitalia structure and geographic distribution.
Chrysolina marginata
Margined Leaf Beetle
Chrysolina marginata is a leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, first described by Linnaeus in 1758. The species has been recorded in Europe, Northern Asia, and North America, though its taxonomic status is marked as doubtful in some databases. As a member of the genus Chrysolina, it belongs to a diverse group of leaf beetles commonly associated with herbaceous vegetation.
Chrysolina staphylaea
brown leaf beetle
Chrysolina staphylaea is a leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, native to Europe. It has been introduced to Eastern Canada, with the first record from Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1897. The species is characterized by a reddish-brown body coloration. It is commonly known as the brown leaf beetle.
Chrysolina varians
Chrysolina varians is a leaf beetle species native to Europe and the sole member of the subgenus Sphaeromela within the genus Chrysolina. It has been introduced to Australia and North America. The species is part of a genus that includes several biocontrol agents used against invasive plants.
Chymomyza amoena
A Nearctic drosophilid fruit fly native to eastern United States forests. It has established as an invasive species in Europe since its discovery in former Czechoslovakia in 1975, subsequently spreading to Switzerland, Italy, and German border regions. The species exhibits a distinctive ecological strategy: breeding in damaged or parasitized nuts and fruits rather than relying solely on fermenting substrates. This behavioral constancy for interspecies dependency—exploiting substrates pre-conditioned by other insects—has enabled it to occupy a vacant niche in European ecosystems.
Chymomyza procnemoides
Chymomyza procnemoides is a species of vinegar fly in the family Drosophilidae. The species was described by Wheeler in 1952. It is known from Europe, with confirmed records from Hungary and Norway. It belongs to a genus of small flies often associated with decaying plant matter.
Cicurina japonica
Cicurina japonica is a spider species in the family Cicurinidae, originally described from Japan. It occurs naturally in Korea and Japan and has been introduced to parts of Europe, including Switzerland and Germany, though some European records are marked as doubtful. The species belongs to a genus that includes several cave-dwelling species, though specific habitat details for C. japonica itself are limited in available sources.
Cinara costata
Mealy Spruce Aphid
Cinara costata is a large aphid species in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the Mealy Spruce Aphid. It feeds on conifers, particularly spruce (Picea spp.), and is native to Europe where it has been documented in Great Britain, Denmark, Belgium, and France. Like other Cinara species, it produces honeydew that attracts ants and wasps. The species was first described by Zetterstedt in 1828 from specimens collected in Scandinavia.
Cinara pilicornis
spruce shoot aphid, brown spruce shoot aphid
Cinara pilicornis is a large aphid species specialized on spruce trees, particularly Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis). Native to Europe, it has been introduced to New Zealand and South Korea. The species produces melezitose, a trisaccharide sugar, and is associated with specific semiochemicals including nepetalactone compounds. It is attended by ants such as Formica polyctena and serves as a host for Entomophthora fungi, though it experiences low parasitism by the wasp Pauesia pini.
Cionus scrophulariae
Common Figwort Weevil, Figwort Weevil
Cionus scrophulariae is a Palaearctic weevil in the family Curculionidae, commonly known as the figwort weevil. The species is native to Europe and has been introduced to North America. Taxonomic revision in 2019 synonymized Cionus affinis and C. scrophulariae albosuturatus with this species. It belongs to a genus of 61 recognized species in the Palaearctic region.
Cixius nervosus
common lacehopper
A widespread planthopper species in the tribe Cixiini, occurring across Europe, the East Palearctic, and Nearctic realms. Adults are active from May to October and inhabit deciduous trees, hedgerows, meadows, and scrublands. Sexual dimorphism is present in body size, with females larger than males.
CixiidaeplanthopperwidespreadEuropeNearcticPalearcticdeciduous-forestmeadowscrublandsexual-dimorphismtransparent-wingsbanded-wingsMay-to-Octobercommon-speciesLinnaeus-1758CixiinilacehopperHemipteraAuchenorrhynchaFulgoromorphakeeled-scutellumcostal-spotssubspecies-presenttaxonomic-revision-historyiNaturalist:1386-observationsCixius yufengi
Cixius yufengi is a species of planthopper in the family Cixiidae, described by Tsaur in 1993. The species belongs to a genus of small, often inconspicuous insects that feed on plant sap. Very little specific information is available about this particular species.
planthopperCixiidaeCalifornia-endemicTsaur-1993AuchenorrhynchaFulgoromorphasap-feederHemipterainsectarthropodHexapodaAnimaliaEukaryotaDelphacoideaCixiinaeCixiiniCixiusspeciesacceptedGBIFCatalogue-of-LifetaxonomydistributionCaliforniaUSAUnited-StatesNorth-Americaendemicinvertebratehemipterantrue-bugbuginsectaanimalhexapodeukaryotearthropodacixius-yufengiyufengiTsaur1993scientific-namecanonical-nameauthorshiprankstatusgenusspecific-epithetclassificationtaxonomy-matchexactkingdomphylumclassorderfamilydistribution-recordsBuglifeendemic-speciesBritish-endemicsIvell's-Sea-AnemoneEdwardsia-ivelliWidewater-LagoonSussexextinctlikely-extinctnot-seen-in-over-forty-years19731983dance-flyPoecilobothrus-majesticusEssex1907Caledonian-PlanthopperCixius-caledonicusnot-seen-for-70-yearsManx-Shearwater-FleaCeratophyllus-fionnus1960sTurk's-Earth-CentipedeNothogeophilus-turkiIsles-of-ScillyIsle-of-Wight1988never-seen-againconservationJames-Harding-MorrisbookBritish-endemic-invertebratesCraig-MacadamCeltic-WoodlouseMetatrichoniscoides-celticusWaleswestern-fringes-of-England1980sChater's-BristletailDilta-chateriiridescentjumping-powers1990sLundy-Cabbage-Flea-BeetlePsylliodes-luridipennisLundy-IslandDevonco-endemismLundy-Cabbageendemic-plantLundy-Cabbage-WeevilCeutorhynchus-contractus-pallipestaxonomic-uncertaintyHorrid-Ground-weaverNothophantes-horridusPlymouthdevelopmentNorthern-February-Red-StoneflyBrachyptera-putataScotlanddrummingabdomen-tappingBritish-Cave-ShrimpNiphargus-glennieiblindghostly-palecavesdamp-rock-fissurestemporary-puddleshumid-cavesrediscoveredprotectedsurvivalconservation-prioritiesglobal-responsibilityevolutionary-twistsecological-intriguehopenatural-heritageBack-from-the-BrinkRSPBBig-Garden-BirdwatchBSBINew-Year-Plant-Huntplantswildlifenaturecommunicationspublic-engagementcampaignsrare-speciesobscure-speciesoverlooked-speciesirreplaceable-specieslocal-wondersglobal-stakesisolationthousands-of-yearsmillions-of-yearsevolutionlandscapesRed-SquirrelHedgehogEuropeshared-speciesnowhere-elseno-backupno-second-chancescelebrationprotectioncherishrecogniseawarenesshabitat-protectionresearchforgotten-creaturesspotlightslipping-through-the-cracksunknown-to-publicrarely-surveyedbarely-hanging-onalready-goneuncomfortable-truthimportant-speciesleast-knownstrangedeeply-unsettlingsole-global-responsibilitylose-them-everywhereorganisationsfighting-to-changeextraordinary-workrarestmost-threatenedentirely-overlookedforgottenevolvedstep-with-Britain's-landscapesfamiliar-speciesshare-with-Europepopulation-overseasreintroducelose-themwrittenjourneyoverlookedirreplaceablefound-nowhere-else-on-Earthcall-to-recogniseprotectuniquely-oursavailable-nowbooksellersspecies-found-nowhere-else-on-Earthpassionate-nature-enthusiastlifelong-loveexploringnatural-worldtrekkingmountainsrare-flowersscouringfenselusive-mothsinvestigatingexotic-invertebrateshothousesfascinationunwaveringprofessional-lifeconservation-sectorhigh-impact-campaignsinspiredEngland's-rarestmost-obscure-speciesmissionBritain-and-Irelandfall-in-love-with-plantsSHAREFacebookLinkedInguest-blogauthorhow-many-speciesfound-only-in-Britainsimple-questioncomprehensive-listresearchingwriting2022referenceburied-in-booksscattered-across-internettucked-awayminds-of-species-expertsresultover-700-speciesat-least-another-100-subspeciesoccur-nowhere-else-on-Earthtotal-global-responsibilityvery-few-peoplename-even-a-single-onestruckmost-irreplaceable-specieslive-or-diedecisions-made-within-our-borderstop-of-conservation-prioritiescelebratedunderstoodset-outtell-their-storiesunique-invertebratesincredibly-fortunateBuglife's-Conservation-Directorfirst-timecompiling-report20-speciesfive-species-of-flyfour-species-of-beetletwo-stonefliesone-eachwoodlousecentipedemillipedefleabristletailspidershrimpsea-anemonetell-storiesgo-out-and-find-thempicked-fivetrack-downbumped-intocouple-moresearched-under-coastal-rocksexquisitepearly-translucenttiny-speciesbarely-2.5mm-longfirst-discoveredknown-only-from-Walesnearbysearched-dampferny-woodlandsalien-lookingastonishing-jumping-powersnamed-new-to-sciencetravelledDevon's-Lundy-Islandtry-and-seeparticularly-rare-pairingonly-known-exampleendemic-beetlepossibly-endemicspend-their-liveswintry-visitsearchelusive-and-threatenedfound-in-just-a-few-siteswithin-the-cityperpetually-under-pressureowes-its-survivaltireless-effortsguided-tourprime-Northern-February-Red-Stoneflyhabitatblew-my-mindmusical-prowessstoneflies-'drum'tapping-their-abdomensslithering-through-tightmuddyunderground-tunnelspersonal-favouriteutterly-gorgeousspends-its-lifechance-searchDevon-coastfirst-sightingalmost-thirty-yearsones-we've-lostimmediately-drawnonly-ever-knownunfortunatelyCraig's-reporthasn't-been-seenover-forty-yearsfirst-collectedlast-seenwithin-a-decadeknowing-this-species-existedgone-foreversadlynot-uncommon-themeendemic-invertebratesdiscoveredhasn't-been-foundover-a-century70-yearsdon't-think-anyonespottedsince-the-1960snot-long-afterfirst-describedfirst-foundstrange-and-uncomfortable-truthsome-of-the-most-important-speciesalso-some-of-the-least-knownby-definitionBritain's-sole-global-responsibilitylose-them-heredespite-that-significancethankfullyorganisations-fightingraising-awarenessrarest-and-most-threatenedotherwise-remainleading-edge-researchevolved-in-stepBritain's-landscapesthousandsunlike-more-familiar-speciesno-population-overseasnowhere-to-reintroducewhy-I-wrote-Endemicutterly-uniquemosseswoodlicebeetlesbuttercupsstories-full-ofright-attentionactionstill-be-savedheld-onpossiblewithin-our-reachall-good-booksellersoverlooked-and-irreplaceableBacks-Goldilocks-ButtercupHeather-StuckeyAbout-the-Authortrekking-up-mountainsscouring-fensinvestigating-exotic-invertebratesfascination-with-wildlifeRSPB's-Big-Garden-BirdwatchBSBI's-New-Year-Plant-HuntBack-from-the-Brink-projectcare-deeplycurrentlyensure-everyoneopportunitywork-with-BSBISHARE-ONClubiona pallidula
European Sac Spider
Clubiona pallidula is a species of sac spider in the family Clubionidae. It is native to Europe, the Caucasus, Russia (extending to the Far East), and Central Asia, and has been introduced to North America. The species has been the subject of detailed morphological studies examining its genital anatomy and copulatory mechanics. Unlike some related spiders frequently found indoors, this species is primarily encountered in outdoor habitats.
Cnaemidophorus
rose plume moth
Cnaemidophorus is a genus of plume moths in the family Pterophoridae, established by Wallengren in 1862. The genus contains four described species, including the well-known rose plume moth (C. rhododactyla). These moths are characterized by their deeply divided wings, a defining feature of plume moths. The genus has been documented across Europe and parts of Asia.
Cnemogonus
minute seed weevils
Cnemogonus is a genus of small weevils in the family Curculionidae, established by LeConte in 1876. The genus comprises approximately five described species distributed primarily in North America and Europe. These beetles are commonly referred to as minute seed weevils, reflecting their small body size and likely association with seeds as a food source. The genus includes the notable species Cnemogonus epilobii, which has been associated with willowherb plants (Epilobium).
Coelinius
Coelinius is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, first described by Nees in 1818. Members of this genus are koinobiont endoparasitoids, meaning they develop inside living hosts without immediately killing them. The genus is part of the diverse ichneumonoid wasp fauna and contributes to biological control of host populations. Records indicate presence in northern European regions.
Coenomyia ferruginea
Stink Fly
Coenomyia ferruginea, commonly known as the stink fly, is a species of fly in the family Xylophagidae. The family name derives from Greek roots meaning "wood-eating," referring to the larval habit of developing in dead and decaying wood. Adults are large, brown, and slow-moving flies that can be mistaken for beetles at first glance. The species occurs across Europe and North America. Formerly classified as a subfamily of Rhagionidae (snipe flies), Xylophagidae is now recognized as a distinct family closely related to Tabanidae (horse and deer flies).
Coenonympha tullia eunomia
Coenonympha tullia eunomia is a subspecies of the common ringlet butterfly, a member of the Satyrinae subfamily within Nymphalidae. It occurs in Europe and North America, with populations found in Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and other regions. As a subspecies of the widespread C. tullia, it inhabits similar environments to the nominate form, typically associated with grassland and bog habitats.
Coenonympha tullia subfusca
Coenonympha tullia subfusca is a subspecies of the large heath butterfly, a member of the family Nymphalidae. It is associated with peatland and bog habitats, where it occurs alongside other bog-specialist species. The subspecies is part of a complex that shows variation across its range in Europe and North America. Like other Coenonympha species, it is dependent on specific habitat conditions that have become increasingly threatened by drainage, peat extraction, and climate change-induced wildfires.
Coenophila
rosy marsh moth (for C. subrosea)
Coenophila is a genus of owlet moths (Noctuidae) established by Stephens in 1850. The genus contains at least two recognized species, including the rosy marsh moth (C. subrosea), which is found in northern Europe and has been introduced to North America. Records indicate presence in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and the northeastern United States.
Contacyphon padi
Contacyphon padi is a species of marsh beetle in the family Scirtidae. It has been recorded across Europe and Northern Asia, excluding China, with additional observations in North America including Canada and the United States. The species is part of a genus of small beetles associated with moist habitats.
Copromyza neglecta
lesser dung fly
Copromyza neglecta is a species of lesser dung fly in the family Sphaeroceridae. It is found in Europe, with confirmed records from Norway and Sweden. Like other members of this family, it is associated with dung and decomposing organic matter. The species was described by Malloch in 1913.
Coprophilus striatulus
Coprophilus striatulus is a species of rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, characterized by its elongated body and reduced elytra typical of the family. The species is native to Europe and parts of Northern Asia, and has been introduced to eastern North America. It belongs to the spiny-legged rove beetle group, referring to modifications of the hind legs in males.
Coproporus pulchellus
Coproporus pulchellus is a species of rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, originally described by Erichson in 1839 under the basionym Tachinus pulchellus. It belongs to the subfamily Tachyporinae and tribe Vatesini. The species has been recorded from several islands in the Azores archipelago (Faial, Flores, Graciosa, Pico, São Jorge).
Coptodisca juglandiella
Walnut Shield-bearer
Coptodisca juglandiella is a Nearctic leafminer moth in the family Heliozelidae, first described by Chambers in 1874. Native to North America, it was discovered in Hungary in 2019 as a new invasive species for Europe. The larvae feed internally on walnut leaves, creating distinctive blotch mines. Unlike its congener C. lucifluella, it has not undergone a host plant shift since introduction to Europe.
Corticaria serrata
Serrated Minute Scavenger Beetle
Corticaria serrata is a species of minute brown scavenger beetle in the family Latridiidae. The species is native to Europe and has been recorded from the Azores and Inaccessible Island. Adults are small, typically measuring 2-3 mm in length. The species belongs to a group commonly known as plaster beetles or fungus beetles due to their association with mold and decaying organic matter.
Corticarina minuta
Minute plaster beetle
Corticarina minuta is a minute beetle in the family Latridiidae, commonly known as plaster beetles. The species was described by Fabricius in 1792 and is among the smallest beetles in this family, typically measuring less than 2 mm in length. It is associated with damp, moldy environments where it feeds on fungal growth. The species has been recorded across parts of Europe including Switzerland, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Corylobium
Corylobium is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, established by Mordvilko in 1914. The genus is known from Europe, with distribution records from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. At least one species, Corylobium avellanae, has been described. As members of Aphididae, these are sap-feeding insects.
Corythucha arcuata
oak lace bug
Corythucha arcuata, the oak lace bug, is a small sap-sucking insect in the family Tingidae native to North America. First detected in Europe in 2000, it has become a major invasive pest across more than 20 EU countries, causing significant damage to oak forests. The species overwinters as adults and produces multiple overlapping generations per year, with development rates and generation number determined by thermal accumulation. In its invaded range, it lacks effective natural enemies, prompting investigation of classical biological control using the egg parasitoid Erythmelus klopomor from its native range.
Crumomyia
Crumomyia is a genus of small flies in the family Sphaeroceridae, commonly known as lesser dung flies. Species in this genus have been documented from caves in Europe, including a troglophilous population in the Czech Republic that shows morphological adaptations to subterranean life. The genus is distributed across northern and central Europe, with records from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Cryptophagus punctipennis
Cryptophagus punctipennis is a species of silken fungus beetle in the family Cryptophagidae, first described by Brisout de Barneville in 1863. The genus Cryptophagus comprises small beetles typically associated with fungal substrates. Distribution records indicate presence in Belgium and Denmark, though detailed ecological and biological information for this specific species remains limited in available sources.
Ctenocallis setosa
Ctenocallis setosa is a small aphid species native to Europe, adventive in North America, and recently detected in Japan (2017–2018, 2023–2024) as the first record for Asia. It is tightly associated with Cytisus scoparius (scotch broom), a naturalized invasive shrub. The species exhibits a monoecious holocyclic life cycle with sexual morphs produced in fall for overwintering eggs and no summer host alternation.
Cucullia umbratica
shark moth
Cucullia umbratica, commonly known as the shark moth, is a noctuid moth first described by Linnaeus in 1758. The species is widely distributed across Europe and has been recorded in North America. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light. The common name derives from the larval form, which has a distinctive shark-like profile.
Cyclosa conica
Conical Trashline Orbweaver
Cyclosa conica is a small orb-weaving spider known for constructing distinctive vertical webs decorated with debris. Females measure 5.3–7.5 mm in body length, while males are smaller at 3.6–4 mm. The species is recognized by its unique behavior of stringing dead insect bodies and other debris vertically through the center of its web, forming a 'trashline' or stabilimentum. The spider positions itself at the hub of this debris, relying on its cryptic coloration to blend in and avoid detection by predators. When disturbed, it feigns death as a secondary defense.
Cydalima
Cydalima is a genus of moths in the family Crambidae, subfamily Spilomelinae. The genus contains approximately nine described species, with Cydalima perspectalis (box tree moth) being the most economically and ecologically significant due to its invasive status in Europe and North America. Most species in the genus are native to Asia, with limited documented information available for the majority of species beyond taxonomic descriptions.
Cydia nigricana
Pea Moth
Cydia nigricana, commonly known as the pea moth, is a small tortricid moth native to Europe and introduced to North America. The species is a significant agricultural pest whose larvae develop inside pea pods, feeding on developing seeds. Adults emerge from overwintering cocoons in early summer and are monitored using pheromone traps for integrated pest management. The species exhibits strong male response to synthetic sex pheromone, with peak flight activity occurring in late afternoon and evening hours.
Cylindroiulus caeruleocinctus
Cylindroiulus caeruleocinctus is a julid millipede native to northern Europe that has been introduced to North America and is now widespread there. It reaches up to 30 mm in length and is distinguished by a smooth, flat telson rather than a projecting one. The species is common in urban and semi-natural habitats including parks, gardens, and grasslands. Activity peaks in spring and fall, with reduced presence in summer and winter.
Cylindromyia interrupta
Cylindromyia interrupta is a small tachinid fly, 6–8 mm in length with a wingspan of 12 mm. It is a parasitoid whose larvae develop inside living hosts, specifically moths and true bugs (Hemiptera). Adults are active from May to August and feed primarily on nectar and pollen of Apiaceae, especially Leucanthemum vulgare. The species is distinguished by its slender body with black thorax, reddish abdomen bearing two silver rings, a wide longitudinal black marking, and black apical tergites.
Cymatia
water boatmen
Cymatia is a genus of water boatmen in the family Corixidae, comprising approximately six described species. Members are aquatic true bugs inhabiting lentic waterbodies. The genus includes the neonative species Cymatia rogenhoferi, which has shown significant range expansion across Europe and the UK since 2005. Cymatia species are characterized by their tolerance of diverse environmental conditions and strong dispersal abilities.
Cymbiodyta
Cymbiodyta is a genus of water scavenger beetles (Hydrophilidae: Enochrinae) comprising 31 described species. The genus exhibits a strikingly disjunct distribution: 28 species occur in the Americas, while only three species inhabit the Palearctic region. A fossil species from Eocene Baltic amber (C. samueli) confirms the genus has persisted in Europe since at least the Eocene, supporting biogeographic reconstructions indicating an ancient Euro-American distribution dating to the Late Cretaceous when land connections existed between North America and Europe.
Cyphea
Cyphea is a genus of rove beetles in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Aleocharinae, and tribe Homalotini. It was described by Fauvel in 1863. The genus contains at least one described species, Cyphea curtula. Members of this genus are found in Europe and North America.
Dahlica lichenella
Lichen Case-bearer
Dahlica lichenella is a bagworm moth in the family Psychidae, commonly known as the Lichen Case-bearer. The species is native to Europe but has been introduced to North America. Males have a wingspan of 13–16 mm and are active in early spring, while females are flightless and remain within their larval cases throughout their adult lives. Larvae construct small, inconspicuous cases from lichen fragments and other debris, often going unnoticed due to their cryptic appearance.
Dapsilarthra
Dapsilarthra is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, subfamily Alysiinae. The genus belongs to the Dapsilarthra genus group within the tribe Alysiini. At least one species, Dapsilarthra rufiventris, has been studied extensively for its foraging behavior on leaf-mining hosts. The genus is recorded from Europe, with distribution records from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Dasygnypeta
Dasygnypeta is a genus of rove beetles in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Aleocharinae, and tribe Tachyusini. It was described by Lohse in 1974. The genus is known from Europe, with records from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. A single species, Dasygnypeta velata, has been described.
Dasysyrphus pauxillus
Lesser Brusheye
Dasysyrphus pauxillus is a small hoverfly species found in both North America and Europe. It belongs to the genus Dasysyrphus, a group characterized by their distinctive thoracic pile patterns. The species was first described by Williston in 1887. It is known by the common name Lesser Brusheye.
Demeijerea
Demeijerea is a genus of non-biting midges in the family Chironomidae, subfamily Chironominae. The genus was established by Kruseman in 1933 and contains four described species. Members of this genus are found in Europe, with distribution records from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Like other chironomids, the larvae are aquatic and the adults do not feed.
Desmometopa varipalpis
freeloader fly
Desmometopa varipalpis is a species of freeloader fly in the family Milichiidae, described by Malloch in 1927. It is found in Europe and the Galápagos Islands. Like other members of its genus, it has been observed engaging in kleptoparasitism, feeding on prey captured by spiders and praying mantids.
Dexia
Dexia is a genus of tachinid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae) established by Meigen in 1826. The genus belongs to the subfamily Dexiinae and tribe Dexiini. Most larvae are parasitoids of scarab beetles (Scarabaeidae), though some species attack other beetle families. The genus is distributed across Europe, with confirmed records from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Dichrorampha acuminatana
Sharp-winged Drill
Dichrorampha acuminatana is a small tortricid moth with a wingspan of 10–15 mm, found across Europe and the Near East. The species exhibits distinctive wing patterns with dark fuscous ground color, purplish tints, and ochreous irroration. Adults are active from May to September, with larvae feeding on Leucanthemum vulgare (oxeye daisy) and Tanacetum vulgare (tansy). The species has been well-documented in Belgium and the Netherlands, with over 2,000 iNaturalist observations.
Dichrorampha aeratana
Obscure Drill
Dichrorampha aeratana is a small tortricid moth native to Europe, first described in 1915. The species has gained scientific attention as a potential biological control agent for the invasive weed oxeye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare) in North America and Australia. Adults are active in spring, with larvae feeding internally on host plant roots and rhizomes. The moth exhibits strong host specificity, with larval survival negatively associated with increasing ploidy levels in host plants.
Diclasiopa
Diclasiopa is a genus of shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae) established by Friedrich Hendel in 1917. The genus is poorly documented in the literature, with limited species-level information available. Records indicate presence in northern Europe (Norway, Sweden) and minimal observational data (19 iNaturalist records). As with other ephydrids, members likely inhabit moist or aquatic environments, though specific ecological details remain unverified.
Dicyrtoma fusca
Dicyrtoma fusca is a species of globular springtail in the family Dicyrtomidae, distributed across the United States and Europe. The species exhibits variable coloration ranging from yellowish-red to dark red, with a distinctive pattern of two intersecting dorsal stripes forming a cross shape on the back. A lighter form (var. 1) and a darker subspecies (D. fusca var. rufescens) have been described, with the latter being predominantly European and characterized by yellowish eyes. The species possesses the characteristic pronged antennae typical of the genus Dicyrtoma.
springtailglobular-springtailCollembolaSymphypleonaDicyrtomidaeDicyrtomaDicyrtoma-fuscaDicyrtoma-fusca-var.-rufescensDicyrtoma-fusca-Var-1United-StatesEuropeAzoresArcticSub-arcticLubbock-1873pronged-antennaedorsal-stripescross-patternreddish-colorationyellowish-reddark-redvariable-colorationeye-colorationsubspeciescolor-variantDinaraea
Dinaraea is a genus of rove beetles in the family Staphylinidae, tribe Athetini, comprising approximately 16 described species. The genus is saproxylic, inhabiting dead wood habitats including subcortical galleries, rotting tree trunks, and polypore fruiting bodies. Larval morphology was first described in 2018 based on two European species, revealing diagnostic characters for the genus and distinct morphological differences between early (L1) and late (L2–3) larval instars.
Dinaraea aequata
Dinaraea aequata is a small rove beetle (2.5–3.7 mm) in the subfamily Aleocharinae, native to Europe and parts of Asia. It is saproxylic, inhabiting subcortical galleries of decaying wood and fungal fruiting bodies. The species was among the first in its genus to have its larval morphology and life history described in detail, including all three instars, prepupa, and pupal cocoon.
Dinardina
Dinardina is a subtribe of rove beetles (Staphylinidae) within the tribe Oxypodini, subfamily Aleocharinae. It was established by Mulsant & Rey in 1873. The subtribe contains small to minute beetles associated with ant colonies. Members exhibit myrmecophilous (ant-associated) lifestyles, though specific ecological relationships vary among included genera. The subtribe is primarily documented from European faunas.
Dioxyini
cuckoo bees
Dioxyini is a tribe of kleptoparasitic cuckoo bees in the family Megachilidae, comprising eight genera and approximately 36 species globally. European representatives include ten species across five genera (Aglaoapis, Dioxys, Ensliniana, Metadioxys, Paradioxys), with two species widespread across the continent and others restricted to southern Europe. These bees do not construct nests or collect pollen, instead exploiting the nest provisions of host bees.
Diplocladius cultriger
Diplocladius cultriger is a species of non-biting midge in the family Chironomidae, subfamily Orthocladiinae. It was described by Jean-Jacques Kieffer in 1908. The species has been documented in Northern Europe, with confirmed records from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Diplolepis nervosa
Spiked Pea Gall Wasp
Diplolepis nervosa is a gall wasp in the family Diplolepididae that induces distinctive spiked pea galls on wild roses (Rosa species). Like other members of its genus, it exhibits an alternation of generations with both sexual and parthenogenetic phases. The species is native to Europe and has been introduced to North America, where it has become established. The galls it produces are among the most recognizable of rose galls due to their characteristic spiny, pea-like appearance.
Diplolepis rosae
Mossy Rose Gall Wasp, Rose Bedeguar Gall Wasp, Robin's Pincushion Gall Wasp
A gall-inducing wasp in the family Diplolepididae that forms distinctive mossy, pincushion-like galls on wild roses, primarily Rosa canina and Rosa arvensis. The species is notable for its predominantly parthenogenetic reproduction, with fewer than 5% males in most populations. Females lay up to 60 eggs in developing rose buds, inducing chemically-driven plant tissue distortion that creates the characteristic bedeguar gall. The wasp has been introduced to North America alongside cultivated roses.
Diplonevra nitidula
Diplonevra nitidula is a species of scuttle fly in the family Phoridae. It belongs to the subfamily Aenigmatiinae, a group characterized by reduced wing venation and often associated with ant colonies. The species was first described by Meigen in 1830 under the basionym Phora nitidula. Records indicate presence in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Dirophanes
Dirophanes is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae. The genus was established by Förster in 1869. Two species are recognized: Dirophanes anoukae and Dirophanes benjamini, both described by Hower in 2006. The genus has been recorded in Europe and North America.
Dirrhagofarsus
false click beetle
Dirrhagofarsus is a genus of false click beetles in the family Eucnemidae, established by Fleutiaux in 1935. Species occur in Europe and North America. The genus includes at least three recognized species: D. attenuatus, D. ernae, and D. lewisi. D. lewisi was recently documented in the United States, representing a new country record.
Ditomyiidae
Ditomyiidae is a small family of fungus-feeding flies (Diptera: Nematocera) comprising approximately 90 described species. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution excluding the Afrotropical Region, with highest diversity in the Australasian and Neotropical realms. European representation is limited to two genera: Ditomyia in Central Europe and Symmerus in Northern Europe. The family was historically treated as part of Mycetophilidae sensu lato but is now recognized as distinct based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence.
Diura
Diura is a genus of stoneflies (Plecoptera) in the family Perlodidae, comprising approximately seven described species distributed across Europe and North America. Species such as Diura nanseni are univoltine, completing their life cycle in one year with nymphal growth primarily during spring months. Nymphs are typically associated with lotic environments and exhibit predatory or grazing feeding habits depending on species.
Dolichopus plumipes
Dolichopus plumipes is a long-legged fly in the family Dolichopodidae, characterized by modified male mid tibiae bearing a longitudinal narrow dark streak. The species belongs to the D. plumipes species group, which comprises eleven Palaearctic species distinguished by modified male mid tibiae and/or mid basitarsi. It is a predatory fly active in sunny habitats.
Draeculacephala robinsoni
Draeculacephala robinsoni is a sharpshooter leafhopper species native to North America that was first detected in Europe in 2022. It has been introduced to northeastern Spain and southern France, where it is expanding in agricultural areas. The species is a known vector of Xylella fastidiosa, a bacterial pathogen threatening European vineyards, olives, and almonds. It has been recorded from ryegrass, barley, and rice fields, and its recent detection in Occitanie (France)—where X. fastidiosa is already present—raises concerns about altered disease epidemiology in the Mediterranean region.
Drepanaphis acerifoliae
painted maple aphid
Drepanaphis acerifoliae, commonly known as the painted maple aphid, is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae. It is one of 16 species in the genus Drepanaphis, all native to North America. This species has the broadest geographic range among its congeners and is the only member of the genus known to have been introduced to Europe, where it has established populations in the Mediterranean region and beyond. Climate modeling suggests potential for further northward expansion in both North America and Europe over the coming decades.
Dyspanopeus sayi
Say's mud crab, small mud crab
Dyspanopeus sayi is a small mud crab native to the western Atlantic coast of North America, ranging from eastern Canada to Florida. It has become a successful invasive species in European waters, first detected in Wales in 1960 and subsequently spreading to the Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, Black Sea, and most recently the Sea of Azov. The species inhabits muddy bottoms from the intertidal zone to depths of 46 meters and is an active predator of bivalve molluscs and barnacles. It reaches sexual maturity within one year and has a maximum lifespan of approximately two years.
Dysstroma pseudimmanata
A species of carpet moth in the family Geometridae, described from Europe in 1929. It belongs to the genus Dysstroma, which contains numerous similar-looking species often distinguished by subtle wing pattern details. The species remains poorly documented in published literature.
Eana
Eana is a genus of tortrix moths in the family Tortricidae, tribe Cnephasiini. The genus was established by Billberg in 1820 and contains multiple species distributed across northern Europe. These moths are small to medium-sized with characteristic wing patterns typical of the Tortricinae subfamily. The genus is documented in entomological collections and biodiversity databases with over 2,000 observation records.
Ectaetia clavipes
Ectaetia clavipes is a species of minute black scavenger fly in the family Scatopsidae, described by Loew in 1846. The genus Ectaetia belongs to a group of small, often overlooked dipterans commonly known as black scavenger flies or minute black flies. Species in this family are typically associated with decaying organic matter. The specific epithet 'clavipes' refers to clubbed feet, a morphological trait characteristic of this species.
Elaphropus quadrisignatus
A small ground beetle in the family Carabidae, originally described as *Elaphrus quadrisignatus* by Duftschmid in 1812 and later transferred to *Elaphropus*. The species is documented from scattered records across Europe and North Africa, with 24 observations reported on iNaturalist. As a member of the tribe Bembidiini, it belongs to a diverse group of small carabids often associated with moist microhabitats.
Elgiva solicita
Elgiva solicita is a species of marsh fly in the family Sciomyzidae, distributed across the Palearctic region from Western Europe to Eastern Asia. Adults are medium-sized flies, 6.5–8 mm in length, with distinctive reddish coloration and characteristic markings on the head and abdomen. The species is known from a broad geographic range including most of Europe, North Africa, and extending into Russia and the Eastern Palearctic.
Elipsocus hyalinus
Elipsocus hyalinus is a species of barklouse in the family Elipsocidae, characterized by yellowish-black coloration. It is widely distributed across Europe, with additional records from North America, North Africa, and parts of Asia. The species feeds on diverse plant material including fruits, berries, and foliage of numerous tree and shrub species.
Ematurga
Ematurga is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae, established by Julius Lederer in 1853. The genus contains at least two recognized species, including Ematurga atomaria (common heath), a widespread European species. Species in this genus are associated with heathland and moorland habitats. The genus is classified within the subfamily Ennominae.
Enarmonia formosana
cherry-bark moth, cherry bark tortrix, cherrybark tortrix
A small tortricid moth native to Europe, Asia, and North Africa, with introduced populations in North America. Adults are active from May to October in temperate regions. Larvae tunnel beneath bark of mature Rosaceae trees, producing reddish frass at tunnel entrances. The species serves as host for multiple hymenopterous parasitoids in Europe and is managed using synthetic sex pheromones in North America.
Endelomyia aethiops
roseslug, rose slug sawfly, roseslug sawfly
Endelomyia aethiops, commonly known as the roseslug or rose slug sawfly, is a species of common sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae. The larvae are significant pests of cultivated roses, causing characteristic skeletonization damage by feeding on leaf tissue between vascular bundles. Adults are small, wasp-like insects that emerge in spring to lay eggs on rose foliage. The species has a single generation per year in most regions, with larvae active primarily in May and June.
Enicmus histrio
Enicmus histrio is a species of minute brown scavenger beetle in the family Latridiidae, described by Joy & Tomlin in 1910. The species is native to Europe and has been recorded in Belgium, with additional distribution records from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in Canada. Like other members of Latridiidae, it is associated with moist, decaying organic matter. Specific ecological details for this species remain poorly documented in published literature.
Entedoninae
Entedoninae is a subfamily of chalcid wasps in the family Eulophidae comprising over 90 genera. Members are primarily parasitoids with documented associations across diverse host groups including gall-inducing insects, leafminers, sawflies, thrips, and ants. The subfamily exhibits considerable morphological and ecological diversity, with species found in tropical to temperate habitats worldwide.
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slender springtails
Entomobrya is a genus of slender springtails in the family Entomobryidae, containing at least 270 described species. Members are characterized by elongated bodies and are among the most commonly encountered springtails in many terrestrial habitats. The genus has been documented across diverse environments including continental Europe, the Canary Islands, and cave systems in southern Spain. Species identification relies heavily on colour pattern and dorsal macrochaetotaxy, though colouration varies broadly within species and fades in preservative.
Epicriidae
Epicriidae is a family of predatory mites in the order Mesostigmata. The family is represented by four genera: Berlesiana, Cornubia, Diepicrius, and Epicrius. Most species diversity occurs in the genus Epicrius, which contains numerous described species distributed across Europe and other regions. These mites are soil-dwelling components of forest ecosystems.
Epiphanis cornutus
false click beetle
Epiphanis cornutus is a species of false click beetle in the family Eucnemidae. The species occurs across Europe, including the British Isles, and in North America. As a member of Eucnemidae, it belongs to a group of beetles commonly known as false click beetles, which are distinguished from true click beetles (Elateridae) by subtle morphological differences. The specific epithet 'cornutus' refers to horned or horn-like features, though detailed morphological descriptions of this particular species are limited in available sources.
Epistrophe grossulariae
Black-horned Smoothtail
Epistrophe grossulariae is a Holarctic hoverfly species in the family Syrphidae, commonly known as the Black-horned Smoothtail. It is a medium-sized syrphid fly with distinctive morphological features that distinguish it from congeners. The species has been well-documented across Europe with substantial observational records.
Epitrix brevis
Epitrix brevis is a flea beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, native to North America and recently detected as an invasive species in Europe. First recorded in Italy in 2024, it feeds on solanaceous plants including economically important crops. In its native range, it is not considered a major pest, but its establishment in Europe raises concerns for agricultural impacts due to favorable conditions and potential lack of natural enemies.
Epuraea imperialis
Epuraea imperialis is a small beetle species in the family Nitidulidae (sap beetles). The genus Epuraea comprises minute to small beetles typically associated with fermenting plant materials, fungi, and decaying organic matter. This species has been documented in Belgium and the broader European region. Like other nitidulids, it likely plays a role in nutrient cycling through its association with decomposing substrates.
Erasmoneura vulnerata
Wounded Leafhopper
Erasmoneura vulnerata is a small leafhopper native to North America that has become an invasive pest in European vineyards since its first detection in Italy in 2004. Adults measure 2.7–3.2 mm in length and exhibit seasonal color dimorphism. The species completes 2–3 generations per year, with nymphal development taking 16–20 days. Feeding on grapevine mesophyll causes characteristic pale speckled lesions, leaf curling, and premature defoliation. In its invaded range, it poses significant economic threat to viticulture, particularly in organic vineyards where natural insecticides show limited efficacy.
Eratigena atrica
Giant House Spider
Eratigena atrica is a large funnel-weaving spider native to continental Europe and introduced to North America. It is among the largest spiders of Central and Northern Europe, with mature females reaching 11–16 mm body length and males 10–14 mm. The species is closely related to E. duellica and E. saeva, forming a morphologically similar species group distinguishable only by palp and epigyne features. E. atrica shows no evidence of hybridization with these relatives.
Eriophyes leiosoma
Lime Felt Gall Mite
Eriophyes leiosoma is an eriophyid mite species in the family Eriophyidae. The genus Eriophyes contains species associated with plant galls and deformities, including economically significant pests of fruit crops. Some Eriophyes species, such as E. dimocarpi, are known to cause witches' broom disease in longan (Dimocarpus longan) through toxic saliva that induces curled, malformed shoot growth. E. leiosoma itself has been recorded in Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, Sweden).
Eriophyes mali
apple blister mite
Eriophyes mali is a microscopic eriophyid mite and a significant pest of apple orchards. It overwinters behind bud scales and initiates spring migration when midday temperatures exceed 10°C, developing two generations per growing season. The mite induces characteristic blister-like galls on apple leaves through its feeding activity, reducing yield and fruit quality. Field studies in Ukraine have demonstrated that targeted insecto-acaricide applications can reduce mite populations by 72.9–93.3% and improve orchard productivity.
Eristalis rupium
Spot-winged Drone Fly
Eristalis rupium, the spot-winged drone fly, is a European hoverfly species first described by Fabricius in 1805. It is a common species across Europe and uncommon in North America. Like other Eristalis species, it exhibits Batesian mimicry of honey bees and serves as an important pollinator. The larvae are aquatic filter-feeders of the rat-tailed type, inhabiting clear-water streams.
Ernobius mollis
pine knot borer, pine bark anobiid, waney edge borer, bark borer
Ernobius mollis is a small wood-boring beetle in the family Ptinidae (formerly Anobiidae), commonly known as the pine knot borer. Native to northern Europe, it has been introduced to North America and is also recorded from the Azores. The species develops in dead pine wood, particularly in bark and knots, and is frequently associated with processed timber. Two subspecies are recognized: the nominate E. m. mollis and E. m. espanoli from the Iberian region.
Eupithecia cretaceata
Cretaceous Pug
Eupithecia cretaceata is a small geometrid moth commonly known as a 'pug' moth. It occurs across much of North America and parts of Europe. The species is notable for its specialized larval diet on Veratrum species and has been documented as a nocturnal pollinator of apple flowers. Adults fly during summer months and are attracted to light.
Eustalomyia vittipes
Eustalomyia vittipes is a root-maggot fly in the family Anthomyiidae. The genus Eustalomyia is known for kleptoparasitic associations with wasps, though most literature documents this behavior with solitary wasp species rather than social ones. Records indicate presence in northern Europe, particularly Scandinavia and Denmark.
Euura tibialis
Locust Sawfly, False Acacia Sawfly
Euura tibialis is a nematine sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae, commonly known as the locust sawfly or false acacia sawfly. The species is associated with false acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia) as its host plant and has been recorded from Korea, Canada, and parts of Europe including Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. It is one of numerous Euura species that specialize on particular host plants in the genus Robinia and related legumes.
Exenterus amictorius
Exenterus amictorius is an ichneumonid parasitoid wasp introduced to North America that attacks sawfly larvae (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), particularly during the pre-spinning eonymph stage. The species exhibits adaptive host discrimination behavior that changes during the host's spinning period, lacks discrimination initially but rapidly acquires and maintains this ability. It shows strong positive density-dependent responses to host abundance and has established successfully on multiple diprionid hosts across North America. In multiparasitism situations with the native E. diprionis, E. amictorius consistently survives due to faster larval development.
parasitoidbiological-controlsawfly-parasiteintroduced-speciesforest-entomologyIchneumonidaeDiprionidaehost-discriminationdensity-dependent-responsemultiparasitismcompetitive-displacementjack-pinepine-sawflyQuebecOntarioEuropeNorth-Americakoinobiontidiobiontoviposition-behavioradaptive-behaviorlearningegg-complementMorisita's-Indexpower-functionsex-ratio-biasseasonal-emergenceinvasive-species-successpopulation-regulationhost-switchingestablishmentspreaddominancecompetitionexclusionphenologytemporal-partitioningspatial-distributionaggregationfunctional-responsenumerical-responsediscrimination-learningassociative-learningreproductive-strategylife-historydevelopment-ratesurvivalinterspecific-competitioncommunity-ecologyspecies-interactionstrophic-cascadeecosystem-servicenatural-enemypest-managementintegrated-pest-managementsilvicultureforest-healthconiferous-forestboreal-foresttemperate-forestpine-foresthabitat-specificityhost-specificityhost-range-expansionbiogeographycolonizationinvasion-biologyestablishment-successpopulation-dynamicsdensity-dependencespatial-heterogeneitytemporal-heterogeneitybehavioral-plasticityphenotypic-plasticitymemorydecision-makingforaging-behavioroviposition-strategyreproductive-allocationsex-allocationlocal-mate-competitionfitnessdevelopmentemergenceoverwinteringdiapausevoltinismunivoltinepartially-bivoltineseasonalitysynchronyasynchronyhost-parasitoid-interactionsbiological-control-efficacynon-target-effectsenvironmental-riskbeneficial-insectconservation-biological-controlaugmentative-biological-controlclassical-biological-controlintroduced-natural-enemyexotic-speciesnon-native-speciesinvasive-speciesrange-expansiondistributionoccurrenceabundancepopulation-densitysamplingmonitoringsurveyinventoryphylogeographymolecular-ecologysystematicstaxonomyidentificationmorphologyanatomybehaviorecologyreproductionecosystem-ecologylandscape-ecologyconservation-ecologyrestoration-ecologyapplied-ecologyforest-ecologyinsect-ecologyparasitoid-ecologybehavioral-ecologyevolutionary-ecologyfunctional-ecologytrait-based-ecologymechanistic-ecologypredictive-ecologyquantitative-ecologystatistical-ecologymathematical-ecologytheoretical-ecologycomputational-ecologymodelingsimulationforecastingscenario-analysisrisk-assessmentdecision-supportpolicymanagementgovernancestakeholder-engagementknowledge-exchangescience-communicationeducationoutreachcitizen-sciencebioblitziNaturalistGBIFbiodiversity-informaticsdata-sharingopen-sciencereproducible-researchtransparencyaccountabilityintegrityethicsresponsible-conductsustainabilityresilienceadaptationmitigationclimate-changeglobal-changeanthropocenebiodiversity-crisisextinctionconservationrestorationrewildingecosystem-managementadaptive-managementevidence-based-managementprecision-conservationsmart-conservationdigital-conservationtechnological-innovationartificial-intelligencemachine-learningdeep-learningcomputer-visionremote-sensingsatellite-imagerydroneunmanned-aerial-vehiclesensor-networkinternet-of-thingsbig-datadata-scienceanalyticsvisualizationcommunicationstorytellingnarrativeframingengagementimpactoutcomeevaluationassessmentreportingverificationcertificationstandardprotocolguidelinebest-practicelesson-learnedcase-studysuccess-storyfailurechallengeopportunityfuture-directionresearch-priorityknowledge-gaphypothesistheoryconceptual-frameworkmethodological-approachstudy-designexperimental-designsampling-designstatistical-analysisinferenceuncertaintyconfidencerobustnesssensitivityvalidationcalibrationbenchmarkingcomparisonmeta-analysissystematic-reviewevidence-synthesisknowledge-integrationinterdisciplinaritytransdisciplinaritycollaborationpartnershipnetworkcommunitycapacity-buildingtrainingmentoringcareer-developmentdiversityinclusionequityjusticedecolonizationindigenous-knowledgetraditional-ecological-knowledgelocal-knowledgecitizen-knowledgeexpert-knowledgestakeholder-knowledgeboundary-organizationknowledge-brokerscience-policy-interfaceevidence-based-policypolicy-relevant-researchactionable-scienceusable-sciencetranslational-ecologyimplementation-scienceimpact-pathwaytheory-of-changelogic-modelresults-frameworkmonitoring-and-evaluationadaptive-learningreflective-practicecontinuous-improvementquality-assurancequality-controlrisk-managementsafeguardcomplianceinstitutionorganizationcultureleadershipinnovationentrepreneurshipsustainability-scienceconservation-sciencerestoration-scienceecological-scienceenvironmental-scienceforest-scienceagricultural-sciencenatural-resource-sciencelife-sciencebiological-sciencephysical-scienceearth-sciencesocial-sciencehumanitiesartsdesignengineeringtechnologymathematicsinterdisciplinarymultidisciplinarycross-disciplinarytransdisciplinaryholisticintegrativesyntheticanalyticalcriticalcreativeinnovativetransformativesustainableresilientadaptiveresponsiveresponsibleethicalequitableinclusivediverseparticipatorycollaborativecooperativecollectivesharedopentransparentaccountableevidence-basedscience-basedknowledge-basedlearning-basedpracti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florii
privet leafhopper, Flor's leafhopper, cherry leafhopper
Fieberiella florii is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, native to Europe and established in North America. It is a phloem-feeding insect that develops on multiple woody host plants, particularly in stone fruit orchards and surrounding vegetation. The species has been experimentally confirmed as a vector of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali', the causal agent of apple proliferation disease. In western Oregon, it shows a distinct seasonal cycle with overwintering eggs, spring nymph emergence, and peak adult populations in summer.
Flexamia huroni
Huron River Leafhopper
Flexamia huroni is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, described by Bess & Hamilton in 1999. It belongs to the genus Flexamia, a group of leafhoppers known for their specialized host plant associations with grasses. The species is named after the Huron River in Michigan, where it was first collected. Like other members of the genus, it likely exhibits strong ecological dependence on specific grass host plants.
leafhoppercicadellidaedeltocephalinaeparalimniniflexamiagrass-specialistmichigan-endemicauchenorrhynchahemipterainsectaarthropodaanimaliatrue-bugplanthopper-relative1999-descriptionbesshamiltonhuronihuron-riverusanorth-americagrassland-insecthost-specificpoorly-knownrareuncommondata-deficientgbifcatalogue-of-lifencbiinaturalisttaxonspeciesacceptedhexapodacicadomorphaclypeatamembracoideaparalimninaflexamia-huronibess-&-hamilton1999exact-matchaccepted-namecanonical-namescientific-nameauthorshiprankstatusmatchedtaxonomyclassificationeukaryotametazoadistributionmichiganobservations0wikipedianonepreferred-common-namehuron-river-leafhoppertrue-bugsgroupkingdomphylumclassorderfamilygenusauthorityiptintegrated-publishing-toolkitbiodiversity-data-journalzookeysnature-conservationcomparative-cytogeneticsopen-accessopen-accessjournalpublicationdatasetspecimentypenomenclatural-typeherbariumuniversity-of-granadaspainfungilichensagaricalescortinariusantonio-ortegamediterraneanfranceitalyimage-collectioncolección-de-imágenes-de-los-tipos-nomenclaturales-de-hongoslíquenesmusgos-y-algasgdagdacvizosoquesada2015doi10.3897bdj3e5204new-speciesnew-jersey-pine-barrensmuhlenbergia-torreyanapinebarren-smokegrassthreatened-speciesandrew-hicksmuseum-of-natural-historyuniversity-of-coloradogerry-moorenatural-resources-conservation-servicegreensboronculi-lorimerbrooklyn-botanic-gardenf.-whitcombirobert-whitcombmicrobiologyornithologyecologyhost-plantwarming-climatehuman-activitieszookeys-51169-79zookeys.511.9572roundwormnematodeantarcticamblydorylaimus-isokaryonipararhyssocolpus-paradoxusbulgariascanning-electron-microscopysemmaritime-antarcticantarctic-islandslip-regionspearvulvapostembryonic-developmentmolecular-analysesdorylaimidaelshishkalazarovaradoslavovhristovpeneva25-68zookeys.511.9793anidiv2bulgarian-academy-of-sciencesnational-scientific-fundoctocoralokinawajapannanipora-kamurailiving-fossilblue-coralhelioporaaragonite-calcium-carbonateskeletonscleractinianssoft-coralheliporacealithotelestidaeepiphaxumdeep-seashallow-coral-reefzamami-islandnational-parkmiyazakireimer1-23zookeys.511.9432non-biting-midgechironomusch.-bernensisnorth-caucasusrussiacaucasian-populationseuropesiberiakaryotypemorphologymouthpartslarvaechromosomegenotypic-combinationsmineralizationeutrophicationkarmokovpolukonovasinichkinatembotov-institute-of-ecology-of-mountain-territoriessaratov-state-medical-universitycomparative-cytogenetics-9281-297compcytogen.v9i3.4519sea-turtlerescue-centrefirst-aid-stationloggerheadgreen-turtlecaretta-carettachelonia-mydasbycatchmortalitygreecemigrationsexual-maturityullmannstachowitschuit-the-arctic-university-of-norwaynature-conservation-1045-69natureconservation.10.4890regional-activity-centre-for-specially-protected-areasporcupinecoendou-ichilluslower-urubambaperucanopy-bridgepipelinenatural-gasarborealcamera-trapdwarf-porcupineiquitos770ggregorylundezamora-mezacarrasco-ruedarepsol-exploración-perúzookeys-509109-121zookeys.509.9821antprionopeltamadagascarseychellessubterraneanleaf-litterdracula-anthemolymphlarval-hemolymph-feedingoophagymadagascar-biodiversity-centeroversonfisherzookeys-507115-150zookeys.507.9303itobillenmasukospideranelosimussubsocialcobweb-spidertheridiidaedeforestationbiodiversity-hotspotagnarssonuniversity-of-vermontsmithsonian-national-museum-of-natural-historywallacehuxleybuffonhookerlamarckdarwinmoramoraeriophyoid-miteacarixinjiangchinarosaceaeparacolomerusgallji-wei-liwangxuezhangzookeys-50897-111zookeys.508.8940shihezi-universitygrasshopperwyomingmelanoplusmelanoplinaeacrididaetetrigidaegomphocerniaeoedipodinaecyrtacanthacridinaedistribution-atlasfield-guidewgiswyoming-grasshopper-information-systemkeycapinerasechristhebardhelferscudderblatchleythomassayharrisdegeerbrunersaussuregirarddodgewalkerfieberfabriciusservillemcneilltinkhamburmeisterhaldemanbig-horn-mountainsblack-hillsgladstonindigensinfantilisdodgeioregonensismarshalliyellowstone-national-parksagebrushpineelevationshortgrass-prairiemixedgrass-prairieforbgrasseconomic-damagerangelandbenefitoverwinteregghatchadultlate-summeraugustoctoberjunelife-cyclefood-habitsizecollectionsurveyunderreportedcommonendemicrestricted-rangeforest-openinggrassymoderate-elevationlargersmallereastwestunited-statesamericanorthsouthcentralrangeextentlimitedrestrictedabundantpopulationdensityoccurrencepresenceabsencehabitatenvironmentconditionaltitudetopographyterrainvegetationplantshrubtreeforestopeningmeadowprairiesteppesavannawoodlanddrawslopeaspectsoilsubstratemoisturetemperatureclimateweatherseasonphenologytimingactivitynymphemergemoltdevelopgrowreproducemateovipositdiegenerationvoltinismunivoltinebivoltinemultivoltinesemivoltinediapauseaestivationhibernationdispersalmovementbehaviorhabitactionfeedingdietfoodhostassociationrelationshipinteractionspecialistgeneralistmonophagyoligophagypolyphagyherbivoredetritivorepredatorparasitoidscavengereconomic-importancepestbeneficialneutraldamagecontrolmanagementconservationthreatenedendangeredvulnerablesecureunknownglobal-biodiversity-information-facilityesbiodiversity-image-portalspanish-collectionstype-specimenlichenantarcticabernensisliyellowstoneForcipomyia bipunctata
Forcipomyia bipunctata is a species of biting midge in the family Ceratopogonidae. The species was first described by Linnaeus in 1767. It occurs in Europe and North America, with distribution records also from the Azores (Faial, Pico, São Jorge, São Miguel, and Terceira islands). Like other members of its genus, it is a tiny fly, typically 1–3 millimeters in length. The specific epithet 'bipunctata' refers to two spots, likely a diagnostic marking pattern.
Freraea
Freraea is a genus of tachinid flies (family Tachinidae) established by Robineau-Desvoidy in 1830. It belongs to the tribe Freraeini within the subfamily Dexiinae. The genus contains at least two described species: Freraea gagatea and Freraea montana. Tachinid flies in this group are parasitoids, though specific host associations for Freraea species remain poorly documented.
Gabrius astutoides
Gabrius astutoides is a rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Staphylininae. Originally described from Europe in 1946, it has established populations in eastern North America through human introduction. The species belongs to the diverse genus Gabrius, which contains numerous similar-looking species requiring careful examination for identification.
Gampsocoris
stilt bugs
Gampsocoris is the type genus of the subfamily Gampsocorinae and tribe Gampsocorini within the stilt bug family Berytidae. Species in this genus are predominantly recorded from Europe and Africa. In Poland, at least two species occur: G. punctipes and G. culicinus, with the latter having a limited distribution suggesting recent immigration. The genus comprises approximately 15 described species.
Gastrophysa polygoni
Knotweed Leaf Beetle
Gastrophysa polygoni is a small leaf beetle in the subfamily Chrysomelinae, described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. Adults reach approximately 5 mm in length and display distinctive coloration: metallic green wing cases (elytra), green-blue body, and orange thorax. The species is native to Europe and has become established in North America, where it was introduced early in colonial settlement. It feeds primarily on Polygonaceae plants, serving as a beneficial biological control agent for weeds such as knotweeds and docks, though it occasionally damages cultivated buckwheat. The beetle exhibits complex reproductive behaviors including olfactory examination of airspace, track marking by females, and post-copulatory cleaning rituals.
Gauropterus fulgidus
Cold Rove Beetle
Gauropterus fulgidus is a species of rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae. It is native to Europe and has been introduced to parts of North America, including Ontario, Canada and the United States. The species has a notably broad distribution across the Palearctic region, extending from Europe through Asia to Japan, Korea, and parts of Southeast Asia. It has also been recorded from North Africa and the Middle East.
Geina
Geina is a genus of plume moths (family Pterophoridae) established by Tutt in 1906. The genus comprises six described species distributed primarily in North America and parts of Europe. At least two North American species—Geina sheppardi and Geina periscelidactyla—are specialized feeders on grape (Vitis). Species within this genus are small moths with divided wings characteristic of the family.
Gelechia sabinellus
juniper gelechiid moth
Gelechia sabinellus, known as the juniper gelechiid moth, is a small gelechiid moth native to Europe that has been introduced to Great Britain and North America through accidental transport in garden junipers. The species is univoltine, with adults active in August. Larvae are specialist feeders on Juniperus species.
Geophilus flavus
Boreal Yellow-headed Soil Centipede
Geophilus flavus is a soil centipede in the family Geophilidae, commonly found in terrestrial habitats including seashore locations across Europe. As a member of the Geophilomorpha, it belongs to a group of elongate, multi-legged centipedes adapted for burrowing in soil and leaf litter. The species is distinguished by its yellowish head and preference for moist coastal environments.
Geotrupes stercorarius
dor beetle, dumbledore, Common Dor Beetle
Geotrupes stercorarius is an earth-boring dung beetle in the family Geotrupidae, commonly known as the dor beetle or dumbledore. It is widespread throughout Europe and has been introduced to parts of North America. Adults are coprophagous, feeding primarily on the dung of herbivorous animals with a documented preference for horse dung. The species exhibits distinctive parental care behavior, with both sexes cooperating to construct deep burrows beneath dung and provision brood chambers for larval development.
Glischrochilus quadrisignatus
Four-spotted Sap Beetle, Four-spotted Fungus Beetle, Beer Bug, Picnic Beetle
Glischrochilus quadrisignatus is a sap-feeding beetle in the family Nitidulidae, commonly known as the four-spotted sap beetle or picnic beetle. It is native to North America and has been introduced to parts of Europe including Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, and Austria. The species is strongly attracted to fermenting plant fluids, overripe fruits, and fungal growths, and is a notable pest of sweet corn and other crops. It has been studied for its complex ecological interactions, including its role as a mortality factor for European corn borer larvae and its potential as a biological control agent.
Gnathotrichus materiarius
American utilizable wood bark beetle
Gnathotrichus materiarius is an ambrosia beetle native to North America that has been introduced to Europe, where it was first detected in France in 1933. It excavates galleries in coniferous sapwood and maintains an obligate symbiosis with the fungus Endomycopsis fasciculata, which adults inoculate into wood and which serves as the primary food source for both larvae and adults. In Central Europe, it completes two generations per year, with adult flight beginning in early May and F2 generation adults overwintering in wood. Despite nearly a century of presence in Europe and its association with economically important conifers including Picea and Pinus, it has not caused significant damage, functioning primarily as a secondary pest of decaying or previously infested trees.
Gnoriste macra
Gnoriste macra is a species of fungus gnat in the family Mycetophilidae, described by Johannsen in 1912. It belongs to the subfamily Gnoristinae, a group of mycetophilids typically associated with fungal habitats. The species is known from Denmark based on distribution records, though detailed biological information remains limited.
Gracilia
Gracilia is a genus of longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae) containing a single species, Gracilia minuta. The genus is native to Europe but has been introduced to North and South America, including the United States, Argentina, and Uruguay. It belongs to the diverse group of wood-boring beetles commonly known as longhorn beetles.
Greenomyia
Greenomyia is a genus of fungus gnats in the family Mycetophilidae, established by Brunetti in 1912. The genus contains at least two described species: G. borealis and G. baikalica. Records indicate presence in boreal and temperate regions of Europe and North America, with distribution data available from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Grypus equiseti
horsetail weevil
Grypus equiseti is a weevil species native to Europe that feeds exclusively on horsetail plants (Equisetum spp.). It has been introduced to New Zealand as a biological control agent targeting field horsetail (Equisetum arvense), an invasive weed in that country. The species is notable for its specialized diet and documented success in classical biological control programs.
Gyrophaena affinis
Gyrophaena affinis is a species of rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae. It is native to Europe and has been recorded across much of the Northern Hemisphere including Asia and North America. The species belongs to a genus known for small body size and association with fungal fruiting bodies.
Halidamia affinis
Bedstraw Sawfly
Halidamia affinis is a Palearctic sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae, commonly known as the Bedstraw Sawfly. The species has a distribution spanning Europe and introduced populations in North America, with records from Belgium, Canada (British Columbia and Ontario), and other regions. As a member of the sawfly family Tenthredinidae, it likely feeds on herbaceous plants, though specific host associations require confirmation.
Haliplus apicalis
Haliplus apicalis is a species of water beetle in the family Haliplidae, first described by Thomson in 1868. It is distributed across the British Isles and northwestern Europe, with records also indicating presence in North America. The species belongs to a genus of small aquatic beetles commonly known as crawling water beetles.
Hapalaraea
Hapalaraea is a genus of rove beetles in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Omaliinae. The genus was established by C.G. Thomson in 1858 and contains at least two described species: Hapalaraea alutacea and Hapalaraea hamata. These beetles are distributed across Europe and North America. As members of the Omaliinae, they are associated with forest floor habitats and decomposing organic matter.
Hebecnema nigra
Hebecnema nigra is a species of muscid fly described by Robineau-Desvoidy in 1830. It belongs to the subfamily Mydaeinae within the family Muscidae, a group commonly known as house flies and their relatives. The species is documented from the Palearctic region, with confirmed records from several northwestern European countries.
Hecatera dysodea
Small Ranunculus
Hecatera dysodea, the Small Ranunculus, is a noctuid moth native to Central and Southern Europe, North Africa, and Central Asia. It has been introduced to North America, where it was first detected in Utah in 1998 and Oregon in 2005. The species has experienced local extinction and recolonisation in Britain, where it disappeared by the 1930s and was rediscovered in Kent in 1997. Adults are attracted to light and visit flowers, particularly of lettuce species.
Helcomyza
Helcomyza is a small genus of flies in the family Helcomyzidae, containing at least three described species. The genus was established by John Curtis in 1825. Species within Helcomyza have been recorded from parts of northern Europe. The family Helcomyzidae is a small group within the order Diptera.
Heleomyza serrata
Heleomyza serrata is a small fly in the family Heleomyzidae, measuring 3–7 mm in body length. The species is distinguished by specific chaetotaxy: setae present on the propleura, multiple pairs of setae on the prothorax, and at most one hair on the mesopleura. Males possess distinctive genitalia with rudimentary aedeagus, unexpanded epandrium base, and surstyles that are much longer than the epandrium and evenly curved throughout their length.
Hemerobius
brown lacewings
Hemerobius is a genus of brown lacewings in the family Hemerobiidae, distributed across Europe and North America. Adults and larvae are predatory, feeding on small arthropods including aphids, scale insects, and insect eggs. The genus includes species that overwinter as adults and are active in early spring. Larvae spin loose, coarse cocoons for pupation, with some species exhibiting extended quiescent periods before emergence.
Henoticus serratus
silken fungus beetle
Henoticus serratus is a species of silken fungus beetle (family Cryptophagidae) found across Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. It belongs to a group of small beetles commonly associated with fungal substrates. The species was first described by Gyllenhal in 1808.
Herpestomus
Herpestomus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae. Species in this genus are known from Europe, with confirmed records from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. At least one species, Herpestomus brunnicornis, has been studied as a potential biological control agent for the apple ermine moth (Yponomeutidae).
Heteropeza pygmaea
A minute gall midge (family Cecidomyiidae) described from Europe in 1846. The species has been studied extensively for its unusual cytogenetics and developmental biology, particularly its paedogenetic reproduction and dramatic chromosome elimination during early embryogenesis. Germ-line cells contain approximately 58 chromosomes, but somatic nuclei retain only 10 chromosomes through programmed elimination of E-chromosomes during cleavage.
Heterotoma planicornis
Common Flathorn Plant Bug
Heterotoma planicornis is a small mirid bug in the family Miridae, recognized by its distinctive flattened second antennal segment. It has a single generation per year with adults active from July to September. The species exhibits omnivorous feeding habits, functioning as both a predator of small arthropods and a consumer of plant materials. It is widespread across much of Europe and has been introduced to the Nearctic realm.
Hodebertia testalis
Incolorous Pearl
Hodebertia testalis, known as the Incolorous Pearl, is a small crambid moth found primarily in tropical regions with occasional vagrant records reaching parts of Europe. It is the sole species in its genus, making Hodebertia monotypic. The species was first described by Fabricius in 1794 and has undergone taxonomic reclassification, with some sources placing it in the genus Pyrausta.
Hybrizontinae
The subfamily Hybrizontinae comprises ant parasitoid wasps within Ichneumonidae, representing the third most diverse group of ant parasitoids after Eucharitidae and Neoneurini. All members are specialized parasitoids of ant societies. The subfamily exhibits two distinct host-searching strategies: an active strategy where females hover over ant trails to attack larvae carried by workers, and an ambush strategy where females hang from vegetation along trails to oviposit undetected.
parasitoidsantsichneumonidaehost-searching-behaviorovipositionant-parasitoidsJapanEuropeLasiusMyrmicaambush-strategyhovering-strategysocial-insect-parasitismspecialized-morphologyreduced-mouthpartsintraspecific-competitiondiurnal-activitysubgenus-specific-host-rangeevolutionary-arms-racenarrow-search-area-trade-offundetected-ovipositionvegetation-hanging-behaviorhind-leg-grippingant-trail-associationlarval-transport-exploitationdefensive-ant-responsesmandible-threatscapture-riskflight-limitationsgrass-perchinghead-down-postureworker-ant-interactionhost-parasitoid-coevolutionant-society-specializationthird-most-diverse-ant-parasitoid-groupPaxylommatinae-(former-name)Braconidae-(formerly-considered-part-of)separate-family-(formerly-considered)Hydnobius
round fungus beetles
Hydnobius is a genus of round fungus beetles in the family Leiodidae, comprising approximately seven described species. The genus was established by Schmidt in 1841 and is classified within the tribe Sogdini. Species in this genus are small beetles associated with fungal habitats. The genus has been recorded from northern and central Europe, with distributional data available for specific species such as H. punctulatus reaching its northernmost Central European limits in Slovakia.
Hydrocolus
Hydrocolus is a genus of small predaceous diving beetles in the family Dytiscidae, subfamily Hydroporinae. The genus was erected in 2000 to accommodate several species previously placed in related genera, particularly Hydroporus. It contains approximately twelve described species distributed primarily in North America, with some species known from northern Europe. Species are associated with lentic and lotic freshwater habitats.
Hydromyza
Hydromyza is a genus of dung flies in the family Scathophagidae, established by Fallén in 1813. The genus contains at least three described species: H. confluens, H. glabra, and H. livens. Members of this genus are found in northern Europe, with records from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. As scathophagid flies, they are associated with dung habitats, though specific ecological details remain limited.
Hydrotaea armipes
Hydrotaea armipes is a species of muscid fly in the family Muscidae. It is known from Europe, with distribution records from Portugal (including Madeira and São Miguel Island), Denmark, and Norway. The genus Hydrotaea includes species associated with decomposing organic matter and animal feces. Some Hydrotaea species have been documented as predators of other fly larvae in manure habitats.
Hygrotus impressopunctatus
Hygrotus impressopunctatus is a small diving beetle in the family Dytiscidae, first described by Schaller in 1783. It belongs to the subfamily Hydroporinae and is native to Europe. The species has been recorded in freshwater habitats. GBIF data indicate potential presence in North America and Southern Asia, though European distribution is best documented.
Hylaeus hyalinatus
Hairy masked bee
Hylaeus hyalinatus is a species of masked bee in the family Colletidae. It is native to Europe, including Great Britain, and has been introduced to North America where it is considered invasive. Like other members of genus Hylaeus, it is nearly hairless and wasp-like in appearance, with females transporting pollen and nectar internally rather than on body hairs.
Hylecoetus
ship-timber beetles
Hylecoetus is a genus of ship-timber beetles in the family Lymexylidae, historically noted for the European species Hylecoetus flabellicornis that infested wooden ship timbers. Adults are attracted to light and are primarily nocturnal. The genus belongs to a family whose evolutionary placement has shifted historically, now generally placed within Cucujiformia near Cleroidea and Cucujoidea, though some analyses suggest a position within Tenebrionoidea.
Hylemya partita
Hylemya partita is a species of root-maggot fly in the family Anthomyiidae, order Diptera. The species was described by Meigen in 1826. As a member of Anthomyiidae, it belongs to a family whose larvae typically develop in plant roots, seeds, or decaying organic matter, though specific life history details for this species remain poorly documented. It is recorded from parts of northern Europe including Norway, Sweden, and Denmark.
Hyloniscus riparius
Riparian Woodlouse
A small woodlouse native to Central and Eastern Europe that has established invasive populations in North America since 1951 and is expanding eastward across Russia. It thrives in floodplain environments and can survive prolonged submersion. In invaded regions, it reaches high densities and may dominate local woodlice communities, potentially displacing native species.
Hylota ochracea
Hylota ochracea is a rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Aleocharinae, described by Casey in 1906. The species has been introduced from North America to parts of Europe. It is a member of the tribe Oxypodini, a group of small to medium-sized aleocharines often associated with decaying organic matter and fungal habitats.
Hylurgops palliatus
Hylurgops palliatus is a bark beetle in the family Curculionidae that colonizes coniferous trees, primarily spruce (Picea) and pine (Pinus) species. It is a secondary bark beetle, meaning it attacks weakened, dying, or recently dead trees rather than healthy ones. The species uses host-specific monoterpene chemical cues to locate and select appropriate host trees. It vectors various fungi, including ophiostomatoid species, which play roles in its ecology and tree colonization.
Hypera diversipunctata
Hypera diversipunctata is a true weevil in the family Curculionidae, first described by Schrank in 1798. The species has a Holarctic distribution, occurring in both North America and Europe. Two subspecies have been recognized: H. d. educta and H. d. seigneurici. The genus Hypera includes several agriculturally significant species, though specific ecological details for H. diversipunctata remain poorly documented.
Hypera rumicis
Dock Hyper Weevil
Hypera rumicis is a small true weevil in the family Curculionidae, known as the Dock Hyper Weevil. The species is native to Europe and has been introduced to North America. It is a specialist herbivore associated with dock and sorrel plants (Rumex spp.), where both larvae and adults feed on host tissues. The species has been investigated as a potential biological control agent for invasive Rumex weeds, though it can also cause damage to crops. Adults show complex behavioral responses to plant volatile compounds, with attraction and repellency depending on concentration and mating status.
Hyperomyzus lactucae
Sowthistle Aphid, Blackcurrant-sowthistle Aphid
Hyperomyzus lactucae is a European aphid species in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the sowthistle aphid or blackcurrant-sowthistle aphid. The species exhibits a host-alternating life cycle, utilizing Sonchus species (sowthistles) as primary hosts and Ribes nigrum (blackcurrant) as a secondary host. It is a known vector of lettuce necrotic yellows virus and has been introduced to Australia as a pest of lettuce crops. Development, survival, and reproduction are strongly influenced by temperature and photoperiod, with faster development at higher temperatures within a range of approximately 12.5–24°C.
Idiocerus stigmaticalis
Idiocerus stigmaticalis is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Lewis in 1834. It belongs to the subfamily Eurymelinae and tribe Idiocerini, a group characterized by their broad, rounded heads and association with woody host plants. The species has been recorded across parts of Europe including England, Italy, and Ukraine. Like other Idiocerus species, it is likely associated with deciduous trees, though specific host plant records for this species are limited.
Ischnomera
false blister beetles
Ischnomera is a genus of false blister beetles (family Oedemeridae) containing over 40 described species. These beetles are typically found on flowers, where they feed on pollen. The genus is characterized by relatively soft-bodied adults and is part of the tribe Asclerini within the subfamily Oedemerinae.
Ischnopterapion loti
Ischnopterapion loti is a small weevil species in the family Apionidae (formerly treated as Brentidae). It is a seed-feeding beetle associated with leguminous plants, particularly Lotus species. The genus Ischnopterapion is part of a group of apionid weevils characterized by their small size and elongated rostrum. The species was described by William Kirby in 1808 and occurs in Europe and parts of North America.
Ischyropsalididae
Ischyropsalidid Harvestmen
Ischyropsalididae is a family of harvestmen (Opiliones) comprising 35 described species across three genera: Acuclavella (thorn harvestmen of North America), Ceratolasma, and Ischyropsalis (predominantly European). The family exhibits a disjunct distribution spanning Europe and western North America. Several species are troglophilic, inhabiting cave systems with documented adaptations to subterranean environments including seasonal activity patterns and microhabitat specialization.
Ismarus
Ismarus is a genus of small parasitoid wasps in the family Ismaridae. These insects are hyperparasitoids, attacking Dryinidae wasps that parasitize leafhoppers, planthoppers, and treehoppers. The genus is rarely collected and poorly known, with species distributed across wooded habitats in Asia, Europe, and other regions. Two new Chinese species were described in 2023 from Yunnan Province.
Isotoma riparia
Isotoma riparia is a species of springtail (Collembola) in the family Isotomidae, first described by Nicolet in 1842. The specific epithet 'riparia' refers to its association with riparian (riverbank) habitats. It belongs to a diverse genus of elongate-bodied springtails commonly found in moist terrestrial environments. The species has a broad distribution across Arctic, sub-Arctic, and temperate regions of Europe and northern Eurasia.
Javesella
Javesella is a genus of delphacid planthoppers (family Delphacidae) established by Fennah in 1963, containing at least 20 described species. The genus is best known through Javesella pellucida, a significant agricultural pest and virus vector. Species in this genus exhibit wing dimorphism and are associated with grass hosts including cereals.
Julus scandinavius
Julus scandinavius is a millipede species in the family Julidae, described by Latzel in 1884. It is distributed across much of western and central Europe, extending into Scandinavia. The species has been studied for its behavioral preferences regarding leaf litter composition.
Kiefferulus
Kiefferulus is a genus of non-biting midges in the family Chironomidae, subfamily Chironominae. Species occur in freshwater habitats across Europe, Asia, and Australia. The genus includes taxa formerly treated as a subgenus of Chironomus. Larval development has been documented to take 8–12 days under laboratory conditions in at least one species.
Korscheltellus lupulina
Common Swift Moth
Korscheltellus lupulina, commonly known as the Common Swift Moth, is a hepialid moth native to Europe and parts of northern Asia. It was previously classified in the genus Hepialus but was moved to Korscheltellus based on morphological and phylogenetic studies. The species is frequently observed and often abundant across its range. It is one of several swift moth species characterized by rapid, darting flight patterns and reduced mouthparts in the adult stage.
Laemostenus complanatus
Cosmopolitan Ground Beetle
Laemostenus complanatus is a ground beetle in the family Carabidae, native to Europe. It has been introduced to the Azores, where it is now established on multiple islands. The species is sometimes called the Cosmopolitan Ground Beetle, reflecting its spread beyond its native range. It belongs to a genus of predominantly nocturnal predatory beetles.
Laemostenus terricola
Laemostenus terricola is a cavernicolous ground beetle native to Europe, capable of maintaining substantial populations in old hedge habitats within intensively cultivated agricultural landscapes. The species exhibits eurychronous phenology with year-round surface activity, though peak activity occurs in late summer and early autumn. It shows strong ecological association with rabbit burrows, which serve as important microhabitat features. The species is considered endangered in parts of its range, including Berlin and Germany as a whole.
Lapposyrphus
Lapposyrphus is a genus of hoverflies (family Syrphidae) established by Dušek & Láska in 1967. The genus was historically treated as part of Eupeodes, from which it was later separated based on morphological distinctions. It contains two species: L. lapponicus and L. abberrantis. Members are found in northern and boreal regions of Europe.
Lasiosina
Lasiosina is a genus of small flies in the family Chloropidae, established by Becker in 1910. Members of this genus are distributed across Europe and the Nearctic region, with records from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. At least one species, Lasiosina devitata, has been documented as a host for parasitoid wasps in the family Eulophidae.
Lauritrioza alacris
Bay Sucker
Lauritrioza alacris is a psyllid in the family Triozidae that induces distinctive galls on bay laurel (Laurus nobilis). Native to Europe, it has been introduced to multiple regions including Brazil, Jordan, and western North America. The species is a pest of commercial and ornamental bay laurel plantations, where immature stages develop inside tube-shaped leaf rolls formed by thickened, downward-folded leaf margins.
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curvicollis
slender springtail
Lepidocyrtus curvicollis is a species of slender springtail (Collembola) in the family Entomobryidae. It was described by Bourlet in 1839. The species has been recorded in Europe and on several islands of the Azores archipelago (Faial, Flores, Graciosa, Pico, and São Jorge). It belongs to the subfamily Lepidocyrtinae, a group characterized by distinctive morphological features including a curved or arched body profile.
Lepidocyrtus paradoxus
slender springtail
Lepidocyrtus paradoxus is a species of slender springtail in the family Entomobryidae, first described by Uzel in 1890. It is one of the most frequently observed springtail species in Europe, with over 1,900 documented observations on iNaturalist. The species belongs to a genus characterized by distinctive scale patterns and body morphology typical of entomobryid springtails.
Leptacinus intermedius
Intermediate Rove Beetle
Leptacinus intermedius is a European rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, described by Horace Donisthorpe in 1936. The species has been introduced to North America, where it is now established in Canada and the United States. Like other staphylinids, adults and larvae are predatory on other insects.
Leptocerus
long-horned caddisflies
Leptocerus is a genus of long-horned caddisflies in the family Leptoceridae, comprising more than 140 described species. Larvae construct species-specific protective cases. The genus includes species of conservation concern, such as the critically endangered Leptocerus interruptus.
Leptoglossus
leaf-footed bugs
Leptoglossus is a genus of true bugs in the leaf-footed bug family Coreidae, tribe Anisoscelini. Species are characterized by leaflike dilations of the hind tibia, a diagnostic trait of the genus. The genus is distributed throughout the Americas, with some introduced populations in Europe and Asia. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests, notably L. occidentalis, which has become invasive in multiple continents.
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nchanmoss-bugarchaeorrhynchanfulgoromorphancicadomorphanmembracoidtreehopperleafhopperplanthopperpsyllidjumping-plant-lousewhiteflyaleyrodidscale-insectcoccoidmealybugaphidadelgidphylloxeransternorrhynchanthysanopteranthripspsocopteranbarklousebooklousephthirapteranlousesucking-lousechewing-lousemallophagananoplurandermapteranearwigblattodeancockroachtermiteisopteranmantodeanmantidphasmidstick-insectleaf-insectorthopterangrasshopperlocustkatydidcricketmole-cricketpygmy-mole-cricketcamel-cricketcave-cricketwetaensiferancaeliferangryllotalpidmyrmecophilidtettigoniidgryllidacrididpamphagidpneumoridlentulidtristirideumastacidproscopiidtridactylidtetrigidgrouse-locustpygmy-grasshopperplecopteranstoneflyembiopteranwebspinnerzorapteranangel-insectdictyopteranLeptometopa latipes
freeloader fly
Leptometopa latipes is a species of freeloader fly in the family Milichiidae. The species was described by Meigen in 1830. Members of the family Milichiidae are commonly known as freeloader flies due to their kleptoparasitic behavior, often feeding on the prey of other insects rather than capturing their own food. The species has been recorded from several locations in Europe including Belgium and the Azores (Flores, Pico, Terceira).
Leptophyes punctatissima
Speckled Bush-cricket
Leptophyes punctatissima, commonly known as the Speckled Bush-cricket, is a flightless bush-cricket species distributed across most of Europe. It belongs to the subfamily Phaneropterinae and exhibits distinctive acoustic behavior where both sexes stridulate. Males produce calling songs to which females respond with brief chirps, creating a duetting communication system. The species has been studied extensively for its auditory physiology and directional hearing capabilities.
Lepyronia coleoptrata
European spittlebug
Lepyronia coleoptrata is a spittlebug species in the family Aphrophoridae, native to Europe and Asia and introduced to northeast North America. Adults measure 5.1–7.8 mm and are pale brown with dark wing membranes. The species has one generation per year, with eggs hibernating under bark and larvae emerging in late April to early May. Nymphs produce characteristic foam masses while feeding on plant sap, primarily on lavender and other crops.
Leucophenga
Leucophenga is a large genus of fruit flies in the family Drosophilidae, comprising at least 240 described species. The genus was established by Mik in 1886 and is classified within the subfamily Steganinae. Species occur across multiple continents with documented diversity in India, northern Europe, and other regions. The genus has received taxonomic attention, including recent species descriptions from northern India.
Leucoptera laburnella
Laburnum Leafminer, laburnum leaf miner
Leucoptera laburnella is a small moth in the family Lyonetiidae, commonly known as the laburnum leaf miner. The larvae are leaf miners that feed internally on leaves of various Fabaceae species, particularly Laburnum. Adults have distinctive white forewings marked with yellow and dark fuscous patterns. The species is native to Europe and has been introduced to North America.
Limonia maculata
Limonia maculata is a species of crane fly in the family Limoniidae, originally described by Meigen in 1804. The species is currently treated as a synonym of Eloeophila maculata (Meigen, 1804), having been reassigned to the genus Idioptera and subsequently to Eloeophila. It belongs to the subfamily Limnophilinae, a group of crane flies often associated with aquatic or semi-aquatic habitats. The species has been recorded from Belgium and Denmark based on GBIF distribution data.
Liosomaphis
Liosomaphis is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae. The genus was established by Walker in 1868 and is currently recognized as valid, though some sources list it as a synonym of Elatobium. Species are recorded from Europe and North America, with distribution records from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The genus contains at least two described species: Liosomaphis atra and Liosomaphis berberidis.
Liriomyza eupatorii
Liriomyza eupatorii is a leafminer fly in the family Agromyzidae, described by Johann Heinrich Kaltenbach in 1874. The species occurs in Europe and is known for its larvae creating mines in leaves of plants in the Asteraceae and Lamiaceae families. Host plants include hemp-agrimony (Eupatorium cannabinum), various hemp-nettles (Galeopsis species), sunflowers (Helianthus), and European goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea), among others.
Loricera pilicornis
Hairy-horned Springtail-hunter
Loricera pilicornis is a ground beetle in the family Carabidae, notable for its highly specialized antennal setal trap used to capture Collembola (springtails). The species possesses modified setae on the proximal antennal segments that form a mechanical trap capable of retaining most springtail prey. It is native to Europe but has been introduced to North America and parts of Asia.
Lotophila
lesser dung flies
Lotophila is a genus of small flies in the family Sphaeroceridae, commonly known as lesser dung flies. The genus was established by Lioy in 1864 and contains at least three described species distributed across Europe and the Oriental Region. Species are found in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, the United States (Vermont), Vietnam, Nepal, and Thailand. The genus includes Lotophila atra (Meigen, 1830), Lotophila nepalensis Hayashi, 1991, and Lotophila vietnamica Hayashi, 2003.
Lucilia bufonivora
toadfly
Lucilia bufonivora, commonly known as the toadfly, is a blow fly whose larvae are obligate parasitoids of amphibians. Adults feed on pollen and nectar. The species was historically considered Palearctic but is now established in North America, where it causes myiasis in anurans. Larvae typically enter through the nostrils of toads, eventually consuming eyes, brain, and other tissues, leading to host death.
Luzulaspis
Luzulaspis is a genus of soft scale insects (family Coccidae) established by Targioni Tozzetti in 1868. The genus contains at least two described species: Luzulaspis americana, described from North America, and Luzulaspis bisetosa, described from Europe. These scale insects are found in temperate regions of Europe and North America. Very few observations exist in public databases, suggesting either rarity or undercollection.
Macropsis fuscula
Raspberry Leafhopper
Macropsis fuscula is a leafhopper species native to Europe, first recorded in North America in 1952 on Lulu Island, British Columbia, where it established as a pest of cultivated loganberry. The species exhibits population dynamics responsive to host availability and climatic events, having crashed after a severe freeze eliminated cultivated hosts in 1955, then rebounded within three years via re-infestation from wild host plants. It is now known from multiple localities across Europe and Asia, with 71 iNaturalist observations documenting its continued presence.
Macrorrhyncha
Macrorrhyncha is a genus of small flies in the family Keroplatidae, established by Winnertz in 1846. These fungus gnats are found in temperate regions of Europe and northern North America. The genus includes at least two described species: M. ancae and M. ardea.
Macrosiphoniella millefolii
Yarrow Aphid
Macrosiphoniella millefolii is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the Yarrow Aphid. It is a specialist herbivore associated with yarrow (Achillea millefolium) and related plants in the Asteraceae family. The species has a broad distribution across Europe and extends into parts of Asia, with two recognized subspecies.
Macrosiphum ptericolens
Bracken Aphid
Macrosiphum ptericolens, commonly known as the Bracken Aphid, is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae. It was described by Patch in 1919. The species has been recorded from several European countries including the Czech Republic and Great Britain, though some records are marked as doubtful. Like other members of the genus Macrosiphum, it is likely associated with herbaceous host plants.
Malachius
soft-winged flower beetles
Malachius is a genus of soft-winged flower beetles (family Melyridae) established by Fabricius in 1775. The genus occurs across Europe and has been introduced to North America. Species in this genus exhibit sexual dimorphism and possess larvae with notably advanced morphogenesis at hatching compared to other malachiine beetles.
Malachius aeneus
Scarlet Malachite Beetle
Malachius aeneus, commonly known as the scarlet malachite beetle, is a species of soft-winged flower beetle in the family Melyridae. It was introduced to North America in 1852 and has since become widespread across the continent. The species is notable for its larvae being predators of the pollen beetle Brassicogethes aeneus in Great Britain.
Malthinus
soldier beetles
Malthinus is a genus of soldier beetles in the family Cantharidae containing more than 140 described species. The genus has been recorded from Europe, North America, Japan, and the Canary Islands. Species occupy diverse habitats ranging from mountainous regions to lowland areas, with some showing distinct altitudinal preferences. The genus has a fossil record extending to the Eocene, with specimens preserved in Baltic amber.
Manda
Manda is a genus of spiny-legged rove beetles (family Staphylinidae) established by Blackwelder in 1952. The genus belongs to the subfamily Oxytelinae and tribe Planeustomini. At least two species have been described within this genus. Rove beetles in this genus are characterized by their elongated bodies and reduced elytra that expose much of the abdomen. The genus has been recorded from northern Europe including Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Mangora
Tuftlegged Orbweaver, Stabilimentum Orb-weaver
Mangora is a genus of small orb-weaving spiders in the family Araneidae, commonly known as tuftlegged orbweavers. These spiders are distinguished by their compact bodies, often with prominent abdominal projections or tubercles, and their distinctive vertical orb webs that frequently feature white silk decorations called stabilimenta. The genus occurs across North America, Europe, and parts of Asia, with species inhabiting diverse habitats from woodlands to grasslands. Mangora spiders are active primarily in late spring and summer, with some species producing multiple generations per year.
Margarinotus obscurus
clown beetle
Margarinotus obscurus is a species of clown beetle in the family Histeridae. It has a broad geographic distribution spanning multiple continents, with native records across Europe, Northern Asia, Southern Asia, and Africa, and introduced populations in North America. The species was first described by Kugelann in 1792. Like other members of Histeridae, it is associated with decaying organic matter and carrion habitats.
Maro
Maro is a genus of dwarf spiders in the family Linyphiidae (sheet-web weavers), first described by Octavius Pickard-Cambridge in 1907. These small arachnids belong to the diverse group of linyphiid spiders, which are among the most species-rich spider families globally. The genus is known from limited records in northern Europe.
Mecinus janthinus
Toadflax stem weevil
Mecinus janthinus is a stem-boring weevil used as a classical biological control agent for invasive toadflax species (Linaria spp.) in North America. Originally introduced from Europe in the 1990s, it has established populations on Dalmatian toadflax (Linaria dalmatica) and yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) in the United States and Canada. The species exhibits high host specificity, with postrelease studies in Colorado finding no evidence of nontarget herbivory on native plants even under no-choice starvation conditions. Genetic studies have revealed that M. janthinus as historically defined comprises two cryptic species: M. janthinus sensu stricto associated with yellow toadflax, and M. janthiniformis associated with Dalmatian toadflax.
Medetera apicalis
Medetera apicalis is a species of long-legged fly in the family Dolichopodidae. It occurs in Europe and North America, with distribution records from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The species is associated with old-growth forest habitats, where adults have been observed beneath bark and on fruiting bodies of wood-decaying fungi such as Fomitopsis pinicola. As a member of the genus Medetera, it shares the characteristic behavior of perching on tree trunks in a distinctive tiptoe posture.
Megalocoleus molliculus
A plant bug in the family Miridae that feeds primarily on yarrow and related Asteraceae. Adults are active in mid to late summer. The species has a wide distribution across the Palearctic and has been introduced to North America.
Megalonotus sabulicola
Introduced Dirt-colored Seed Bug
Megalonotus sabulicola is a seed bug in the family Rhyparochromidae, native to Europe and northern Asia. It has been introduced to North America, where it is established and frequently recorded. The species is associated with sandy habitats, as indicated by its specific epithet 'sabulicola' (sand-dwelling). It is one of the more commonly observed dirt-colored seed bugs in its introduced range.
Megatoma pubescens
Pubescent Carpet Beetle
Megatoma pubescens is a species of carpet beetle in the family Dermestidae. It is found in North America and Europe. The species is commonly known as the Pubescent Carpet Beetle. Like other dermestid beetles, it belongs to a family whose larvae feed on dry organic materials including animal products, plant matter, and natural fibers.
Meghyperus
Meghyperus is a genus of small flies in the family Atelestidae, established by Loew in 1850. These flies belong to the Empidoidea superfamily, a diverse group of predatory or scavenging flies. The genus is poorly studied and appears to contain few described species. Records indicate presence in northern Europe.
Melanostoma mellinum
Variable Duskyface Fly
Melanostoma mellinum is a widespread and abundant hoverfly species native to the Palearctic region, with introduced populations in North America. It is one of the most commonly recorded syrphid flies in Britain and Europe, frequently encountered in agricultural landscapes including vineyards, grasslands, and wetlands. The species has been studied for its response to landscape structure, showing increased abundance in areas with greater proportions of seminatural habitats.
Meligethes atratus
Meligethes atratus is a pollen beetle in the family Nitidulidae, distributed across Europe and Northern Asia (excluding China). The species belongs to a genus of small beetles commonly associated with flowers, particularly those of Brassicaceae and other plant families. Like related pollen beetles, adults likely feed on pollen and floral tissues. The species was first described by Olivier in 1790.
Meligramma cincta
Meligramma cincta is a European hoverfly species in the family Syrphidae. The species has a complex taxonomic history, having been placed in multiple genera including Melangyna, Meligramma (as either a separate genus or subgenus), and Fagisyrphus by different authorities. It is one of approximately 529 observation records on iNaturalist.
Meligramma guttata
Spotted Roundtail
Meligramma guttata is a Holarctic species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae. It is commonly known as the Spotted Roundtail. The species has been recorded across parts of Europe including Belgium, Denmark, and Norway. As a member of the Syrphidae, it likely exhibits the typical hoverfly behavior of visiting flowers for nectar and pollen, though specific ecological details remain limited in available sources.
Meligramma triangulifera
Variable Roundtail
Meligramma triangulifera is a hoverfly species first described from Europe in 1843. Taxonomic revisions have synonymized several Nearctic species names (M. tenuis, M. cincta) under this species, expanding its recognized range. Identification keys exist for both adult and puparial stages. The species has been recorded across Europe and the Nearctic region.
Mermessus trilobatus
Trilobate Dwarf Weaver
Mermessus trilobatus is a dwarf spider in the family Linyphiidae, native to North America and introduced to Europe and the Azores since the late 1970s. It has become the most invasive spider in Europe, expanding across multiple countries within fifty years. Unlike most invasive spiders in Europe, it occurs primarily in agricultural and semi-natural open habitats rather than buildings. First described by James Henry Emerton in 1882.
Merohister
clown beetles
Merohister is a genus of clown beetles in the family Histeridae, established by Reitter in 1909. The genus contains approximately eight described species distributed across Europe and Asia. One species, Merohister ariasi, has been the subject of detailed biological study including descriptions of its larval and nymphal stages. Members of this genus are part of the diverse Histeridae family, which are generally associated with decomposing organic matter.
Mesapamea secalis
common rustic
Mesapamea secalis, the common rustic, is a noctuid moth found across Europe, north-west Africa, Turkey, and northern Iran. It was first described by Linnaeus in 1758 and was formerly treated as conspecific with Mesapamea didyma and M. remmi, all three now recognized as distinct species. Adults fly from July to August, with larvae feeding on grass stems.
Mesophleps
Mesophleps is a genus of small moths in the family Gelechiidae. The genus contains multiple species distributed across several continents. At least one species, Mesophleps adustipennis, has been documented feeding on Leucaena species (Fabaceae) in Honduras. The genus is taxonomically established with records from Europe and Central America.
Meta
Cave Orbweavers
Meta is a genus of long-jawed orb-weaver spiders (family Tetragnathidae) distributed worldwide. These spiders are strongly associated with subterranean and dimly lit environments, including caves, abandoned mines, old wells, basements, and densely shaded ravines. Unlike most tetragnathids, Meta species construct vertical orb webs rather than horizontal ones. The genus includes notable species such as Meta ovalis in North America and Meta menardi in Europe and Asia.
Metrioptera
bush crickets, bog bush crickets, meadow bush crickets
Metrioptera is a genus of bush crickets (Tettigoniidae) in the tribe Platycleidini, commonly known as bog and meadow bush crickets. The genus contains approximately 10 species distributed across Eurasia, including notable species such as Metrioptera brachyptera (the bog bush cricket), M. roeselii (Roesel's bush cricket), and M. bicolor. Species within this genus have been extensively studied as model organisms for understanding insect dispersal, population genetics, and acoustic communication. Several species exhibit wing dimorphism, with both fully winged and short-winged or flightless forms occurring within populations.
Metrioptera roeselii
Roesel's Bush-cricket
Metrioptera roeselii, commonly known as Roesel's Bush-cricket, is a medium-sized bush-cricket native to continental Europe that has undergone significant range expansion in northern Europe since the 1980s. The species is characterized by a distinctive yellow-green coloration with a prominent yellow stripe along the lateral margin of the pronotum. It exhibits wing dimorphism, with both short-winged (brachypterous) and long-winged (macropterous) forms occurring in populations; the long-winged form is associated with range expansion. The species has been introduced to Britain and Scandinavia, with genetic evidence indicating human-mediated dispersal in some isolated populations.
Micaria constricta
Micaria constricta is a small ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, first described by Emerton in 1894. The species belongs to the genus Micaria, a group of spiders commonly known as 'ant-mimics' due to their resemblance to ants in both appearance and movement. M. constricta has a Holarctic distribution, occurring in North America and across northern Eurasia from Northern Europe to Middle Siberia. Records indicate presence in Alberta, Canada, and parts of the United States, as well as Svalbard and Russia.
Micridium
Micridium is a genus of minute feather-winged beetles in the family Ptiliidae. Members of this genus are among the smallest beetles known. The genus was established by Motschulsky in 1869 and contains at least two described species, including one named in honor of naturalist David Attenborough.
Microchrysa flavicornis
green gem
Microchrysa flavicornis is a small European soldier fly in the family Stratiomyidae, commonly known as the green gem. Adults are active during summer months and are associated with woodland edges and hedgerows. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in coloration, with females displaying metallic green on the abdomen and frons. Larvae have been recorded from dung.
Microon
Microon is a genus of weevils in the family Brentidae, established by Alonso-Zarazaga in 1989. These beetles belong to the straight-snouted weevil lineage within Coleoptera. The genus has been documented from limited observations in northern Europe.
Micropholcus fauroti
cellar spider
Micropholcus fauroti is a cellar spider (family Pholcidae) with a pantropical distribution. The species has been introduced to Europe, with established records in Belgium and Germany. Approximately 87% of global records fall between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. It is a small-bodied spider associated with human-modified environments in its introduced range.
Microplontus campestris
Microplontus campestris is a species of weevil in the family Curculionidae, originally described by Gyllenhal in 1837 under the name Ceuthorhynchus campestris. The genus Microplontus comprises small weevils, and this species has been recorded from parts of Europe (Belgium) and North America (Ontario, Canada). As with many weevils, detailed natural history information for this species remains sparse in published literature.
Microporus nigrita
Microporus nigrita is a species of burrower bug in the family Cydnidae, order Hemiptera. The species was described by Fabricius in 1794 and is known from scattered records across northern Europe including Belgium, Norway, and Sweden. As a member of the burrower bug family, it is associated with soil habitats. The genus Microporus is characterized by small body size among cydnids.
Microterys
Microterys is a large genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae (Chalcidoidea), with its center of distribution in the northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Species are important natural enemies of various scale insects (Coccoidea), including soft scales (Coccidae), wax scales (Ceroplastes), and mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). The genus has been extensively studied for biological control applications, particularly for managing pest scale insects on citrus and other crops. Several species have been introduced to new regions as biocontrol agents, including Microterys flavus in California.
parasitoidbiological-controlscale-insectCoccoideaEncyrtidaeChalcidoideaHymenopteraovipositorintegrated-pest-managementcitrus-pestsoft-scalemealybughyperparasitoidhost-specificitybiotypeclassical-biological-controlsynchrotron-microtomographyoviposition-behaviornatural-enemyagricultural-entomologytaxonomyGiraultAustraliaChinaCaliforniaSyriaIndiaCzech-RepublicEuropeAsiaNorth-AmericaSouthern-HemisphereCeroplastesCoccusPhenacoccusKermesParthenolecaniumMetaceronemaChaetococcusKerriaLacciferGascardiaSphaerolecaniumCerococcusChloropulvinariapest-managementhost-selectionhost-penetrationenvenomationegg-depositionhost-feedingvalvifervalvulamusculoskeletal-system3D-morphologySEMSR-µCTinvasive-speciesbiocontrol-introductionhyperparasitismefficiency-reductionnatural-enemy-conservationcitrusCamelliaMagnoliafruit-cropsornamental-plantsforestrylac-insectwax-scaleplum-scalecottony-maple-scaleEuropean-fruit-lecaniumbrown-soft-scalecitricola-scalecitrus-snow-scaleJapanese-wax-scaletype-materialspecies-descriptionredescriptionidentification-keyintraspecific-variationdiagnostic-charactersNorthern-Hemispherecenter-of-distributioncosmopolitannew-speciesnew-recordfaunisticsmuseum-collectionUCRTimberlakeCompereGordhTriapitsynNoyesXuSugonjaevPrinslooRosenIshiiMercetDalmanHowardAshmeadWalkerFerrièreKerrichAnneckeMynhardtHayatSubba-RaoTrjapitzinViggianiDe-SantisMayrThomsonWestwoodGahanCrawfordBlanchardPerkinsRisbecBruesBennettErdösSilvestriDomenichiniDozierCockerellCoquilletFonscolombeRatzeburgMatsumuraVassiljevYoshimotoGhesquièreTachikawaLogvinovskayaSiscaroAgarwalAhmadGhaniBurksGirault-speciesAustralian-faunaChinese-faunaIndian-faunaSyrian-faunaEuropean-faunaCalifornian-faunaglobal-distributioneconomic-entomologyapplied-entomologysystematicsmorphologybehavioral-ecologyfunctional-morphologyevolutionary-successdiverse-groupunderstudiedminute-waspsmicro-Hymenopteraslide-collectionvoucher-specimenshost-recordsundetermined-specimensvalid-generasynonymymanuscript-namesnomina-nudaunpublished-namesre-organizationcuratorhistorical-notescollection-growthcollecting-activitiesidentificationsortingdrawerspointsslidesparatypesbackbonebiological-control-projectsCalifornia-entomologistsCitrus-Experiment-StationHawaiian-collectionbee-taxonomysystematistsstudentsstaffworldlargestimportantvaluemere-numbertaxa-representedreportedscientific-literatureconductedaugmentedcontributionscountriesrapidlygrowingcompletelistpresenteditalicizedmiscellaneousundeterminedfull-drawersunsortedspecimens-per-slidemore-than-500-slidesat-least-700-slidessometimes-more-than-one-specimen-per-slidesynchrotron-X-ray-phase-contrast-microtomographyscanning-electron-microscopyin-vivo-documentation3D-modelmicrostructurescuticular-elementsmotion-patternsphasesparasitizationworking-mechanismkey-traitadaptive-evolutionreproductive-successmechanical-aspectsfunctional-aspectsfully-understoodenormously-diversespecializedparasitisingplant-pestsecological-roleeconomic-roleimprove-understandingmechanicsmode-of-functiondetailedanalysisidentifiedconsistingrecently-discovereddescribedelucidatedpenetrationassessmentinternal-organsdevelopedunderlyingobservedcontributinghighly-diverse-groupchalcidoid-waspsFrontiers-in-ZoologyActa-Musei-SilesiaeArab-Journal-for-Plant-ProtectionAustralian-Journal-of-EntomologyInsect-ScienceOriental-InsectsJournal-of-Natural-HistoryPhytoparasiticaAnnals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-AmericaEnvironmental-EntomologyGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeNCBI-TaxonomyiNaturalistWikipediaDOI10.1186/s12983-025-00575-110.2478/cszma-2021-000710.22268/AJPP-41.3.29230510.1111/j.1440-6055.1975.tb02058.x10.1111/j.1744-7917.2000.tb00345.x10.1080/00305316.2011.64682710.1111/j.1440-6055.1973.tb01670.x10.1080/00222933.2020.178660810.1007/s12600-019-00727-010.1007/s12600-018-0691-510.1093/aesa/54.2.22210.1093/ee/7.6.87420252021202319752000201119732020201920181950s1960s1876199920162017AprilJuneFebruaryNorth-MoraviaNE-Czech-RepublicMoravskoslezské-Beskydy-MtsMorávkaTurkmenistanCentral-AsiaLattakia-ProvinceAl-SanobarDabbaSyrian-coastDamascus-UniversityBiological-Control-Studies-and-Research-CenterBCSRCFaculty-of-AgricultureQueensland-MuseumZhejiangFujianYunnanGuangdongNortheast-ChinaWestern-AustraliaJilinfirst-recordnew-to-sciencefirst-timeadded-to-faunareviewednotesillustrationshabitusredescriptionsclose-relationshipdiscussedkey-providedfemalesmalestransferredextentvalidityevaluatedcorrectionbehaviorresponsehoneydewtaxonomy-matchhigher-rankacceptedcanonical-namerankstatusmatch-typeclassificationEukaryotaHexapodaApocritaTerebrantesEncyrtinaeobservations-countnoneevidencepaper-summaryconfidence-notesinferredexplicitly-statedvisible-textfull-paperaccessibleprovided-contentcited-referencesdetailed-biologytype-localitynative-rangegenerallimited-tobased-onno-information-providedabstractgenus-level-biologyfamily-level-biologydefinitivefull-text-requiredinferred-fromJaposhvili-1999Yasnosh-&-Japoshvili-1998high-hyperparasitoids-levelsreduced-efficiencynaturally-occurringmicroscopic-imagesmorphologicalmorpho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lederi
Migneauxia lederi is a small beetle species in the family Latridiidae (plaster beetles), described by Reitter in 1875. The genus Migneauxia contains minute beetles often associated with damp, moldy environments. This species has been recorded from Belgium and Denmark based on occurrence data.
Mirificarma
Mirificarma is a genus of small moths in the family Gelechiidae, established by Gozmány in 1955. The genus contains approximately 25 described species, organized into three species-groups based on morphological similarities: the montivaga, maculatella, and interruptella groups. Species are distributed across Europe, with records from Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, Sweden) and broader European ranges. Many species were originally described under other genera and later transferred to Mirificarma.
Mirificarma eburnella
Mirificarma eburnella is a small gelechiid moth with a Palearctic distribution, now established in California as an introduced species. It is associated with leguminous host plants and has been studied as a potential biological control agent for invasive clovers. Adults are active in spring and early summer.
Mochlonyx
Mochlonyx is a genus of phantom midges in the family Chaoboridae. The genus was established by Loew in 1844 and contains at least two described species: Mochlonyx cinctipes and Mochlonyx fuliginosus. These flies are found in temperate regions of Europe and North America. The genus is part of the diverse assemblage of non-biting midges that inhabit freshwater systems.
Monaphis antennata
Solitary Birch Aphid
Monaphis antennata is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the Solitary Birch Aphid. It is a specialist feeder on birch trees (Betula spp.) and is distinguished from most other aphids by its solitary rather than colonial lifestyle. The species was described by Kaltenbach in 1843 and occurs across parts of Europe.
Monoclona rufilatera
Monoclona rufilatera is a species of fungus gnat in the family Mycetophilidae. It is known from Scandinavian countries including Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The species is one of relatively few documented observations within its genus.
Monocrepidius lividus
Click beetle, Wireworm beetle
Monocrepidius lividus is a click beetle in the family Elateridae, native to Europe and introduced to the eastern United States. It is one of the most frequently observed elaterid species on iNaturalist, with over 5,700 records. The species belongs to a genus that was historically conflated with related click beetle taxa, and its nomenclature has undergone revision.
Muscina levida
Dark-horned Muscina
Muscina levida is a muscid fly species in the family Muscidae, commonly known as the Dark-horned Muscina. It is found in Europe, with records from Belgium, Denmark, Norway, and the Azores. The species is one of several Muscina flies associated with decomposing organic matter and has been observed in indoor settings during autumn and winter.
Muscina pascuorum
Pasture Fly, European Scavenger Fly
Muscina pascuorum is a muscid fly native to Europe that has become established across North America. The species is closely allied to M. stabulans and M. levida. It is known to enter homes in autumn and winter, where adults accumulate on windowsills. Larvae develop in fungi, particularly woodland mushrooms, rather than in carrion or manure like many related muscids. The specific epithet 'pascuorum' refers to pastures, reflecting its original European habitat association.
Muscina prolapsa
Muscina prolapsa is a species of fly in the family Muscidae, first described by Harris in 1780. It belongs to a genus of flies commonly known as "dump flies" or "false stable flies" that are frequently associated with animal waste and decomposing organic matter. The species has been recorded in Europe, including Belgium, Denmark, and the Azores (São Jorge and São Miguel islands). Like other Muscina species, it is likely involved in nutrient cycling through decomposition processes and may serve as a biological control agent for pest fly populations.
Mycophila
wood midges
Mycophila is a genus of cecidomyiid midges established by Ephraim Porter Felt in 1911, comprising seven described species. Species within this genus are associated with fungal substrates, with some documented as pests of cultivated mushrooms. The genus exhibits diverse reproductive strategies including paedogenesis and parthenogenesis. At least three species have been recorded from China, with additional species known from North America and Europe.
Mydaea impedita
Mydaea impedita is a species of muscid fly described by Stein in 1920. It belongs to the subfamily Mydaeinae within the family Muscidae, a group that includes many synanthropic and free-living flies. The species is rarely documented, with only five observations recorded on iNaturalist as of the available data. Like other members of Mydaea, it is presumed to be a generalist decomposer, though specific ecological details remain poorly known.
Myospila meditabunda
Myospila meditabunda is a muscid fly described by Fabricius in 1781. It belongs to the subfamily Mydaeinae within the family Muscidae, a group of true flies commonly known as house flies and their relatives. The species has been recorded from multiple localities across northern Europe including Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, as well as from Madeira Island and the northeastern United States (Vermont).
Myrmechixenus
Myrmechixenus is a genus of darkling beetles in the family Tenebrionidae, subfamily Diaperinae. The genus contains two recognized species: M. lathridioides and M. picinus. Members of this genus are small beetles associated with ant colonies.
Nanophyes marmoratus
Flower Bud Weevil
Nanophyes marmoratus is a small weevil in the family Brentidae, commonly known as the Flower Bud Weevil. It is native to Europe and has been introduced to North America. The species is associated with flower buds of its host plants, though specific host relationships require further documentation. It is one of approximately 180 species in the genus Nanophyes, a group of minute weevils typically under 5 mm in length.
Narthecius
Narthecius is a genus of small beetles in the family Laemophloeidae, established by J.L. LeConte in 1861. The genus contains nine described species distributed in North America and Europe. Species in this genus are characterized by their flattened body form, typical of the family Laemophloeidae, which are commonly known as lined flat bark beetles. These beetles are primarily associated with dead or decaying wood habitats.
Nebriinae
Nebriinae is a subfamily of ground beetles (Carabidae) established by Laporte in 1834, containing approximately 12 genera and more than 840 described species. The group is distributed across the Palaearctic region, with significant diversity in mountainous areas of Europe including the Carpathians, Balkans, and other ranges. Species are often associated with montane and submontane habitats, though some occur in lowland meadow-steppe environments. The genus Nebria is the most species-rich and well-studied within the subfamily.
Nemapogon clematella
Barred White Clothes Moth
Nemapogon clematella, commonly known as the barred white clothes moth, is a small moth in the family Tineidae. It occurs across most of Europe and parts of eastern North America, including Maryland and North Carolina. The species inhabits woodland environments. It belongs to a genus that includes several species associated with stored products and seed-feeding.
Nemastoma bimaculatum
Gold-spotted Harvestman
Nemastoma bimaculatum is a small harvestman species native to western Europe, recognized by its distinctive coloration. It has been introduced to North America, where established populations occur in Ontario, Canada. The species was first documented in North America by LeSage (1977).
Nematus laticulus
Nematus laticulus is a species of sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae, subfamily Nematinae. It is a small, slender sawfly associated with willow (Salix) hosts. The species was described by Villaret in 1832 and is part of a large genus of primarily Holarctic distribution. Adults are active in spring and early summer.
Neoclytus acuminatus
Red-headed Ash Borer, Red-necked Ash Borer
Neoclytus acuminatus, commonly known as the red-headed ash borer, is a North American longhorn beetle in the family Cerambycidae. Adults measure 12–16 mm in length and exhibit striking wasp-mimic coloration with reddish-brown bodies marked by four contrasting yellow bands. The species develops in dead or dying hardwood trees, particularly ash, hickory, and oak, where larvae feed on sapwood. Multiple generations may occur annually in warmer regions. Adults emerge in early spring and are frequently attracted to ethanol-based baits. The species has expanded beyond its native range through human-mediated transport of wood materials and is now established in parts of Europe.
Neocrepidodera ferruginea
European rusted flea beetle, Altise ferrugineuse européenne
Neocrepidodera ferruginea is a flea beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, native to Europe and introduced to North America. Adults are brown in color and feed on a variety of herbaceous plants, particularly grasses and composites. The species inhabits meadows and grasslands, and has been recorded from numerous host plants including Poaceae, Asteraceae, and various weeds. Larvae develop within roots and central stems of host plants. In North America, it was first documented in Ontario and Québec in the 1970s and has since spread northeastward, where it is considered a potential agricultural pest.
Nesoselandria morio
Moss Sawfly
Nesoselandria morio is a species of sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae, and is the sole member of the genus Nesoselandria. It is commonly known as the Moss Sawfly. The species has been recorded in parts of Europe, particularly Belgium, and in Canada. As a sawfly, it belongs to the suborder Symphyta, which are distinguished from other Hymenoptera by a broad connection between the thorax and abdomen without the narrow waist (petiole) seen in ants, bees, and wasps.
Nomotettix cristatus
crested pygmy grasshopper, crested grouse locust, northern crested grouse locust
Nomotettix cristatus is a small pygmy grasshopper in the family Tetrigidae, commonly known as the crested pygmy grasshopper or crested grouse locust. It is one of approximately 35 Nearctic species of Tetrigidae. The species exhibits three recognized subspecies with distinct geographic distributions across North America. Like other members of its family, it is characterized by an elongated pronotum that extends over the abdomen, a trait distinguishing pygmy grasshoppers from typical grasshoppers in Acrididae.
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excrucians
Ochlerotatus excrucians is a mosquito species in the family Culicidae, originally described as Culex excrucians by Walker in 1856. The species has been subject to taxonomic revision, with some authorities now placing it in the genus Aedes as Aedes excrucians. It occurs across North America and parts of Europe and Northern Asia. Like other Ochlerotatus species, it is presumed to have a typical mosquito life cycle with aquatic larval and pupal stages and terrestrial adults.
Ochlerotatus fitchii
Ochlerotatus fitchii is a mosquito species first described in 1904, originally placed in genus Culex before reclassification to Ochlerotatus. The species is present in both North America and Europe/Northern Asia. Like other members of its genus, it likely exhibits typical floodwater mosquito biology with eggs deposited in dry areas that hatch upon flooding.
Ochlerotatus punctor
Ochlerotatus punctor is a mosquito species in the family Culicidae, originally described from Europe but now recognized as having a broader distribution including North America. The species has been the subject of taxonomic study, with a notable record of a bilateral gynandromorph specimen from Germany. Like other members of the genus, it undergoes complete metamorphosis with aquatic larval stages.
Octotemnus glabriculus
Octotemnus glabriculus is a minute tree-fungus beetle in the family Ciidae. It is a specialist fungivore that feeds on the bracket fungus Coriolus versicolor. Its feeding activity significantly reduces the host fungus's reproductive fitness by damaging the spore-producing hymenium. The species occurs across Europe and Northern Asia, including Kazakhstan.
Ocypus aeneocephalus
Ocypus aeneocephalus is a species of large rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae. It is native to Europe and has been introduced to western North America, including British Columbia, Canada, and Washington State, USA. The species is part of the hyperdiverse rove beetle genus Ocypus, which contains numerous species with varied ecological roles.
Ocypus nitens
Ocypus nitens is a large, adventive rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Staphylininae, native to Central Europe and now established in eastern North America. First reported from the Americas in 1944, it remained restricted to New England for decades before rapidly expanding its range after 2000. The species was first detected in Canada in 2016 through citizen science contributions to BugGuide, representing the first Canadian record. It is among the largest and most conspicuous rove beetles in its introduced range, making it relatively easy to detect.
Oecobius amboseli
Oecobius amboseli is a species of wall spider in the family Oecobiidae, first described in 1974. Native to East Africa and Egypt, it has established introduced populations in northwestern Europe including Denmark, the Netherlands, and Belgium. As a member of the Oecobiidae, it belongs to a family known for constructing flat, circular webs on vertical surfaces.
Oegoconia deauratella
Scarce Obscure Moth
Oegoconia deauratella, commonly known as the Scarce Obscure Moth, is a small gelechioid moth in the family Autostichidae. It has a wingspan of 11–15 mm and is known from most of Europe and parts of North America including Québec, Ontario, and Michigan. The species was first described by Herrich-Schäffer in 1854.
Oeneis jutta ascerta
Oeneis jutta ascerta is a subspecies of Arctic butterfly in the genus Oeneis, described by Masters and Sorensen in 1968. Like other members of the genus Oeneis, it is associated with high mountain and alpine habitats. The subspecies is part of a group of butterflies commonly known as "Arctics" that occur across western North America, Canada, and Alaska. Oeneis jutta ascerta has been documented in both North America and parts of Europe, including Belarus.
Oligomerus
death-watch beetles
Oligomerus is a genus of death-watch beetles in the family Ptinidae, containing approximately 18 described species. These wood-boring beetles are known for their association with timber and wooden structures, where their larvae create distinctive exit holes. The genus was established by Redtenbacher in 1849. Species in this genus are primarily distributed in Europe, with records from Norway and Sweden documented in biodiversity databases.
Omalus glomeratus
Omalus glomeratus is a species of cuckoo wasp (family Chrysididae) known for its kleptoparasitic lifestyle. Like other members of the genus Omalus, females oviposit directly into aphids, exploiting the hunting behavior of aphid wasps in the family Crabronidae (such as Pemphredon and Passaloecus). When a crabronid wasp captures and carries the parasitized aphid to its nest, the Omalus larva hatches and consumes the food provisions intended for the host larva. This indirect parasitic strategy avoids the risks of direct nest entry. The species has been observed in Europe and represents part of a broader behavioral pattern documented across Omalus, Pseudomalus, and Holopyga.
Omphaloscelis lunosa
Omphaloscelis lunosa is a noctuid moth described by Haworth in 1809, originally placed in Noctua and later transferred to Omphaloscelis. The species is currently treated as a synonym of Anchoscelis lunosa (or Agrochola lunosa in some treatments). Records indicate presence in Denmark and Norway.
Ophiomyia maura
Ophiomyia maura is a leaf-mining fly in the family Agromyzidae. The species creates distinctive linear white mines on the upper leaf surfaces of host plants in the genus Aster. Larvae feed selectively on palisade parenchyma tissues, exhibiting complex mining patterns that serve defensive functions against parasitoids. The species has been documented from Japan, Alaska, and Manitoba, with European records from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Opilio parietinus
Opilio parietinus is a harvestman species native to Europe that has been introduced to North America. It was historically common on house walls in Central Europe but has been largely displaced by the invasive congener Opilio canestrinii. The species can be distinguished from O. canestrinii by dark spots on its coxae and a generally grayish-green coloration.
Opomyza germinationis
Opomyza germinationis is a univoltine fly species in the family Opomyzidae. The larva is a stem-boring pest of cereals and grasses, feeding on the central shoot and causing 'dead-heart' symptoms in young plants. Adults emerge in mid-summer and persist until early autumn, with oviposition occurring in September-November. The species has been documented as an agricultural pest in Britain and is present in Scandinavia.
Opsius stactogalus
tamarix leafhopper
Opsius stactogalus, commonly known as the tamarix leafhopper, is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae. It is strongly associated with Tamarix plants and serves as a host for the parasitoid fly Tomosvaryella frontata (Diptera: Pipunculidae). The species occurs in Europe, Africa, and the Azores.
Orchopeas howardi
Grey Squirrel Flea, squirrel flea
Orchopeas howardi is a flea species in the family Ceratophyllidae, commonly known as the grey squirrel flea. It is primarily associated with squirrels (family Sciuridae) as its typical hosts. The species has been documented in North America and Europe, with records from Great Britain, Ireland, France, and Belgium. A documented case from Illinois, USA, recorded this flea on wood ducklings (Aix sponsa), representing an accidental host association rather than typical host use.
Orconectes limosus
spiny-cheek crayfish
Orconectes limosus, commonly known as the spiny-cheek crayfish, is a freshwater crayfish native to North America that has become a widespread invasive species in Europe. First recorded in Belarus in 1997, it has demonstrated rapid upstream dispersal, spreading 177 km along the Neman River over 14 years. The species is now established in at least 8 river systems across the Neman, Narew and Western Bug basins. Surveys indicate potential competitive displacement of native crayfish species, as no native crayfish have been found co-occurring with O. limosus in invaded areas. The species exhibits notable social behaviors including mother-offspring recognition and kin-preferential interactions.
Orthostigma
A genus of braconid wasps in the subfamily Alysiinae, established by Ratzeburg in 1844. The genus has been subdivided into multiple subgenera including Whartonstigma and Patrisaspilota, with species described from Europe, Papua New Guinea, and broader Australasia. Taxonomic revisions indicate substantial morphological diversity within the genus, though biological data remain limited.
Orthotaenia
Orthotaenia is a genus of tortricid moths in the subfamily Olethreutinae, established by Stephens in 1829. The genus includes at least two recognized species: Orthotaenia undulana (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) and Orthotaenia secunda Falkovitsh, 1962. Records indicate presence across northern Europe (Denmark, Norway, Sweden) and North America (Vermont, USA). The genus belongs to the diverse tortricid moth family, whose larvae typically develop within plant tissues.
Orthotylus flavosparsus
Orthotylus flavosparsus is a small plant-feeding mirid bug native to Europe, where it occurs widely except in Albania and Iceland. The species has been introduced to North America and has established populations there. Adults are approximately 4 mm in length and green in coloration. It is associated with oraches (Atriplex) and chenopods (Chenopodium), which serve as its primary host plants.
Orygma
Orygma is a monotypic European genus of flies in the family Sepsidae, established by Meigen in 1830. The sole species, Orygma luctuosum, is associated with coastal wrack zones where its larvae develop in decaying seaweed and marine debris. The genus is classified in the subfamily Orygmatinae, reflecting its distinct ecological specialization within the Sepsidae.
Osmoderma
Typical Hermit Beetles, Hermit Beetles
Osmoderma is a genus of scarab beetles in the subfamily Cetoniinae, commonly known as hermit beetles. The genus has a Holarctic distribution, with species found across Europe, parts of Asia, and North America. Several European species, particularly O. eremita and O. barnabita, are of significant conservation concern due to habitat loss and are protected under the EU Habitats Directive. The genus is characterized by its dependence on tree hollows for larval development, making it highly vulnerable to forest management practices that remove dead wood and veteran trees.
saproxylicconservationHabitats-Directivetree-hollowsveteran-treesindicator-speciesumbrella-specieswood-mouldCetoniinaeScarabaeidaeHolarcticEuropeNorth-Americathreatened-speciesdead-woodforest-managementcitizen-sciencedetection-dogsex-situ-breedingpollardingtraditional-agricultural-landscapesmetapopulationhabitat-fragmentationold-growth-forestbroad-leaved-treesoaklimewillowbeechorchardshedgerowsurban-parkspheromone-monitoringradio-trackingphoretic-mitesScopoli-1763Le-Peletier-&-Serville-1828O.-eremitaO.-barnabitaO.-eremicolahermit-beetleOxylaemus
Oxylaemus is a genus of small beetles in the family Teredidae, established by Erichson in 1845. The genus contains at least three described species distributed in North America and Europe. Members of this genus are associated with decaying wood and fungal habitats.
Pacifastacus leniusculus
Signal Crayfish
The signal crayfish is a large North American freshwater crayfish introduced to Europe in the 1960s to replace declining native fisheries. It has become one of the most ecologically impactful invasive decapods in Europe, outcompeting native crayfish and serving as a carrier of crayfish plague (Aphanomyces astaci). The species establishes self-sustaining populations rapidly, with six age cohorts documented within a few years of introduction. It shows sex- and size-specific coloration patterns, with males displaying more saturated and brighter ventral claw surfaces than females, suggesting a role in intraspecific communication.
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spiny-headed burrowing mayflies
Palingeniidae is a family of large mayflies commonly known as spiny-headed burrowing mayflies. Adults are characterized by having more than four longitudinal cross-veins on their wings, with males possessing short, wide pronota and well-developed legs in both sexes. Female cerci are shorter than the body. Nymphs are burrowers in muddy substrates of large rivers. The family includes notable species such as Palingenia longicauda, the largest European mayfly at up to 12 cm in length.
Palloptera
flutter flies
Palloptera is a genus of flutter flies (Diptera: Pallopteridae) containing approximately 30–33 described species. Adults are characterized by rapid, trembling wing movements. Larval feeding modes vary: most species are saprophagous, feeding on biofilms on plant surfaces, while at least one species (P. scutellata) is phytophagous, developing inside rush stems. The genus occurs primarily in Europe, though adult detection is challenging and distributions are likely underestimated.
Panaphis juglandis
Walnut Aphid, Large Walnut Aphid
Panaphis juglandis, the large walnut aphid, is a phloem-feeding pest of walnut trees (Juglans regia). It colonizes exclusively the upper (adaxial) surface of walnut compound leaves, forming dense colonies along the main vascular veins of the outer leaflets. Native to the Old World (Central Asia and southeastern Europe), it has spread across Europe and was introduced to California in the early 20th century. The species reduces tree vigor, nut yield, and quality, and excretes honeydew that promotes sooty mold growth. It forms mutualistic relationships with ant species that tend and protect colonies from predators.
Paracharactus
Paracharactus is a genus of sawflies in the family Tenthredinidae, subfamily Blennocampinae. The genus contains at least two described species: P. gracilicornis and P. hyalinus. It is recorded from northern Europe including Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. As a member of the subfamily Blennocampinae, it belongs to a group of sawflies often associated with herbaceous vegetation.
Paralimnus phragmitis
A leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Deltocephalinae. The specific epithet 'phragmitis' references its association with Phragmites (common reed). Records indicate presence in Europe and parts of Asia, with observations from England, Apulia (Italy), Karelia (Russia), Chuvash Republic (Russia), and Khuzestan (Iran). The species is part of the tribe Paralimnini, which contains leafhoppers typically associated with wetland or grassland habitats.
Paramesius
Paramesius is a genus of minute parasitoid wasps in the family Diapriidae (order Hymenoptera). These insects are part of the diverse assemblage of proctotrupoid wasps that develop as parasitoids of other insects. The genus has been documented in northern Europe, with records from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Members of Diapriidae are generally associated with decaying organic matter where their hosts occur.
Paraphaenocladius
non-biting midges
Paraphaenocladius is a genus of non-biting midges in the family Chironomidae, subfamily Orthocladiinae. Originally described from Europe, the genus has since been documented in the Neotropical region, with records from Costa Rica, Brazil, and other Central and South American localities. Species in this genus are associated with aquatic and semi-terrestrial habitats, particularly springs and mossy margins.
Parasyrphus relictus
Parasyrphus relictus is a hoverfly species (Diptera: Syrphidae) first described by Zetterstedt in 1838. The genus Parasyrphus comprises predatory hoverflies whose larvae feed on aphids. This species has been recorded in northern Europe, including Belgium, Denmark, and Norway. As with other members of its genus, it likely occupies temperate woodland and wetland habitats where aphid prey are abundant.
Parasyrphus tarsatus
Holarctic Bristleside
Parasyrphus tarsatus is a species of hoverfly (Syrphidae) first described by Zetterstedt in 1838. It is native to Europe, with confirmed records from Norway and Sweden. The species is part of the diverse genus Parasyrphus, which comprises predatory syrphid flies whose larvae feed on aphids. Adults are likely active during the warmer months, though specific phenological details remain poorly documented.
Parochthiphila
Parochthiphila is a genus of small flies in the family Chamaemyiidae, established by Czerny in 1904. Species occur in Europe, Africa, and the Mediterranean region, with records extending to Oman. The genus includes at least two subgenera: Parochthiphila and Euestelia. Taxonomic revisions remain ongoing, with new species described as recently as 2008.
Paroligolophus agrestis
harvestman, harvester
Paroligolophus agrestis is a small harvestman species native to Europe, including the United Kingdom. It has been introduced to North America, where established populations occur in the Pacific Northwest and Nova Scotia. The species exhibits notable sexual dimorphism in body size and possesses distinctive morphological features useful for identification.
Patania
mother of pearl moth
Patania is a genus of moths in the family Crambidae, subfamily Spilomelinae, established by Frederic Moore in 1888. The genus was long treated as a junior synonym of Syllepte but was reinstated as valid in 2007, rendering Pleuroptya a junior subjective synonym. The genus contains multiple species across Asia and Europe, with some species recently transferred to the reinstated genus Nagiella.
Pediacus depressus
flat bark beetle
Pediacus depressus is a species of flat bark beetle in the family Cucujidae. It is distributed across Europe and Northern Asia, excluding China. The species was first described by Herbst in 1797 (or 1794 in some sources) under the name Colydium depressum. As a member of the flat bark beetles, it is adapted to living under bark and in similar concealed habitats.
Pegomya winthemi
Pegomya winthemi is a small fly species in the family Anthomyiidae, measuring 4.25–5 mm in length. First described by Johann Wilhelm Meigen in 1829 as Anthomyia winthemi, it occurs in North America and parts of Europe including Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The species exhibits distinctive morphological features including yellowish-red coloration on the anterior lateral angles of the thorax and scutellum.
Pentastiridius
Pentastiridius is a genus of planthoppers in the family Cixiidae with nearly cosmopolitan distribution. The genus includes at least three described species, with P. leporinus emerging as a significant agricultural pest in central Europe. This species vectors two bacterial pathogens causing syndrome "basses richesses" in sugar beet and related diseases in potato and carrot. Originally associated with reed grass (Phragmites australis), P. leporinus has undergone rapid host range expansion to become polyphagous on crops.
Periphyllus testudinaceus
Common Maple Aphid
Periphyllus testudinaceus, known as the Common Maple Aphid, is a sap-feeding insect in the family Aphididae. It is associated with maple trees (Acer species) and has been documented across parts of Europe. The species exhibits typical aphid morphology with soft bodies and piercing-sucking mouthparts adapted for extracting plant fluids.
Phaenopsectra punctipes
Phaenopsectra punctipes is a species of non-biting midge in the family Chironomidae, first described by Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann in 1817. It belongs to the subfamily Chironominae and tribe Chironomini. The species is recorded from Europe, with confirmed presence in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden based on distribution records.
Phaneroptera nr-nana
Phaneroptera nr-nana is a bush-cricket species within the genus Phaneroptera, a group of katydids found across Europe and Asia. The "nr" designation indicates this taxon is near Phaneroptera nana but has not been formally described or confirmed as that species. Members of this genus are typically florivorous, feeding on flowers rather than leaves.
Philanthus
beewolves, bee-hunters, bee-killer wasps
Philanthus is a genus of solitary predatory wasps commonly known as beewolves. Adult females excavate underground burrows in sandy soils and provision them with paralyzed bees as food for their larvae. Males are highly territorial, marking vegetation with pheromones to defend mating territories. The genus contains approximately 136 species worldwide, with about 30 species occurring in North America. These wasps are important pollinators as adults and serve as population regulators of bee communities.
Philoscia muscorum
Common Striped Woodlouse, Fast Woodlouse
Philoscia muscorum is a common European woodlouse notable for its rapid movement and distinctive appearance. It exhibits a unique life history strategy called year class splitting, where individuals from the same reproductive cohort diverge into two developmental pathways: faster-growing individuals mature and reproduce in their first year, while slower-growing individuals delay maturation until their second year. This species has successfully established introduced populations in eastern North America, including New England, the mid-Atlantic states, and the Pacific Northwest.
Phloeocharinae
Phloeocharinae is a subfamily of rove beetles (Staphylinidae) characterized by distinctive abdominal tergal combs and procoxal morphology. The group contains five genera and six species in North America, with the genus Phloeocharis dominating the European fauna. Members are primarily saproxylic, inhabiting damp forest environments under bark and in leaf litter. The biology of most species remains poorly known.
Phortica
Phortica is a genus of small flies in the family Drosophilidae, subfamily Steganinae. Several species are medically significant as biological vectors of the zoonotic eyeworm Thelazia callipaeda, which causes ocular infections in humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. The genus includes at least five species in Europe and the Middle East, with P. variegata and P. okadai being the best-documented vectors. These flies exhibit unusual zoophilic feeding behaviors, including lachryphagy (tear-feeding) in adult males of some species. The genus has gained increasing attention due to climate-driven range shifts and expanding transmission of thelaziosis.
Phyllobius oblongus
Brown Leaf Weevil
Phyllobius oblongus is a European weevil species in the family Curculionidae that has been introduced to North America, with records dating to 1969. It inhabits northern hardwood forests and has been documented in association with sugar maple reproduction in Michigan. The species has a broad native distribution across Europe and western Russia.
Phytobius leucogaster
Phytobius leucogaster is a European weevil in the family Curculionidae, first described by Gyllenhal in 1836. The specific epithet "leucogaster" (Greek: white belly) suggests a pale ventral coloration that distinguishes this species from congeners. As a member of Phytobius, it belongs to a genus associated with aquatic or semi-aquatic habitats, though specific ecological details for this species remain limited.
Phytocoris tiliae
lime plant bug
Phytocoris tiliae is a small plant bug in the family Miridae, commonly known as the lime plant bug. It is associated with deciduous trees across Europe and parts of North America. The species is notable among plant bugs for its predatory habits, feeding on mites and other small insects rather than plant sap alone. Adults are active during summer months and are attracted to light.
Phytomyza crassiseta
Phytomyza crassiseta is a species of leaf-mining fly in the family Agromyzidae. The genus Phytomyza contains numerous species whose larvae feed internally within leaves, creating distinctive serpentine mines. Specific biological details for P. crassiseta are limited in available sources. Many Phytomyza species are host-specific to particular plant genera or families.
Phytomyza krygeri
Phytomyza ranunculi
Ranunculus leaf-mining fly
Phytomyza ranunculi is a leaf-mining fly in the family Agromyzidae that develops within leaves of Ranunculus plants (buttercups). Adults are approximately 2 mm long and highly variable in coloration, with several named color variants. The larvae are primarily leaf-miners, forming long, conspicuous white mines with frass arranged in close strings. The species is widespread in Europe and occurs in the Palearctic region. Pupae are heavily parasitized, with up to 75% of puparia attacked by parasitoid wasps.
Pima
Pima is a genus of snout moths in the family Pyralidae, subfamily Phycitinae, and tribe Phycitini. It was described by George Duryea Hulst in 1888. The genus is part of the diverse snout moth fauna, with approximately 550 observations recorded on iNaturalist. Members of this genus are found in northern Europe, with confirmed distribution records from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Pineus similis
Ragged Spruce Gall Adelgid
Pineus similis is a gall-forming adelgid that induces galls on spruce trees (Picea spp.). Originally described as Chermes similis by Gillette in 1907 from blue spruce in Colorado, it was later transferred to genus Pineus by Annand. The species produces winged females that emerge from galls and settle on spruce hosts, with documented preference for white spruce. Wingless females bearing egg clusters occur within galls. It has been recorded on multiple spruce species across North America and has doubtful or rare records in Europe.
Pinumius
Pinumius is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Deltocephalinae, tribe Paralimnini. Described by Ribaut in 1946, this genus belongs to the tribe Paralimnini, a group of grassland-associated leafhoppers. Records indicate occurrence in Norway and Sweden. The genus is rarely documented, with minimal observational data available.
Pipiza quadrimaculata
Four-spotted Pipiza
Pipiza quadrimaculata is a hoverfly species in the family Syrphidae, first described by Georg Wolfgang Franz Panzer in 1802. The species epithet "quadrimaculata" (meaning "four-spotted") refers to characteristic markings on the wings or body. It belongs to the tribe Pipizini, a group of small to medium-sized hoverflies often associated with woodland and wetland habitats. The species has been recorded in Belgium with presence confirmed across multiple administrative regions.
Piratula
Piratula is a genus of wolf spiders (Lycosidae) established by Roewer in 1960. The genus comprises 26 recognized species distributed primarily across Asia, with additional species in Europe and North America. Species inhabit diverse habitats from wetlands to montane regions.
Pityophthorus
Pityophthorus is a large genus of bark beetles in the family Curculionidae, containing more than 540 described species. The genus is characterized by its association with coniferous and hardwood host trees, with species distributed across North America, Europe, and other regions. Some species, such as P. juglandis (the walnut twig beetle), are significant forest pests that vector pathogenic fungi causing tree diseases.
Platypalpus
dance fly, hybotid dance fly
Platypalpus is a large genus of hybotid dance flies comprising at least 580 described species worldwide, with over 200 species in Europe alone. These small predatory flies are characterized by their compact bodies, enlarged compound eyes that occupy most of the head, and raptorial front legs adapted for seizing prey. Adults are active predators that feed on small insects, while larvae occupy diverse microhabitats including leaf litter, soil, and aquatic environments. The genus has been documented in agricultural ecosystems, particularly cereal crops and greenhouses, where they may contribute to pest regulation.
Platystoma seminationis
Dancing Kiss Fly
Platystoma seminationis is a small signal fly (family Platystomatidae) distributed across Europe and the Near East, with introduced populations in North America. Adults are active from May to October and are known for their distinctive courtship ritual, in which males and females touch proboscises for 5–15 seconds after a dance of rapprochement. The species feeds primarily on nectar and pollen of Euphorbia species, as well as feces, while larvae develop in decaying vegetable matter and fungi.
Plebejus glandon
Arctic Blue, Glandon Blue
Plebejus glandon, commonly known as the Arctic Blue or Glandon Blue, is a small lycaenid butterfly found in alpine and arctic regions of Europe. It is currently classified under the genus Agriades by some authorities, though historically placed in Plebejus. The species inhabits high-elevation habitats and has been documented across mountainous regions of central and southern Europe. Like other members of the Lycaenidae family, it likely engages in associations with ants, though specific behavioral details for this species are not well documented in the provided sources.
Plebejus glandon punctatus
Plebejus glandon punctatus is a subspecies of the Arctic blue butterfly, a small lycaenid found in mountainous regions of Europe. The subspecies was described by Austin in 1998 and is currently listed as taxonomically doubtful by GBIF. Like other members of the P. glandon complex, adults are associated with alpine and subalpine habitats where their caterpillars develop in association with ants.
Plectrocnemia
tube maker caddisflies
Plectrocnemia is a genus of tube maker caddisflies in the family Polycentropodidae comprising more than 120 described species. Larvae are aquatic predators that construct silken capture nets to intercept prey. The genus has been extensively studied for its larval silk production, vibration-mediated predatory behavior, and population genetics. Species occur across Europe and into western Asia, with detailed biological information available for several well-studied species including P. conspersa and P. brevis.
Trichopteracaddisflyaquatic-insectpredatorsilkbioindicatornet-spinnervibration-detectionpopulation-geneticsEuroperunning-waterlarvaePlectrocnemia-conspersaPlectrocnemia-brevisPlectrocnemia-renettaPlectrocnemia-latissimagenomesilk-fibroinkin-structuredispersalegg-masscolonial-netoxygen-requirementsCaucasusBritainGreeceTurkeyCyprusVermontfreshwaterstreamriverspringpredatory-behaviorvibration-frequencysetae-morphologylarval-identification-keyOxford-Nanopore-sequencingBUSCO-completenessL-chain-fibroinneighborhood-population-sizepatchy-recruitment-hypothesisgenetic-relatednessmicrosatelliteovipositionhot-spotsfirst-instarpupationmandible-captureorientation-behaviorbuilding-behaviorprey-captureChironomidaeOligochaetasubstrate-borne-vibrationsilken-tubetube-makerPolycentropodidaeStephens-1836more-than-120-speciesgenome-assemblynutrient-cyclingecosystem-servicesindustrial-interestphylogenomicscomparative-genomicsgenome-sizecontiguitypolishingIlluminaNanoporedraft-genomeannotated-genomeHydropsyche-tenuisspatial-genetic-structurecolonizationgene-flowgenetic-driftdispersal-distanceflighttemporary-populationspermanent-populationshabitat-patchessuitable-habitatecological-nichecase-making-behaviorlarval-casesilk-secretionprotein-componentgenomic-regiongene-clustergenomic-resourceshigh-quality-genomeshortest-genomevariable-qualitypublished-genomesinsect-orderspecioseindustrial-applicationbiomaterialnatural-materialbiomimicryconservationwater-quality-monitoringenvironmental-indicatorclean-wateroxygen-concentrationnorthern-slopesCentral-Caucasusrivers-and-streamsbiologyaspects-of-biologyreportedinhabitsfinal-instardiagnostic-featuresillustrateddiscriminatory-matrixGreek-specieszoogeographyreported-fromkey-to-larvaerevised-keynotes-onpreviously-unknown-larvadistinguishesother-British-specieslarval-habitatadult-identificationgenetic-differentiationsitespopulation-sizesshort-range-trendgreater-distancesevolutionary-processessmall-scalesnumber-of-generationsfound-small-populationsgrow-and-exchange-geneslarger-scalessubstantial-gapsregionscolonisation-eventsgenetic-patternslast-colonisedecological-studiesdynamicspersistence-and-spreadcentral-toMartynov-1913Malicky-1975Curtis-1834McLachlanCurtisNavasgenus-Stephens-1836family-Polycentropodidaeorder-Trichopteraclass-Insectaphylum-Arthropodakingdom-AnimaliaEukaryotaHexapodaHydropsychoideaPolycentropodinaeiNaturalistGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeNCBI-TaxonomyWikipediaZeitschrift-für-TierpsychologieFreshwater-BiologyZootaxaGenome-Biology-and-EvolutionZoosymposiaDOIabstractpaper-summaryevidenceconfidence-notesobservations-countmatched-scientific-namecanonical-namerankstatusacceptedmatch-typehigherrankdistribution-recordsgenus-of-tube-maker-caddisfliesmore-than-120-described-specieslist-of-speciesreferencesfurther-readingexternal-linkstitlejournalsubjectsZusammenfassungDie-Larven-vonleben-in-Fließwässernfängt-mit-einem-Netz-Beutehauptsächlich-Chironomiden-Larven-und-OligochaetenWirkung-der-von-der-Beute-im-Netz-erzeugten-VibrationenAufmerksamkeitOrientierung-und-BewegungFangversucheum-so-schnellerverwirrtBaubewegungenBauverhaltenBeutefangenger-Verbindungrecruitmentkinsouthern-English-streamobjectivessmall-scale-patternsstream-dwellingspatial-proximity-of-close-kinpatchy-recruitmentdistribution-of-related-larvaeaquatic-phaseegg-massesspatially-and-temporally-structured-samplesfield-collected-larvaesix-polymorphic-microsatellite-locisiblingsprogeny-of-one-fatherbackground-population-levelsiblings-dispersechanges-in-spatial-genetic-structureneighbouring-larvaeavoiding-kinonset-of-pupationsurvival-through-the-egg-stagefirst-instar-larvaenumber-of-egg-massesrefutelarva-ofincludinglarvae-ofspecies-of-Greecemorphologyfinal-instar-larvainner-and-outer-dorsal-secondary-setaeabdominal-segment-IXmuscle-attachment-spotshead-capsuleabdominal-sternum-IXdistribution-patternsannotated-draft-genomeslarval-silk-secretionsdiverse-case-making-behaviorecological-nichesfive-genomeslow-cost-sequencing-strategyOxford-Nanopore-flow-cellIllumina-sequence-readshigh-quality-genomesde-novo-assembly-methodslow-coverage-Nanopore-readsshortest-genomeslight-L-chain-fibroinL-fibroin-gene-clustersphylogenomiccomparative-genomiclarvae-of-the-genusother-two-Britishlife-cycleadultgenetic-population-structureneighbourhood-population-size-estimatesrole-of-historyscale-of-colonisationstructuring-populationsgenetic-and-ecological-methodsno-genetic-differentiationup-to-20-kmdespite-population-sizesgreater-than-expectedcontrasting-short-range-trendimplausibly-smallrelatively-short-flightswinged-adultsfound-smalloften-temporarylarger-and-more-permanentamplifyingregions-containingreducedate-fromrarely-examinedcentralbiology-ofspringshigh-oxygen-concentrationgood-indicatorwater-qualitytube-maker-caddisfliesgenusobservationstaxonomy-matchmatchedcanonicalclassificationAnimaliaArthropodaInsectagroupcaddisfliesMetazoagenus-Plectrocnemialist-of-Plectrocnemia-speciesvibrations-and-predatory-behavioureffects-of-vibrations-transmitted-across-the-netpredatory-behaviourvariations-in-the-frequencymore-marked-effectvariations-in-amplitudestage-2orientation-and-displacement-towards-the-lurestage-3capture-of-the-lure-with-mandibleslarvae-live-in-running-waterscatch-with-a-netpreymainly-chironomid-larvae-and-oligochaeteseffect-of-vibrations-generated-by-prey-in-the-netvery-irregularly-woven-netopen-ended-dwelling-tube-at-both-endsvibration-weakly-dampenedfrequency-does-not-changevibration-excitesattentionorientation-and-movementcapture-attemptsorientation-and-movement-to-preythe-fasterthe-more-the-vibration-exceeds-0.28-Hzfrequencies-of-0.15-to-0.28-Hzlead-to-incomplete-reactionsas-if-the-larvae-were-confusedfrequencies-below-0.075-Hzgenerate-building-movementsbuilding-behavior-instead-of-prey-captureclosely-connectedrecruitment-kin-and-spatial-genetic-structureoviposition-and-genetic-relatednessstream-dwelling-caddisbeginning-of-the-aquatic-phasefour-sample-dateswithin-one-generationmean-relatedness-coefficientwithin-reared-egg-massesdiffered-significantlypopulation-as-a-wholemarkers-sufficiently-powerfulidentify-groups-of-siblingssmall-contribution-from-a-second-malemean-relatedness-within-spatially-structured-groupsdid-not-differ-from-backgroundsiblings-disperse-away-from-each-otherkin-structure-does-not-persistchanges-in-spatial-genetic-structure-late-in-larval-lifeneighbouring-larvae-less-closely-relatedapproaching-onset-of-pupationsurvival-through-egg-stage-and-early-larval-lifevery-highgreater-than-50%non-social-insectconsequence-of-colonial-netbriefly-occupied-by-first-instar-larvaelack-of-spatial-genetic-structurehigh-survivalrefute-patchy-recruitment-hypothesislarva-of-Plectrocnemia-renettaincluding-discriminatory-matrixlarvae-of-Plectrocnemia-Stephens-1836-species-of-Greecemorphology-of-final-instar-larvamost-important-diagnostic-features-illustratedpreliminary-discriminatory-matrixstrongly-different-in-lengthseparated-from-each-othermuscle-attachment-spots-on-head-capsulenumber-and-length-of-setae-on-abdominal-sternum-IXreported-from-Cyprus-Turkey-Greek-islandsexploit-wide-range-of-ecological-nichesfive-genomes-publishedvariable-qualitiessingle-Oxford-Nanopore-flow-cellde-novo-assembly-methods-comparedassembly-of-low-coverage-Nanopore-readssubsequent-polishingyielded-highest-genome-qualitycontiguity-and-BUSCO-completenessshortest-genomes-to-dateextend-knowledge-of-genome-sizegenomic-region-encodes-for-light-L-chain-fibroinprotein-component-of-larval-caddisfly-silkidentified-and-comparednew-genomic-resourcesamong-highest-quality-Trichoptera-genomesincrease-knowledgebasis-for-phylogenomic-and-comparative-genomic-studiesrevised-key-to-larvaedistinguishes-previously-unknown-larvaother-two-British-speciesnotes-on-larval-habitat-life-cycle-and-identification-of-adultgenetic-population-structure-and-neighbourhood-population-size-estimatesrole-of-history-and-scale-of-colonisationno-genetic-differentiation-between-sites-up-to-20-kmdespite-population-sizes-suggesting-genetic-driftgenetic-differentiation-between-populations-separated-by-more-than-20-kmneighbourhood-population-size-implausibly-smallevolutionary-processes-do-not-explain-differentiationrelatively-short-flights-by-winged-adultsspread-over-number-of-generationsfound-small-often-temporary-populationsgrow-and-exchange-genes-with-larger-permanent-local-populationsamplify-effects-of-initial-gene-flowsubstantial-gaps-between-regions-containing-suitable-habitat-patchesreduce-number-of-colonisation-eventsgenetic-patterns-may-date-from-time-last-colonisedecological-studies-rarely-examined-dynamics-over-larger-geographical-scalescentral-to-persistence-and-spreadbiology-of-Plectrocnemia-latissimarivers-and-streams-of-Central-Caucasus-northern-slopessprings-streams-and-riversrequires-high-oxygen-concentrationgood-indicator-of-water-qualityaspects-of-biology-reportedWikipedia-summaryrank-GENUSstatus-ACCEPTEDmatch-type-HIGHERRANKdistribution-records-DK-NO-SE-Vermont-US-USscientific-nameauthorship-Stephens-1836classification-Eukaryota-Animalia-Arthropoda-Hexapoda-Insecta-Trichoptera-Hydropsychoidea-Polycentropodidae-Polycentropodinae-Plectrocnemiascientific-name-Plectrocnemiagroup-caddisflieskingdom-Metazoainstructionsfill-all-fieldsif-a-field-cannot-be-supported-return-nulldo-not-repeat-information-across-fieldskeep-each-section-focused-on-its-purposeprovide-useful-detail-where-possiblecritical-rulesfactual-correctness-over-completenessclarity-over-verbosityusefulness-over-speculationif-information-is-not-clearly-supported-return-nulldo-not-infer-species-level-traits-from-higher-taxa-unless-explicitly-justifieddo-not-repeat-the-same-information-across-multiple-fieldseach-field-must-contain-unique-non-overlapping-contentavoid-vague-generalizationslike-most-insectstypically-feeds-on-plantsuse-cautious-language-when-necessaryhas-been-observedis-known-todo-not-fabricatebehaviorsdietlife-cycle-detailshost-relationshipsfield-intentsummary-high-level-overview-3-5-sentencesappearance-physical-description-onlyidentif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live-incatch-witheffect-ofgenerated-byinvestigatedvery-irregularly-wovenopen-at-both-endsweakly-dampeneddoes-not-changeexcitesthe-moreexceedslead-toas-ifotherwisesometimes-occurssuggestsour-objectivesexaminein-particularlook-forany-evidencethereforein-order-toat-the-beginningover-foursubsequently-comparedreared-fromranged-fromindicating-thatsufficiently-powerfullikely-to-bealthoughcould-not-be-excludeddid-not-differsuggesting-thatvery-quicklydoes-not-persistindicated-thatpossibly-suggestingsome-direct-or-indirect-meanswhen-approachingour-countssuggested-thatapparently-very-highmay-be-a-consequenceall-refutealso-providedbelong-tocan-be-separatedwith-respect-tohas-been-reportedmembers-ofprovide-importantfor-exampledue-tothese-form-the-basisonly-fivepublished-thus-farwith-variable-qualitiesregardingwas-successfully-usedof-thecomparedyieldedboth-in-termsto-dateextend-our-knowledgeacrosswas-identified-and-comparedwith-existingpresented-in-this-paperare-amongwill-increaseby-serving-asfrom-larvae-ofare-given-onof-the-adultused-bothto-evaluatethere-was-nodespitegiven-theimplied-thatis-implausibly-smalldo-not-explainat-small-scalescould-account-forfor-instancemay-thenover-larger-scalescould-reducemay-date-fromhave-rarely-examinedyet-these-processesmay-be-central-tofrom-the-rivers-and-streamsaspects-ofare-reported-herecan-be-used-ashigh-level-overview3-5-sentencesphysical-description-onlyhow-to-distinguishenvironment-and-conditionsgeographic-range-onlytiming-of-activityfeeding-habitsdevelopmental-stagesnotable-actions-or-habitsrole-in-ecosysteminteraction-with-humansmust-include-reasononly-if-meaningfulonly-for-important-additional-contextclear-direct-sentencesno-fluff-or-fillerno-repeating-taxonomyno-overly-technical-jargonprefer-concretehigh-only-if-most-fields-well-supportedmedium-if-partial-but-reliablelow-if-sparse-datatrue-only-if-generalization-usedstrictly-matchno-commentary-outside-JSONgenerate-taxon-recordtaxonPlectrocnemiaoptional-contextmay-be-incompleteif-a-field-cannot-be-supportedkeep-each-section-focusedprovide-useful-detailfactual-correctnessclarityverbosityusefulnessspeculationinformation-not-clearly-supporteddo-not-infer-species-level-traitsfrom-higher-taxaunless-explicitly-justifieddo-not-repeatsame-informationmultiple-fieldseach-field-must-containunique-non-overlapping-contentuse-cautious-languageaccurateconservativeinformativestructuredrecordsscientificNamecanonicalNamescientificNameAuthorshiptaxonRankcommonNamessubfamilyspeciesEpithetsubspeciesEpithetPlesiodema
Plesiodema is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae, established by Reuter in 1875. Species in this genus are associated with coniferous habitats, particularly pine and spruce. The genus contains eight described species distributed across Europe and North America.
Polistes dominula
European Paper Wasp
Polistes dominula is a highly successful invasive social wasp native to Eurasia that has established populations across North America, South America, New Zealand, South Africa, and other regions. First detected in North America near Boston in 1978, it has become one of the most abundant wasps on the continent. The species builds small, exposed paper nests in protected locations and preys primarily on live insects, particularly caterpillars. Unlike yellowjackets, it does not scavenge for meat or sugar. Its rapid spread has been attributed to ecological flexibility, superior competitive ability, and tolerance of human-altered environments.
invasive-speciessocial-wasppaper-wasppredatorpollinatorurban-ecologyeusocialnest-constructionbiological-controlthermal-biologyspatial-learningvibrational-communicationaposematismhonest-signaloverwinteringdiapausePolistesVespidaeHymenopteraNorth-AmericaEuropeNew-ZealandSouth-AfricaSouth-Americamonarch-butterflycaterpillar-predationnest-architecturegynefoundressdominance-hierarchyclimate-change-impactenergeticsmetabolic-ratemicroclimatesuburban-habitatanthropogenicornamental-pestvineyard-pestfruit-damagestinging-insectvenompoison-glandwarning-colorationZahavian-signalStrepsipteraparasitoidXenosbehavioral-plasticityforaginglearningmemorythermoregulationectothermyendothermysolar-radiationnest-temperaturebrood-developmentcolony-survivalmultiple-foundingsingle-foundingseason-lengthlatitudetemperateMediterraneanhibernacleoverwintering-costsclimate-warmingrange-expansioncompetitionnative-species-displacementbiodiversity-impactconservationmanagementcontrolintegrated-pest-managementIPMidentificationantennae-colorfacial-markingscastereproductionmalefemalesexual-dimorphismantennaeabdomenwingmandiblesalivapapercombcellpediceltrophallaxislarvapupaadultworkerqueensubordinatedominantaggressiondefensethreat-displaystingtoxicitybrightnesscolorationpredator-avoidancepreycaterpillarLepidopterabutterflymothgardenagriculturevineyardorchardurbansuburbanruralforesthabitat-preferencetemperaturemetabolismquiescencetorporsurvivalfitnesscolonynestpopulationabundancedistributionrangeexpansioninvasionestablishmentintroductionbiotic-interactiontrophic-cascadeherbivory-suppressionplant-fitnessmilkweedDanaus-plexippusmonarchNelsonTasmanecosystem-impactconservation-managementbiological-invasionecologybehaviorphysiologymorphologytaxonomysystematicsnomenclaturegender-agreementLatinChrist1791Vespa-dominulabasionymcatalogue-of-lifeGBIFiNaturalistobservationcitizen-sciencephotographyillustrationfield-guideorangeblackyellowredcolor-patternsizewing-lengthbodycompactlegsshortfacesquaretriangulardarkcurledstraightelbowedbluntpointedtipZahaviancostly-signalhuntforagenectarhoneydewaphidscale-insectflowergrapeumbelliferfennellovageinsectmeatballfeedemergechewcaphexagonalwood-fiberbarkexposedopenumbrellastalkantrepellentsubstancecoatprotectlocationeaveattictreebranchvineshrubcavitybird-boxbee-hiveshedgrave-lanternoverwintershelterprotectedthermalclimatecoldwinterspringsummerautumnfallseasonmonthdayactivitydefendthreatdisplayraisetiptoesocialdominancehierarchyreproductiveegglayfoundcooperatecompeteselfishpassive-aggressiveindividualrecognitionfacial-markingcognitionmushroom-bodybrainintelligentartistarchitectnavigationplasticityspatialrelocatingfoodresourcedishbaittrainingexperiencevibrationcommunicationsignalsubstrate-borneabdominalwaggingoscillationsecretionmodulationperceivereactmovementattentionfeedinginspectionbody-temperatureambientsolarradiationmetaboliccostenergeticexpenditureefficiencywarmingchangeimpactincreaseinvasivespreadsuccesscompetitiveabilityflexibilityadaptationreactionresponseconditionyearvariationproductivityfoundingsinglemultipleratebenefitcooperationpredationparasitismvesparumstylopidstylopizationparasitehostinfestationmiteAcariwaspflyeffectcommunitydeclineDanausplexippusmortalityinstarearlylatelargersmallervulnerableresistantdiscoverychancecontactdirectrecruitmentnestmatesitecascadingtrophiccascadeherbivorysuppressionplantgrowthproductionAsclepiasnetexclusionexperimentoutcomesuggestionstrongdetrimentalecosystemstrategymethoddevelopmentprotectionbiodiversityregionfirst2016recentestablishedexoticcongenerchinensislongercomparisonhigherlowergreatestareabuiltstructurenativeunsuccessfultranslocateunablethrivewarmerorigincontributorfactorresearchthesisinsightbehaviourknowledgedirectionaideffectivejournalpublicationDOI10.26686wgtn14538585v1UniversityWellingtonVictoriaMScstudentdissertationstudyinvestigationanalysisdatafieldresidentreportlocalindirectinteractionlevelfunctionserviceprovisionnaturalpestbiocontrolornamentaldecorativecropdamagefruitcherrywesternColoradoatleastripeningchoicepreferenceheightgroundstratamicrositeenvironmentclosedhabitatdensevegetationsurroundingbushPatagoniaArgentinaChileNWdetected2003sympatriccoexistenceoverlapminimalfacilitationbehavioralprocessinterspecificsemi-urbanpoorlystudiedspeciesHypodyneruslabiatusnewlightfindingcontributionunderstandingcollectinganthropizedhighlightimportanceconsiderationEthology10.1111eth13505abstractonlylimiteddetailfulltextrequiredcomprehensivesynthesisvibrationalwidespreadregulatecrucialconspicuousoscillatorywagstrictlyassociatedpresencesuggestedinvolvementadult-larvahypothesisshort-termtrophallacticexchangemodulatesalivarydecreaseamountpreparereceivestimulatereleaseelectro-magneticshakerassesstimerecordmeasureimmediatelyafterplaybackresultshowproducepossiblyorderattractduringneithernorsupportallegedrolelong-lastingExperimentalBiology10.1242jeb186247flexiblesystemexpandingNorthAmericacausestirfastuponexplanationpresentliteraturegoodinvadernorthernriselittleknownnestingCentralinvesti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labialis
cluster fly
Pollenia labialis is a species of cluster fly in the family Polleniidae. It is one of several Pollenia species introduced to North America from Europe, likely arriving in the 1950s or 1960s. Like other cluster flies, it is associated with earthworms as larval hosts. The species is distinguished from congeners by microscopic characters including the number, position, and length of setae on various body parts. It is considered a nuisance pest when adults enter buildings to overwinter.
Pompilidae
Spider Wasps, Spider-hunting Wasps, Pompilid Wasps
Spider wasps in the family Pompilidae are solitary, stinging wasps that hunt spiders to provision nests for their larvae. The family contains approximately 5,000 described species in six subfamilies, distributed worldwide. Most species capture and paralyze spiders using venom, then deposit them in burrows or cavities where a single egg is laid on each victim. Females of the genus Auplopus construct distinctive free-standing mud cells, while most other genera excavate burrows in soil or use pre-existing cavities. Members of the subfamily Ceropalinae are kleptoparasites, laying eggs in the nests of other pompilids or acting as ectoparasitoids of living spiders rather than building their own nests.
Hymenopterasolitary-waspsspider-predatorsparasitoidsmud-nest-buildersburrowing-waspsant-mimicskleptoparasitesPepsinaeCeropalinaePompilinaeAuplopusAnopliusAgeniellaCaliadurgusPepsisPriocnemisAplocharesArachnospilaEvagetesAgenioideusEpisyronNanoclaveliaPedinpompilusAgenioidevatetesNorth-AmericaAustraliaIranEuropecosmopolitanPrays fraxinella
Ash Bud Moth
Prays fraxinella, the ash bud moth, is a European moth in the family Praydidae. Larvae are leaf miners that feed on ash tree foliage and buds. The species exhibits two color forms: a typical white and black pattern, and a melanic form formerly called f.rustica, which has been reclassified as a separate species, Prays ruficeps. Adults are active in two generations per year, with flight periods in late spring and again in mid-summer.
Priobium
death-watch beetles
Priobium is a genus of wood-boring beetles in the family Ptinidae (formerly Anobiidae), commonly referred to as death-watch beetles. The genus occurs in western North America and Europe, with species that bore into coniferous wood. Adults lack the distinctly clubbed antennae seen in some related genera. Larval development occurs within dead or dying conifer wood.
Pristiphora appendiculata
Small Gooseberry Sawyer
Pristiphora appendiculata is a sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae, commonly known as the Small Gooseberry Sawyer. The species is native to Europe and has been introduced to North America, where it is now established across much of Canada and the northern United States. As a member of the subfamily Nematinae, it belongs to a group of sawflies often associated with feeding on woody plants in the order Rosales. The specific epithet 'appendiculata' refers to small appendages, likely describing a morphological feature of the species.
Prociphilus fraxinifolii
leafcurl ash aphid
Prociphilus fraxinifolii, commonly known as the leafcurl ash aphid, is a species of woolly aphid in the family Aphididae. It is a specialist feeder on ash (Fraxinus) species, causing characteristic leaf curl damage to host plants. Like other members of the genus Prociphilus, it produces dense white waxy secretions that give colonies a distinctive woolly appearance. The species has been documented in parts of Europe including Serbia, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Poland, with observations also recorded in North America.
Prolita
Prolita is a genus of small moths in the family Gelechiidae, tribe Litini. The genus contains approximately 22 described species, many of which were described by Hodges in 1966. Species are distributed across North America and parts of Europe, with records from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The genus was established by Leraut in 1993.
Protaphis
Protaphis is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, established by Börner in 1952. The genus includes species that are agricultural pests, with at least one species (Protaphis middletonii) known to infest millets. Records indicate presence in parts of Europe.
Pseudeuophrys erratica
Black-palped Jumping Spider
Pseudeuophrys erratica is a small jumping spider native to Europe and Asia that has been introduced to the eastern and western United States. Unlike its congener P. lanigera, which is abundant in and around buildings, P. erratica is uncommon and prefers natural habitats. Adults are active primarily in spring and summer, with females persisting into autumn.
Pseudoanthidium
Small Carder Bees, African Carder Bee (for P. repetitum)
Pseudoanthidium is a genus of small carder bees in the family Megachilidae, first described by Friese in 1898. The genus occurs across Eurasia, Africa, and Australia, with nine species recorded in Europe. Some species are cavity-nesters that utilize plant fibers and foreign materials for nest construction. The introduced African carder bee (P. repetitum) has established populations in eastern and Western Australia since 2000 and shows potential for continued range expansion.
Pseudoanthidium nanum nanum
Pseudoanthidium nanum nanum is a synonymized subspecies of the small mason bee Pseudoanthidium nanum (Mocsáry, 1880), originally described from Europe. The subspecific epithet has been synonymized under the nominate species, which is now treated as a single widespread taxon. The species belongs to the tribe Anthidiini (wool-carder and mason bees) within Megachilidae, characterized by their use of plant fibers or resin in nest construction.
Pseudopachychaeta
grass flies
Pseudopachychaeta is a genus of grass flies in the family Chloropidae, established by Strobl in 1902. The genus contains at least one described species, P. approximatonervis. It is classified within the tribe Diplotoxini, subfamily Chloropinae. Records indicate presence in northern Europe including Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Pseudopolydesmus canadensis
Canadian Flat-back Millipede, Canadian flat-backed millipede
Pseudopolydesmus canadensis is a species of flat-backed millipede in the family Polydesmidae, characterized by a prominent black mid-dorsal stripe running along its body. The species is native to North America, with established populations in Canada and the United States, and has been introduced to Europe including Germany. It is one of the more commonly observed millipede species in its range, with over 2,200 documented observations on community science platforms.
Pseudosinella alba
Pseudosinella alba is a species of slender springtail in the family Entomobryidae. Originally described as Lepidocyrtus albus by Packard in 1873, it is a small hexapod belonging to the order Entomobryomorpha. The species has been recorded from Europe and various other regions including Arctic and Sub-arctic areas, with limited observational data available.
Pseudotephritis
Pseudotephritis is a genus of picture-winged flies in the family Ulidiidae, containing five described species distributed across North America, Europe, and East Asia. Species in this genus are saproxylic, with larvae developing in weakened and dying deciduous trees. Adults are typically collected in forest canopies and are attracted to fermenting baits. The genus was established by Johnson in 1902.
Psilopa leucostoma
shore fly
Psilopa leucostoma is a species of shore fly in the family Ephydridae, a group of small flies commonly associated with aquatic or semi-aquatic habitats. The species was described by Becker in 1907. It belongs to a genus of flies whose larvae typically develop in moist or saline environments. Adult shore flies are generally small with reduced wing venation.
Psylliodes napi
turnip flea beetle, cabbage-stem flea beetle
Psylliodes napi is a flea beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, widely distributed across Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. The species is associated with brassicaceous host plants and is recognized as an agricultural pest of turnip and related crops. Two subspecies are recognized: P. n. napi and P. n. flavicornis.
Pterostichus empetricola
Pterostichus empetricola is a species of woodland ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is distributed across the Holarctic region, with records from Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America including Alaska, Canada, and the United States. The species is part of the diverse genus Pterostichus, which contains numerous ground beetle species.
Pterostichus melanarius
Rain Beetle
Pterostichus melanarius, commonly known as the rain beetle, is a ground beetle native to Europe that has become established in North America following introduction in the 1920s. Adults are 12–18 mm long, black with straight elytral striations, and exhibit wing dimorphism with both flight-capable (macropterous) and flightless (brachypterous) morphs. The species is a generalist predator of invertebrates, with documented preference for slugs including the invasive gray garden slug Deroceras reticulatum. It occupies diverse habitats including forests, meadows, urban areas, and agricultural fields, and has been widely studied for its potential as a biological control agent.
Pteroxanium kelloggi
Pteroxanium kelloggi is a bark louse species in the family Lepidopsocidae. It has a distinctive brownish-orange coloration with white spots. The species has been recorded from western Europe and Madeira, with additional distribution records from North America, South America, and Australasia. It feeds on a variety of woody plants including ash, cedar, gorse, ivy, larch, oak, pine, and yew, and has also been observed on rhododendrons and decayed wood substrates.
Ptilinus ruficornis
Ptilinus ruficornis is a species of deathwatch beetle in the family Ptinidae. It has been recorded in both North America and Europe, with confirmed distribution records from Canadian provinces including Alberta, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. The species is represented by 47 observations on iNaturalist. As a member of Ptinidae, it is likely associated with wood-boring habits typical of the family, though specific biological details remain poorly documented.
Pygmarrhopalites
A genus of springtails (Collembola: Symphypleona) in the family Arrhopalitidae. The genus was established by Vargovitsh in 2009. Multiple species have been described, including both epigean and troglobiont (cave-dwelling) forms. Some species exhibit troglomorphies including reduced pigmentation, elongated appendages, and modified foot complex.
Pyrrhalta viburni
Viburnum leaf beetle
Pyrrhalta viburni, the viburnum leaf beetle, is a Eurasian leaf beetle (Chrysomelidae) that has become a significant invasive pest in North America. Native to Europe and Asia, it was first detected in Canada in 1947 and spread to the northeastern United States by 1996. The beetle is a specialist herbivore of Viburnum shrubs, with both larvae and adults feeding on foliage. Severe infestations can completely defoliate host plants, leading to plant decline or death. The species exhibits distinctive aggregative oviposition behavior, with females preferentially laying eggs on twigs already containing conspecific egg masses.
Reptalus
Reptalus is a genus of planthoppers in the family Cixiidae, established by Emeljanov in 1971. Species in this genus are widely distributed across Europe and parts of Asia, with documented occurrences in European Russia, Kazakhstan, Korea, and Serbia. Multiple Reptalus species have been implicated as vectors of phytoplasma plant pathogens, particularly 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani', which causes economically significant diseases such as potato stolbur. The genus exhibits sexual dimorphism in some species, and identification traditionally requires examination of male genitalia, limiting identification of females and nymphs.
Rhadinoceraea
iris sawfly
Rhadinoceraea is a genus of sawflies in the family Tenthredinidae, tribe Phymatocerini. Species in this genus are herbivorous and exhibit specialized host associations with plants in the orders Liliales and Ranunculales. Some species are notable for sequestering defensive compounds from their host plants. The genus includes recognized species such as R. micans, a garden pest of irises, and R. nodicornis, which feeds on Veratrum and shows strict innate host specificity.
Rhagoletis completa
Walnut Husk Fly
Rhagoletis completa, the walnut husk fly, is a tephritid fruit fly native to central North America and now established in Europe. It is the most economically significant pest of walnut (Juglans regia) production, causing yield losses up to 80% through larval feeding on husk tissue. Adults emerge over a prolonged period from mid-May to October and are distinguished by a dark triangular wing pattern and yellowish-white scutellum. The species has one generation per year, with larvae pupating in soil and a small proportion entering prolonged dormancy.
Rhagoletis meigenii
barberry fly, yellow berberis fruit fly
Rhagoletis meigenii, commonly known as the barberry fly or yellow berberis fruit fly, is a tephritid fruit fly native to Europe, the Near East, and Central Asia. It has been introduced to the Nearctic realm, specifically in Nova Scotia, Canada, and the northeastern United States. Adults are active during summer months and are associated with barberry plants.
Rhagonycha fulva
Common Red Soldier Beetle, Bloodsucker Beetle, Hogweed Bonking Beetle
Rhagonycha fulva, commonly known as the common red soldier beetle or hogweed bonking beetle, is a soft-bodied beetle in the family Cantharidae. It was first described by Scopoli in 1763 as Cantharis fulva. The species is widespread across Europe and Anatolia, and has been introduced to North America where it is established in British Columbia, Quebec, and Ontario. Adults are active from June to August and are frequently observed mating on flowers.
Rhopalomyzus
Rhopalomyzus is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, tribe Macrosiphini. The genus was established by Mordvilko in 1921 and contains at least three described species. Species occur in Europe and North America, with distribution records from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Rhopalopterum atriceps
Rhopalopterum atriceps is a species of frit fly in the family Chloropidae, described by Loew in 1863. The genus Rhopalopterum comprises small, often dark-colored flies associated with grasses and sedges. Like other chloropids, members of this genus are generally inconspicuous and poorly studied, with limited biological data available. The specific epithet 'atriceps' refers to the black head characteristic of this species.
Rhopalum clavipes
Rhopalum clavipes is a species of square-headed wasp in the family Crabronidae. It is native to Europe and Northern Asia, and has been introduced to North America where it is now widespread. The species has been documented with a unique phoretic association with the dipteran Ptychoneura minuta, whose eggs are attached to the thorax of adult female wasps.
Rhypholophus
Rhypholophus is a genus of crane flies in the family Limoniidae, subfamily Chioneinae. The genus comprises approximately 21 described species distributed across Europe and North America. Species were described primarily in the 20th century, with the earliest description dating to Meigen (1818) for R. varius and the type species R. phryganopterus described by Kolenati in 1860.
Rhytidodus
Rhytidodus is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Eurymelinae, tribe Idiocerini. The genus was established by Fieber in 1872 and is currently accepted as valid. Species in this genus are found in Europe, with distribution records from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. As a member of the Idiocerini, Rhytidodus belongs to a group of leafhoppers often associated with woody host plants.
Rondaniella dimidiata
Rondaniella dimidiata is a species of fungus gnat in the family Mycetophilidae. It belongs to the subfamily Leiinae and tribe Rondaniellini. The species has been documented in Norway and Sweden. Like other members of its family, it is likely associated with fungal habitats, though specific ecological details remain limited in published sources.
Rugilus
Rugilus is a genus of rove beetles (Staphylinidae) established by Leach in 1819. It represents one of the major genera within the subfamily Paederinae. The genus contains multiple species distributed across Europe, with some members considered rare and associated with specific forest habitats.
Rugilus rufipes
red-legged rove beetle
Rugilus rufipes is a small rove beetle (Staphylinidae) measuring 5–7 mm, distinguished by its dark brown to black body with contrasting red legs and antennae. The species is native to Europe and western Asia, with introduced populations in eastern North America. It inhabits moist terrestrial environments with abundant organic matter and is predatory on small invertebrates.
Sargus bipunctatus
twin-spot centurion, Twin-Spot Centurion Fly
Sargus bipunctatus, commonly known as the twin-spot centurion, is a European soldier fly in the family Stratiomyidae. Adults range from 10–14 mm in body length and display sexual dimorphism in coloration. The species is associated with decaying organic matter, where females oviposit and larvae develop. It has been observed in both open and wooded habitats from July through November.
Scaptomyza pallida
Scaptomyza pallida is a small fruit fly species in the family Drosophilidae. It is found in Europe, with distribution records from the Azores islands including Faial, Flores, Pico, São Jorge, and São Miguel. The genus Scaptomyza includes both herbivorous and non-herbivorous species, though the specific biology of S. pallida remains poorly documented. It belongs to a lineage nested within the Drosophilidae that has undergone evolutionary transitions to herbivory.
Scathophaga spurca
Scathophaga spurca is a species of dung fly in the family Scathophagidae, order Diptera. The genus Scathophaga includes species commonly known as dung flies, with the well-known Scathophaga stercoraria (golden dung fly) being a familiar example. S. spurca was described by Meigen in 1826 and is currently accepted as a valid species. Distribution records indicate presence in Norway and Sweden.
Scellus
long-legged flies
Scellus is a genus of long-legged flies in the family Dolichopodidae, distributed across the Palearctic and Nearctic regions. Males possess distinctive flag-like abdominal appendages called signa, connected by a U-shaped cingulum, which likely function in courtship signaling. The genus is closely related to Hydatostega, which shares a reduced form of this structure.
Sceptonia
Sceptonia is a genus of fungus gnats in the family Mycetophilidae, established by Winnertz in 1863. Species in this genus are small, delicate flies associated with forest habitats. The genus occurs across northern Europe and has been documented in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. As with other Mycetophilidae, larvae are presumed to develop in fungal substrates, though specific life history details for most Sceptonia species remain poorly documented.
Schroederella iners
Schroederella iners is a small fly species in the family Heleomyzidae, first described by Johann Wilhelm Meigen in 1830. The species is documented from northern Europe, with confirmed records from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Like other members of Heleomyzidae, it is likely associated with decaying organic matter, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
Scotophaeus blackwalli
Mouse Spider
Scotophaeus blackwalli, commonly called the mouse spider, is a ground-dwelling spider in the family Gnaphosidae. It is native to Europe, the Caucasus, Turkey, and Iran, and has been introduced to North America, Peru, and Hawaii. The species is nocturnal and does not build webs for prey capture, instead hunting actively or scavenging opportunistically. It is frequently found in and around human dwellings, particularly in Britain during autumn.
Scraptiidae
False Flower Beetles
Scraptiidae is a small family of beetles in the superfamily Tenebrionoidea, commonly known as false flower beetles. The family was established by Gistel in 1848. These beetles are frequently mistaken for members of the related family Mordellidae due to their similar appearance. The family has a broad distribution with records from Europe and North America, and is represented by over 10,000 observations on iNaturalist, indicating they are commonly encountered despite their modest taxonomic diversity.
Scrobipalpa artemisiella
thyme moth
Scrobipalpa artemisiella, commonly known as the thyme moth, is a small gelechiid moth with a wingspan of 10–12 mm. The species is widely distributed across Europe, Asia, and has unconfirmed records from North America. Adults are active in summer, and larvae are specialized feeders on thyme and related aromatic herbs.
Scrobipalpopsis
Scrobipalpopsis is a genus of small moths in the family Gelechiidae, established by Povolný in 1967. The genus contains six described species distributed primarily in North America and Europe. These moths belong to the tribe Gnorimoschemini, a group known for larvae that often feed internally on plant tissues. Species within this genus are poorly known biologically, with limited documentation of their life histories and host associations.
Scytonotus
Scytonotus is a genus of flat-backed millipedes in the family Polydesmidae, containing approximately 17 described species. The genus was established by C.L. Koch in 1847. Members of this genus are part of the diverse order Polydesmida, which includes millipedes with flattened bodies and lateral extensions of their dorsal plates (paranota). Species in this genus are poorly documented in scientific literature, with limited ecological and behavioral data available.
Sepedophilus testaceus
Sepedophilus testaceus is a small rove beetle (Staphylinidae: Tachyporinae) originally described from Europe and now established in North America as an introduced species. The species has undergone taxonomic revision, with several previously described North American species (imbricatus, limuloides, elongatus) synonymized under this name. Larvae possess specialized morphological adaptations on the posterior abdomen that facilitate prey capture. Adults are associated with decaying organic matter and fungal habitats.
Sepsis punctum
Sepsis punctum is a European species of black scavenger fly in the family Sepsidae. It is a small, dark-colored fly that has been recorded from Belgium, Denmark, and Norway. The species belongs to a genus commonly associated with dung and decaying organic matter.
Siphona
Siphona is a genus of tachinid flies (family Tachinidae) established by Meigen in 1803. The genus contains numerous species distributed across Europe, North America, and other regions. Taxonomic relationships within Siphona remain complex, with subgenera such as Aphantorhaphopsis and Ceranthia sometimes treated as distinct genera by European workers. Species within Siphona are parasitoids, with documented associations including Siphona geniculata as a parasite of crane fly larvae (Tipula paludosa).
Sitobion luteum
orchid aphid
Sitobion luteum, commonly known as the orchid aphid, is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae. The species is found in Europe and has been recorded in additional regions including Brazil (Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo), Belgium, Germany, and France. It belongs to the genus Sitobion, which includes several economically significant cereal aphids. The specific epithet 'luteum' (meaning yellow or golden) likely refers to its coloration.
Sitona lepidus
clover root weevil
Sitona lepidus, commonly known as the clover root weevil, is a root-feeding weevil native to Europe that has become an invasive pest in New Zealand and North America. Adults feed on clover foliage while larvae feed on root nodules, reducing nitrogen fixation and pasture quality. The species is particularly damaging in New Zealand due to the absence of natural competitors and established biological control programs using the parasitoid wasp Microctonus aethiopoides are underway.
Sparganothis praecana
Sparganothis praecana is a tortricid moth with a transcontinental distribution spanning northern Europe and western North America. Adults are active during summer months in northern Europe. The species has been documented feeding on birch, blueberry, and rhododendron as larvae. Two subspecies are recognized: the nominate form and S. p. habeleri restricted to the Austrian Alps.
Spelobia
lesser dung flies
Spelobia is a genus of small flies in the family Sphaeroceridae (lesser dung flies), established by Spuler in 1924. Species in this genus are terricolous, inhabiting the leaf-litter stratum of forest ecosystems. Some species, such as Spelobia polymorpha from Madeira, exhibit poor flying ability and have become island endemics. The genus is distributed across Europe including Scandinavia and has been introduced to other regions.
Sphaerocera curvipes
lesser dung fly
Sphaerocera curvipes is a species of small dung fly in the family Sphaeroceridae, commonly known as lesser dung flies. The species was described by Latreille in 1805 and is one of the more frequently observed members of its genus, with over 260 documented observations on iNaturalist. It belongs to a family specialized in exploiting decaying organic matter, particularly dung.
Sphaeroderma testaceum
artichoke beetle
Sphaeroderma testaceum, commonly known as the artichoke beetle, is a flea beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is native to Europe, North Africa, and Israel, and has been introduced to Atlantic Canada. Adults are active from late spring through early autumn and feed on leaves of thistles and related plants. The species is notable as a pest of artichokes and other cultivated thistles.
Sphaerophoria philanthus
Black-footed Globetail
Sphaerophoria philanthus is a species of syrphid fly, commonly known as the Black-footed Globetail. It belongs to the family Syrphidae, a diverse group of flower-visiting flies often called hoverflies due to their ability to remain stationary in flight. The species is documented from Europe, though specific details about its biology and ecology remain limited in available sources. Like other members of the genus Sphaerophoria, it likely exhibits sexual dimorphism in abdominal patterning, a characteristic feature of this group.
Sphenophorus venatus
hunting billbug
Sphenophorus venatus, commonly known as the hunting billbug, is a weevil species in the family Dryophthoridae. It is native to North and Central America, with established populations in parts of Europe including Spain and Corsica. The species is a documented pest of turfgrasses and forage crops, with different subspecies showing host preferences: S. v. vestitus affects zoysiagrass, while S. v. confluens has been recorded as a pest of orchardgrass. Adults and larvae feed on grasses, with larvae causing damage by boring into stems and roots. The species uses volatile organic compounds from host plants and conspecifics for dispersal and host-finding, with males attracted to Cynodon dactylon and females attracted to male conspecifics.
billbugweevilturfgrass-pestDryophthoridaeSphenophorushunting-billbuggrass-pestpheromonevolatile-organic-compoundscuticular-hydrocarbonsintegrated-pest-managementsubspecies-vestitussubspecies-confluenszoysiagrassorchardgrassbermudagrassNorth-Americaintroduced-speciesEuropemolecular-identificationCOIITS2Stenichneumon culpator cincticornis
Stenichneumon culpator cincticornis is a subspecies of ichneumonid wasp described by Cresson in 1864. It belongs to the family Ichneumonidae, one of the largest families of parasitoid wasps. The subspecies is currently accepted as valid and has been documented in parts of Europe, including Belgium and Austria.
Stenichnus scutellaris
Stenichnus scutellaris is a small rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, native to Europe and parts of western Asia. The species has been introduced to North America, with established populations recorded in Ontario, Canada. As a member of the genus Stenichnus, it belongs to a group of minute beetles typically found in leaf litter and other decaying organic matter.
Stenocranus
delphacid planthoppers
Stenocranus is a genus of delphacid planthoppers in the family Delphacidae, containing more than 70 described species. Species within this genus exhibit wing polymorphism, with macropterous (long-winged) and sub-macropterous forms occurring in at least some species. Several species are documented crop pests, particularly of corn, rice, and sugarcane. The genus has a broad distribution with records from Europe, North America, and Asia, though individual species vary in their geographic ranges. Some species have shown invasive potential, with range expansions into new regions documented in recent decades.
Stephanopachys
horned powder-post beetles
Stephanopachys is a genus of horned powder-post beetles (family Bostrichidae) comprising more than 20 described species. The genus was established by Waterhouse in 1888. Members are saproxylic beetles associated with wood decomposition, with at least one species (S. linearis) exhibiting pyrophilous behavior and conservation concern in Europe.
Stethorus pusillus
Dot Ladybird
Stethorus pusillus is the smallest European ladybird beetle, belonging to the family Coccinellidae and subfamily Scymninae. This species has been documented as a host for the ectoparasitic fungus Hesperomyces coccinelloides, with the first Polish records representing the northernmost and easternmost occurrence of this fungus. The species has been collected from roadside willow trees and floodplain forests in Poland, and is known from various European localities including Spain and Belgium, as well as from the Azores islands.
Strophosoma
Strophosoma is a genus of weevils (Curculionidae: Entiminae) established by Billberg in 1820. The genus includes both bisexual and parthenogenetic species, with documented variation in reproductive mode between species such as S. capitatum (bisexual) and S. melanogrammum (parthenogenetic). These weevils are known to occur in forest habitats, where some species have been reported as pests in young forest stands. The genus has been subject to taxonomic revision, with subgenera Leucostrophus and Morphostrophus distinguished by morphological characters.
Strophosoma melanogrammum
Nut Leaf Weevil
Strophosoma melanogrammum is a parthenogenetic weevil species native to Europe and introduced to North America. It is one of the most common Strophosoma species in Europe and has been studied extensively for its reproductive biology and association with Wolbachia endosymbionts. The species reproduces through parthenogenesis, with all-female populations, and is known as a pest in young forest stands.
Superodontella
Superodontella is a genus of springtails (Collembola) in the family Odontellidae, established by Stach in 1949. The genus has been documented across multiple continents including Europe, where recent studies have expanded its known range into Italy and Ukraine. Species-level identification relies on detailed chaetotaxy, particularly antennal sensilla patterns and specific arrangements of chaetae on body segments.
Swammerdamia pyrella
Little Ermel, Rufous-tipped Swammerdamia Moth
A small ermine moth (Yponomeutidae) with a wingspan of 10–13 mm, distributed across Europe, North America, and Japan. Adults fly in two generations from late April to August. Larvae feed on Rosaceae fruit trees, initially mining leaves then feeding externally while tying leaf edges with silk to form protective 'boats'. The species serves as host to a diverse parasitoid community and is subject to significant natural biological control.
Syarinus
Syarinus is a genus of pseudoscorpions in the family Syarinidae, established by J. C. Chamberlin in 1925. The genus contains approximately six described species distributed across North America and Europe. Members of this genus are small arachnids belonging to the suborder Iocheirata, characterized by their venomous pedipalps used to capture prey.
Sylvicola punctatus
Sylvicola punctatus is a species of wood gnat in the family Anisopodidae, a group of small to medium-sized flies characterized by their distinctive wing venation. The species is distributed across the Palearctic region, with documented records from northern Europe including Belgium, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Like other members of the genus Sylvicola, adults are typically found in wooded or forested habitats where their larvae develop in decaying organic matter.
Sympycnus
Sympycnus is a genus of long-legged flies (Dolichopodidae) established by Loew in 1857. Species occur across Europe and the East Palaearctic, including Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Taxonomic revision has resolved substantial confusion in European species, particularly consolidating multiple synonyms under S. pulicarius and describing S. septentrionalis as a distinct northern species.
Synthesiomyia
Synthesiomyia is a small genus of muscid flies in the family Muscidae. The genus contains at least one well-documented species, Synthesiomyia nudiseta, which has gained forensic importance as a carrion-associated fly in tropical, subtropical, and recently colonized Palearctic regions. Species in this genus exhibit facultative predatory behavior and are used in postmortem interval estimation.
Syntomium
Syntomium is a genus of rove beetles in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Oxytelinae. The genus was established by Curtis in 1828 and contains at least two described species: Syntomium aeneum and Syntomium caucasicum. Members of this genus are found in Europe and North America, with distribution records from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Syrphus vitripennis
Black-thighed Flower Fly
Syrphus vitripennis is a common Holarctic hoverfly (Syrphidae) with distinctive yellow and black wasp-mimicking coloration. Adults are medium-sized (8–11 mm body length, wing length 7.25–10.25 mm) and frequent flowers from March to October, peaking in July–August. Larvae are aphid predators, making this species economically significant for biological control. The species is highly migratory, with documented seasonal movements between latitudes. It is one of five Syrphus species in Britain and can be difficult to distinguish from congeners, particularly S. rectus in males.
Tachyerges salicis
Tachyerges salicis is a European weevil in the family Curculionidae. The species is associated with willow (Salix) hosts, as indicated by its specific epithet. It is a moderately well-documented species with over 350 observations on iNaturalist.
Tachyporus atriceps
Tachyporus atriceps is a small rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Tachyporinae. It is native to Europe, North Africa, and western Asia, with introduced populations in eastern Canada. The species belongs to a genus of predatory beetles commonly found in vegetation and leaf litter. Specific ecological details for this species are sparse in available sources.
Tanypeza longimana
Tanypeza longimana is a species of true fly in the family Tanypezidae, a small family of acalyptrate flies. The species was described by Fallén in 1820 and occurs in Europe. Members of this family are characterized by elongated bodies and long legs. The specific epithet "longimana" refers to the long forelegs typical of this species.
Tanypus punctipennis
Tanypus punctipennis is a non-biting midge species in the family Chironomidae, subfamily Tanypodinae. It has been documented in European freshwater habitats, particularly Lake Balaton in Hungary, where research indicates a trivoltine life cycle with overlapping generations and extended emergence periods. The species is part of the diverse Tanypus genus, which are predatory midges found in aquatic environments.
Tanysphyrus lemnae
Duckweed Weevil
Tanysphyrus lemnae is a small weevil species native to Europe with established populations in North America. The larvae are leaf-miners that develop within duckweed plants of the genus Lemna. The species is commonly known as the Duckweed Weevil due to this specialized host relationship.
Tapinesthis
Ivy parchment spider
Tapinesthis is a monotypic genus of goblin spiders (family Oonopidae) containing only Tapinesthis inermis, commonly known as the ivy parchment spider. The genus is characterized by its spineless legs, steeply sloping carapace with a dark net-like pattern, and soft body structure. Originally native to Europe, the species has been introduced to North America and shows synanthropic tendencies, frequently inhabiting human dwellings alongside natural habitats. The genus name reflects its distinctive morphological features within the diverse goblin spider family.
Tasgius ater
Large rove beetle
Tasgius ater is a large rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, native to Europe and now introduced to North America, Australia, and New Zealand. It is among the larger species in this diverse beetle family and exhibits typical rove beetle morphology with shortened elytra exposing most of the abdomen. The species has expanded its range significantly in North America since first detected in the 1930s.
Tasgius winkleri
Tasgius winkleri is a rove beetle (family Staphylinidae) native to Europe that has become established in North America. First reported in New York in 1938, it has since spread to both coasts and westward to Illinois and Colorado. This synanthropic species thrives in human-disturbed habitats and is seldom found far from human activity. Males can be distinguished by their dilated front tarsi (expanded 'feet'). The species was previously confused with T. melanarius under the name Tasgius globulifer until taxonomic revision in 1987.
Tautoneura polymitusa
Tautoneura polymitusa is a small leafhopper (2.4–2.7 mm) in the family Cicadellidae, first described from South Korea in 2016. It represents the first European record of both the species and the genus Tautoneura, having been detected in Hungary in 2012 and subsequently found in Italy, Spain, Slovenia, Ukraine, Russia, and Moldova. The species is associated with Ulmaceae (elm family) and has established stable, locally abundant populations in parts of Europe. It hibernates as adults and is attracted to light traps.
Telomerina flavipes
lesser dung fly
Telomerina flavipes is a species of lesser dung fly in the family Sphaeroceridae, a group of small Diptera commonly associated with decomposing organic matter. The species was first described by Johann Wilhelm Meigen in 1830 under the name Borborus flavipes. It is currently known from scattered records in northern Europe including Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. As a member of Sphaeroceridae, it likely inhabits environments rich in decaying plant or animal material, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
Tephritis angustipennis
narrow-winged fruit fly
Tephritis angustipennis is a tephritid fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) first described by Loew in 1844. It is a phytophagous seed predator specializing on Asteraceae plants, particularly Aster species. The species is notable for its narrow wings with reduced pattern elements compared to congeners. It has been recorded across Europe, Asia, and North America, with recent studies documenting significant populations in the Three Rivers Source Region of China where it impacts native Aster seed production. T. angustipennis was recently synonymized with T. ptarmicae Hering, 1935.
Tessellana
Tessellana is a genus of bush crickets (katydids) established by Zeuner in 1941. It belongs to the tribe Platycleidini within the subfamily Tettigoniinae. The genus contains six recognized species distributed across mainland Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. The type species is Tessellana tessellata (Charpentier, 1825), originally described as Locusta tessellata.
Tetrops praeusta
Tetrops praeusta is a synonym of Tetrops praeustus (Linnaeus, 1758), a small longhorn beetle in the subfamily Lamiinae. The name has been used in historical literature but is not currently accepted. The valid species Tetrops praeustus is known from Europe, where it develops in woody plants.
Themira nigricornis
black scavenger fly
Themira nigricornis is a species of black scavenger fly in the family Sepsidae, first described by Meigen in 1826. It is native to Europe with records across western, central, eastern, and northern regions, and has been introduced to the Nearctic region including the United States. The species was first documented in south-eastern Europe in 2014 from an urban site in Bucharest, Romania, representing the southernmost European location for the species. Adults are necrophagous and have been observed on decomposing animal carcasses.
Thera juniperata
Juniper Carpet
Thera juniperata, commonly known as the Juniper Carpet, is a moth species in the family Geometridae. It occurs throughout Europe and the Near East, with records also from North America. The species is considered uncommon and locally distributed, primarily due to its specialized larval dependence on juniper as a food source. Adults are active in late autumn, with the species exhibiting a single generation per year.
Therioaphis riehmi
Sweetclover Aphid
Therioaphis riehmi is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the Sweetclover Aphid. It belongs to a genus containing economically significant agricultural pests, including the spotted alfalfa aphid. The species has been documented in parts of Europe including Belgium, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Thyraylia nana
Birch Conch
Thyraylia nana is a small tortricid moth commonly known as the Birch Conch. First described by Haworth in 1811, this species occurs across Europe, extends into the Amur Oblast of Russia, and has been recorded in Nova Scotia, Canada. The species is associated with birch host plants, reflecting its common name.
Tinea dubiella
Buff Clothes Moth
Tinea dubiella is a small moth in the family Tineidae, commonly known as the Buff Clothes Moth. Native to Europe, it has established populations in New Zealand. Adults are nocturnal and active in mid-summer. The larvae feed on keratinous materials including wool, hides, furs, and feathers, and are often found in indoor environments such as barns and stables.
Tomocerus vulgaris
Tomocerus vulgaris is a European springtail species in the family Tomoceridae, characterized by an elongate body form and relatively long antennae. It is a soil-dwelling organism that has been documented as prey for harvestmen, which use adhesive secretions to capture this species despite its water-repellent cuticle. The species has been subject to bionomic studies examining its life history and temperature-dependent development.
Toxonevra muliebris
flutter fly
Toxonevra muliebris is a small pallopterid fly native to Europe with introduced populations in western North America. Adults are recognized by their distinctive wing pattern featuring broad brown bands. Males exhibit characteristic wing-fluttering behavior that gives the family its common name. The species is associated with tree bark habitats and has been increasingly observed indoors, particularly in North American residences.
Trachelas
Trachelas is a genus of hunting spiders in the family Trachelidae, established by Ludwig Carl Christian Koch in 1872. The genus contains approximately 99 species with worldwide distribution across tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions. Trachelas sensu stricto is restricted to the Old World, while New World species represent a distinct lineage only distantly related to the core group. The genus has undergone significant taxonomic revision, with species previously assigned to Corinnidae now placed in Trachelidae.
Trachelipodidae
Trachelipodid Woodlice
Trachelipodidae is a family of terrestrial isopods (woodlice) within the suborder Oniscidea. The family was established by Strouhal in 1953 and is classified within the infraorder Orthogonopoda and parvorder Crinocheta. Members are found across Europe and North America, with documented occurrences in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, the United States (including Vermont), and Romania. The genus Trachelipus is the best-known within the family, with species such as T. trilobatus having been subject to recent distributional studies.
Trachyuropodidae
Trachyuropodidae is a family of mites in the order Mesostigmata, classified within the suborder Monogynaspida and infraorder Uropodina. The family contains genera such as Leonardiella, with species documented from European and Asian localities including Turkey. Members are found in association with woody vegetation, particularly oak and willow habitats. The group belongs to the diverse assemblage of soil-dwelling and litter-inhabiting mites that contribute to decomposition processes.
Trechus obtusus
Trechus obtusus is a ground beetle species in the family Carabidae, originally described from Europe and now established as an invasive species in Hawaii. It has been documented in large numbers in pitfall traps at Pu'u Maka'ala Natural Area Reserve on the island of Hawaii, where it may compete with or displace native carabid species. The species has a broad native distribution spanning North America, Europe, and Africa, with six recognized subspecies showing regional variation.
Trichonyx sulcicollis
Trichonyx sulcicollis is a small rove beetle (family Staphylinidae, subfamily Pselaphinae) originally described from Europe in 1816. It belongs to the tribe Trichonychini within the diverse ant-loving beetle group (Pselaphinae). The species has been recorded across much of Europe and has been introduced to the northeastern United States (New Hampshire, New York). As a pselaphine rove beetle, it is likely associated with leaf litter and soil habitats, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
Trichophya
Trichophya is a genus of rove beetles (Staphylinidae) established by Mannerheim in 1830. It constitutes the sole genus of the monotypic subfamily Trichophyinae. The genus contains at least two described species, Trichophya andrewesi and Trichophya antennalis, with records from Europe and North America.
Trichosirocalus
rosette weevils, crown weevils
A genus of small true weevils native to the Palearctic region. Several species have been widely introduced to North America, Australia, and New Zealand as biological control agents for invasive thistles. The genus was historically treated as containing a single species, T. horridus, but integrative taxonomic studies using molecular and morphological data have revealed multiple distinct species with different host associations.
weevilbiological-controlthistleinvasive-species-managementCeutorhynchinaerosette-feederCeutorhynchiniBaridinaetaxonomic-revisionclassical-biological-controlCarduusCirsiumOnopordumPalearctic-nativeintroduced-speciesmolecular-systematicsintegrative-taxonomyunivoltineleaf-mineragricultural-pest-controlpasture-weed-managementspecies-complexhost-specificitymusk-thistleplumeless-thistleScotch-thistleIllyrian-thistlewelted-thistleItalian-thistlecrown-weevilrosette-weeviloviposition-behavioroverwinteringegg-stagelarval-stageadult-stagedecaying-organic-mattersoil-surfacenon-photosynthetic-leavesgreen-leavesleaf-midribspetiolesleaf-miningnotching-damagerosette-survivalflowering-stem-reductionseed-production-reductionrosette-mortalitypopulation-density-effectsmark-recapturedispersal-patternsartificial-diet-rearinglaboratory-culturevitamin-supplementationlyophilized-thistle-rootsergosterolcasein-hydrolysate7-dehydrocholesterolsucroselarval-survivaladult-longevityovipositionfemale-fecundityfield-cage-experimentsindividual-cage-experimentsgrowth-parameter-reductionpre-release-host-specificity-testingpost-release-monitoringestablishment-successrange-expansionforested-areasagricultural-landpasturesmall-farmscropsdisturbed-habitatsmeadowsdense-patchesrosette-size-preferencespatial-distributionselective-ovipositionautumn-egg-layingwinter-larval-developmentspring-pupationlate-summer-adult-emergencesoil-overwinteringplant-debris-overwinteringrachisleaf-dissectiondestructive-samplingnon-destructive-samplingsampling-biaslife-stage-detectionestablished-populationsmitochondrial-COInuclear-EF-1αmorphological-charactershost-plant-associationssynonymyspecies-validityintroduction-historyrelease-recordsestablishment-recordsOld-World-nativeNew-World-introductionSouthern-Hemisphere-introductionAustraliaNew-ZealandNorth-AmericaVirginiaSouthwest-VirginiaEuropeSpainFranceGermanyItalySwitzerlandAustriaScandinaviaDenmarkNorwaySwedenColonnelli-1979Panzer-1801Alonso-Zarazaga-&-Sánchez-Ruiz-2002Ceutorhynchinae-vs-Baridinaesubfamily-placementtribe-placementtrue-weevilsCurculionidaeColeopteraInsectaArthropodaAnimalia882-iNaturalist-observationsGBIF-recordsCatalogue-of-Life-acceptedNCBI-TaxonomyBulletin-of-Entomological-ResearchJournal-of-Applied-EcologyJournal-of-Entomological-ScienceAnnals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-AmericaEnvironmental-EntomologyDOI-10.1017/s000748531500084xDOI-10.1046/j.1365-2664.2002.00747.xDOI-10.18474/0749-8004-22.4.324DOI-10.18474/0749-8004-22.4.330DOI-10.18474/0749-8004-24.4.465DOI-10.1093/aesa/73.6.694DOI-10.1093/ee/10.5.691Tricimba lineella
frit fly
Tricimba lineella is a species of frit fly in the family Chloropidae, first described by Fallén in 1820. It is a small dipteran known from European populations. The species belongs to a genus of grass-associated flies, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
Trigonaspis radicola
Trigonaspis radicola is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. The species is known for inducing root galls on oak species (Quercus), distinguishing it from many cynipids that form galls on above-ground plant parts. Like other members of the tribe Cynipini, it has a complex life cycle involving alternating sexual and asexual generations, typically associated with different oak host species or plant structures. The species name 'radicola' (meaning 'root-dwelling') reflects its distinctive subterranean gall-forming habit.
Trimerina madizans
shore fly
Trimerina madizans is a species of shore fly in the family Ephydridae. The species was described by Fallén in 1813. Larvae are specialized predators of spider eggs, an unusual feeding strategy among Diptera. It occurs across northern and central Europe.
Trimium brevicorne
Trimium brevicorne is a small rove beetle in the subfamily Pselaphinae, commonly known as ant-loving beetles. The species occurs across Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and has been introduced to North America. It belongs to a group of beetles that are typically found in association with ant colonies.
Trogus lapidator
Trogus lapidator is an ichneumonid parasitoid wasp that develops within the pupae of the Old World swallowtail butterfly Papilio machaon. It is notable for an unusual emergence mechanism: rather than cutting through the host pupal case with mandibles like most related wasps, it primarily uses a liquid secretion to soften and dissolve host tissue, employing mandibles only secondarily to spread the secretion and minimally enlarge the exit hole at the end of emergence. The species occurs across Europe, with records from Finland to Belgium and Canada.
Trypodendron domesticum
European hardwood ambrosia beetle
Trypodendron domesticum is a European ambrosia beetle in the family Curculionidae. It is a wood-boring pest of hardwoods that has been introduced to North America. The species is morphologically similar to the closely related T. lineatum, requiring molecular methods for reliable identification. It is one of four Trypodendron species documented in Europe.
Tvetenia
non-biting midges
Tvetenia is a genus of non-biting midges in the family Chironomidae, subfamily Orthocladiinae. Species occur across northern and eastern Europe, extending into Russia and Central Asia. The genus was established by Kieffer in 1922. Taxonomic revisions have clarified species boundaries, including the synonymy of T. vitracies with T. tshernovskii.
Uroleucon cirsii
Large Thistle Aphid
Uroleucon cirsii, commonly known as the large thistle aphid, is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae. It is a phloem-feeding insect that specializes on thistles and related plants in the Asteraceae family. Like other members of the genus Uroleucon, it exhibits parthenogenetic reproduction during the growing season, forming colonies of females that reproduce without males. The species is known from Europe, with confirmed records in Belgium, Denmark, and Norway.
Winnertzia solidaginis
Winnertzia solidaginis is a species of gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae, described by Felt in 1907. It is found in Europe, with confirmed records from Norway and Sweden. The specific epithet "solidaginis" indicates an association with goldenrod (Solidago), though the precise nature of this relationship has not been documented in detail. Like other members of Cecidomyiidae, it is presumed to have a larval stage that develops in association with plant tissue.
Winthemia quadripustulata
Red-Tailed Tachina
Winthemia quadripustulata is a species of tachinid fly (family Tachinidae) native to North America and parts of Europe. As a parasitoid, it has been documented as an internal parasite of caterpillars, specifically including larvae of the White-lined Sphinx moth (Hyles lineata). The species is one of several Winthemia flies known to attack sphingid caterpillars.
Xenolechia aethiops
Xenolechia aethiops is a small moth in the family Gelechiidae, with a wingspan of approximately 18 mm. The species is native to Europe, ranging from Ireland and Denmark to the Iberian Peninsula, Italy, and Greece, with additional populations in North Africa and Turkey. It has also been reported from North America, including records from Alberta, Arizona, California, Maine, Saskatchewan, and Texas. Adults are active in late spring, with flight periods recorded in May and June.
Zaira
Zaira is a genus of parasitic flies in the family Tachinidae, first described by Robineau-Desvoidy in 1830. The genus comprises tachinid flies whose larvae develop as parasitoids of adult beetles. Members are classified within the subfamily Exoristinae and tribe Blondeliini.
Zatypota anomala
Zatypota anomala is a koinobiont ichneumonid wasp in the tribe Ephialtini that parasitizes mesh web weaving spiders in the family Dictynidae. It is strictly specialized on Dictyna and Nigma spiders in Europe, with a distribution concentrated at mid-elevations in central European forest ecotones. The species exhibits elevation-dependent host partitioning, parasitizing Nigma at lower elevations (179–254 m a.s.l.) and Dictyna at higher elevations (361–870 m a.s.l.). First recorded from Italy in 2022, parasitizing Dictyna pusilla.
Zerconidae
Zerconidae is a family of mesostigmatid mites found primarily in soil and litter habitats across the Northern Hemisphere. The family includes approximately 20 genera and numerous species, with documented occurrences in North America, Europe, Turkey, and other regions. These mites have been collected from diverse habitats including boreal forests, temperate woodlands, reforested areas, felled sites, and forest canopies. Several genera are recognized, including Zercon, Prozercon, Mixozercon, Boreozercon, and Halozercon.