Courtship-display

Guides

Ablautus basini
Great Basin Prospector
Ablautus basini is a species of robber fly (family Asilidae) described by Wilcox in 1966. It belongs to a genus of small, sand-colored predatory flies that are active in early spring. Members of the genus Ablautus are known for elaborate courtship rituals and prey on insects smaller than themselves, including leafhoppers. The species is associated with the Great Basin region of North America.
robber-fly predator spring-active sexual-dimorphism courtship-display Great-Basin
Ablautus linsleyi
Linsley Prospector
Ablautus linsleyi is a species of robber fly (family Asilidae) described by Wilcox in 1966. The genus Ablautus comprises small, sand-colored predatory flies that are often difficult to observe due to their cryptic coloration. Members of this genus are active in spring and are known for elaborate courtship behaviors. The specific epithet honors E. Gorton Linsley, a prominent American coleopterist.
robber-fly Asilidae predatory spring-active cryptic-coloration courtship-display North-America
Arphia conspersa
Speckle-winged Rangeland Grasshopper, Speckled Rangeland Grasshopper
Arphia conspersa is a large band-winged grasshopper (family Acrididae, subfamily Oedipodinae) distributed across western North America from Alaska to Mexico. Adults are active primarily in spring, distinguishing them seasonally from the related redwinged grasshopper (Arphia pseudonietana) which appears in late summer and fall. The species exhibits distinctive visual and acoustical courtship displays, with males performing aggregation flights accompanied by crackling crepitation. It inhabits diverse grassland habitats including prairies, desert shrub communities, and montane meadows up to 11,000 feet elevation.
grasshopper band-winged rangeland western-North-America thermal-ecology crepitation courtship-display overwintering-nymphs late-hatching spring-adult-activity
Atelestidae
Atelestidae is a small family of flies in the superfamily Empidoidea, comprising approximately four extant genera. The family was formally established in 1983, having previously been classified within Platypezidae or as incertae sedis. Phylogenetic studies indicate Atelestidae represents the sister group to all other living Empidoidea, making it the most basal lineage of this diverse superfamily. The family includes both extant and fossil taxa, with the genus Alavesia known from Cretaceous amber and discovered alive in Namibia in 2010. The monophyly of the family remains incompletely resolved, with the genus Meghyperus likely requiring taxonomic revision.
Empidoidea basal-lineage living-fossil Cretaceous-amber courtship-display hovering-flight
Callopistromyia
Peacock flies
Callopistromyia is a genus of small picture-winged flies (family Ulidiidae) known for the distinctive courtship displays of males, which hold their patterned wings perpendicular to the body while sidling along substrates. The genus contains two species: C. annulipes (the peacock fly) and C. strigula. Adults are typically 3.5–5.5 mm in length. C. annulipes has expanded from its native North American range to become an established alien species in Europe since 2007.
picture-winged-fly courtship-display alien-species peacock-fly North-America Europe introduced-species
Callopistromyia annulipes
Peacock Fly
A small picture-winged fly native to North America, introduced to Europe around 2007. Known for its distinctive courtship display in which both sexes raise their wings vertically while strutting on rotting wood. The species has spread rapidly across Europe, with records from more than fifteen countries. Adults are 3.5–5.5 mm in length and active primarily in spring and fall.
picture-winged-fly courtship-display invasive-species citizen-science wood-decay
Callopistromyia strigula
Callopistromyia strigula is a small picture-winged fly (family Ulidiidae) found in Canada and the northeastern United States. Adults measure approximately 3.5-5.5 mm and display patterned wings characteristic of the family. Males perform distinctive courtship displays, raising their wings perpendicular to the body while moving sideways on fence rails or logs. The species is closely related to C. annulipes, the "Peacock Fly," and shares its behavioral repertoire.
ulidiidae picture-winged-fly courtship-display woodland bark-dwelling
Cyrtopogon
robber fly
Cyrtopogon is a genus of robber flies in the family Asilidae, comprising at least 120 described species. These predatory flies are opportunistic hunters of small insects, with documented prey spanning 25 families across 7 orders. Males of at least some species perform elaborate courtship displays involving visual signals and specialized structures. The genus exhibits thermoregulatory behaviors including lateral and dorsal basking, and appears dependent on direct sunlight for sustained flight.
robber-fly predator Asilidae Diptera courtship-display thermoregulation basking
Dolichopus
long-legged flies
Dolichopus is the largest genus in the family Dolichopodidae, comprising over 600 species worldwide. Adults are small flies, typically less than 8 mm in length, with nearly all species exhibiting metallic greenish-blue to greenish-bronze coloration. The genus name derives from Greek words meaning 'long foot,' referring to the elongated legs characteristic of its species. Members of this genus are predatory on other small insects and display complex courtship behaviors involving specialized leg ornaments in males.
predatory metallic-coloration sexual-dimorphism courtship-display aquatic-surface-behavior taxonomically-complex morphometric-identification
Dolichopus funditor
Dolichopus funditor is a species of long-legged fly in the family Dolichopodidae, first described by Loew in 1861. Members of this genus are known for their elongated legs, metallic coloration, and predatory habits. Males possess specialized scales on the front tarsi that function in courtship displays. Like other dolichopodids, this species likely inhabits moist environments and exhibits rapid, agile movement.
predatory metallic long-legged courtship-display near-water
Euglossini
orchid bees, euglossine bees
Euglossini, commonly known as orchid bees, is a tribe of approximately 200 species in five genera (Euglossa, Eulaema, Eufriesea, Exaerete, and Aglae) distributed throughout the Neotropics. The tribe is unique among corbiculate bees in that non-parasitic members exhibit diverse social behaviors ranging from solitary to primitively eusocial, rather than uniform eusociality. Males are distinguished by their exclusive behavior of collecting volatile fragrances from orchids and other sources, storing them in specialized hind tibial pockets for use in courtship displays. This fragrance collection drives mutualistic relationships with orchids, where male bees serve as exclusive pollinators for many species.
orchid-bees euglossine-bees Apidae pollination chemical-ecology fragrance-collection neotropical orchid-mutualism kleptoparasitism bioindicator metallic-coloration solitary-bees eusociality courtship-display Zahavi's-handicap-principle
Euophrys
Euophrys is a genus of jumping spiders (family Salticidae) first described by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1834. The genus contains approximately 99 species distributed across Eurasia, Africa, and the Americas. Notable members include E. omnisuperstes, which inhabits Mount Everest at elevations up to 6,700 meters, and E. monadnock, a colorful North American species with distinctive male courtship displays. Species in this genus exhibit typical salticid characteristics including excellent vision and complex visual communication.
jumping-spider Salticidae high-altitude courtship-display sexual-dimorphism
Genus-novum annulipes
A genus of picture-winged flies (Ulidiidae) containing the species G. annulipes, commonly known as the "Peacock Fly." The species is notable for its distinctive wing-flicking courtship display behavior. Adults are small (3.5-5.5 mm) with patterned wings. The genus belongs to a family of flies rarely considered pests, with larvae typically developing in concealed habitats such as under bark.
Ulidiidae picture-winged-flies courtship-display peacock-fly fence-rails logs bark-dwelling-larvae
Habronattus
Paradise Jumping Spiders
Habronattus is a genus of jumping spiders (Salticidae) comprising approximately 105 recognized species as of 2023. The genus is primarily native to North America, with highest diversity in the southwestern United States, though some species extend into Central America and above the Arctic Circle. Males are renowned for elaborate courtship displays combining visual signals—using modified third legs with spurs, colored scales, and dense hair brushes—with complex vibratory (acoustic) signals transmitted through the substrate. These multimodal displays have been described as among the most elaborate of any terrestrial invertebrate. Females are typically cryptic in coloration, while males exhibit bright, species-specific ornamentation.
Salticidae jumping-spiders sexual-selection multimodal-communication courtship-display North-America sexual-dimorphism predator-mimicry-target prairie-fauna vibratory-signaling trichromatic-vision speciation-research
Habronattus americanus
Habronattus americanus is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae, native to western North America. Males are distinguished by black coloration with bright red pedipalps and leg markings used in courtship displays to attract females. The species is part of the diverse Habronattus genus, known for elaborate multimodal courtship involving visual, vibratory, and acoustic signals. Research indicates strong female preference for male red ornamentation, which can drive interspecific mating dynamics with related species.
jumping-spider Salticidae sexual-selection courtship-display sexual-dimorphism western-North-America red-ornamentation multimodal-signaling
Habronattus bulbipes
Habronattus bulbipes is a species of jumping spider (family Salticidae) first described by Chamberlin and Ivie in 1941. The genus Habronattus comprises approximately 100 species, most occurring in North America, with the greatest diversity in the southwestern United States. Members of this genus are small, ground-dwelling spiders known for elaborate multimodal courtship displays combining visual and acoustic signals.
jumping-spider Salticidae North-America ground-dwelling courtship-display
Habronattus calcaratus
Habronattus calcaratus is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae, native to the United States and Canada. Males possess a distinctive calcar—a large spur on the third leg used in courtship displays. The species exhibits complex multimodal courtship behavior combining visual signals with vibratory drumming. Three subspecies are recognized, occupying distinct geographic regions across North America.
jumping-spider Salticidae courtship-display sexual-dimorphism North-America
Habronattus calcaratus agricola
Habronattus calcaratus agricola is a subspecies of jumping spider in the family Salticidae, described by Griswold in 1987. It belongs to the species H. calcaratus, which is part of the large and diverse genus Habronattus known for elaborate courtship displays. The subspecies is recognized as valid and occurs in North America.
jumping-spider Salticidae North-America sexual-dimorphism courtship-display subspecies
Habronattus calcaratus maddisoni
Maddison's Jumping Spider
Habronattus calcaratus maddisoni is a subspecies of jumping spider in the family Salticidae, described by Griswold in 1987. It belongs to the genus Habronattus, a large group of small jumping spiders known for elaborate courtship displays involving visual and acoustic signals. Males of the Habronattus calcaratus species group possess modified third legs with prominent spurs used in visual signaling to females during courtship. This subspecies occurs in western North America, with records from the United States.
jumping-spider Salticidae courtship-display visual-signaling vibratory-communication ground-dwelling-spider western-North-America sexual-dimorphism leg-modification Habronattus-calcaratus-species-group
Habronattus californicus
Habronattus californicus is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae. It is native to western North America, occurring in California and the Baja California Peninsula in Mexico. Like other members of the genus Habronattus, males likely possess elaborate courtship displays involving visual and acoustic signals. The genus is known for having some of the most complex multimodal courtship behaviors among terrestrial invertebrates.
jumping-spider Salticidae Habronattus California Baja-California courtship-display multimodal-communication endemic western-North-America arachnid predator visual-signals acoustic-signals spider terrestrial arid-habitat coastal Mediterranean-climate semi-arid species-description-1904 Banks-1904 North-America Mexico USA invertebrate chelicerate arthropod animal species accepted exact-match GBIF iNaturalist Catalogue-of-Life NCBI Wikipedia Bug-Eric spider-behavior male-display leg-spurs jumping-spider-courtship Habronattus-diversity western-US-spider California-fauna Baja-California-fauna endemic-species regional-endemic salticid araneae arachnida arthropoda animalia metazoa eukaryota chelicerata spider-taxonomy arachnology entomology invertebrate-zoology biodiversity conservation species-monitoring iNaturalist-observations research-subject academic-study scientific-name-Habronattus-californicus canonical-name-Habronattus-californicus authorship-Banks-1904 rank-species status-accepted kingdom-Animalia phylum-Arthropoda class-Arachnida order-Araneae family-Salticidae genus-Habronattus species-epithet-californicus distribution-USA-Mexico present-Middle-America present-North-America observations-count-328 wikipedia-summary NCBI-taxonomy GBIF-taxonomy-match spider-Sunday Bug-Eric-blog jumping-spider-male jumping-spider-female sexual-dimorphism ground-dwelling leaf-litter scattered-vegetation stones visual-predator keen-eyesight nomadic-hunter prey-pouncing salticid-behavior arachnid-behavior terrestrial-invertebrate complex-courtship orchestrated-signals vibratory-signals leg-modifications third-leg-spur male-recognition female-choice reproductive-behavior species-identification genital-examination microscope-identification immature-identification-difficulty color-pattern-variation habitat-preference elevation-range seasonal-activity population-distribution range-restriction endemic-range regional-distribution faunal-province biogeography conservation-status 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Habronattus carolinensis
Habronattus carolinensis is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae. It is found in the United States and possibly Canada. Like other members of the genus Habronattus, it is a small, ground-dwelling spider with acute vision and elaborate courtship behavior. The genus is known for having some of the most complex multimodal courtship displays among terrestrial invertebrates, combining visual signals with vibratory drumming.
jumping-spider Salticidae Habronattus North-America ground-dwelling visual-predator courtship-display
Habronattus cfhirsutus
A species of jumping spider in the genus Habronattus, part of a diverse North American lineage known for elaborate courtship displays. The specific epithet suggests possible confusion with or comparison to H. hirsutus. Like other Habronattus species, it is presumed to be a small, ground-dwelling hunter with visual and vibratory communication during mating.
Salticidae jumping-spider Habronattus North-America cf.-designation uncertain-identification visual-communication courtship-display ground-dwelling-predator
Habronattus coecatus
Habronattus coecatus is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae. The species occurs across North America, Mexico, and Bermuda. Males possess distinctive red scales on the clypeus and exhibit elaborate multimodal courtship involving both visual displays and vibratory signals. The species belongs to a genus known for complex courtship behaviors that have been described as among the most elaborate of any terrestrial invertebrate.
jumping-spider salticid courtship-display multimodal-communication ground-dwelling
Habronattus cognatus
Habronattus cognatus is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae, native to North America. Like other members of the genus Habronattus, males are known for elaborate courtship displays combining visual and acoustic signals. The genus is notable for having the third pair of legs modified for visual recognition by females during courtship. The species has been recorded from Alberta and Manitoba in Canada, with broader distribution across North America.
Salticidae jumping-spider courtship-display multimodal-communication ground-dwelling North-America prairie grassland
Habronattus decorus
beautiful ornamented jumping spider
Habronattus decorus is a small jumping spider in the family Salticidae, first described by John Blackwall in 1846. Males display distinctive reddish abdominal patches covered with iridescent rose to bluish scales, while females lack this ornamentation and instead show dark brown stripes on a yellowish background. The species occurs across northern North America, with males measuring approximately 5 mm and females slightly larger at about 6.5 mm. Like other Habronattus species, males perform elaborate multimodal courtship displays combining visual signals with vibratory drumming.
jumping-spider Salticidae Habronattus North-America sexual-dimorphism courtship-display iridescent-scales
Habronattus dorotheae
Habronattus dorotheae is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae, described by Gertsch and Mulaik in 1936. The genus Habronattus is one of the most diverse genera of jumping spiders in North America, with males typically exhibiting elaborate visual and acoustic courtship displays. As a member of this genus, H. dorotheae likely shares the characteristic ground-dwelling habits and complex mating behaviors that have made Habronattus a subject of extensive behavioral research. The species occurs in the southwestern United States and Mexico.
jumping-spider Salticidae Habronattus North-America ground-dwelling courtship-display visual-signaling acoustic-signaling spider-mimicry-context
Habronattus elegans
Habronattus elegans is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae. It is found in the United States and Mexico. Like other members of the genus Habronattus, males are known for elaborate courtship displays involving visual signals and vibratory communication. The genus Habronattus is one of the most diverse groups of jumping spiders in North America, with approximately 100 species.
jumping-spider Salticidae courtship-display visual-signaling vibratory-communication ground-dwelling North-America Mexico
Habronattus geronimoi
Habronattus geronimoi is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae, described by Griswold in 1987. The genus Habronattus is a large group of small spiders with approximately 100 species, most occurring in North America with the remainder in the Neotropics. Maximum diversity is found in the southwestern United States. Members of this genus are ground-dwelling rather than arboreal and are known for elaborate courtship displays involving both visual and acoustic signals.
jumping-spider Salticidae Habronattus courtship-display multimodal-communication visual-signals acoustic-signals ground-dwelling North-America Neotropics
Habronattus hirsutus
Habronattus hirsutus is a species of jumping spider (family Salticidae) found in North America. It belongs to a large genus of small spiders renowned for elaborate courtship displays involving both visual and vibratory signals. Males of the genus Habronattus typically possess modified third legs used in mating rituals. The species name 'hirsutus' refers to hairy characteristics, though specific morphological details for this species are not well documented in available sources.
jumping-spider Salticidae courtship-display North-America
Habronattus klauseri
Habronattus klauseri is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae, described by Peckham & Peckham in 1901. The genus Habronattus contains approximately 100 species, with the greatest diversity in southwestern North America. Members of this genus are small, ground-dwelling spiders known for elaborate multimodal courtship displays combining visual signals and acoustic vibrations. H. klauseri occurs in the western United States and Mexico.
jumping-spider Salticidae courtship-display multimodal-communication ground-dwelling North-America Mexico
Habronattus mexicanus
Habronattus mexicanus is a small jumping spider in the family Salticidae, first described from Mexico in 1896. It is the type species of the genus Habronattus. The species is notable for having one of the most complex courtship displays among animals, involving sophisticated multimodal communication combining visual signals with vibratory song patterns. Originally described as restricted to Mexico, subsequent taxonomic revisions in 1987 consolidated several related species, greatly expanding its known range across North and Central America and the Caribbean.
jumping-spider courtship-display vibratory-communication multimodal-signaling type-species
Habronattus ocala
Ocala Paradise Spider, ocala jumper
Habronattus ocala is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae, first described by Griswold in 1987. It belongs to the large genus Habronattus, which contains approximately 100 species primarily distributed in North America and the neotropics. The species is known from the United States, with the specific epithet suggesting a connection to the Ocala region of Florida. Like other Habronattus species, males likely exhibit elaborate courtship displays involving visual and vibratory signals.
jumping-spider Salticidae Habronattus North-America courtship-display multimodal-signaling
Habronattus trimaculatus
Three-spotted Paradise Spider
Habronattus trimaculatus is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae, endemic to peninsular Florida. Like other members of the genus Habronattus, males likely possess elaborate courtship displays combining visual and vibratory signals. The species name 'trimaculatus' (three-spotted) refers to a presumed diagnostic color pattern.
jumping-spider endemic Florida Salticidae courtship-display visual-signaling
Habronattus tuberculatus
A species of jumping spider in the genus Habronattus, first described from Texas in 1936. Like other members of this genus, it is a small, ground-dwelling spider with acute vision and elaborate courtship behavior. The specific epithet 'tuberculatus' refers to tuberculate (bumpy or knobbed) features, likely on the body or legs.
Salticidae jumping-spider Habronattus North-America Texas ground-dwelling visual-predator courtship-display tuberculate 1936-description
Habronattus ustulatus
Habronattus ustulatus is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae. It is found in the United States and Mexico. As a member of the genus Habronattus, it belongs to a diverse group of small, ground-dwelling jumping spiders known for elaborate male courtship displays.
jumping-spider Salticidae Habronattus North-America Mexico USA arachnid ground-dwelling courtship-display
Habronattus viridipes
Green-footed Jumping Spider
Habronattus viridipes is a small jumping spider in the family Salticidae, distributed across eastern North America. Males are distinguished by bright green coloration on their front legs, which they use in visual courtship displays. The species exhibits complex multimodal mating behavior involving both visual signals and vibratory communication. First described by Hentz in 1846, this species is part of a genus renowned for elaborate courtship rituals.
jumping-spider Salticidae courtship-display multimodal-communication North-America sexual-dimorphism visual-signaling
Maevia inclemens
Dimorphic Jumping Spider
Maevia inclemens is a small jumping spider native to eastern North America, notable for its extreme male dimorphism. Adult males occur in two genetically determined morphs of equal frequency: a 'tufted' morph with an all-black body, white legs, and three cephalothoracic tufts, and a 'gray' morph with black-and-white striping and orange pedipalps. Each morph performs a distinct courtship display, and both achieve equal mating success. The species frequents vegetation, fences, and building exteriors.
jumping-spider male-dimorphism sexual-selection courtship-display visual-predator North-America Salticidae behavioral-ecology polymorphism facultative-nectar-feeding
Nathalis iole
dainty sulphur, dwarf yellow
Nathalis iole, commonly known as the dainty sulphur or dwarf yellow, is the smallest North American pierid butterfly. It exhibits remarkable morphological variability, including seasonal wing coloration changes and distinctive structural features that have prompted suggestions it warrants a separate subfamily within Pieridae. The species occupies diverse open habitats, migrates south for winter survival, and has been documented performing elaborate courtship displays including a newly described facultative male display behavior.
butterfly pierid migratory seasonal-polymorphism courtship-display
Nomia tetrazonata
four-banded nomia, four-banded nomium
Nomia tetrazonata is a ground-nesting sweat bee in the family Halictidae, commonly known as the four-banded nomia. The species exhibits communal nesting behavior, with multiple females sharing a common nest entrance while independently constructing and provisioning individual cells within the same burrow system. Males patrol nesting sites and perform stereotyped courtship displays involving leg movements and antennae contact. The species occurs in North and Central America.
communal-nesting ground-nesting-bee sweat-bee courtship-display soil-burrow
Phidippus apacheanus
Apache Jumping Spider
Phidippus apacheanus is a medium-to-large jumping spider in the family Salticidae, notable for its striking black and orange-red coloration. Males exhibit bright orange-red dorsal surfaces with black legs and venter, while females are larger with a characteristic dark dorsal stripe on the abdomen. The species is hypothesized to be a Müllerian or Batesian mimic of velvet ants (Mutillidae), particularly Dasymutilla flammifera, matching both their aposematic coloration and general body shape. It occupies grassland and prairie habitats across much of the United States, Mexico, and Cuba, with males most frequently encountered in autumn.
jumping-spider mimicry prairie salticid velvet-ant-mimic sexual-dimorphism courtship-display
Physiphora alceae
picture-winged fly
Physiphora alceae is a small picture-winged fly in the family Ulidiidae, notable for lacking the bold wing patterns typical of its family. Approximately 5 millimeters in length, this species has become cosmopolitan through human-mediated dispersal. Males perform elaborate courtship dances involving foreleg movements, wing lifting, and physical contact with females.
ulidiidae picture-winged-fly cosmopolitan saprophagous courtship-display
Sassacus
Leaf-beetle Jumping Spiders
Sassacus is a genus of jumping spiders (Salticidae) first described in 1895. Adults are exceptionally small, measuring 3-5 mm (males) or 4.4-5.5 mm (females). Many species exhibit iridescent coloration and compact bodies, suspected to mimic chemically defended leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae). The genus occurs across North America from southern British Columbia through Central America, inhabiting broadleaved plants in open fields and forest edges.
jumping-spider mimicry leaf-beetle-mimic Salticidae North-America iridescent small-size courtship-display sound-production visual-predator
Zygoballus sexpunctatus
Zygoballus sexpunctatus is a small jumping spider (3–4.5 mm) found in grassy habitats of the southeastern United States. Males possess enlarged chelicerae and front femora, and exhibit elaborate courtship and agonistic displays involving leg-raising and abdominal vibration. The species name refers to the six abdominal spots typically present in males, though these may be reduced or absent. First described by Hentz in 1845, it was later transferred to the genus Zygoballus by the Peckhams in 1888.
jumping-spider Salticidae southeastern-USA grassland sexual-dimorphism courtship-display