Cosmopolitan
Guides
Acalyptris
Acalyptris is a genus of minute moths in the family Nepticulidae, established by Meyrick in 1921. It represents the second largest genus of Nepticulidae in the Americas and contains approximately 100 described species distributed across six continents. The genus is characterized by leaf-mining larvae that create distinctive mines in host plant foliage. Species are organized into multiple species groups based on morphology and host associations, with nine revised species groups recognized in the American fauna.
Acaridae
Stored Products Mites, Mold Mites, Grain Mites
Acaridae is a family of mites in the order Sarcoptiformes, commonly known as stored products mites or mold mites. The family includes over 400 species across multiple genera, with cosmopolitan distributions. Many species are generalists inhabiting both natural environments (soil, litter, animal nests, decomposing plant material) and artificial environments (human dwellings, granaries, greenhouses). Several genera contain significant agricultural and stored product pests, including *Acarus*, *Tyrophagus*, and *Rhizoglyphus*, which cause economic damage to crops, bulbs, and stored foodstuffs.
Acidocerinae
Acidocerinae is a cosmopolitan subfamily of water scavenger beetles (Hydrophilidae) containing over 500 species in 23-24 genera, making it one of the largest and most morphologically heterogeneous lineages in the family. The subfamily occupies a key phylogenetic position as sister to the largely terrestrial Cylominae+Sphaeridiinae clade. Recent taxonomic revisions (2013, 2021) have substantially restructured generic boundaries, establishing new genera such as Colossochares, Novochares, Aulonochares, Ephydrolithus, and Primocerus while synonymizing former subgenera of Helochares.
Acroceridae
small-headed flies, hunch-back flies, spider flies
Acroceridae are a small family of approximately 520 species in 50 genera, characterized by their distinctive hump-backed thorax and disproportionately small head. Adults are primarily nectar feeders with exceptionally long proboscises, while larvae are obligate endoparasitoids of spiders. Many species exhibit bee or wasp mimicry. The family is cosmopolitan but nowhere abundant, with most species known from fewer than 10 specimens.
Acylophorus
Acylophorus is a genus of rove beetles in the family Staphylinidae, tribe Staphylinini, subtribe Acylophorina. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution with documented species across sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar, the Mascarene Islands, and northern Europe. Taxonomic revisions have established numerous species synonymies and described multiple new species from African and insular populations. The genus is characterized by morphological features including distinctive forebody structure, maxillary palpi, antennae, and aedeagus morphology used in species-level identification.
Ageniellini
Mud-nesting Spider Wasps
Ageniellini is a cosmopolitan tribe of spider wasps (subfamily Pepsinae) comprising 17 genera. Members are commonly known as mud-nesting spider wasps due to their frequent construction of thimble-shaped mud nests, often communally. The tribe exhibits exceptional behavioral diversity, with three distinct nesting strategies: mud nest construction, dry soil excavation, and kleptoparasitic nest usurpation. These strategies have evolved independently multiple times from nest-constructing ancestors. Like all Pompilidae, females provision nests with paralyzed spiders as larval food, with most Ageniellini species characteristically removing spider legs before transport.
Aglossa caprealis
Stored grain moth
Aglossa caprealis, commonly known as the stored grain moth, is a pyralid moth of presumably western Palearctic origin that has achieved global distribution through human commerce. Adults are small moths with a wingspan of 23–27 mm, flying during summer months. The species is notable for its remarkably broad larval diet, which extends beyond typical stored products to include decaying organic matter and fatty animal materials.
Ahasverus
Ahasverus is a genus of beetles in the family Silvanidae. The genus is best known for Ahasverus advena (foreign grain beetle), a cosmopolitan stored product pest found in 110 countries. Ahasverus species are primarily fungal feeders, with larvae capable of developing on fungi alone. The genus includes at least two other species found in stored products, though A. advena dominates ecological and economic literature.
Ahasverus advena
Foreign grain beetle
Ahasverus advena, commonly known as the foreign grain beetle, is a small silvanid beetle approximately 2 mm in length with a reddish-brown to black coloration. It is a cosmopolitan species of American origin now reported from 110 countries, where it occurs in stored products facilities and diverse outdoor habitats. The species is uniquely adapted to fungal feeding, with larvae capable of developing on fungi alone and elevated tolerance to aflatoxins compared to other stored product beetles. It serves as an indicator of damp, moldy conditions rather than a direct pest of grain, as it does not feed on intact grain kernels but rather on associated fungal growth.
Aloconota
Aloconota is a genus of rove beetles (family Staphylinidae) in the tribe Geostibini, subfamily Aleocharinae. The genus was established by Carl Gustaf Thomson in 1858. It has a cosmopolitan distribution with records from Europe, including Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Six species are currently recognized: A. currax, A. debilicornis, A. gregaria, A. insecta, A. planifrons, and A. sulcifrons.
Alphitobius diaperinus
lesser mealworm, litter beetle, buffalo worm
Alphitobius diaperinus is a darkling beetle (family Tenebrionidae) with cosmopolitan distribution. It evolved as a scavenger in bird nests and bat caves but has become a major pest in poultry production facilities and stored grain products. The species is a significant vector of poultry pathogens including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Its larvae are approved as novel food in the European Union and marketed as "buffalo worms" for human consumption and animal feed.
Alphitophagus bifasciatus
Two-banded fungus beetle
Alphitophagus bifasciatus is a small darkling beetle (family Tenebrionidae) with an almost cosmopolitan distribution. The species is frequently associated with stored products and organic matter, and has been documented as an intermediate host for the poultry tapeworm Raillietina cesticillus. It is distinguished from the rare congener A. obtusangulus by its two pale transverse bands on the elytra.
Amaurobiidae
Hackledmesh Weavers, Night Spiders, Laceweavers
Amaurobiidae is a family of three-clawed spiders found worldwide, containing approximately 286 species in 51 genera. Members are characterized by possessing either a cribellum (a silk-spinning plate) or being ecribellate, and are often difficult to distinguish from related families such as Agelenidae, Desidae, and Amphinectidae. The family's taxonomic boundaries and internal relationships have been historically contentious, with genera frequently reassigned between families based on morphological and molecular studies. Australian representatives are small to medium-sized entelegyne spiders with minimal sheet webs, while North American species include relatively large, powerful hunters.
Ammophila
Thread-waisted Sand Wasps
Ammophila is a large, cosmopolitan genus of solitary hunting wasps in the family Sphecidae, comprising over 200 species distributed across warmer regions of all continents except Antarctica. These thread-waisted wasps are characterized by their elongated, slender petiole connecting the thorax and abdomen, and their distinctive nesting behavior involving burrow excavation and caterpillar provisioning. Females construct underground nests in sandy or compact soils, paralyze caterpillars with their sting, and provide this food source for their developing larvae. The genus serves as a host for Strepsiptera endoparasites and is subject to nest parasitism by satellite flies and other organisms.
Anarete
Anarete is a genus of non-biting midges in the family Cecidomyiidae, established by Irish entomologist Alexander Henry Haliday in 1833. The genus contains 38 described species with a cosmopolitan distribution. Several species, particularly Anarete pritchardi, have been extensively studied for their swarming behavior. Swarming in this genus involves males forming aerial aggregations with measurable kinematic properties, including characteristic looping and zigzag flight patterns while maintaining relatively constant distance from the swarm center.
Anisolabididae
Anisolabididae is a family of earwigs (order Dermaptera, suborder Neodermaptera) comprising 38 genera across 13 subfamilies. Members include both cosmopolitan and geographically restricted species, with some showing specialized adaptations for subcortical or coastal habitats. Several genera, particularly Euborellia, are recognized for their predatory behavior and potential as biological control agents of agricultural pests. The family exhibits diverse morphologies ranging from typical earwig body plans to dorsoventrally flattened forms adapted for life under bark.
Anisolabis maritima
maritime earwig, seaside earwig
A cosmopolitan, wingless earwig species found on coastal beaches worldwide. Males possess asymmetrical forceps used for mating, prey capture, and defense. Exhibits notable maternal care behavior, with females guarding eggs and nymphs for up to 28 days and progressively provisioning offspring. Displays complex social dynamics including sex-specific aggression patterns and size-based dominance in shelter competition.
Anomaloninae
Anomaloninae is a cosmopolitan subfamily of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae. Members are slender, ranging from small to large, and typically black or brownish with yellow markings on the face and legs. The subfamily is divided into two tribes: Anomalonini, which parasitize Coleoptera larvae (Tenebrionidae and Elateridae) and some Lepidoptera larvae (Noctuidae and Tortricidae), and Gravenhorstiini, which parasitize Lepidoptera larvae. They are distinguished from other ichneumonid subfamilies by a highly reticulated propodeum, slender metasoma, fore wing with vein 3 rs-m absent, and swollen hind tarsi in males.
Anthrenus scrophulariae
common carpet beetle, buffalo carpet beetle
Anthrenus scrophulariae is a small dermestid beetle native to the Palaearctic region that has become cosmopolitan through human commerce. Adults feed on pollen and nectar, particularly from white or whitish flowers, while larvae are destructive pests of animal-derived materials including carpets, woolens, furs, and museum specimens. The species is notable for its distinctive patterned elytra with black, orange, and white scales that wear away with age, and for the medical irritation its larval hairs can cause in sensitive individuals.
Anthrenus verbasci
Varied Carpet Beetle
Anthrenus verbasci is a cosmopolitan pest species in the family Dermestidae, commonly known as the varied carpet beetle. Adults are small (2–4 mm), rounded beetles with distinctive patterned elytra bearing bands or spots of brown, black, and white scales. Larvae are covered in dense setae and feed on dried proteinaceous material, causing damage to household items, museum collections, and stored agricultural products. The species exhibits circannual control of its life cycle, with photoperiod serving as the primary zeitgeber for synchronizing pupation and adult emergence in spring. Adults feed on pollen and nectar, particularly from umbelliferous plants (Apiaceae) and Asteraceae, and use both olfaction and vision in host plant selection.
Anystidae
whirligig mites
Anystidae is a family of predatory mites comprising over 100 species, commonly known as whirligig mites. They are active generalist predators found in soils and on vegetation worldwide. The family includes notable genera such as Anystis, Tarsotomus, and Chaussieria. Several species have been investigated for biological control potential against agricultural pests including thrips, aphids, and spider mites.
Aperileptus
Aperileptus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Arnold Förster in 1869. The genus has an almost cosmopolitan distribution. Two species are currently recognized: Aperileptus albipalpus and Aperileptus impurus. As ichneumonids, members of this genus are presumed to be parasitoids of other insects, though specific host associations remain poorly documented.
Aphaereta
Aphaereta is a cosmopolitan genus of braconid wasps in the tribe Alysiini, comprising approximately 48 described species worldwide. Members are endoparasitoids of Diptera, with documented associations including dung-breeding flies, blow flies, shore flies, and fruit flies. The genus has been recorded across multiple continents including Europe, Asia, North America, South America, and Oceania. Several species have been studied for their potential in biological control programs targeting pest flies.
Aphanisticus
metallic wood-boring beetles
Aphanisticus is a large genus of metallic wood-boring beetles in the family Buprestidae, comprising more than 360 described species distributed across every continent except Antarctica. The genus exhibits remarkable cosmopolitan distribution, with species inhabiting diverse environments from tropical to temperate regions. Adults are typically small and often exhibit metallic coloration characteristic of the family.
Aphis craccivora
cowpea aphid, groundnut aphid, black legume aphid
Aphis craccivora is a small, dark-colored aphid of probable Palearctic origin that has become a cosmopolitan agricultural pest. It is polyphagous but shows strong preference for leguminous plants, particularly cowpea, groundnut, and alfalfa. The species reproduces primarily through parthenogenesis, with winged forms developing for dispersal. It is a significant pest due to direct feeding damage, honeydew production that promotes sooty mold growth, and its role as a vector for multiple plant viruses.
Aphis nasturtii
Buckthorn Aphid, Buckthorn-Potato Aphid
Aphis nasturtii is a cosmopolitan aphid species known primarily as a pest of agricultural crops, particularly potatoes, sunflowers, lettuce, and beets. It is a phloem-feeding insect that extracts plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts. The species is of significant economic concern due to its direct feeding damage and its role as a vector for at least 15 plant viruses. Common names reflect its association with buckthorn (likely a primary or overwintering host) and potato (a major agricultural host).
Araecerus fasciculatus
Coffee Bean Weevil
Araecerus fasciculatus, commonly known as the coffee bean weevil, is a polyphagous stored product pest in the family Anthribidae. Adults measure 3–5 mm with a dome-shaped, dark-brown body mottled with light and dark pubescence. The species has been documented on over 100 host plants including coffee, maize, cassava, nutmeg, dried fruits, and various nuts. It completes its life cycle inside seeds and stored products, with development times varying from 29 to 57 days depending on humidity and temperature. Through international trade, it has achieved cosmopolitan distribution in tropical and subtropical regions and is considered economically significant due to damage and contamination of stored commodities.
Argiope
Garden Orbweavers, St Andrew's Cross Spiders, Writing Spiders, Garden Spiders
Argiope is a genus of large, colorful orb-weaving spiders in the family Araneidae. The name derives from Greek, meaning 'silver-faced,' referring to the silvery cephalothorax characteristic of many species. Females are notably larger than males and often display striking abdominal color patterns in yellow, black, and silver. These spiders construct spiral orb webs that frequently include a conspicuous zigzag silk structure called a stabilimentum. The genus has a worldwide distribution, with species found across tropical and temperate regions on every continent except Antarctica.
Argiope trifasciata
banded garden spider, banded orb weaving spider, banded argiope, whitebacked garden spider
A large orb-weaving spider with a nearly cosmopolitan distribution, native to the Americas but now found across six continents. Females construct distinctive spiral orb webs up to 60 cm in diameter, often decorated with zigzag stabilimentum patterns. The species exhibits notable thermoregulatory behavior through strategic web orientation and body positioning. Recent phylogeographic research suggests A. trifasciata may represent a complex of cryptic species rather than a single widespread species.
Arrenurus
water mites
Arrenurus is the largest genus of water mites, comprising approximately 950 species with cosmopolitan distribution in lentic freshwater habitats. Adults are heavily sclerotized, predatory, and exhibit marked sexual dimorphism—males possess diagnostic caudal modifications used in mating, while female taxonomy remains problematic. The life cycle includes seven stages: egg, inactive prelarva, parasitic larva, protonymph, deutonymph, tritonymph, and adult. Larvae are ectoparasites of aquatic insects, particularly Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies), but also Diptera and Coleoptera, utilizing hosts for both nutrition and phoretic dispersal.
Asiloidea
asiloid flies
Asiloidea is a large superfamily of true flies (Diptera: Brachycera) with cosmopolitan distribution. It comprises approximately 11 families including the well-known Asilidae (robber/assassin flies), Bombyliidae (bee flies), Therevidae (stiletto flies), Mydidae (mydas flies), and Scenopinidae (window flies). Adult morphology is characterized by antennae with no more than 4 flagellomeres, leg empodium usually setiform or absent, and wing venation featuring an elongate cell cup with vein CuA2 ending freely or meeting A1 near the wing margin. Larval synapomorphies include posterior spiracles arising dorsally from the penultimate abdominal segment and, in most families except Bombyliidae and Hilarimorphidae, a modified cranium forming a hinged metacephalic rod.
DipteraBrachyceraAsiloidearobber-fliesbee-fliesstiletto-fliesmydas-flieswindow-fliescosmopolitanarid-habitatspredatory-larvaeflower-visitorsparasitoidsbiological-controlAsilidaeBombyliidaeTherevidaeMydidaeScenopinidaeApioceridaeApsilocephalidaeApystomyiidaeEvocoidaeHilarimorphidaeMythicomyiidaeProtapioceridaephylogenysystematicsvenomouspredatorymystaxmetacephalic-roddichopticholopticJurassicCretaceoustherevoid-cladeNamib-DesertCanary-IslandsSaudi-ArabiaDominicaChileGermanyfossilcybertaxonomyopen-accessZooKeysBohart-MuseumWorld-Robber-Fly-DayAtanygnathus
Atanygnathus is a genus of rove beetles in the family Staphylinidae, first described by Jakobson in 1909. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution and includes at least three described species: A. bicolor, A. terminalis, and A. poussereaui. It belongs to the subtribe Tanygnathinina within the tribe Staphylinini. As with other staphylinid beetles, members of this genus are characterized by their shortened elytra that leave much of the abdomen exposed.
Atractodes
Atractodes is a cosmopolitan genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Gravenhorst in 1829. The genus has been historically classified in different subfamilies, with some species groups placed in Phygadeuontinae and others in Cryptinae. Multiple species groups have been defined to accommodate morphologically similar species, particularly in the Neotropical region where recent taxonomic revisions have described numerous new species. The genus exhibits considerable diversity in the Americas, with records from North America, Central America, and South America, as well as Europe.
Attagenus fasciatus
Banded Black Carpet Beetle, Tobacco Seed Beetle, Wardrobe Beetle
Attagenus fasciatus is a cosmopolitan carpet beetle in the family Dermestidae, commonly known as the banded black carpet beetle, tobacco seed beetle, or wardrobe beetle. It occurs in North America, Oceania, Europe, and tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. The species is a significant pest of stored products, textiles, and animal materials, with larvae feeding on keratin-containing substrates.
Aulacigastridae
Sap Flies
Aulacigastridae is a small family of true flies (Diptera) commonly known as sap flies. The family was redefined in 1984 when Stenomicridae was separated from it. Members are found globally across all ecoregions. Both larvae and adults have specialized feeding habits associated with tree sap and fermenting substances.
Baeus
micro-flea wasp
Baeus is a genus of minute parasitoid wasps in the family Scelionidae, remarkable for extreme sexual dimorphism. Females are wingless, highly compact, and flea-like in appearance with reduced or fused body segments, while males possess wings and a more typical scelionid morphology. All species are endoparasitoids of spider eggs, developing inside the oothecae (egg sacs) of diverse spider families. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution across all continents except Antarctica, with greatest species diversity documented along the eastern seaboard of Australia.
Batrachedra
Batrachedra is the largest genus in the moth family Batrachedridae, containing approximately 114 species as of 2018. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution with particularly high diversity in the Indomalayan realm. The name derives from Greek 'batrachos' (frog) and 'edra' (seat), referring to the frog-like resting posture of adults. Early stages remain unknown for most species.
Biphyllidae
False Skin Beetles
Biphyllidae, commonly known as false skin beetles, is a family of small beetles in the superfamily Cleroidea. The family contains approximately 195 described species distributed globally except New Zealand. Members are primarily found in concealed microhabitats including under bark of dead trees and in leaf litter. The family includes 11 extant genera plus one fossil genus from Late Cretaceous Taimyr amber.
Blacini
Blacini is a tribe of braconid parasitoid wasps within the subfamily Brachistinae. Members are minute, dark-colored wasps with distinctive non-cyclostome mouthparts and a carina along the posterior head margin. The tribe was elevated from subfamily status in 2011 based on molecular phylogenetic evidence. The genus Blacus dominates the tribe with approximately 40 described New World species and cosmopolitan distribution, while remaining genera are largely restricted to South and Central America.
Blaesoxipha
Grasshopper Flesh Flies
Blaesoxipha is a genus of flesh flies (Sarcophagidae) with cosmopolitan distribution. Species in this genus are parasitoids, primarily attacking grasshoppers and related orthopterans. Some species have been documented as agents of myiasis in vertebrates. The genus includes notable species such as B. plinthopyga, which can cause myiasis, and B. redempta, a parasitoid of Stauroderus scalaris distributed across the Palearctic realm.
Blastobasidae
Blastobasid Moths
Blastobasidae is a family of small moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea, containing approximately 30 genera and hundreds of species distributed worldwide. Adults are generally slender, reddish-brown moths with wingspans of 12–24 mm, lacking conspicuous markings. Larvae feed on dead organic matter, though some species are pests of stored products or cultivated crops. The family's taxonomy remains unstable, with relationships among genera poorly resolved and various arrangements placing Blastobasidae as a subfamily of Coleophoridae or including Symmocidae within it.
Blatta orientalis
Oriental Cockroach, Waterbug
Blatta orientalis is a large, dark-colored cockroach and a significant urban pest. Adult males measure 18–29 mm and females 20–27 mm. Females appear wingless but are brachypterous with non-functional wing pads; males have reduced wings that do not cover the abdomen. The species thrives in dark, damp environments such as basements, crawl spaces, and sewers. It is a major vector for pathogens including E. coli, Staphylococcus, and Salmonella, and proteins from this species can trigger allergic reactions and asthma.
Blattella
Blattella is a genus of small cockroaches in the family Ectobiidae, distributed worldwide. The genus includes both domestic pest species, notably the German cockroach (Blattella germanica), and wild species such as the Asian cockroach (Blattella asahinai) and Japanese field roach (Blattella nipponica). Species within this genus exhibit diverse ecological preferences, ranging from human dwellings to outdoor habitats including mountainous regions and field environments.
Brachymeria podagrica
Brachymeria podagrica is a cosmopolitan parasitoid wasp in the family Chalcididae, known from Brazil, Saudi Arabia, Colombia, and multiple other regions worldwide. The species is a solitary idiobiont parasitoid of dipteran pupae, particularly flesh flies (Sarcophagidae) and blow flies (Calliphoridae). It has been documented attacking Sarcodexia lambens, Peckia collusor, Hemilucilia flavifacies, Chrysomya albiceps, and Sarcophaga dux, among other hosts. Development from egg to adult emergence takes approximately 20–27 days under favorable conditions, with overwintering generations requiring 155–180 days. Adults are commonly observed near aphid colonies feeding on honeydew, and occasionally visit flowers such as wild carrot. The species has forensic significance due to its predictable emergence from fly pupae on decomposing corpses.
Braula
bee lice, bee louse
Braula is a genus of wingless, highly modified flies in the family Braulidae. Adults are obligate commensals of honey bees (Apis mellifera), living on the bodies of workers, queens, and drones and stealing food during trophallaxis. Larvae tunnel through wax honeycomb. The genus is cosmopolitan and contains five described species, with Braula coeca being the most studied.
Bryoporus
Bryoporus is a genus of rove beetles (Staphylinidae: Tachyporinae: Bolitobiini) established by Kraatz in 1857. The genus has an almost cosmopolitan distribution with records from Europe, North America, and other regions. Taxonomic revisions have clarified its relationship to related genera Bryophacis, Bolitopunctus, and Neobolitobius, particularly for North American species. The genus includes multiple species, with Bryoporus cernuus (Gravenhorst, 1806) being a representative species.
Calodera
Calodera is a genus of rove beetles in the family Staphylinidae, first described by Mannerheim in 1830. It contains at least seven described species and has a cosmopolitan distribution. Members belong to the subfamily Aleocharinae, tribe Oxypodini, and are characterized by the typical short elytra and flexible abdomen of staphylinid beetles.
Campsomerini
mammoth wasps
Campsomerini is a cosmopolitan tribe within the family Scoliidae (Hymenoptera), currently classified under subfamily Scoliinae. Members are commonly known as mammoth wasps. The tribe's higher-level taxonomy has been unstable, having been treated historically as subfamily Campsomerinae before being demoted to tribal status. Recent phylogenetic studies using ultraconserved element (UCE) data support Campsomerini sensu stricto (excluding Colpa and allies) as monophyletic, with the Australasian genus Trisciloa as sister to remaining members.
Cartodere nodifer
Swollen Fungus Beetle, minute brown scavenger beetle
Cartodere nodifer is a minute beetle in the family Latridiidae, commonly known as the Swollen Fungus Beetle. The species was originally described from Europe but has become cosmopolitan through human-mediated dispersal. It is now established on multiple continents including Australia, New Zealand, and the Azores archipelago. The species belongs to a group commonly called 'minute brown scavenger beetles' due to their small size and ecological habits.
Cephalops
A genus of small flies in the family Pipunculidae with cosmopolitan distribution. Species are known to be endoparasitoids of planthoppers (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). Adult females locate hosts by detecting substrate-borne vibrations produced by host calls. The genus contains over 150 described species, with new species continuing to be described from under-sampled regions.
Cercyon nigriceps
Cercyon nigriceps is a water scavenger beetle (family Hydrophilidae) with a cosmopolitan distribution spanning the Palearctic, Nearctic, Afrotropical, Oriental, and Neotropical regions. Adults are frequently found in mammalian dung and rotting plant material. The species has a complex taxonomic history with numerous synonyms due to its wide geographic range and identification challenges.
Cercyon quisquilius
Cercyon quisquilius is a small water scavenger beetle in the family Hydrophilidae. Native to the Palearctic region, it has been introduced to multiple continents and is now cosmopolitan in distribution. The species is one of the most widely distributed members of the genus Cercyon, with established populations in the Americas, Australia, Africa, and various oceanic islands. It is frequently recorded in synanthropic habitats and has been used in phylogenetic studies involving DNA barcoding.
Ceropales
cuckoo spider wasp
Ceropales is a genus of kleptoparasitic spider wasps in the family Pompilidae, comprising approximately 30 described species distributed worldwide. These wasps are obligate cleptoparasites that exploit the prey of other solitary wasps rather than hunting spiders themselves. The genus originated in Eurasia approximately 10.6 million years ago and achieved its cosmopolitan distribution through multiple long-distance dispersal events across land bridges and oceanic barriers.
Chalarus
Chalarus is a genus of big-headed flies in the family Pipunculidae, established by Walker in 1834. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution with approximately 45 described species found across multiple continents. Chalarus species are primary parasitoids of typhlocybine leafhoppers (Cicadellidae), a relationship that has been documented through life history and oviposition studies. As members of Pipunculidae, they contribute to biological control of leafhopper populations in various ecosystems.
Chelifer
Chelifer is a genus of pseudoscorpions in the family Cheliferidae, established in 1762. The genus is currently monotypic, containing only Chelifer cancroides, the house pseudoscorpion, which is the most widely distributed pseudoscorpion species globally. All other species originally described in Chelifer have been moved to other genera, synonymized, or designated as nomina dubia or nomina nuda. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological features including large setose tubercles on the carapace and specialized male genitalia structures.
Chelifer cancroides
House Pseudoscorpion
Chelifer cancroides, the house pseudoscorpion, is a small pseudoscorpion species measuring 2.5–4.5 mm in body length with pedipalps extending to 7–9 mm. It is the most widely distributed pseudoscorpion species globally, occurring across North America, Europe, Africa, Australia, and the Caribbean. The species is strongly synanthropic, frequently found in human dwellings, barns, and beehives, but also occurs in natural habitats including under tree bark, in caves, and in bird nests. It is harmless to humans and preys on small arthropods.
Chelisoches morio
black earwig
Chelisoches morio, commonly known as the black earwig, is a cosmopolitan earwig species in the family Chelisochidae. Adults are uniformly jet black and among the largest earwigs, reaching up to 36 mm in length. The species exhibits extended maternal care, with females guarding eggs and feeding first-instar nymphs before they disperse. Males possess distinctive widely separated, serrated cerci that differ markedly from female morphology. The species has been investigated as a potential biological control agent due to its predatory habits and high consumption rates of agricultural pests.
Chrysidoidea
Cuckoo Wasps and Allies
Chrysidoidea is a large, cosmopolitan superfamily of aculeate wasps comprising approximately 6,000 described species across seven extant families. The group includes three large, common families—Bethylidae, Chrysididae (cuckoo wasps), and Dryinidae—and four small, rare families—Embolemidae, Plumariidae, Sclerogibbidae, and Scolebythidae. All members are parasitoids or cleptoparasites of other insects. The superfamily is traditionally considered the basal taxon within Aculeata, with some species capable of stinging though their venom is harmless to humans. Members of Dryinidae and Embolemidae exhibit a unique life cycle where larvae begin development inside the host body and later form an external sac (thylacium) protruding from the host abdomen.
Chrysis angolensis
Chrysis angolensis is a cuckoo wasp in the family Chrysididae. Originally described from Angola, it has established populations across much of the world through human-mediated dispersal. The species is a documented parasite of mud dauber nests, with a known association to the black and yellow mud dauber Sceliphron caementarium. It has been recorded as introduced to French Polynesia and is well-established in North America.
Chrysotimus
Chrysotimus is a genus of long-legged flies (family Dolichopodidae) established by Loew in 1857. It has a cosmopolitan distribution with records from Europe, including Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The genus is likely paraphyletic with respect to several geographically restricted genera such as Alishanimyia. Some species previously or alternatively placed in Chrysotimus have been reassigned to related genera like Guzeriplia.
Chydorus
Chydorus is a genus of small benthic-littoral cladocerans in the family Chydoridae, established by William Elford Leach in 1816. Species in this genus are characterized by rounded, often reticulated carapaces and are among the most common anomopods in freshwater systems worldwide. The genus exhibits cosmopolitan distribution with multiple centers of diversification in Europe and Asia, and includes ecologically significant species such as Chydorus sphaericus, which dominates eutrophic waters and plays important roles in food web dynamics involving cyanobacteria.
Ciidae
Minute Tree-Fungus Beetles, Shelf Fungus Beetles
Ciidae, commonly known as minute tree-fungus beetles or shelf fungus beetles, are a family of small beetles within the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. Adults and larvae inhabit fruiting bodies of bracket fungi (Polyporales), particularly Polyporaceae and Corticiaceae, where they burrow inside the fungal tissue. The family is most diverse in warmer regions but has a cosmopolitan distribution extending to northern latitudes including Scandinavia. Development from egg to adult can occur in as little as two months, and some species are parthenogenetic. A few species, notably Cis chinensis, are recognized as pests of commercially dried fungi.
Cimicinae
bed bug subfamily
Cimicinae is a subfamily of blood-feeding ectoparasites in the family Cimicidae, established by Latreille in 1802. The subfamily includes the most economically significant bed bug species, notably the cosmopolitan human parasites Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus. It represents one of six subfamilies in Cimicidae and occupies a central position in the family's phylogeny.
Clambidae
Minute Beetles, Fringe-winged Beetles
Clambidae is a family of minute beetles in the superfamily Clamboidea, comprising approximately 70 described species across five genera. Adults range from 0.7 to 2 mm in body length and exhibit distinctive fringe-winged morphology with long hairs lining the wing margins. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution excluding Antarctica, with the genus Clambus being the most widespread. Some species exhibit a conglobate body form capable of rolling into a ball.
Cloeon
Double-gilled Pond Creepers
Cloeon is a cosmopolitan genus of mayflies in the family Baetidae, commonly known as Double-gilled Pond Creepers. Species in this genus are aquatic as larvae (naiads) and inhabit diverse freshwater environments. At least one species, C. dipterum, is known to give birth to live naiads rather than laying eggs externally. The genus has been studied for its tolerance to environmental stressors including temperature and oxygen fluctuations.
Clogmia
drain flies, moth flies, filter flies, bathroom flies
Clogmia is a genus of small, non-biting drain flies in the family Psychodidae. Adults are 3–5 mm long with fuzzy, moth-like appearance due to dense hairs on wings and body. The genus includes the cosmopolitan species C. albipunctata, commonly known as the filter fly or bathroom fly, which frequently inhabits human dwellings. These flies are primarily nuisance pests associated with moist, decaying organic matter. Larvae play a documented role in sewage treatment as decomposers.
Clogmia albipunctata
Bathroom Moth Fly, Drain Fly, Filter Fly, Bathroom Moth Midge, Sewer Gnat, Sink Fly
Clogmia albipunctata is a small, non-hematophagous moth fly in the family Psychodidae with worldwide distribution in tropical and temperate regions. Adults measure 2.2–2.5 mm in body length with distinctive broad, hairy wings marked by black spots near the middle and white spots along the edges. The species is strongly associated with human dwellings, particularly bathrooms and kitchens, where larvae develop in moist, decaying organic matter within drains. Adults are weak fliers that rarely move from walls and live approximately 12 days. Though historically reported as a myiasis agent, critical review of evidence finds no incontestable documentation of true parasitism; reported cases typically involve facultative infestation of pre-existing cavities with decaying material rather than tissue invasion.
Clusiidae
druid flies
A family of small acalyptrate flies (approximately 3.5 mm) commonly known as druid flies. The family comprises 636 species in 14 genera across three subfamilies, with highest diversity in tropical regions. Adults are typically found on tree trunks, while larvae inhabit decaying wood. Several genera exhibit lekking behavior and territorial defense by males.
Coccotrypes dactyliperda
date stone beetle, button beetle, palm seed borer
Coccotrypes dactyliperda is a small scolytine weevil (1.8–2.3 mm) that spends nearly its entire life cycle inside palm seeds, particularly those of date palms (Phoenix dactylifera). Native to Africa and the Middle East, it has achieved cosmopolitan distribution through international trade in dates and horticultural palm seeds. The species is a significant agricultural pest, causing 20–40% yield losses in unprotected date plantations by attacking green, unripe fruit and causing premature fruit drop. It employs a haplodiploid sex-determination system with extensive inbreeding, enabling rapid population growth within individual seeds that can support 70–80 beetles through multiple overlapping generations.
Coccus hesperidum
brown soft scale
Coccus hesperidum, commonly known as the brown soft scale, is a polyphagous soft scale insect with a cosmopolitan distribution. It is a significant agricultural pest of citrus and greenhouse crops, feeding on plant phloem sap and excreting honeydew that promotes sooty mold growth. The species reproduces primarily through parthenogenesis, with females producing live young. It serves as host to numerous parasitoid wasps, which are important biological control agents.
Compsothrips
Compsothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae, subfamily Idolothripinae. The genus was established by Reuter in 1901 and contains approximately 26 described species distributed across multiple continents. Members of this genus are fungus-feeding thrips, a characteristic trait of the Idolothripinae subfamily. The genus shows considerable diversity in coloration and geographic distribution, with species recorded from North America, South America, Africa, Asia, and Europe.
Coproporus
Coproporus is a genus of rove beetles in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Tachyporinae, tribe Vatesini. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution with records from North America, Europe, and South America. Taxonomic revision has clarified confused generic usage and resolved synonymies, particularly distinguishing Coproporus from the related genus Cilea. Nine species occur in North America north of Mexico, with additional species documented from Mexico, Panama, Argentina, and Brazil.
Coreidae
Leaf-footed Bugs, Squash Bugs, Twig-wilters, Tip-wilters
Coreidae is a large family of predominantly phytophagous sap-sucking insects within the suborder Heteroptera, comprising over 1,900 species in more than 270 genera. Members are commonly known as leaf-footed bugs due to the characteristic leaf-like expansions on the hind tibiae of many species. The family is cosmopolitan but most diverse in tropical and subtropical regions. Several species are significant agricultural pests, including Anasa tristis (squash bug) and Leptoglossus species that damage corn, citrus, and other crops. The family exhibits notable morphological diversity, with body lengths ranging from 7 to 45 mm and variable body shapes from broadly oval to elongated and slender.
Crossopriza
cellar spiders
Crossopriza is a genus of cellar spiders (family Pholcidae) described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1893. The genus comprises 24 species as of October 2025, with native distributions in Africa and Asia. The most widely known member, C. lyoni, has become cosmopolitan through human-mediated introduction and is now found globally in human dwellings.
Cryptolestes ferrugineus
rusty grain beetle, rust-red grain beetle
Cryptolestes ferrugineus, the rusty grain beetle, is a small lined flat bark beetle and major cosmopolitan pest of stored grain products. Native to Europe, it has achieved worldwide distribution through human commerce, infesting stored cereals, grain products, and dry plant materials. The species is characterized by rapid population growth, strong flight capability for dispersal between storage facilities, and cryptic behavior hiding in cracks and crevices. Its economic impact stems from direct feeding damage to grain germ and endosperm, contamination of products, and resistance to some insecticides.
Cryptophagus
silken fungus beetles
Cryptophagus is a genus of small beetles in the family Cryptophagidae, commonly known as silken fungus beetles. The genus has a nearly cosmopolitan distribution across all biogeographic realms. Members are fungivores that feed on fungal spores and hyphae, and are frequently associated with decaying organic matter, stored products, and animal nests. Some species are considered pests in food storage facilities, though they feed on mold growing on products rather than the products themselves. The genus contains numerous species, with significant historical taxonomic confusion.
Cryptophagus acutangulus
Acute-angled Fungus Beetle, Silken Fungus Beetle
Cryptophagus acutangulus is a small mycophagous beetle in the family Cryptophagidae, commonly known as the acute-angled fungus beetle or silken fungus beetle. The species has a nearly cosmopolitan distribution, occurring across Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas, though it is most abundant in temperate and boreal forest zones. It feeds primarily on fungi, with larvae and adults consuming fungal spores and hyphae. The complete life cycle from egg to adult has been described, and the species plays a documented role in fungal spore dispersal through internal and external transmission mechanisms.
Ctenocephalides canis
dog flea
Ctenocephalides canis is a cosmopolitan flea species in the family Pulicidae that primarily infests domestic dogs and cats as an obligate blood-feeding ectoparasite. It is less adaptable and less widely distributed than the closely related cat flea (C. felis), infesting fewer host species and achieving lower prevalence in most regions. The species has been documented across Europe, Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Central Asia, with notable populations in Ireland, Austria, Greece, Poland, New Zealand, Brazil, and Uzbekistan. It serves as a vector for parasitic worms and can cause allergic dermatitis in pets.
Cypha
Cypha is a genus of rove beetles (Staphylinidae) established by Leach in 1819. The genus contains multiple described species and has an almost cosmopolitan distribution. As members of the subfamily Aleocharinae and tribe Hypocyphtini, these beetles are part of one of the most species-rich lineages of rove beetles. The genus is distinguished from related taxa by specific morphological characters of the mouthparts and genitalia.
Deinodryinus
Deinodryinus is a genus of dryinid wasps established by Perkins in 1907. The genus contains at least five described species distributed across multiple continents, including Madagascar, Brazil, and Mexico. Members are parasitoid wasps, though specific host associations remain largely undocumented. The genus exhibits an almost cosmopolitan distribution pattern.
Dermestes ater
black larder beetle, incinerator beetle
Dermestes ater is a cosmopolitan dermestid beetle native to North America but now found nearly worldwide. Adults measure 7–9 mm with black or brown elytra covered in yellowish hairs; males are distinguished by a row of bristles along the abdomen. The species is a significant pest of stored products, feeding on dried animal and plant materials including cured meats, cheeses, leather, wool, and fish. It also functions as an occasional predator and scavenger, consuming dead insects, carrion, and even silkworm pupae. The beetle has forensic importance due to its presence on human corpses, and veterinary significance as a vector of parasites in poultry facilities.
Dermestes lardarius
larder beetle, moisture bug, bacon beetle
Dermestes lardarius, commonly known as the larder beetle or bacon beetle, is a cosmopolitan pest of stored animal products. Adults measure 7–9 mm and are distinguished by a broad yellowish band with three black dots across dark brown elytra. The species completes its life cycle in 40–50 days under optimal conditions but typically produces one generation per year. Both larvae and adults feed on dried meats, pet food, hides, feathers, cheese, and museum specimens.
Deuterixys
Deuterixys is a genus of braconid wasps established by Mason in 1981. The genus contains approximately 18 described species with a cosmopolitan distribution spanning most of the world. As members of Braconidae, species in this genus are parasitoid wasps. Specific biological details for individual species remain poorly documented in available literature.
Diaeretiella
Diaeretiella is a monotypic genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, subfamily Aphidiinae. The sole species, Diaeretiella rapae, is a cosmopolitan koinobiont endoparasitoid of aphids with documented occurrence in 87 countries. It has been recorded parasitizing approximately 98 aphid species across more than 180 plant species in 43 plant families, with particular association to cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) on cruciferous crops. The genus is recognized as an important biological control agent in integrated pest management systems.
Dienerella filum
Common Plaster Beetle
Dienerella filum, known as the common plaster beetle, is a minute fungus beetle in the family Latridiidae. Adults measure 1.2–1.6 mm and are brown in colour. The species has near-cosmopolitan distribution and is strongly associated with human-built environments, particularly damp buildings with mould growth. It is flightless, lacking hind wings, and feeds exclusively on mould hyphae and spores.
Dinocampus
Dinocampus is a genus of braconid wasps in the subfamily Euphorinae. The genus contains at least 25 described species, with Dinocampus coccinellae being the most extensively studied. Members of this genus are endoparasitoids of lady beetles (Coccinellidae), exhibiting complex host manipulation behaviors including the induction of partial paralysis that causes hosts to guard developing wasp cocoons. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution and has been recorded from multiple continents.
Diochus
Diochus is a genus of rove beetles (Staphylinidae) with cosmopolitan distribution, though most species diversity occurs in the Neotropical region. The genus comprises over 80 described species organized into six species groups based on morphological characteristics. Taxonomic revision has synonymized some historically described species and clarified species boundaries through detailed morphological analysis.
Diopsoidea
Diopsoidea is a small but diverse superfamily of acalyptrate muscoid flies with cosmopolitan distribution, particularly abundant in tropical regions. The group has experienced taxonomic revision, with Strongylophthalmyiidae and Tanypezidae now placed in Nerioidea. The superfamily includes families such as Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies), Psilidae, and Syringogastridae.
Diplazon
Diplazon is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, subfamily Diplazontinae. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution with records from Europe, North America, and Asia. Species in this genus are known to parasitize syrphid fly larvae (hoverflies), with D. laetatorius being the most studied species. At least nine species occur in Japan alone, indicating substantial regional diversity.
Drosophila busckii
Busck's fruit fly
Drosophila busckii is a cosmopolitan fruit fly species that has evolved a unique ecological specialization among drosophilids: tolerance to and behavioral preference for dimethyldisulfide (DMDS), a neurotoxic sulfur volatile emitted by rotting vegetables and mushrooms. Native to North America, it has spread globally and is strongly associated with human environments as a commensal. The species uses DMDS as a key olfactory cue for locating food and oviposition sites, allowing it to exploit substrates toxic to competing drosophilid species. Its resistance mechanism likely involves insensitivity of the cytochrome c oxidase (COX) enzyme complex, the typical target of DMDS toxicity in other insects.
Drosophila hydei
Hydei Fruit Fly
Drosophila hydei is a vinegar fly in the family Drosophilidae, notable for possessing the largest recorded sperm of any Drosophila species at approximately 23 mm—over ten times the male body length. It is a member of the hydei species subgroup within the repleta species group. The species is widely used as a feeder insect in the pet trade and has contributed significantly to invertebrate genetics research through the Minos transposon, which has been developed into a versatile genetic tool for gene disruption across diverse arthropod genomes.
Drosophila melanogaster
vinegar fly, lesser fruit fly, pomace fly, banana fly
Drosophila melanogaster is a small dipteran fly native to sub-Saharan Africa that has become cosmopolitan through human association. The species is attracted to rotting fruit and fermenting beverages, earning it the common name 'vinegar fly'—a more accurate descriptor than 'fruit fly,' which properly refers to tephritid pests that damage intact fruit. Since 1901, D. melanogaster has served as the premier model organism for genetic research, contributing to fundamental discoveries in heredity, development, neurobiology, and circadian rhythms. Six Nobel Prizes have been awarded for research using this species. Its utility stems from a rapid 10-day generation time, high fecundity, simple genetics with only four chromosome pairs, and extensive genetic tools.
Dusona
Dusona is a large genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, subfamily Campopleginae, with 442 described species. It is the most species-rich genus in its subfamily and has a cosmopolitan distribution. Members are morphologically distinctive within Campopleginae and primarily parasitize Lepidopteran larvae.
Eblisia
Eblisia is a genus of histerid beetles established by Lewis in 1889. The genus contains at least two described species and has been recorded across multiple continents, suggesting a broad geographic range. Members belong to the tribe Platysomatini within the subfamily Histerinae.
Echidnophaga gallinacea
hen flea, sticktight flea, stickfast flea
Echidnophaga gallinacea is a small, dark brown flea that parasitizes a broad range of bird and mammal hosts including poultry, dogs, cats, and occasionally humans. Adult females embed permanently into host skin—typically on bare areas of the head and face—using a serrated mouthpart to feed on blood, while males remain mobile. Heavy infestations cause ulceration, dermatitis, anemia, and can be fatal to young or small hosts. The species has spread globally through poultry farming and is now established across tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions.
fleaectoparasitepoultry-pestvectorinvasivecosmopolitanintegrated-pest-managementcage-free-poultrybackyard-chickenshematophagypermanent-attachmentsessile-femaleresilinjumpingctenidia-absentanaemiadermatitisulcerationRickettsiaBartonellaplaguediatomaceous-earthmaldisonpesticide-resistanceorganic-farminganimal-welfareeconomic-entomologyveterinary-entomologyhost-generalisturban-wildlife-interfacesynanthropicEdaphus
Edaphus is the largest genus in the rove beetle subfamily Euaesthetinae, comprising approximately 600 described species worldwide. The genus exhibits cosmopolitan distribution with particularly high diversity in the Palaearctic and Oriental regions. Members are small, typically soil-dwelling beetles associated with forest floor habitats. The Korean fauna has expanded from a single known species to six through recent systematic surveys.
Embolemus
Embolemus is a genus of small parasitoid wasps in the family Embolemidae, first described by Westwood in 1833. The genus contains approximately 32 extant species and numerous fossil species preserved in amber deposits from the Cretaceous and Eocene periods. Taxonomic debate persists regarding the status of Ampulicomorpha, which most authorities now treat as a junior synonym of Embolemus. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, with records from Europe, Asia, and other regions.
Empicoris
thread-legged assassin bug
Empicoris is a cosmopolitan genus of thread-legged assassin bugs in the subfamily Emesinae. These predatory true bugs are characterized by their elongated, slender legs and cryptic appearance. The genus contains at least 18 described species distributed worldwide. Empicoris species are nocturnal predators that frequent lights at night, likely hunting smaller insects attracted to artificial illumination.
Endrosis
white-shouldered house moth
Endrosis is a monotypic genus of concealer moths in the family Oecophoridae, subfamily Oecophorinae. The sole included species, Endrosis sarcitrella, is commonly known as the white-shouldered house moth. The genus was established by Hübner in 1825. Several additional species were historically described as members of this genus, but these have since been reclassified, leaving E. sarcitrella as the only confirmed species.
Entomobrya multifasciata
Entomobrya multifasciata is a cosmopolitan springtail species in the family Entomobryidae, first described by Tullberg in 1871. It is characterized by a distinctive wavy striped pattern and elongated body form. The species shows a notable preference for urban environments over wooded areas.
Epermeniidae
fringe-tufted moths
Epermeniidae, commonly called fringe-tufted moths, is a family of small Lepidoptera containing approximately 14 genera. The family is placed in its own superfamily Epermenioidea, though its systematic position among the apoditrysian group "Obtectomera" remains uncertain. Members are characterized by distinctive projecting scale tufts on the inner margin of the hindwing and whorls of bristles on the legs. The group has been extensively revised by Dr. Reinhard Gaedike, with major genera including Epermenia, Ochromolopis, and Gnathifera.
Ephestia kuehniella
Mediterranean Flour Moth, Mill Moth
Ephestia kuehniella is a small moth in the family Pyralidae and a major pest of stored cereal products, particularly flour. It is cosmopolitan in distribution, with established populations in temperate regions worldwide. The species thrives in warm conditions but tolerates a broad temperature range. Larvae are the destructive stage, feeding on milled grains and creating silk webbing that contaminates food products.
Eristalis tenax
Common Drone Fly, Drone Fly, Rat-tailed Maggot
Eristalis tenax is a cosmopolitan hoverfly (Syrphidae) and the most widely distributed syrphid species globally, occurring on every continent except Antarctica. Adults are striking mimics of honey bees, exhibiting Batesian mimicry that provides protection from predators. The larval stage, known as the rat-tailed maggot, is aquatic and inhabits polluted water containing organic matter, using an elongated posterior siphon for respiration. Adults are important generalist pollinators, particularly of Asteraceae flowers. The species exhibits strong territorial behavior in males and has been documented to cause rare cases of accidental myiasis in humans.
Euchromius ocellea
Belted Grass-veneer, necklace veneer
Euchromius ocellea is a cosmopolitan migratory moth in the family Crambidae, first described by Haworth in 1811. It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, with occasional rare migrations to temperate areas such as the UK and Netherlands. The species is notable for its ornate wing patterning and its larval association with grass crops including maize and sorghum.
Eumerus funeralis
Lesser Bulb Fly
Eumerus funeralis, commonly known as the Lesser Bulb Fly, is a small hoverfly in the family Syrphidae. Originally described from the Mediterranean basin, it has become cosmopolitan in distribution, particularly widespread in the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions. The species is notable for its phytophagous larvae, which develop in damaged bulbs and are recognized as a minor pest of ornamental plants including Narcissus, Hyacinthus, and Amaryllis.
Eupodes
Eupodes is a genus of prostigmatid mites in the family Eupodidae, first described by C. L. Koch in 1835. The genus contains at least 58 described species distributed across all continents except South America, with notable diversity in Antarctica, Europe, Africa, and Asia. Species inhabit varied environments including maritime Antarctic regions, temperate zones, and tropical localities.
Eupodoidea
Eupodoidea is a superfamily of soft-bodied mites in the order Trombidiformes, comprising approximately nine families and over 160 described species. These mites are primarily terrestrial and occur across diverse environments from temperate grasslands to polar regions. The superfamily exhibits varied feeding strategies, including fungivory, phytophagy, and predation. Some species are economically significant as agricultural pests.
Euryproctus
Euryproctus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Holmgren in 1855. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution and includes species such as Euryproctus geniculosus and Euryproctus regenerator. As ichneumonids, members of this genus are presumed to be parasitoids of other insects, though specific host associations remain poorly documented. The genus is recorded from Europe, including Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Euthera
Euthera is a small cosmopolitan genus of tachinid flies in the family Tachinidae, characterized by distinctive smoky black transverse bands on the wings. The genus contains approximately 13 described species distributed across multiple continents. Some North American taxonomic treatments place this genus within the subfamily Dexiinae. Species in this genus are parasitoids of true bugs in the family Pentatomidae.
Evania appendigaster
blue-eyed ensign wasp
Evania appendigaster is a parasitoid wasp in the family Evaniidae, commonly known as the blue-eyed ensign wasp. It is one of the larger ensign wasps, with forewings reaching about 7 mm and body length up to 11 mm. The species is a solitary oothecal parasitoid that attacks the egg cases of multiple cockroach species. It likely originated in Asia and has become widespread globally, particularly in tropical, subtropical, and temperate urban environments.
Evaniidae
ensign wasps, nightshade wasps, hatchet wasps, cockroach egg parasitoid wasps
Evaniidae is a family of solitary parasitoid wasps commonly known as ensign wasps, nightshade wasps, or hatchet wasps. The family comprises approximately 20 extant genera containing over 400 described species, with a nearly cosmopolitan distribution excluding polar regions. Evaniidae are immediately distinctive among Hymenoptera due to their unique morphology: the metasoma (abdomen) is attached very high on the propodeum, well above the hind coxae, and is connected by a long, one-segmented, tube-like petiole. The common name "ensign wasp" derives from the characteristic habit of these wasps to jerk their small, flag-like metasoma up and down while walking. All known evaniid larvae are specialized parasitoids that develop inside the egg cases (oothecae) of cockroaches (Blattodea), consuming the host eggs.
Exetastes
Exetastes is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, established by Johann Ludwig Christian Gravenhorst in 1829. The genus contains at least 11 described species with a cosmopolitan distribution, found across Europe, Asia, and North America. As ichneumonids, members of this genus are parasitoids, though specific host associations remain poorly documented.
Exoprosopa
Exoprosopa is a large cosmopolitan genus of bee-flies (Bombyliidae) comprising over 325 described species. Members are among the largest bee flies, reaching up to 22 mm body length and 64 mm wingspan. The genus exhibits striking wing patterns and abdominal banding, with many species showing sexual dimorphism. Species are found worldwide, with exceptional diversity in Southern Africa (over 135 species). As parasitoids, they target a broad range of host insects including locusts and wasp larvae.
Frankliniella
Frankliniella is a genus of thrips in the family Thripidae containing approximately 230 species with cosmopolitan distribution. The genus was established by Karny in 1910. Several species are significant agricultural pests, notably Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips) and F. intonsa, which cause direct feeding damage and vector plant viruses including tomato spotted wilt virus. Species exhibit considerable morphological variability, complicating identification.
Gabronthus thermarum
Gabronthus thermarum is a rove beetle (Staphylinidae) originally described from Europe in 1850. The species has become widely distributed through human activity, with established populations across the Palearctic region and numerous introductions to the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. It is frequently associated with warm, moist environments including compost, manure, and decomposing organic matter. Its successful global spread makes it one of the more broadly distributed members of the genus Gabronhus.
Galleria mellonella
Greater Wax Moth, Honeycomb Moth
Galleria mellonella is a globally distributed moth in the family Pyralidae, best known as a destructive pest of honeybee colonies. The larvae tunnel through honeycomb, consuming wax, pollen, honey, and cast skins of bee larvae, causing significant economic damage to apiculture. Adults are nocturnal, with males producing ultrasonic mating calls at 75 kHz. The species has become an important model organism in biomedical research due to its innate immune system functionally similar to mammals, and has attracted recent attention for the ability of its larvae to degrade polyethylene plastic through salivary enzymes.
Gambrus
Gambrus is a genus of ichneumon wasps in the family Ichneumonidae. The genus was established by Förster in 1868 and has a cosmopolitan distribution, with records from Europe and other regions. As with other ichneumonid genera, members are parasitoid wasps, though specific host associations for Gambrus remain poorly documented.
Geophilidae
soil centipedes, earth-loving centipedes
Geophilidae is a family of geophilomorph centipedes, commonly known as soil centipedes, with over 650 species in more than 120 genera. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution with species found worldwide. In 2014, phylogenetic analysis revealed the family to be polyphyletic, leading to taxonomic revisions that synonymized several families (Aphilodontidae, Dignathodontidae, Linotaeniidae, Macronicophilidae) under Geophilidae and established the new family Zelanophildae for some transferred genera. Members are characterized by mandibles with a single pectinate lamella, sternal pores with variable arrangements, and usually present coxal organs.
Gerromorpha
semiaquatic bugs, shore-inhabiting bugs, water striders, water measurers, velvet water bugs, water treaders, riffle bugs
Gerromorpha is an infraorder of true bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) comprising approximately eight families in four superfamilies. Members are commonly called semiaquatic or shore-inhabiting bugs, though many species are specifically adapted to exploit the water surface film. The group includes well-known taxa such as Gerridae (water striders), Hydrometridae (water measurers), Hebridae (velvet bugs), and Veliidae (riffle bugs). Gerromorphans are distributed globally and are frequently used as bioindicators of aquatic habitat quality.
Gibbium
hump beetle
Gibbium is a genus of small beetles in the family Ptinidae, commonly known as hump beetles. The genus contains at least two recognized species: G. aequinoctiale, which has a cosmopolitan distribution, and G. psylloides, found in the Palearctic, Southeast Asia, and North Africa. These beetles are primarily known as stored-product pests, feeding on dried animal and plant material. Gibbium species have been studied for their feeding behavior, developmental biology, and role as hosts for parasitoid wasps.
Glabellula
micro bee flies
Glabellula is a genus of micro bee flies in the family Mythicomyiidae, comprising more than 30 described species with cosmopolitan distribution. The genus is poorly studied in the Neotropical Region, with recent taxonomic work describing new species from Colombia. At least one species, G. arctica, has been documented as myrmecophilous, living in association with ant nests. The group represents one of several genera of diminutive bombylioid flies often overlooked due to their small size.
Gryllodes
decorated crickets, tropical house crickets
Gryllodes is a genus of crickets in the family Gryllidae, tribe Modicogryllini. The genus contains at least three described species, with Gryllodes sigillatus being the most widely known and economically significant. This species, commonly called the tropical house cricket or decorated cricket, has a cosmopolitan distribution associated with human habitation and is extensively cultured for pet food and human consumption. The genus is notable for its specialized mating behavior involving nuptial gifts.
Gynaikothrips ficorum
Cuban laurel thrips, fig leaf-rolling thrips
Gynaikothrips ficorum is a tube-tailed thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae, commonly known as the Cuban laurel thrips or fig leaf-rolling thrips. It is a gall-forming pest of Ficus species, inducing characteristic curled and folded leaf galls where it feeds, reproduces, and shelters. The species has achieved near-cosmopolitan distribution through human transport of its host plants. It was first described by Paul Marchal in 1908 as Phloeothrips ficorum.
Halictini
sweat bees
Halictini is a cosmopolitan tribe of sweat bees (Halictidae) comprising over 2300 described species. The tribe is divided into five subtribes: Halictina, Sphecodina, Thrinchostomina, Caenohalictina, and Gastrohalictina. Members exhibit diverse social systems ranging from solitary to eusocial, with some species exhibiting social parasitism. The tribe includes the large genus Lasioglossum s.l. and the Halictus genus-group.
Haliplidae
Crawling Water Beetles, haliplids
Haliplidae is a family of small aquatic beetles comprising approximately 200 species in five genera, representing the sole extant member of the superfamily Haliploidea. These beetles are characterized by their distinctive swimming behavior using alternating leg movements, which renders them relatively clumsy swimmers compared to other aquatic beetles. Consequently, they predominantly move by crawling along substrates rather than swimming. The family exhibits a cosmopolitan distribution in freshwater habitats worldwide.
Haltichella
Haltichella is a genus of chalcidid wasps in the family Chalcididae, established by Spinola in 1811. The genus contains at least 20 described species with a cosmopolitan distribution. Members are parasitoid wasps whose larvae develop in or on host organisms. Host associations include Lepidoptera (families Bucculatricidae, Gelechiidae, Momphidae, Notodontidae, Oecophoridae, Pyralidae, Tortricidae) and Hymenoptera (Braconidae, Ichneumonidae).
Harpalini
ground beetles
Harpalini is a large tribe of ground beetles (family Carabidae, subfamily Harpalalinae) containing over 1,900 described species across approximately 103 genera. Members are predominantly nocturnal ground beetles distributed across all major biogeographic regions including the Palaearctic, Oriental, Afrotropical, Neotropical, Nearctic, and Australian regions. The tribe includes economically significant genera such as Harpalus, a diverse group with numerous Palaearctic species, and Trichotichnus, which comprises over 260 species worldwide. Taxonomic research on Harpalini focuses heavily on species descriptions, distribution records, and generic revisions, with recent work describing new species from China, Brazil, India, and Australia.
Hasarius adansoni
Adanson's house jumper
Hasarius adansoni is a small jumping spider (Salticidae) with pronounced sexual dimorphism. Females reach 8 mm, males 6 mm. Males display distinctive black coloration with a red facial 'mask', white pedipalps, and iridescent white markings on the abdomen. The species is strongly associated with human structures across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, and has been introduced to temperate areas via greenhouses. It constructs silk retreats at night, approximately twice its body length.
Helicopsyche
Speckled Peter, Spiral Caddisflies
Helicopsyche is a genus of caddisflies (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae) containing more than 230 species with highest diversity in tropical and sub-tropical regions. The genus is represented on all major faunal regions worldwide. Larvae construct distinctive helical, snail-shell-like cases from sand grains and silk. Adults are known to fly fishers as the 'Speckled Peter'. The genus was first described by Siebold in 1856.
Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis
greenhouse thrips, glasshouse thrip, black tea thrips
Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, commonly known as the greenhouse thrips, is a polyphagous pest species in the family Thripidae. It is parthenogenetic with rare males, and reproduces rapidly in favorable conditions. The species is a significant agricultural pest of greenhouse crops, ornamentals, and fruit trees worldwide, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. It has been introduced globally and is subject to biological control efforts using parasitoids such as Thripobius semiluteus and Thripobius javae.
Hermetia illucens
Black soldier fly
Hermetia illucens is a medium-sized dipteran in the family Stratiomyidae, native to the Neotropics but now virtually cosmopolitan through human-mediated spread. Adults are wasp mimics with metallic coloration and distinctive translucent abdominal spots. The species is commercially significant for its larvae's ability to rapidly convert organic waste into protein-rich biomass, with applications in animal feed, waste management, and bioremediation. Neither life stage is considered a pest or disease vector.
Hofmannophila
brown house moth (for sole species H. pseudospretella)
Hofmannophila is a monotypic genus of concealer moths (family Oecophoridae) containing a single species, H. pseudospretella, commonly known as the brown house moth. The genus appears closely related to Borkhausenia. The sole species is a significant synanthropic pest with nearly worldwide distribution, particularly abundant in Britain.
Hofmannophila pseudospretella
Brown House Moth, Samenmotte (German)
A cosmopolitan pest moth of stored products and dwellings. Larvae feed on keratinous materials including wool, fur, and feathers, as well as dried plant matter. Adults are nocturnal and exhibit complex sexual behavior involving pheromone-mediated mate location. The species is the sole member of its genus, though its distinctness from related genera remains under study.
Holcocerini
Holcocerini is a tribe of moths within the family Blastobasidae, a group of small moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea. The tribe contains multiple genera of blastobasid moths, which are characterized by their relatively plain appearance and often poorly known biology. Members of this tribe are found across various regions globally, reflecting the cosmopolitan distribution of the family. The classification of Blastobasidae and its constituent tribes has undergone revision, with some authorities historically treating these groups as subfamilies within Coleophoridae.
Homolobus
Homolobus is a genus of braconid wasps in the subfamily Homolobinae, tribe Homolobini. These moderate to large parasitoid wasps (4.4–14.6 mm body length) are characterized by distinctive wing venation and occipital carina. The genus contains approximately 55 species distributed across five subgenera and has a cosmopolitan distribution. They are endoparasitoids of caterpillars, particularly those in the families Noctuidae and Geometridae.
Hyadaphis foeniculi
Fennel Aphid
Hyadaphis foeniculi is a cosmopolitan aphid species and major pest of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), native to Mediterranean regions and introduced to Brazil and other areas. Laboratory studies demonstrate strict thermal requirements: nymph development occurs only between 15-30°C, with 3°C and 33°C lethal. The species exhibits four nymphal instars with temperature-dependent development rates, completing the nymphal stage in 5 days at 30°C to 19 days at 15°C. Winged adults reproduce parthenogenetically, forming colonies inside fennel flowers during hot periods. The aphid vectors at least 12 plant viruses and produces honeydew that facilitates sooty mold growth, compounding crop damage.
Hyalopterus pruni
Mealy Plum Aphid
Hyalopterus pruni, the mealy plum aphid, is a sap-feeding aphid in the family Aphididae with a cosmopolitan distribution. It exhibits a complex life cycle involving multiple generations of wingless adults followed by the production of winged migrants that disperse to secondary hosts. The species is notable for its waxy covering and seasonal host alternation between Prunus species and grasses or reeds.
Hydaticus
Hydaticus is a genus of predatory diving beetles in the family Dytiscidae, comprising approximately 150 described species and 12 subspecies arranged in two subgenera: Hydaticus and Prodaticus. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution spanning the Palearctic, Afrotropical, Nearctic, and Oriental regions. Members are aquatic predators found in freshwater habitats including streams, pools, and lentic environments.
Hylotrupes
House Longhorns, House Longhorn Beetle, Old House Borer, European House Borer, Italian Beetle
Hylotrupes is a monotypic genus of woodboring beetles in the family Cerambycidae, containing only the species Hylotrupes bajulus. The genus is the sole member of the tribe Hylotrupini. The species has been introduced globally through timber trade and is recognized as a significant pest of structural softwood timber. Adults are active in summer months, while larvae develop slowly within wood.
Hypoponera
Crypt Ants
Hypoponera is a genus of ponerine ants characterized by simplified morphology lacking clear autapomorphies. The genus exhibits cosmopolitan distribution across all continents except Antarctica, with notable absence from taiga, tundra, New Zealand, and central Asia. Multiple species display remarkable reproductive polymorphism, including winged and wingless (ergatoid) morphs in both sexes. Workers typically lack eyes or possess only very small eyes, while queens and males usually have well-developed eyes with interommatidial setae.
Hyposoter
Hyposoter is a large cosmopolitan genus of ichneumonid wasps in the subfamily Campopleginae. Species are koinobiont endoparasitoids that attack various holometabolan insects, primarily Lepidoptera. The genus exhibits substantial species diversity with over 70 species recognized in the Western Palaearctic region alone. Swiss studies indicate higher species richness at low altitudes, with only three species considered high-altitude specialists.
Hypsicera
Hypsicera is a genus of ichneumonid wasps established by Latreille in 1829. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution and comprises approximately 14 described species. As parasitoid wasps, members of this genus likely attack the larval or pupal stages of other insects, though specific host relationships remain poorly documented for most species.
Hysteroneura setariae
Rusty Plum Aphid
Hysteroneura setariae is a cosmopolitan aphid species known primarily as the Rusty Plum Aphid. It feeds on grasses and fruit trees, with documented associations including Muhlenbergia capillaris and various Prunus species. The species has been recorded across six continents, with particularly dense populations observed in urban park settings in Japan. It serves as prey for generalist predators including Coccinella septempunctata.
Icius
Striking Jumping Spiders
Icius is a genus of jumping spiders (Salticidae) established by Eugène Simon in 1876. The genus contains 49 recognized species as of October 2025 and has been assigned the common name "Striking Jumping Spiders." It exhibits an almost cosmopolitan distribution, with particular prevalence in Europe and records extending across Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Recent taxonomic work has focused on morphological characterization of individual species, including detailed scanning electron microscopy of reproductive structures.
Ischnus
Ischnus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae. The genus has an almost cosmopolitan distribution, with records from Europe including Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Species-level biology is poorly documented; most available literature refers to the amphipod Echinogammarus ischnus, a taxonomically unrelated organism with a similar name. The genus contains at least three described species: Ischnus agitator, I. alpinicola, and I. coxalis.
Itoplectis
Itoplectis is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Arnold Förster in 1869. The genus contains approximately 35 to 61 recognized species with cosmopolitan distribution. Members are polyphagous solitary parasitoids that attack lepidopteran pupae and have been studied extensively for their potential as biological control agents. Several species, particularly I. conquisitor and I. naranyae, serve as model organisms for research on parasitoid behavior, learning, and chemical ecology.
Ixodes affinis
Ixodes affinis is a hard-bodied tick species distributed across the southeastern United States, Mexico, Central America, and South America. Unlike its congener Ixodes scapularis, this species does not bite humans but serves as a competent vector for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, the causative agent of Lyme disease. Immature stages feed on birds and small mammals, while adults parasitize larger mammals including deer and dogs. Its expanding range into southeastern Virginia and association with migratory birds has raised concerns about its role in pathogen dispersal.
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Witchers
Janiroidea is a superfamily of marine isopods in the suborder Asellota, established by G. O. Sars in 1897. It comprises 25 families, with Paramunnidae and Munnidae as the two largest and most diverse. Members occupy a remarkable depth range from shallow littoral zones to hadal trenches exceeding 8,000 meters. The superfamily exhibits substantial morphological diversity, including adaptations for interstitial, benthic, and deep-sea habitats.
Labiduridae
striped earwigs
Labiduridae is a family of earwigs commonly known as striped earwigs, containing approximately 72 species across seven genera in three subfamilies. Members are moderate to large in size with cylindrical bodies, well-developed wings, and notably long antennae. The family exhibits cosmopolitan distribution and includes well-known species such as Labidura riparia (tawny earwig) and Nala lividipes. Many species display subsocial maternal care and predatory habits, with some serving as biological control agents of agricultural pests.
Labiinae
little earwigs
Labiinae is a cosmopolitan subfamily of small, winged earwigs commonly known as little earwigs. Members are generally less than 1.5 cm in length. The subfamily includes eight genera and is classified within the family Spongiphoridae.
Lamyctes caeculus
Lamyctes caeculus is a small lithobiomorph centipede in the family Henicopidae, first described by Brölemann in 1889. It is a cosmopolitan species with documented populations across multiple continents including South America, Australia, the Caribbean, and Africa. The species appears to thrive in human-modified environments and has been introduced to numerous oceanic islands. Its broad distribution pattern suggests anthropogenic dispersal, though some populations may represent native ranges.
Lasioderma
cigarette beetles, tobacco beetles
Lasioderma is a genus of small beetles in the family Ptinidae, containing over 50 species as of 1990. The genus is best known for Lasioderma serricorne, commonly called the cigarette beetle or tobacco beetle, a major cosmopolitan pest of stored products. Members of this genus are associated with dried plant materials and have become distributed globally through human commerce. The genus has been variously classified in Anobiidae or Ptinidae depending on taxonomic treatment.
Lasioderma serricorne
cigarette beetle, tobacco beetle, cigar beetle, paprika beetle, tow bug, tobacco borer, cheroot beetle
Lasioderma serricorne is a small stored-product pest beetle, 2–3 mm in length, with a cosmopolitan distribution resulting from human commerce. It is distinguished from similar anobiid beetles by its uniformly serrated antennae lacking a terminal club, flatter thorax profile, and smooth elytra without grooves. The species has a remarkably broad diet, infesting tobacco, cereals, dried fruits, spices, and herbarium specimens. It possesses a mutualistic relationship with yeast-like symbionts (Symbiotaphrina spp.) that assist in protein metabolism and enable survival on nutritionally poor substrates. Strong flight capability and attraction to UV light facilitate its spread and monitoring.
Latheticus
Latheticus is a genus of darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae) with nearly cosmopolitan distribution. The genus contains at least two species: Latheticus oryzae (long-headed flour beetle) and Latheticus prosopis. L. oryzae is a significant economic pest of stored grains and fermented products, notable for its slender body, protruding head morphology, and remarkable adaptability to high-temperature environments.
Leichenum canaliculatum
Madagascar beetle
Leichenum canaliculatum is a darkling beetle (family Tenebrionidae) commonly known as the Madagascar beetle. It has a cosmopolitan distribution and has been documented in sandy habitats in Florida. The species was originally described as Opatrum canaliculatum by Fabricius in 1798. It is one of the more frequently observed tenebrionids, with over 200 iNaturalist records.
Leichenum canaliculatum variegatum
Madagascar Beetle
Leichenum canaliculatum variegatum is a cosmopolitan darkling beetle (family Tenebrionidae) originally from Madagascar. It has become established in sandy areas of Florida and other regions. This subspecies is part of a group of beetles commonly referred to as the Madagascar Beetle.
Lepas anserifera
Goose Barnacle
Lepas anserifera is a pedunculate barnacle that attaches to floating substrates including driftwood, ships' hulls, and marine debris. It possesses a capitulum of six white calcareous plates supported by an orange, flexible stalk. The species exhibits rapid growth and early maturation, with individuals reaching reproductive size within approximately two weeks under favorable conditions. As a hermaphroditic filter feeder, it plays a role in marine neustonic communities and has a cosmopolitan distribution in temperate and tropical seas.
Lepinotus reticulatus
reticulate-winged trogiid, reticulate-winged booklouse, granary booklouse
Lepinotus reticulatus is a species of granary booklouse in the family Trogiidae. It is one of the most widely distributed psocids, occurring across six continents in association with stored grain and dry organic materials. The species is frequently encountered in anthropogenic environments, particularly granaries, warehouses, and food storage facilities. Its common name refers to the distinctive reticulate wing venation pattern visible in winged morphs.
Lepisma saccharinum
Common Silverfish, Silverfish
Lepisma saccharinum, commonly known as the silverfish, is a small, wingless insect in the order Zygentoma. It derives its common name from its silvery coloration and fish-like undulating movements. This species is cosmopolitan in distribution and frequently found in human dwellings, where it feeds on starchy materials.
Leskiini
Leskiini is a tribe of tachinid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae) comprising approximately 55 genera distributed worldwide. Members are endoparasitoids of arthropods, with larvae developing inside host organisms. Adults of at least some species visit flowers and contribute to pollination. The tribe includes both widespread genera such as Leskia and Solieria, and numerous regional endemics.
Lestidae
spreadwings, spread-winged damselflies
Lestidae is a cosmopolitan family of damselflies distinguished by their characteristic wing posture at rest. Most species hold their wings partially or fully spread rather than folded together over the abdomen. The family includes two subfamilies: Lestinae, which rest with wings partly open, and Sympecmatinae (reedlings, ringtails, and winter damselflies), which rest with wings folded. The family contains nine currently recognized genera. Fossil records extend to the Late Eocene.
Lindera tessellatella
Bran moth
Lindera tessellatella is a small moth in the family Tineidae, the sole species in the monotypic genus Lindera. It is notable for its exceptionally broad geographic distribution across six continents, having been recorded from South America, Africa, Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, and Hawaii. The species was first described by Émile Blanchard in 1852 from South America, with the genus established two years later. Adults have a wingspan of 20–30 mm.
Linopodes
Linopodes is a cosmopolitan genus of mites in the family Cocceupodidae. These are large mites characterized by oval bodies and extremely elongated first legs. They inhabit diverse terrestrial environments including leaf litter and bark, though their solitary habits and low densities make them infrequently observed despite being common.
Liorhyssus hyalinus
Hyaline Grass Bug
Liorhyssus hyalinus is a small scentless plant bug in the family Rhopalidae, widely distributed across multiple continents. Adults measure 6.5–7.5 mm and are active year-round in suitable climates. The species is a documented pest of quinoa cultivation in South America, particularly at lower elevations outside the crop's Andean origin, and has been recorded feeding on developing grains of maize and sorghum. Laboratory studies indicate optimal development and reproduction occur at 30°C, with five nymphal instars and thermal requirements of 68.6 degree-days for egg development and 114.8 degree-days for nymphal development.
Liposcelis bostrychophila
House Psocid, booklouse
Liposcelis bostrychophila is a minute, wingless booklouse species with near-global distribution, primarily associated with stored products and grain facilities. Most populations reproduce exclusively through parthenogenesis, with females producing approximately 200 eggs over their lifetime. The species has emerged as a significant pest of stored cereals due to its high reproductive rate and documented resistance to chemical control measures. Sexual reproduction was first documented in 2002 in Hawaii, and a second sexually reproducing strain was later identified in Arizona.
Lispe
Lispe is a large, cosmopolitan genus of predatory muscid flies comprising approximately 180 described species. Adults and larvae are both predatory, with adults hunting small insects and larvae inhabiting damp sand and mud around water bodies. The genus is notable for complex cursorial courtship displays involving visual and vibratory signals, though the biology of most species remains poorly documented. Lispe occurs in all zoogeographical regions except Antarctica.
Lithobius melanops
Garden Lithobius, European steppe centipede
Lithobius melanops is a small stone centipede in the order Lithobiomorpha, native to Europe but introduced to many regions worldwide. Adults measure 11–17 mm in length with a dorsoventrally flattened, fusiform body. The species is distinguished by a combination of morphological traits including 32–44 antennal articles, 10–13 ocelli with a notably enlarged posterior ocellus, and specific tergite projections. It inhabits dry, open habitats and is a nocturnal predator of soil invertebrates.
Lithobius peregrinus
Peregrine Stone Centipede
Lithobius peregrinus is a stone centipede species first described in 1880 by Austrian myriapodologist Robert Latzel. The species has a cosmopolitan distribution with type locality in Dalmatia, Croatia. A 2022–2024 study of a troglophilic population in Gaura cu Muscă Cave, Romania documented significant morphological variations, asymmetries, and teratological features across 39 specimens. The species exhibits close water affinity and has been recorded in both surface and subterranean habitats.
Lithocharis nigriceps
Lithocharis nigriceps is a rove beetle (Staphylinidae) with a cosmopolitan distribution spanning multiple continents. It has been introduced to North America, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand from its native range in Asia. The species is documented from diverse habitats including islands in the Azores and Pacific regions.
Lyctocoridae
Lyctocorid Pirate Bugs
Lyctocoridae is a family of predatory true bugs in the infraorder Cimicomorpha, reconstituted from Anthocoridae based on phylogenetic evidence. Members range from 2–6 mm and exhibit distinctive asymmetrical male genitalia. The family includes the cosmopolitan species Lyctocoris campestris, known for occasional blood-feeding, and the Japanese endemic L. ichikawai, which uniquely feeds on oak sap. They occupy diverse microhabitats including tree bark, decaying matter, and stored food products.
Lyctus linearis
European lyctus beetle, powderpost beetle
Lyctus linearis is a wood-boring beetle in the family Bostrichidae, commonly known as the European lyctus beetle or a powderpost beetle. Originally native to tropical regions, it has established populations worldwide through human transport of wood products. It is a significant pest of hardwood timber and finished wood products, causing damage through larval feeding that reduces wood to a fine powder. The species shows particular association with deciduous tree woods.
Lymaenon
Lymaenon is a genus of fairyflies (Mymaridae), among the smallest known insects. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution and contains at least three described species: L. hoplites, L. spinozai, and L. vladimiri. Members of this genus are egg parasitoids, though specific host associations remain poorly documented compared to better-studied mymarid genera.
Macrostemum
Glossy Wing Sedges
Macrostemum is a cosmopolitan genus of net-spinning caddisflies in the family Hydropsychidae, comprising at least 90 described species. Adults are recognized by distinctive dark and light contrasting wing patterns. Larvae construct silken retreats with capture nets to filter fine particulate organic matter from flowing water. The genus is particularly diverse in the Neotropical region, with species documented across Africa, Asia, Madagascar, and the Americas.
Marava arachidis
Bone-house Earwig
Marava arachidis is a cosmopolitan earwig species in the family Spongiphoridae with probable Indo-Australian origin. It exhibits ovoviviparous reproduction, with females retaining embryos in thin egg envelopes until shortly before hatching. The species has demonstrated predatory capability on tick eggs and larvae in laboratory conditions, suggesting potential as a biological control agent. It is frequently associated with stored organic materials and fennel plants.
Megachile
Leafcutter bees, Leafcutting bees, Resin bees, Mortar bees
Megachile is a large, cosmopolitan genus of solitary bees in the family Megachilidae, comprising over 1,500 described species across more than 50 subgenera. The genus includes the commercially important alfalfa leafcutter bee (M. rotundata), managed globally for crop pollination. Species exhibit diverse nesting strategies: many cut circular leaf or petal pieces to line nest cells, while others use plant resin or mortar-like materials. The genus contains the world's largest bee, M. pluto (Wallace's Giant Bee), with a wingspan exceeding 6 cm.
Megaselia scalaris
Scaled Hump-backed Fly, scuttle fly, coffin fly, humpbacked fly, laboratory fly
Megaselia scalaris is a small phorid fly, approximately 2–3 mm in length, widely distributed in warm regions globally. It is one of the most commonly encountered species in the family Phoridae, particularly in urban environments. The species exhibits remarkable ecological flexibility, functioning as a decomposer, facultative parasitoid, and forensic indicator. Adults display characteristic jerky running behavior, earning the common name "scuttle fly." The species has been documented in diverse contexts including coffins, decomposing carrion, termite mounds, social wasp nests, and deteriorating museum specimens.
Melittobia
Melittobia is a genus of tiny parasitoid wasps in the family Eulophidae, notable for extreme polymorphism, complex social behaviors, and highly female-biased sex ratios. Females exhibit three distinct morphs—winged 'fliers,' short-winged 'jumpers,' and wingless 'crawlers'—determined by larval density rather than genetics. Males are blind, flightless, and comprise only about 5% of offspring, produced asexually through arrhenotokous parthenogenesis. The genus attacks prepupae and pupae of solitary bees, wasps, and other insects in their hosts' nests, with some species also parasitizing fruit flies and flesh flies. Several species are well-studied model organisms for genetics, developmental biology, and behavioral ecology, though taxonomic confusion persists due to extreme morphological plasticity.
Mesopolobus
Mesopolobus is a genus of chalcidoid wasps in the family Pteromalidae, established by Westwood in 1833. The genus contains approximately 135 valid species with cosmopolitan distribution. Most species are parasitoids of pupae, though the genus exhibits diverse life histories. Species have been documented from coniferous foliage, particularly spruce, as well as from gall-forming insects and other hosts.
Mezium affine
shiny spider beetle, northern spider beetle, hood spider beetle
Mezium affine is a small beetle species in the family Ptinidae, commonly known as the shiny spider beetle or northern spider beetle. It is widely distributed across the Northern Hemisphere and has been introduced to Australia. The species is notable for its highly convex, oval body shape that gives it a spider-like appearance, and its larvae are significant pests of stored food products and organic materials.
Mezium americanum
American spider beetle, black spider beetle
Mezium americanum, commonly known as the American spider beetle or black spider beetle, is a small stored-product pest in the family Ptinidae. Adults measure 1.5–3.5 mm and are recognized by their rounded abdomens, long slender legs, and glossy black or reddish elytra contrasting with a dull yellow hairy body. The species has a cosmopolitan distribution and is considered exotic in Australia. It is frequently mistaken for spiders or mites due to its distinctive body shape.
Microdipoena
dwarf cobweb weaver spiders
Microdipoena is a genus of minute cobweb-weaving spiders in the family Mysmenidae. First described by Nathan Banks in 1895, it contains 21 species as of 2025. The genus has a nearly worldwide distribution, being absent only from Antarctica. Members are among the smallest spiders, typically inhabiting leaf litter and ground-level vegetation.
Microtendipes
non-biting midges
Microtendipes is a genus of non-biting midges in the family Chironomidae comprising over 60 species with nearly worldwide distribution. Adult males are distinguished by one or two rows of stout proximally directed setae on the fore femur. The genus is divided into two species groups based on larval characteristics. Species delimitation has been historically challenging due to color pattern variations, but DNA barcoding has proven effective for identification.
Microterys
Microterys is a large genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae (Chalcidoidea), with its center of distribution in the northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Species are important natural enemies of various scale insects (Coccoidea), including soft scales (Coccidae), wax scales (Ceroplastes), and mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). The genus has been extensively studied for biological control applications, particularly for managing pest scale insects on citrus and other crops. Several species have been introduced to new regions as biocontrol agents, including Microterys flavus in California.
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lacteipennis
freeloader fly
Milichiella lacteipennis is a small, dark-colored fly in the family Milichiidae, commonly known as freeloader flies. The species has a cosmopolitan distribution, having been recorded from the Galápagos Islands, Japan, Madeira, Hawaii, and Argentina. It is a kleptoparasite that feeds on fluids from prey captured by predatory insects, particularly heteropteran bugs. The species was described by Loew in 1866.
Minilimosina
lesser dung flies
Minilimosina is a genus of small flies in the family Sphaeroceridae, commonly known as lesser dung flies. The genus was established by Roháček in 1983 and contains more than 70 described species distributed across all continents except Antarctica. Species have been documented from diverse habitats including mammal burrows and have been the subject of recent taxonomic revisions, particularly in China where 16 species are recorded.
Monopis crocicapitella
Pale-backed clothes moth, Bird-nest moth, Bird Nest Moth
A small tineid moth with a nearly cosmopolitan distribution, first described from the eastern United States. Adults have a wingspan of 10–16 mm. The species has been documented in cave environments and serves as a host for the parasitoid wasp Apanteles carpatus. Its capability to infest human dwellings remains unknown.
Monopis monachella
White-blotched Clothes Moth
Monopis monachella is a small tineid moth with a nearly cosmopolitan distribution spanning Eurasia, Africa, Asia, the Americas, and Oceania. The species is commonly known as the White-blotched Clothes Moth and has been observed feeding on animal remains during its larval stage. Adults are active from spring through late summer in temperate regions.
Mydidae
Mydas flies, Mydaid flies
Mydidae, or mydas flies, are a small cosmopolitan family of large to very large flies within the superfamily Asiloidea. With approximately 471 described species, they represent one of the most distinctive dipteran groups due to their exceptional size—Gauromydas heros is the largest known fly species—and their frequent mimicry of stinging hymenopterans, particularly spider wasps. Most species inhabit arid and semiarid regions globally. The family is poorly studied, with larval biology documented for only a handful of species.
Myolepta
Pegleg Flies
Myolepta is a cosmopolitan genus of hoverflies (Syrphidae) in the tribe Brachyopini, most closely related to the genus Lepidomyia. The genus contains species distributed across the Indomalayan Realm, West Palaearctic, and Nearctic regions. One Chinese species, Myolepta sinica, has been documented with host plant associations.
Myrmecocephalus
Myrmecocephalus is a genus of rove beetles (Staphylinidae) in the tribe Falagriini. The genus contains approximately 115 recognized species as of 2026 and has a nearly cosmopolitan distribution. Members of this genus are small beetles associated with ant colonies, reflecting their myrmecophilous lifestyle implied by the genus name.
Nacerdes melanura
Wharf Borer
Nacerdes melanura, commonly known as the wharf borer, is a false blister beetle in the family Oedemeridae. It is a cosmopolitan wood-boring pest with a nearly worldwide distribution, particularly prevalent in coastal regions. The species infests timber in marine and waterfront structures, causing structural damage to wharves, piers, and other wooden maritime installations.
Nathrius brevipennis
Nathrius brevipennis is a small longhorn beetle (Cerambycidae) native to the Palearctic region that has become cosmopolitan through human-mediated transport in timber and wood packaging. Adults measure 4–7 mm in length. The species is polyphagous on dead twigs of broadleaved trees, with documented hosts spanning at least 15 genera including Alnus, Rosa, Fraxinus, Corylus, Ficus, Castanea, Salix, Juglans, Quercus, Morus, Cornus, Ceratonia, Pistacia, Ziziphus, Robinia, and Ostrya. Its invasive spread has led to first records in Australia and other regions outside its native range.
Nausibius
Nausibius is a genus of silvanid flat bark beetles in the family Silvanidae. The genus is cosmopolitan with extant representatives worldwide. A fossil species, Nausibius radchenkoi, has been described from Eocene Rovno amber, confirming the genus originated at least 34 million years ago and was present in European forest ecosystems. Extant species are frequently associated with stored food products, particularly sugar.
Necrobia ruficollis
ham beetle, red-shouldered ham beetle, red-necked bacon beetle
Necrobia ruficollis is a small, metallic beetle in the family Cleridae with cosmopolitan distribution. It is primarily associated with decomposing animal matter, including dried and smoked meats, animal skins, and cheese. The species is forensically significant, appearing on cadavers during advanced decay and skeletonization stages, and serves as an important indicator for postmortem interval estimation in cases involving longer time frames.
Nezarini
stink bugs
Nezarini is a tribe of stink bugs within the family Pentatomidae, containing at least 21 described genera. The tribe includes economically significant agricultural pests such as the southern green stink bug (Nezara viridula) and various species in the genera Chinavia and Chlorochroa. Members are distributed across multiple continents with substantial observation records documenting their presence.
Nitela
Nitela is a genus of solitary wasps in the family Crabronidae, tribe Miscophini. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution and was established by Latreille in 1809. As members of the Miscophini, species in this genus are presumed to be spider-hunting wasps, though specific biological details for most species remain poorly documented. The genus includes species such as N. amazonica and N. apoensis.
Nymphalidae
Brush-footed Butterflies, Four-footed Butterflies
Nymphalidae is the largest family of butterflies, comprising approximately 6,000–7,200 species distributed across all continents except Antarctica. Members are medium-sized to large butterflies characterized by reduced, brush-like forelegs that are held curled against the thorax, causing adults to stand and walk on only four functional legs. The family exhibits exceptional diversity in wing patterns, with many species displaying bright dorsal coloration for mate attraction and cryptic ventral patterns for predator avoidance. Larvae typically possess spiny or hairy projections and feed on an exceptionally broad range of host plant families.
Oecetis
long-horned caddisflies
Oecetis is a genus of long-horned caddisflies in the family Leptoceridae, containing over 500 described species worldwide. Adults are distinguished by exceptionally long maxillary palps and an unbranched forewing M vein. Larvae inhabit freshwater environments including lakes, streams, and rivers with sandy substrates. The genus is among the largest and most widely distributed caddisfly genera, occurring in all faunal regions.
Oecobius cellariorum
wall spider
Oecobius cellariorum is a small spider in the family Oecobiidae, commonly known as wall spiders. The species is native to the Mediterranean region and has been introduced to North America and East Asia. It is frequently found in human-built structures.
Oecobius navus
wall spider, baseboard spider, stucco spider
A small cribellate spider, 2–2.5 mm in body length, native to Europe and Northern Africa but introduced globally. Builds flat, circular webs with lateral openings on artificial structures. Uses an unusual hunting method: running around prey to entangle it in sticky silk ribbons from the anal tubule and spinnerets before biting.
Oedemeridae
false blister beetles, pollen-feeding beetles
Oedemeridae is a cosmopolitan family of beetles containing approximately 100 genera and 1,500 species. Adults are slender, soft-bodied beetles commonly found on flowers and foliage, where they feed primarily on pollen and nectar. Larvae develop in decaying wood or herbaceous plant stems, with most species being xylophagous. The family is notable for producing cantharidin, a toxic defensive compound also found in blister beetles (Meloidae), which makes adults chemically protected and often brightly colored with aposematic coloration.
Ogcodes
small-headed flies, spider flies
Ogcodes is the largest and most speciose genus in the family Acroceridae (small-headed flies), with approximately 90 described species. The genus is cosmopolitan in distribution and is the only extant genus in the subfamily Ogcodinae. All species are endoparasitoids of ground-dwelling entelegyne spiders, with larvae developing inside adult spiders before emerging to pupate.
Oligosita
Oligosita is a genus of minute egg parasitoid wasps in the family Trichogrammatidae, established by Walker in 1851. Members of this genus are cosmopolitan in distribution and have been documented attacking eggs of diverse host groups including Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, and Thysanoptera. Specific species have been recorded as parasitoids of leafhopper eggs (Cicadellidae) in agricultural and natural systems across Italy, China, and North America. The genus is characterized by its small body size typical of trichogrammatids and distinctive morphological features used in species-level identification.
Omaliini
ocellate rove beetles
Omaliini is a tribe of rove beetles within the subfamily Omaliinae, characterized by the presence of ocelli. The tribe comprises approximately 45 genera and 450 described species distributed across all zoogeographic regions. Fossil evidence from Cretaceous amber has established the minimum age of the tribe at approximately 100 million years. The tribe exhibits considerable morphological and ecological diversity, with ongoing taxonomic research revealing numerous new species, particularly in Asia and the Papuan Region.
Orfelia
fungus gnats
Orfelia is a cosmopolitan genus of fungus gnats in the family Keroplatidae, comprising approximately 46 described species. The genus is notable for containing Orfelia fultoni, whose larvae produce the bluest bioluminescence (~460 nm) known among insects via a novel luciferin-luciferase system involving keroplatin. Species occur across multiple continents including Europe, Asia, and North America. In Australia, members of this genus serve as important pollinators of native greenhood orchids through pseudocopulation.
Orphinus fulvipes
carpet beetle
Orphinus fulvipes is a small carpet beetle species in the family Dermestidae. It has a documented body length of 2.5 mm. The species exhibits a broad intercontinental distribution spanning North America, South Asia, Oceania, and Europe. As a member of Dermestidae, it is likely associated with keratinous or dried organic materials, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
Orthonama obstipata
Gem, Gem Moth
Orthonama obstipata, known as the Gem, is a cosmopolitan moth in the family Geometridae. The species exhibits strong sexual dimorphism in wing coloration and pattern. It is noted for its vagrant behavior and ability to cross open water, leading to regular though irregular occurrences on islands including the British Isles and Iceland.
Oryzaephilus surinamensis
Sawtoothed grain beetle, Malt beetle
Oryzaephilus surinamensis is a cosmopolitan stored product pest known for the distinctive sawtooth-like projections on its prothorax. The species was described by Linnaeus in 1758 from specimens received from Suriname, though it is not native to that region. It is flightless and frequently confused with the closely related merchant grain beetle (O. mercator), from which it differs in having smaller eyes and a broader, more triangular head. The beetle is a secondary pest that primarily attacks damaged grain and grain products, with both larvae and adults contributing to economic losses through feeding and contamination.
Otodectes
ear mite
Otodectes is a genus of parasitic mites in the family Psoroptidae containing a single species, Otodectes cynotis, commonly known as the ear mite. These ectoparasites infest the external ear canals of domestic and wild carnivores, causing otitis externa. The genus is distributed worldwide and is of significant veterinary importance due to the intense irritation and secondary infections it can cause in host animals.
Otodectes cynotis
Ear Mange Mite, Ear Mite, Common Ear Mite
Otodectes cynotis is a parasitic mite in the family Psoroptidae, the sole species in its genus. It is a non-burrowing ectoparasite that inhabits the external ear canals of mammals, causing otitis externa. The mite completes its entire life cycle on a single host in approximately three weeks. It is distributed worldwide and primarily affects domestic cats, dogs, and ferrets, though it has been recorded on numerous other carnivores and occasionally humans. Infestation causes intense pruritus, head shaking, and ear scratching, and can lead to secondary bacterial infections in severe cases.
Oxidus
greenhouse millipedes
Oxidus is a genus of flat-backed millipedes in the family Paradoxosomatidae, containing approximately nine described species, though recent revision recognizes five valid species with one species inquirenda. The genus is characterized by a cosmopolitan member, Oxidus gracilis (the greenhouse millipede), which has achieved global distribution in temperate and sub-tropical regions, while other species exhibit restricted endemic ranges. Phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial COI and 16S rRNA genes confirms Oxidus as monophyletic and closely related to the genus Tylopus. Species within the genus are distinguished primarily by gonopod morphology, coloration, and body size.
Pantala flavescens
globe skimmer, globe wanderer, wandering glider
Pantala flavescens is a cosmopolitan dragonfly species in the family Libellulidae, recognized as the most widespread dragonfly on Earth. It performs the longest known insect migration, with populations completing annual multigenerational circuits of up to 18,000 km between breeding grounds in Asia and Africa. The species exploits temporary freshwater habitats for rapid larval development, completing the life cycle from egg to adult in as little as 38–65 days. Its extraordinary dispersal ability is facilitated by broad wings adapted for gliding flight and utilization of high-altitude wind systems.
Parachironomus
Parachironomus is a genus of non-biting midges in the family Chironomidae, subfamily Chironominae. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution with approximately 85 valid species worldwide. Some species are free-living aquatic larvae, while others are endoparasites of freshwater snails. Species have been recorded from diverse habitats including standing and flowing waters, soft sediments, aquatic macrophytes, and artificial urban waterbodies.
Paralimnini
Paralimnini is a tribe of leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) within the subfamily Deltocephalinae, established by Distant in 1908. The tribe comprises 139 genera and over 900 species, divided into two subtribes: Aglenina and Paralimnina. Members are distributed worldwide across all biogeographical regions, with the highest diversity occurring in the Oriental region.
Parasteatoda
Colourful Comb-footed Spiders
Parasteatoda is a genus of comb-footed spiders (family Theridiidae) first described by Allan Frost Archer in 1946. The genus name derives from Greek "para-" (near) combined with the related genus Steatoda. Species in this genus are characterized by a teardrop-shaped or nearly spherical abdomen with highly variable coloration, and possess the comb-footed spines on the fourth leg typical of theridiids. The genus contains 42 species and one subspecies as of October 2025, distributed primarily across the Old World with many species in Asia and New Guinea, though several have been introduced to the Americas and Europe through human commerce. The best-known member, Parasteatoda tepidariorum (Common House Spider), has become a significant model organism for evolutionary developmental biology research.
Parasteatoda tabulata
Wandering House Cobweaver
Parasteatoda tabulata is a cobweb spider in the family Theridiidae, first described by H. W. Levi in 1980. It is native to tropical Asia but has been introduced to North America, Europe, and temperate Asia including China, Korea, and Japan. The species belongs to a genus closely related to the Common House Spider (Parasteatoda tepidariorum) and shares similar web-building habits.
Parasteatoda tepidariorum
Common House Spider, American House Spider, Domestic Spider, Common Gray House Spider
Parasteatoda tepidariorum, the common house spider, is a small cobweb-weaving spider native to the Americas that has achieved cosmopolitan distribution through human commerce. It is strongly synanthropic, rarely found outside human-built structures. Females measure 5–8 mm in body length, males 3.8–4.7 mm, with variable coloration from tan to nearly black. The species constructs irregular three-dimensional webs in dark corners of buildings and has become a model organism for developmental biology research due to its short lifecycle, ease of laboratory culture, and accessible embryology.
Parholaspididae
Parholaspididae is a family of free-living predatory mites in the order Mesostigmata, containing 14 genera and approximately 163 described species. Members are distributed worldwide and occupy diverse terrestrial microhabitats. The family was established by Evans in 1956 and is classified within the superfamily Eviphidoidea.
Penthaleidae
earth mites
Penthaleidae, commonly known as earth mites, is a family of mites in the order Trombidiformes. The family is distributed globally across every continent. In southern Australia, several species are major agricultural pests, causing damage to winter crops and pastures. The family contains approximately 30 described species across seven genera, including economically significant species such as *Halotydeus destructor* (the redlegged earth mite) and *Penthaleus major* (the blue oat mite).
Pentodontini
rhinoceros beetles
Pentodontini is the most diverse tribe within the subfamily Dynastinae (rhinoceros beetles), containing over 100 genera distributed across multiple biogeographic regions. Most genera are restricted to a single biogeographic region. The tribe is characterized by substantial morphological diversity, with generic-level identification often relying on mouthpart morphology in females and secondary sexual characters (horns, claw modifications, antennal club length) in males.
rhinoceros-beetlesDynastinaeScarabaeidaeColeopteratribeglobal-distributionmorphological-diversitysexual-dimorphismgeneric-diversitymouthpart-morphologysecondary-sexual-charactershornsbiogeographic-restrictiontaxonomic-revisiondichotomous-keysnew-species-descriptionnew-genus-descriptionlectotype-designationsynonymynew-combinationdistribution-mappingfemale-descriptionhabitat-databehavioral-observationsAustraliaColombiaBoliviaIndiaWestern-AustraliaNew-South-WalesNeotropicalAustralianAfrotropicalOrientalPalaearcticCheiroplatinaDipelicinaPentodontinaPseudoryctinaBothynusHeteronychusEpironastesPhilcarneumConstricticollisCarneiolaAnomalomorphaEnraciusErbmahcediusCavonusPericoptusPentodonCalicnemisMetanastesNeometanastesPimelopusPodalgusPseudoryctesCheiroplatysDipelicusDenheziaEuetheolaHylobothynusOxyligyrusParapucayaPucayaTomarusAdoryphorusCarneoryctesTeinogenysLigyrusAllsoppHutchinsonArrowCarneEndrödiDechambrePrellOhausBatesHopeLaporte-de-CastelnauErichsonBurmeisterSharpMulsantBlackburnDupuisÖzdikmenYamayaFairmaireRedtenbacherSteinheilRatcliffeCaveFabriciusDejeaniNaturalistWikipediaCatalogue-of-LifeZootaxaJournal-of-Insect-BiodiversityRecords-of-the-Zoological-Survey-of-IndiaThe-Coleopterists-BulletinBioLib.czWikimedia-CommonsDOI10.11646/zootaxa.4048.4.110.11646/zootaxa.4852.4.210.11646/zootaxa.5351.3.210.26515/rzsi/v125/i2s/2025/17296410.11646/zootaxa.5716.4.710.11646/zootaxa.5072.5.210.11646/zootaxa.4852.4.310.12976/jib/2024.54.2.210.1649/1186.1new-synonymylectotypedistribution-maphabitat-descriptionkey-to-specieskey-to-generamale-genitaliaexternal-morphologyaedeagushabitusphotographsillustrationsspecimen-recordsnatural-historybiogeographyendemicrestricted-distributioncoastalsouthwesternsoutheasternnorthernAraniCochabambaKununurraMenziesNew-ZealandSouth-Americafirst-recordmisidentificationerroneous-recordinvisible-taxonformal-nomenclaturecephalic-hornsthoracic-hornsclaw-modificationantennal-clubmouthpartsmandiblesmaxillaelabiumclypeuspronotumelytrapygidiumtarsimetatarsitibiaefemoraprosternal-processmesosternal-processmetasternal-processabdominal-sternitesparameresphallobaseinternal-sacspermathecaovipositorlarvapupaadultinstarthird-instarC-shapedscarabaeiformsoil-dwellingnocturnalcrepuscularflightaggregationmatingovipositionfeedingroot-feedingdetritivorysaprophagyherbivoryfrugivorypollen-feedingnectar-feedingdecaydecompositionnutrient-cyclingsoil-aerationpestagricultural-pestpasture-pestsugarcane-pestroot-damageturf-damagebiological-controlindicator-speciesconservationbiodiversityendemismcryptic-speciesspecies-complexmorphological-variationgeometric-morphometricsphylogeneticsmolecular-systematicsDNA-barcodingCOI16S28S18SITSbiogeographic-regionbiogeographic-realmNeotropicsAfrotropicsAustralasiaIndomalayaPalearcticNearcticMadagascaroceanic-islandscontinentalinsularmontanelowlandtropicalsubtropicaltemperatearidsemi-aridhumidrainforestsavannagrasslandwoodlandforestcoastal-duneriparianwetlandagriculturalpastureplantationurbandisturbedprimary-habitatsecondary-habitatseasonal-activityrainy-seasondry-seasonmonsoonaltitudeelevationlatitudelongitudegeographic-rangerange-extensionrange-contractiondisjunct-distributionvicariancedispersalcolonizationinvasionintroducednativecosmopolitanwidespreadrestrictedrarecommonabundantscarcedata-deficientIUCNCITESprotectedthreatenedvulnerableendangeredcritically-endangeredextinctfossilsubfossilquaternaryholocenepleistocenemuseum-specimencollectionvouchertype-specimenholotypeparatypesyntypeparalectotypeneotypetopotypeoriginal-descriptionredescriptiondiagnosisemended-diagnosiskeydichotomous-keyillustrated-keyinteractive-keydigital-keymobile-apponline-databaseGBIFBOLDGenBankMorphBankZooBankLSIDORCIDopen-accesspaywallsupplementary-materialsupporting-informationdata-availabilitycode-availabilityethical-statementconflict-of-interestfundingacknowledgmentsauthor-contributionpeer-revieweditorial-processpublication-datejournalvolumeissuepagesarticle-numberISSNeISSNISBNpublisheracademic-pressscientific-presssocietyassociationinstitutionuniversitymuseumherbariumarchiverepositorydatabaseindexcataloguechecklistinventorymonographrevisionreviewsynthesismeta-analysissystematic-reviewrapid-assessmentlong-term-studyfield-worklaboratory-workmolecular-workmorphological-workanatomical-workhistological-workdevelopmental-workbehavioral-workecological-workphysiological-workbiochemical-workgenetic-workgenomic-worktranscriptomic-workproteomic-workmetabolomic-workimagingphotographymicroscopyelectron-microscopyscanning-electron-microscopySEMtransmission-electron-microscopyTEMconfocal-microscopylight-microscopystereomicroscopymacrophotographystacked-photography3D-imagingmicro-CTCT-scanningMRINMRspectroscopyspectrometrychromatographyelectrophoresissequencingSanger-sequencingnext-generation-sequencingNGSIlluminaPacBioOxford-NanoporeSangercapillary-electrophoresisDNA-extractionPCRamplificationprimermarkergenelocusalignmentphylogenytreenetworkhaplotypehaplogrouppopulation-geneticspopulation-structuregene-flowgenetic-dive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hconnectivity-conservationcorridorbuffer-zoneprotected-areanational-parknature-reservewildlife-refugewilderness-areaworld-heritage-sitebiosphere-reserveRamsar-siteImportant-Bird-AreaKey-Biodiversity-AreaAlliance-for-Zero-Extinction-siteconservation-priorityhotspotcrisis-ecoregionglobal-200last-of-the-wildhuman-footprintcumulative-impactthreat-indexvulnerability-indexadaptive-capacityexposuresensitivityresilienceresistancerecoveryrestorationrehabilitationreintroductiontranslocationex-situin-situcaptive-breedingbotanic-gardenzoogene-bankseed-banktissue-banksperm-bankoocyte-bankembryo-bankDNA-bankfrozen-zooarkinsurancesafety-netde-extinctiongenetic-rescuegenetic-restorationgenetic-augmentationgenetic-managementpopulation-managementmetapopulationsource-sinkpatchmatrixlandscapeseascapeecosystembiomeecoregionprovincezoneregiondistrictsitelocalityhabitatmicrohabitatnicheecological-nichefundamental-nicherealized-nichetrophic-nichespatial-nichetemporal-nichebiotic-nicheabiotic-nichemultidimensional-nichen-dimensional-nicheHutchinsonian-nicheGrinnellian-nicheEltonian-nicheresourcerequirementlimitationstressdisturbanceperturbationfluctuationvariabilityheterogeneitycomplexitydiversityredundancystabilitypersistenceadaptationacclimationplasticityevolvabilityheritabilityselectiondriftflowmutationrecombinationspeciationcoalescencedivergenceconvergenceparallelismhomoplasyanalogyhomologysynapomorphysymplesiomorphyautapomorphyapomorphyplesiomorphyderivedancestralprimitiveadvancedbasalcrownstemnodebranchcladegradesubfamilyfamilysuperfamilyinfraordersuborderordersuperorderinfraclasssubclassclasssuperclasssubphylumphylumsuperphylumkingdomdomainlifeorganismindividualetc.Pericoma
moth flies
Pericoma is a genus of moth flies (family Psychodidae) comprising approximately 159–190 recognized species arranged in four subgenera. The genus has a nearly cosmopolitan distribution, with records from Europe, North America, and South America. Species within Pericoma are small, hairy flies characteristic of the Psychodidae family. The genus was established by Haliday in 1856 and remains taxonomically active with ongoing species descriptions.
Periplaneta
Periplaneta is a genus of large cockroaches in the family Blattidae, containing several species with cosmopolitan distributions that have become significant urban pests worldwide. The genus includes well-known species such as Periplaneta americana (American cockroach), Periplaneta lateralis (Turkestan cockroach), and Periplaneta japonica (Asian cockroach). These species are characterized by their relatively large size, flattened bodies, and long antennae. Many Periplaneta species have been spread globally through human commerce and travel, with some showing remarkable adaptability to diverse climates including cold-tolerant species capable of surviving freezing temperatures.
Peripsocus
Peripsocus is a genus of barklice (order Psocodea) comprising over 250 described species. Members are characterized by their stout body form compared to other barklice. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution across six continents. Species in this genus are associated with bark and lichen habitats.
Philodromidae
Running Crab Spiders, Philodromid Crab Spiders
Philodromidae is a family of araneomorph spiders comprising over 530 species across 31 genera. Members are commonly called running crab spiders or philodromid crab spiders due to their crab-like appearance and sideways-oriented legs. Unlike true crab spiders (Thomisidae), philodromids do not construct webs for prey capture but instead hunt by ambush. They are primarily associated with vegetation, where they occur on stems, leaves, and tree trunks.
Pholcus opilionoides
Opilion-like Cellar Spider
Pholcus opilionoides is a cellar spider species in the family Pholcidae, named for its resemblance to harvestmen (Opiliones) due to its exceptionally long, sprawling legs. The species is native to Europe, Egypt, the Caucasus, and possibly Iran, and has been introduced to North America. Adults are small-bodied with a body length of 3-5 mm but appear larger due to their elongated legs. It is frequently confused with the more widespread Pholcus phalangioides and the similar Pholcus manueli, requiring careful examination for accurate identification.
Pholcus phalangioides
Long-bodied Cellar Spider, Cosmopolitan Cellar Spider, Daddy Long-legs Spider
Pholcus phalangioides is a long-legged cellar spider native to Asia that has become cosmopolitan through human association. Females reach about 7-8 mm body length with legs 5-6 times longer; males are slightly smaller at 6-10 mm. The species is notable for building loose, irregular webs in dark indoor spaces and for its specialized predatory behaviors including web invasion and aggressive mimicry. It preys on other spiders—including dangerous species such as redbacks—and exhibits a distinctive whirling defense against predators. Despite common misconceptions, its bite is harmless to humans.
Phoroncidia
Mushroom Comb-footed Spiders, cob-web spiders
Phoroncidia is a genus of comb-footed spiders in the family Theridiidae, first described by J. O. Westwood in 1835. The genus contains approximately 83 species distributed worldwide. Members are characterized by heavily sclerotized, often leathery abdomens with distinctive sculpturing including folds, humps, spines, or tubercles. They are commonly known as Mushroom Comb-footed Spiders.
Phthiracarus
Phthiracarus is the second largest genus of ptyctimous mites (Euptyctima), with nearly cosmopolitan distribution. The genus belongs to the family Phthiracaridae within the oribatid mites (Oribatida), a diverse group of soil-dwelling arachnids. Species in this genus are primarily found in temperate forest soils and are associated with decomposition processes. Recent taxonomic work has described new species from previously understudied regions including Northeast China.
Phygadeuontinae
Darwin wasps
Phygadeuontinae is a subfamily of Darwin wasps within Ichneumonidae, comprising numerous genera including Atractodes, Chirotica, Gelis, Lochetica, and others. The subfamily exhibits cosmopolitan distribution with substantial diversity in the Neotropics, Europe, and Asia Minor. Members are primarily parasitoids with varied host associations including Lepidoptera (Psychidae), Coleoptera (Chrysomelidae), and other insects. The genus Gelis includes at least one documented endoparasitoid of insect eggs, representing an unusual life history strategy for ichneumonids.
Physiphora alceae
picture-winged fly
Physiphora alceae is a small picture-winged fly in the family Ulidiidae, notable for lacking the bold wing patterns typical of its family. Approximately 5 millimeters in length, this species has become cosmopolitan through human-mediated dispersal. Males perform elaborate courtship dances involving foreleg movements, wing lifting, and physical contact with females.
Physocyclus globosus
short-bodied cellar spider
Physocyclus globosus, commonly known as the short-bodied cellar spider, is a small pholcid spider with a cosmopolitan distribution. It is frequently found in anthropogenic habitats including buildings and caves across tropical and subtropical regions, and has been introduced to numerous temperate areas worldwide. The species is characterized by a compact, globose abdomen and distinctive dark dorsal markings. It belongs to the globosus species group within its genus, which exhibits a biogeographical distribution pattern in the Mesoamerican and Mexican Mountain biotic components.
Pieris
Garden Whites, Whites
Pieris is a widespread, nearly cosmopolitan genus of butterflies in the family Pieridae, commonly known as the garden whites. The genus exhibits highest species diversity in the Palearctic region. Many species are economically significant as agricultural pests, with larvae feeding on Brassicaceae crops including cabbage, broccoli, and kale. The genus has been extensively studied for its biochemical adaptations to glucosinolate-containing host plants.
Pipunculus
Pipunculus is a genus of flies in the family Pipunculidae with cosmopolitan distribution. Members are internal parasites of planthoppers in the family Delphacidae (Homoptera). The genus has been documented in Europe, Australia, Fiji, and North America. At least one species, Pipunculus semifumosus, has been studied for its parasitic effects on host size and reproductive structures.
Pison
Pison is a cosmopolitan genus of spider wasps in the family Crabronidae, comprising approximately 145 described species with many more undescribed, particularly in South America. Adult females hunt and paralyze living spiders to provision nest cells, on which they lay eggs. The genus exhibits diverse nesting strategies, including mud construction, use of natural cavities, and excavation of burrows. Pison wasps are most diverse in the Southern Hemisphere, with about one-third of species occurring in Australia.
Platnickina
Platnick's Cobweb Spiders
Platnickina is a genus of cobweb spiders (Theridiidae) established in 2008 and named in honor of arachnologist Norman Platnick. The genus is cosmopolitan, excluding Oceania, with fifteen recognized species as of 2025. European species exhibit distinctive bright yellow coloration with black mottling. The genus can be distinguished from other theridiids by specific morphological traits including trichobothria on the metatarsi of the third leg pair.
Platylabus
Platylabus is a large genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Wesmael in 1845. The genus contains approximately 131 described species with cosmopolitan distribution across multiple continents. As with other ichneumonid wasps, members of this genus are parasitoids, developing within or upon other arthropod hosts. The genus has been documented from Europe, North America, and other regions based on collection records.
Platytomus
Platytomus is a genus of aphodiine dung beetles in the family Scarabaeidae, containing more than 20 described species. The genus was established by Mulsant in 1842. Species in this genus are classified within the tribe Psammodiini, a group often associated with sandy or psammophilous habitats. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, with records from multiple continents.
Plexippus paykulli
Pantropical Jumping Spider
Plexippus paykulli is a cosmopolitan jumping spider native to Southeast Asia, now established across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Commonly called the pantropical jumping spider, it is strongly associated with human-built structures, particularly building exteriors near light sources where it hunts insects. The species exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism: males display black bodies with bold white stripes, while females are brownish-grey with tan markings. It is an active diurnal predator that does not construct prey-capture webs, relying instead on acute vision, stalking, and jumping to subdue prey.
Polyphagotarsonemus latus
Broad Mite, Yellow Tea Mite, Citrus Silver Mite
Polyphagotarsonemus latus, commonly known as the broad mite, is a microscopic tarsonemid mite with a cosmopolitan distribution and an exceptionally broad host range spanning over 60 plant families. First described from mango in a Washington, D.C. greenhouse in 1904, it has become a significant agricultural pest affecting crops including cotton, soybean, peppers, strawberries, blackberries, citrus, tea, coffee, and increasingly, cannabis and hemp. The mite feeds on young, tender plant tissues, causing characteristic damage including leaf stunting, twisting, and distortion that resembles auxin herbicide injury. It thrives in greenhouse environments and tropical to subtropical climates, with development occurring between 10–36°C at high humidity. Management relies on acaricides and biological control using predatory mites such as Amblyseius swirskii, Neoseiulus californicus, and A. orientalis.
Pompilidae
Spider Wasps, Spider-hunting Wasps, Pompilid Wasps
Spider wasps in the family Pompilidae are solitary, stinging wasps that hunt spiders to provision nests for their larvae. The family contains approximately 5,000 described species in six subfamilies, distributed worldwide. Most species capture and paralyze spiders using venom, then deposit them in burrows or cavities where a single egg is laid on each victim. Females of the genus Auplopus construct distinctive free-standing mud cells, while most other genera excavate burrows in soil or use pre-existing cavities. Members of the subfamily Ceropalinae are kleptoparasites, laying eggs in the nests of other pompilids or acting as ectoparasitoids of living spiders rather than building their own nests.
Hymenopterasolitary-waspsspider-predatorsparasitoidsmud-nest-buildersburrowing-waspsant-mimicskleptoparasitesPepsinaeCeropalinaePompilinaeAuplopusAnopliusAgeniellaCaliadurgusPepsisPriocnemisAplocharesArachnospilaEvagetesAgenioideusEpisyronNanoclaveliaPedinpompilusAgenioidevatetesNorth-AmericaAustraliaIranEuropecosmopolitanPorcellio laevis
swift woodlouse, smooth slater
Porcellio laevis is a large terrestrial isopod distinguished by its smooth dorsal surface and rapid escape response when disturbed. Native to North Africa, it has achieved cosmopolitan distribution through human-mediated transport and now occurs across Europe, the Americas, Australia, and Pacific islands. The species exhibits direct development with eggs and juveniles brooded in a fluid-filled marsupium, representing extensive parental care among terrestrial arthropods. It is widely kept in captivity due to ease of maintenance and the availability of selectively bred color morphs.
Porcellio scaber
Common Rough Woodlouse, Rough Woodlouse
Porcellio scaber is a European woodlouse species with a cosmopolitan distribution, now found across North America, South Africa, Australia, and sub-Antarctic islands through human-mediated dispersal. It is one of the most abundant and widespread terrestrial isopods in many regions, including the United Kingdom where it is considered one of the 'big five' woodlouse species. The species is notable for its rough, tuberculate exoskeleton and inability to conglobate (roll into a ball), instead relying on tonic immobility and chemical defenses when threatened. Research has documented individual personality traits in this species, expressed through consistent differences in defensive behavior duration.
Porcellionides
woodlice
Porcellionides is a genus of terrestrial isopods (woodlice) in the family Porcellionidae, characterized by cosmopolitan distribution and ecological adaptability. Species within this genus exhibit notable intraspecific variation in reproductive strategies, with some populations showing seasonal reproduction and others continuous breeding activity. The genus has been extensively studied for its population dynamics, behavioral ecology, and sensitivity to environmental stressors, making it a valuable model organism for soil health assessment.
Porcellionides pruinosus
Powderblues, powder blue woodlouse
Porcellionides pruinosus is a cosmopolitan terrestrial isopod (woodlouse) native to Europe that has achieved global distribution through human-mediated dispersal. The species is detritivorous and occupies diverse terrestrial habitats from agricultural fields to desert margins. It is suspected to represent a cryptic species complex, with ten subspecies currently recognized and significant morphological and reproductive variation documented across populations. The species carries Wolbachia endosymbionts that can induce feminization of males and cytoplasmic incompatibility, affecting population sex ratios. P. pruinosus has become popular in the pet trade, with numerous color morphs selectively bred.
Proclitus
Proclitus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, established by Förster in 1869. The genus contains approximately 25 described species and exhibits an almost cosmopolitan distribution. Members are parasitoid wasps, though specific host associations remain poorly documented for most species.
Promicrogaster
Promicrogaster is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, comprising over 40 described species with a cosmopolitan distribution. Members are small wasps that develop as endoparasitoids of caterpillars (Lepidoptera larvae). The genus was established by Brues and Richardson in 1913.
Propsocus pulchripennis
Propsocus pulchripennis is a species of damp barklouse in the family Elipsocidae. It has a remarkably broad cosmopolitan distribution spanning six continents, including Africa, Australia, Europe, the Americas, and Oceania. The species was originally described by Perkins in 1899 under the basionym Stenopsocus pulchripennis. As a member of the damp barklice, it inhabits moist microhabitats associated with bark and decaying wood.
Psychodinae
Moth Flies, Drain Flies, Filter Flies, Sewer Flies
Psychodinae is the nominate subfamily of moth flies (Psychodidae), commonly known as drain flies or filter flies. Adults are small, hairy flies rarely exceeding 5–6 mm in length, with distinctive kidney-shaped eyes connected by an eye-bridge. The subfamily has a cosmopolitan distribution, including subantarctic islands. Larvae are aquatic or semi-terrestrial, developing in diverse moist habitats ranging from natural springs and phytotelmata to artificial environments like drains and sewage systems.
Psychomyia
Psychomyia is a genus of caddisflies (Trichoptera) in the family Psychomyiidae, established by Latreille in 1829. The genus has an almost cosmopolitan distribution with species recorded across Europe, Asia, and other regions. Larval stages have been described for at least some species, with diagnostic morphological characters established for instar identification. The genus is taxonomically active, with new species continuing to be described, particularly from China.
Psylliodes
flea beetles
Psylliodes is a large cosmopolitan genus of flea beetles comprising approximately 200 described species worldwide. Members are characterized by enlarged hind femora adapted for jumping, a trait shared with other Alticini. Approximately half of all species are specialized feeders on Brassicaceae, with the remainder associated with roughly 24 other plant families. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests, including the cabbage stem flea beetle (P. chrysocephala) and potato flea beetle (P. affinis). The genus includes rare endemic species such as the Lundy Cabbage Flea Beetle (P. luridipennis), a globally Critically Endangered species restricted to a single island off the coast of England.
Pthirus pubis
Crab Louse, Pubic Louse, Crabs
Pthirus pubis is an obligate ectoparasite of humans, the sole species in its genus to infest humans. It is dorsoventrally flattened, wingless, and 1-2 mm in length, with a crab-like appearance due to its broad, short body and specialized clawed legs adapted for grasping coarse human hair. The species has infested humans for approximately 10,000 years, with archaeological evidence from Roman and Medieval Britain, pre-Columbian South America, and southern Peru. Unlike the closely related head and body lice (Pediculus humanus), P. pubis is extremely sedentary, rarely leaving direct contact with the host body, and is transmitted primarily through sexual contact.
Ptiliidae
Feather-winged Beetles, Featherwing Beetles
Ptiliidae is a family of extremely small beetles containing the smallest known free-living, non-parasitoid insects. Members range from 0.3 to 4.0 mm in length, with the smallest species, Scydosella musawasensis, measuring only 0.325 mm. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution and is characterized by distinctive narrow, feathery hindwings that give the group its common name. Their minute size imposes unusual biological constraints, including the production of very large eggs relative to adult body size.
Ptinus fur
white-marked spider beetle, whitemarked spider beetle
Ptinus fur is a small stored-product pest beetle with a nearly cosmopolitan distribution. Adults measure 2.0–4.3 mm and are distinguished by red-brown coloration with yellow hairs, dense pale hairs on the prothorax, and patches of white scales on the elytra. The species is morphologically similar to Ptinus villiger. It develops optimally at 23°C, completing its life cycle in approximately 132 days on fishmeal. Larval diapause in cocoons can extend development by 220–280 days. The species is unlikely to reach large population sizes due to its long development period, small egg output (mean 38.6 eggs per female), and tendency for diapause.
Ptinus tectus
Australian spider beetle
Ptinus tectus is a small beetle commonly known as the Australian spider beetle. It is a cosmopolitan stored product pest that originated in Australia and spread to Europe and the UK around 1900. The species is notable for its spider-like appearance and its status as a significant pest of stored foods, museum specimens, and historic collections. It has been recorded from at least 55 museums and historic houses in the United Kingdom.
Ptinus variegatus
Ptinus variegatus is a species of spider beetle in the family Ptinidae, first described by Rossi in 1792. It is a stored-product pest with a cosmopolitan distribution, having been introduced to North America from its native Palearctic range. The species is associated with dry organic materials including stored food products, dried plant matter, and animal remains. Like other Ptinidae, it undergoes complete metamorphosis with a cryptic larval stage.
Pugettia
kelp crabs
Pugettia is a genus of marine kelp crabs in the family Epialtidae, distributed across the North Pacific from North America to East Asia. Species inhabit shallow subtidal zones, primarily associated with macroalgal habitats including kelp beds, Sargassum stands, and red algal turfs. Many species exhibit ontogenetic habitat shifts, with juveniles and smaller individuals occupying deeper algal turfs while larger adults migrate to shallower macroalgal beds. The genus includes approximately 25 extant species plus one fossil species, with several species serving as important subjects for studies of crab growth, reproduction, and habitat ecology.
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irritans
Human Flea, House Flea
Pulex irritans is a cosmopolitan flea species commonly known as the human flea. Despite its name, it has a broad host range including humans, dogs, cats, livestock, and various wild mammals. The species is thought to have originated in South America, possibly associated with guinea pigs or peccaries as original hosts. It is one of only six species in the genus Pulex, with the other five restricted to Nearctic and Neotropical regions. P. irritans has been found in human archaeological sediments dating back thousands of years in Europe and Greenland, demonstrating its long association with human populations. The species is medically significant as a potential vector of plague (Yersinia pestis), murine typhus, trench fever (Bartonella quintana), flea-borne spotted fever (Rickettsia felis), and the tapeworm Dipylidium caninum.
Pycnogonida
sea spiders, pycnogonids, Pantopoda
Pycnogonida is a class of marine arthropods commonly known as sea spiders. Over 1,300 species have been described, ranging in leg span from 1 mm to over 70 cm. They occur in oceans worldwide from shallow coastal waters to deep sea and Antarctic regions. Males possess specialized ovigerous legs for carrying eggs, a distinctive trait among chelicerates.
Pyralis farinalis
meal moth
Pyralis farinalis, the meal moth, is a cosmopolitan species in the family Pyralidae and the type species of its genus, tribe, subfamily, and family. Adults are recognized by their colorful upperwings and characteristic resting posture with the abdomen held at 90° to the body. The species is strongly synanthropic, associated with stored grain and food products worldwide, and completes its life cycle in approximately eight weeks with multiple generations per year. Larvae are significant pests of milled plant products, feeding on cereals, grains, and other stored foods.
Ranatra
water stick-insect, water scorpion, water mantis
Ranatra is a genus of slender aquatic predatory insects in the family Nepidae, commonly called water stick-insects or water scorpions. The genus contains over 140 species distributed across freshwater habitats worldwide, with highest diversity in South America and Asia. These insects are sit-and-wait predators that use raptorial forelegs to capture prey. They possess a distinctive long caudal siphon for breathing while submerged.
Reesa vespulae
Undertaker Carpet Beetle
Reesa vespulae is a small parthenogenetic dermestid beetle native to North America that has become a cosmopolitan pest of heritage collections and stored products. The species spreads globally through human commerce and can establish populations from a single female due to obligate parthenogenesis. It poses significant threats to museums, herbaria, and entomological collections, with larvae showing particular preference for Coleoptera and Lepidoptera specimens.
Rhinotus
Rhinotus is a genus of millipedes in the family Siphonotidae, order Polyzoniida, containing at least 20 described species. The genus includes notable cosmopolitan tramp species such as Rhinotus purpureus, which has been repeatedly described as new under multiple synonyms and is frequently associated with human-modified environments.
Rhinotus purpureus
purple millipede
A small, cosmopolitan millipede species in the family Siphonotidae, native to the Neotropics but widely introduced globally through human commerce. Frequently found in greenhouses and other synanthropic habitats, it has been repeatedly described as new due to its variable appearance, resulting in over a dozen synonyms. First recorded from the Indian subcontinent in 2020.
Rhopalomyia
Rhopalomyia is a large genus of gall midges (Cecidomyiidae) comprising at least 220–267 described species with cosmopolitan distribution. Established by Ewald Heinrich Rübsaamen in 1892, most species induce highly specific galls on Asteraceae, though some species have expanded to Fabaceae, Apocynaceae, Ericaceae, and Myrtaceae. Galls occur on diverse plant organs including buds, leaves, stems, rhizomes, and flower heads. The genus exhibits complex host associations and gall polymorphism, with some species serving as biological control agents.
Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale
rice root aphid, red rice root aphid
Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale is a globally distributed root-feeding aphid pest with a remarkably broad host range spanning 22 plant families. Native to East Asia, it has established populations across every continent except Antarctica. The species exhibits a heteroecious holocyclic life cycle in its native range, alternating between Prunus species (primary hosts) and herbaceous plant roots (secondary hosts), though asexual reproduction dominates in temperate regions and protected cultivation. Its subterranean habit makes detection difficult and management challenging. The aphid vectors several economically important plant viruses including barley yellow dwarf virus and sugarcane yellow leaf virus, and has emerged as a significant pest of indoor-grown cannabis in North America.
Rhysipolinae
Rhysipolinae is a small cosmopolitan subfamily of braconid wasps comprising approximately 10 genera and more than 80 species. Members are cyclostome wasps characterized by koinobiont ectoparasitoid biology—a rare strategy among Braconidae that deviates from the more common koinobiont-endoparasitoid or idiobiont-ectoparasitoid modes. The subfamily has been taxonomically challenging due to the absence of exclusive morphological diagnostic features, though recent phylogenomic analyses using ultraconserved elements have confirmed its monophyly and clarified some generic boundaries.
Ripiphoridae
wedge-shaped beetles
Ripiphoridae is a cosmopolitan family of approximately 450 described species of beetles commonly known as wedge-shaped beetles. The family is notable for hypermetamorphic parasitoid development, a trait shared only with Meloidae among beetles. Host associations vary by subfamily: Ripiphorinae attack bees and wasps, Ripidiinae parasitize cockroaches, and Pelecotominae attack wood-boring beetle larvae. The family exhibits extreme morphological modifications including abbreviated elytra, sexually dimorphic antennae (flabellate or pectinate in males), and in some groups, wingless larviform females.
Sarginae
soldier flies
Sarginae is a subfamily of soldier flies (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) established by Walker in 1834. The subfamily is cosmopolitan in distribution, occurring from the Nearctic region through Canada and Alaska to the Neotropics, with substantial diversity in genera such as Acrochaeta, Himantigera, Merosargus, and Sargus. Immature stages are known for relatively few species—29 species as of 2022, with only eight from the Neotropical region.
Scelio
Scelio is a large genus of parasitoid wasps containing at least 240 and possibly 500 species, making it the most diverse genus within the family Scelionidae. These wasps are solitary egg parasitoids of grasshoppers (Acrididae, Orthoptera), including economically important pest locusts such as Schistocerca. They have a cosmopolitan distribution and have been studied extensively for their potential as biological control agents against orthopteran agricultural pests.
Scelioninae
Scelioninae is a large subfamily of parasitoid wasps in the family Scelionidae, containing over 3,000 described species across approximately 160 genera. These wasps are exclusively parasitoids, primarily attacking the eggs of insects, spiders, and other arthropods. They are generally idiobionts—parasitoids that prevent further host development after attack—and several genera have evolved winglessness or adaptations for aquatic environments, including underwater attack of insect eggs.
Schizomyia
Schizomyia is a genus of gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) with cosmopolitan distribution. Species in this genus induce various types of galls on diverse host plants, including rosette bud galls, inflorescence galls, and stem galls. The genus belongs to the tribe Asphondyliini and contains at least 51 described species. Some species have significant ecological and economic impacts, including outbreaks that reduce seed production in forest trees and potential use as biological control agents.
Scutigera coleoptrata
House Centipede, Thousand-legger
Scutigera coleoptrata, commonly known as the house centipede, is a fast-moving predatory centipede native to the Mediterranean region that has become cosmopolitan through human commerce. Adults possess 15 pairs of extremely long, delicate legs and well-developed faceted eyes—unusual traits among centipedes. They are synanthropic, thriving in human dwellings where they hunt household arthropods. Despite their alarming appearance and speed, they pose minimal threat to humans and are considered beneficial predators of pests.
Scytodes fusca
dark common spitting spider, brown spitting spider
Scytodes fusca is a cosmopolitan spitting spider in the family Scytodidae, native to Central and South America but introduced worldwide. It is notable for exhibiting social behavior unusual among spiders, including tolerance of conspecifics and communal living. The species hunts by projecting sticky venom from its fangs to immobilize prey, a distinctive trait of the Scytodidae family.
Scytodes thoracica
Common Spitting Spider, Spitting Spider
Scytodes thoracica is a small spitting spider renowned for its unique hunting method: projecting venomous, sticky silk threads to immobilize prey. The species possesses six eyes arranged in three pairs and distinctive silk glands in the cephalothorax connected to venom glands, enabling production of venomous silk. Native to the Mediterranean region, it has achieved cosmopolitan distribution through human-mediated dispersal and is frequently encountered in synanthropic habitats.
Silba
lance flies
Silba is a genus of lance flies in the family Lonchaeidae, containing more than 120 described species. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, occurring on every continent except South America and Antarctica. Species within Silba exhibit diverse larval development strategies, with some species associated with figs (including the economically significant pest Silba adipata), while others develop in flower buds, fungal fruiting bodies, or other substrates. The genus is taxonomically active, with numerous new species described in recent decades, particularly from the Afrotropical and Asian regions.
Silvanus proximus
Silvanus proximus is a species of silvanid flat bark beetle described by Grouvelle in 1904. The genus Silvanus belongs to the family Silvanidae, a group of small beetles commonly found in association with decaying plant material and stored products. Distribution records indicate presence across multiple continents including Africa, the Caribbean, Middle America, North America, and South America. The species is part of a genus containing approximately 20 described species, though detailed biological information for S. proximus specifically remains limited in published literature.
Sinoxylon
Sinoxylon is a genus of wood-boring beetles in the family Bostrichidae, with a nearly cosmopolitan distribution spanning Europe, Africa, Asia, the Americas, and Oceania. Species in this genus are associated with diverse host plants including bamboo, rubber, cassava, and allspice. Several species have been introduced to new regions through international trade in wood packaging materials, with documented establishment in Greece and Brazil.
Sirthenea
corsairs
Sirthenea is a cosmopolitan genus of assassin bugs (Reduviidae: Peiratinae) comprising at least 40 described species. It is distinguished from other Peiratinae by an elongated body, triangular anteocular head, shortened rounded femora, and the absence of fossa spongiosa on medial tibiae (except in S. laevicollis). The genus has a nearly global distribution spanning Afrotropical, Oriental, Palearctic, Oceanian, and Australian regions, with representatives occurring on almost all continents. Sirthenea species are ground-dwelling, nocturnal predators that prey on other insects.
Sitophilus granarius
granary weevil, wheat weevil, grain weevil
Sitophilus granarius is a cosmopolitan pest of stored cereals, commonly known as the granary weevil or wheat weevil. Adults are flightless and infest raw grains including wheat, barley, and oats, causing significant quantitative and qualitative losses in storage facilities. The species is distinguished from similar storage weevils by its inability to fly and its preference for cooler, drier conditions. Larvae develop endophytically inside grain kernels, completing their entire immature life cycle within a single seed.
Sitophilus oryzae
Rice Weevil
Sitophilus oryzae, commonly known as the rice weevil, is a cosmopolitan stored product pest that infests rice, wheat, maize, and other cereal grains. Adults are small reddish-brown beetles with a distinctive elongated snout and four reddish-brown spots on the elytra. The species has a complete metamorphosis life cycle with egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages, all completed within grain kernels. Females lay eggs inside grains, and larvae develop entirely within the kernel, making infestations difficult to detect until adults emerge.
Smeringopus pallidus
Pale Daddy-Long-Leg, Pale Cellar Spider
Smeringopus pallidus is a cosmopolitan cellar spider (family Pholcidae) known for its distinctive pale coloration and extremely long, slender legs. The species builds irregular, three-dimensional cobwebs in sheltered locations and exhibits specialized anti-predator defenses including rapid leg waving, leg autotomy with continued movement of detached legs as visual distraction, and thanatosis (death feigning). Originally described from Africa, it has been introduced to tropical and subtropical regions worldwide including South America, the Caribbean, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, Australia, and Pacific islands. The species reaches body lengths up to 7 mm with females larger than males, and is characterized by purple spots along the dorsal abdomen and a dark ventral sternal stripe.
Sphecodes
Blood Bees, Cuckoo Sweat Bees
Sphecodes is a genus of kleptoparasitic bees in the family Halictidae, commonly known as blood bees due to their distinctive black and red coloration. With over 300 described species, this is one of the largest genera of cuckoo bees and has a cosmopolitan distribution across all continents except Antarctica. Females lack pollen-collecting structures and instead lay eggs in the nests of ground-nesting host bees, primarily in the genera Lasioglossum, Halictus, and Andrena. The larvae consume the host's pollen provisions and develop at the expense of the host offspring.
Steatoda grossa
Cupboard spider, Dark comb-footed spider, Brown house spider, False black widow
Steatoda grossa is a cosmopolitan cobweb spider in the family Theridiidae, native to Europe and temperate Asia and introduced globally. It constructs irregular three-dimensional webs in dark, sheltered locations and is frequently mistaken for venomous black widows (Latrodectus spp.) due to its similar body shape and coloration, though it lacks the distinctive red hourglass marking. Bites to humans are rare and generally minor, causing localized pain and blistering with occasional systemic symptoms.
Stegobium paniceum
Drugstore Beetle, Bread Beetle, Biscuit Beetle
Stegobium paniceum, commonly known as the drugstore beetle or biscuit beetle, is a small stored-product pest that infests a wide variety of dried plant materials. It is the sole member of the monotypic genus Stegobium. The beetle is notable for its ability to feed on toxic substances including strychnine, tobacco, and habanero peppers, and is a significant pest in homes, warehouses, museums, and the tobacco industry. Adults are attracted to ultraviolet light and females emit sex pheromones that peak 3-4 days after emergence. The species harbors yeast-like symbionts (Symbiotaphrina) that provide nutritional supplementation.
Stenomacrus
Stenomacrus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Förster in 1869. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution and contains multiple described species. As members of Ichneumonidae, these wasps are presumed to be koinobiont parasitoids, though specific host relationships remain poorly documented.
Stylops
stylops
Stylops is a genus of obligately endoparasitic insects in the family Stylopidae, order Strepsiptera. Members are endoparasites of Hymenoptera, particularly bees in the family Andrenidae. The genus exhibits extreme sexual dimorphism: males are free-living with wings and functional limbs, while females are neotenic, legless, and remain permanently embedded within host abdomens with only the cephalothorax protruding. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution with numerous described species, though taxonomic status of many remains problematic due to reliance on poor female morphological characters.
Supella
brown-banded cockroaches
Supella is a genus of small, synanthropic cockroaches in the family Ectobiidae, with the brown-banded cockroach (S. longipalpa) being the most widespread and well-known species. Native to Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, the genus has achieved cosmopolitan distribution through human-mediated transport. Members of this genus are distinguished by transverse pale bands across the wings and abdomen, pronounced sexual dimorphism in wing development, and a preference for warm, dry indoor environments. The type species S. longipalpa is a significant public health pest that completes its entire life cycle within human-built structures.
Systropus
bee flies
Systropus is a large genus of bee flies (Bombyliidae) containing over 200 described species distributed across every continent except Antarctica. Species are medium-sized flies characterized by distinctive wing venation and male genitalia morphology. The genus is taxonomically significant within the subfamily Toxophorinae, with ongoing revisions clarifying species boundaries, particularly in Australia where 12 new species were recently described.
Syzeuctus
Syzeuctus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae. The genus contains more than 130 described species and has a cosmopolitan distribution. Species in this genus are parasitoids, meaning they develop by feeding on or within host organisms.
Tarsostenus
checkered beetles
Tarsostenus is a genus of small checkered beetles in the family Cleridae, established by Spinola in 1845. The genus comprises six described species distributed across Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, and Australia, with one species (T. univittatus) being cosmopolitan in distribution. Members are predators specializing on wood-boring beetles, particularly bostrichids and anobiines. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological features including an oblong pronotum with glabrous streaks and elytra with ten rows of punctations.
Taylorilygus apicalis
Broken-backed Bug
Taylorilygus apicalis, commonly known as the broken-backed bug, is a small plant bug in the family Miridae. Adults measure 4–5 mm and are typically light green or tan with distinctive brown wing markings. The species is named for its characteristic wing posture, with tips bent downward at approximately 45°. It has a cosmopolitan distribution across Europe, Africa, Asia, the Americas, and Oceania, and is known to feed primarily on Asteraceae species.
Tegenaria pagana
Rural Funnel-web Spider, House Funnel-web Spider
Tegenaria pagana is a small funnel-web spider in the family Agelenidae, first described from Greece in 1840. It is a synanthropic species strongly associated with human habitations, earning it the common name 'house funnel-web spider.' The species is native to the Palearctic region from Europe through North Africa to Central Asia, but has been introduced globally and is now established on multiple continents. A 2013 taxonomic revision substantially reduced its synonymy, consolidating several previously recognized species. It has been studied as a comparative model for eye development and troglomorphic evolution in cave-dwelling spiders.
Tenebroides mauritanicus
cadelle, cadelle beetle
Tenebroides mauritanicus, the cadelle, is a cosmopolitan stored-product pest beetle in the family Trogossitidae. Adults are exclusively carnivorous, feeding on other insects including flour beetles and false powderpost beetles, while larvae consume grain products and transition to predatory behavior as they develop. The species is notable for its longevity, with adults surviving over 50 days and larvae over 120 days without food. It is the only member of Trogossitidae known to infest stored grain, causing significant damage through both direct feeding and by gnawing holes in packaging that expose food to other pests.
Tephritidae
fruit flies, peacock flies
Tephritidae is a family of true fruit flies comprising nearly 5,000 described species across approximately 500 genera. Members are distinguished from Drosophilidae (also called fruit flies) by their larger size, patterned wings, and phytophagous larval biology. The family exhibits extraordinary morphological diversity, including elaborate wing markings that inspired the common name "peacock flies." Many species are economically significant agricultural pests, while others serve as biological control agents for invasive weeds. Taxonomy remains dynamic due to ongoing genetic and morphological revisions.
Tetragnatha
Stretch Spiders, Long-jawed Orb Weavers
Tetragnatha is a large genus of long-jawed orb-weaving spiders with hundreds of species distributed worldwide, though most occur in tropical and subtropical regions. These spiders are characterized by their elongated bodies, extremely long legs, and notably elongated chelicerae (jaws) with well-developed teeth. They construct horizontal orb webs, often near water, and many species can run across water surfaces. The genus exhibits remarkable variation in dispersal ability, with some species being excellent dispersers capable of colonizing islands, while others appear to have secondarily lost this capacity. Hawaiian Tetragnatha species have undergone adaptive radiation, with some lineages evolving cursorial (running) behavior and abandoning web-building entirely.
spiderorb-weaverlong-jawedaquaticstretch-spideradaptive-radiationHawaiicursorial-evolutionhorizontal-webwater-walkingcamouflagemultivoltinesocial-spiderTetragnathidaeAraneaeArachnidapredatorinsectivoreriparianwetlandmeadowtropicalsubtropicalcosmopolitandispersalisland-colonizationphylogeographychemical-species-recognitioncommunal-webbingkleptoparasitism-targetThamiaraea
Thamiaraea is a genus of rove beetles (Staphylinidae) established by Carl Gustaf Thomson in 1858. It belongs to the subfamily Aleocharinae, one of the largest and most diverse groups within the family. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, with records from Europe including Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Two species are documented: Thamiaraea hospita (Märkel, 1844) and Thamiaraea tsitsilasi Pace.
Therevinae
stiletto flies
Therevinae is the largest subfamily of stiletto flies (family Therevidae), comprising more than 20 genera and over 470 described species. These flies are characterized by their distinctive elongated, slender bodies and are found across diverse geographic regions including the Nearctic, Neotropical, Palearctic, and Australasian regions. The subfamily exhibits considerable morphological diversity, with taxonomic revisions ongoing due to cryptic species complexes and the need for molecular characterization.
Thermobia domestica
Firebrat
Thermobia domestica, commonly known as the firebrat, is a small hexapod in the order Zygentoma, closely related to silverfish. It is distinguished by its preference for hot environments, particularly steam-heated buildings and boiler rooms. The species exhibits pheromone-mediated aggregation behavior requiring physical contact for recognition. It feeds on carbohydrates, especially starchy materials, and can be a minor pest in libraries and storage facilities.
Tinea
Tinea is a genus of fungus moths in the family Tineidae, established as one of the earliest subgroups of moths. It is the type genus of both its family and subfamily. Historically, the genus encompassed many species now placed in other genera. Species within Tinea include economically significant pests such as the casemaking clothes moth (Tinea pellionella).
Tomocerus minor
Tomocerus minor is a cosmopolitan springtail species in the family Tomoceridae. It reaches up to 4.5 mm in body length and exhibits a characteristic uniform bluish iridescence. The species has been recorded across a remarkably broad geographic range, spanning from Arctic regions to temperate and tropical zones across multiple continents and oceanic islands.
Tomosvaryella
big-headed flies
Tomosvaryella is a genus of big-headed flies in the family Pipunculidae. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution and is taxonomically well-studied in multiple regions. It contains over 100 species in Australia alone, with substantial diversity also documented in the Middle East, Colombia, and other regions. Species-level taxonomy relies heavily on morphological characters and mitochondrial COI barcode sequence data.
Tortopus
Tortopus is a genus of burrowing mayflies in the family Polymitarcyidae, restricted to six species based on cladistic revision: T. igaranus, T. circumfluus, T. harrisi, T. zottai, T. bellus, and T. arenales. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological synapomorphies including female parastyli receptors with long anterior furrows, entirely flattened penes, and nymphs bearing two subapical tubercles on mandibular tusks. Nymphs construct U-shaped tunnels in clay banks, a behavior that renders them difficult to sample with standard aquatic survey methods.
EphemeropteraPolymitarcyidaeburrowing-mayfliesNeotropicalclay-bank-habitatU-shaped-tunnelsmandibular-tusksTortopsisCampsurinaePanamerican-distributioncladistic-revisionsynapomorphyparastyli-receptorsflattened-penesfurcasternal-protuberancessubapical-tubercleslimnological-sampling-biasnymph-morphologyadult-morphologytype-species-T.-igaranusnew-species-T.-arenalesEcuadorColombiaArgentinaMolineri-2008Needham-&-Murphy-1924ZootaxaArthropod-Systematics-&-PhylogenyFlorida-EntomologistGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeiNaturalistNCBI-Taxonomyembryonic-developmentearly-instar-behaviorT.-harrisiT.-bellusT.-circumfluusT.-zottaiT.-igaranusT.-incertusT.-coreguajeTortopsis-toroTortopsis-andakiTortopsis-limoncochaTortopsis-spatulaaquatic-insectsfreshwaterriverineloticephemeropteran-systematicstaxonomic-revisionphylogenetic-analysismorphological-charactersegg-morphologymale-imago-descriptionfemale-adult-descriptionkeys-to-speciesSEM-photographyline-drawingstype-material-examinationredescriptioncomparative-diagnosisburrowing-behaviorclay-substratetunnel-constructionsampling-methodologysurber-sampler-limitationsdrift-net-avoidancePanamaSouth-AmericaCentral-Americamayfly-diversityhighest-diversity-NeotropicsAsthenopodinaeEphemeroideaHexapodaMetazoaEukaryotaaccepted-genushigher-rank-matchobservation-count-2no-Wikipedia-summaryDOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2481.1.1DOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2436.1.4DOI-10.3897/asp.79.e62735DOI-10.2307/3493493Scott-et-al.-1959NavásUlmerTraverLugo-Ortiz-&-McCaffertyDomínguezBanksMcDunnoughPictetNeedham-&-Murphyfreshwater-ecologyaquatic-entomologyinsect-developmentnymphal-stagesimago-descriptionalate-adultswing-venationR-sectorgonopore-structureparastyli-lengthpedestal-morphologylateral-view-curvaturemandibular-morphologytusk-tuberclesmesosternal-structureabdominal-sternum-notchfurcasternumprotuberance-configurationreceptor-socket-orientationIR-veinR2-veinclaw-like-structuregonopore-associationpenis-base-separationfemale-fore-wingadditional-veinscomparative-morphologytype-specimenholotypeallotypeparatypeneotropical-speciesnew-species-descriptionspecies-keyidentification-keymale-adult-keyfemale-adult-keynymph-keygeneric-keyPolymitarcyidae-generasystematicsphylogenycladisticsmonophylysister-groupcharacter-statetransformation-seriesparsimony-analysismorphological-data-setexternal-morphologyegg-chorionmicropyleegg-bursterhatchingemergencebehavioral-studyearly-instarembryologyovipositionsubstrate-preferencehabitat-specificityendemicregional-diversityconservationbiomonitoringwater-quality-indicatormacroinvertebratebenthicinfaunalinterstitialhyporheicriver-bankstream-bankerosionsedimentparticle-sizeclay-contentbank-stabilityroot-matvegetation-associationflow-regimecurrent-velocitydepthwidthstream-ordercatchmentbasinecoregionbiogeographydispersalcolonizationvicariancespeciationadaptive-radiationmorphological-divergenceconvergent-evolutionhomoplasycharacter-conflictbootstrap-supportBremer-supportconsensus-treestrict-consensusmajority-ruletaxonomic-stabilitynomenclatural-actoriginal-descriptionsubsequent-designationtype-localitytype-depositorymuseum-collectionspecimen-preservationalcohol-preservationslide-mountingSEM-preparationimaging-techniquesscientific-illustrationphotographymeasurementmorphometricsratiosproportionsallometrysexual-dimorphismgeographic-variationintraspecific-variationinterspecific-variationdiagnostic-charactersidentification-confidencetaxonomic-expertiseliterature-reviewbibliographic-searchdatabase-queryonline-repositoryopen-accesspaywallabstract-onlyfull-text-unavailablecitation-analysisreference-listsource-qualityevidence-strengthknowledge-gapresearch-needfuture-studycollaborationfield-workcollection-tripsampling-effortspecimen-availabilitytype-examinationrevision-scopetaxonomic-conceptcircumscriptioninclusionexclusionspecies-groupspecies-complexcryptic-speciesmorphospeciesphylogenetic-speciesevolutionary-significant-unitoperational-taxonomic-unitDNA-barcodingmolecular-systematicsintegrative-taxonomytraditional-taxonomyalpha-taxonomybeta-taxonomygamma-taxonomyclassification-hierarchyLinnaean-systemrank-based-nomenclaturephylogenetic-nomenclatureclade-namecrown-groupstem-grouptotal-evidencecongruenceincongruencedata-partitioncharacter-weightingimplied-weightingequal-weightingordered-charactersunordered-charactersmultistate-charactersbinary-characterscontinuous-charactersmeristic-charactersqualitative-charactersquantitative-charactersmorphological-matrixdata-matrixcharacter-matrixtaxon-samplingcharacter-samplingmissing-datainapplicable-datapolymorphismintraspecific-polymorphismfixed-differencediagnostic-differenceunique-derived-characterautapomorphyshared-derived-charactersymplesiomorphyconvergent-characterparallel-evolutionreversalcharacter-optimizationACCTRANDELTRANunambiguous-optimizationambiguous-optimizationmost-parsimonious-treetree-lengthconsistency-indexretention-indexrescaled-consistency-indexhomoplasy-indexcharacter-fitcharacter-congruencecharacter-supportbranch-supportnode-supportclade-stabilitytaxonomic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tortrix moths, leafroller moths, tortricid moths
Tortricidae is a large family of small moths with over 11,000 described species, constituting the sole member of the superfamily Tortricoidea. Members are commonly known as tortrix moths or leafroller moths due to the larval behavior of rolling leaves to form shelters. The family includes numerous economically significant agricultural and forestry pests, notably the codling moth (Cydia pomonella) and spruce budworm (Choristoneura species). The typical resting posture features wings folded back, creating a rounded profile.
Trigonogenius globulus
Globular Spider Beetle
Trigonogenius globulus, commonly known as the globular spider beetle, is a species of spider beetle in the family Ptinidae. The species has achieved broad cosmopolitan distribution across multiple continents. Its scientific name has been frequently misspelled as "globulum" in literature. The species is known from scattered observations, with relatively few documented records despite its wide geographic range.
Trogiidae
Granary Booklice
Trogiidae is a family of small, wingless or short-winged insects commonly known as granary booklice. The family comprises approximately 11 genera and more than 50 described species. Members are classified in the order Psocodea (formerly Psocoptera), suborder Trogiomorpha. Several fossil genera are known from Cretaceous and Eocene amber deposits.
Trogium pulsatorium
larger pale booklouse, deathwatch, common booklouse, grain psocid
Trogium pulsatorium is a granary booklouse in the family Trogiidae with a near-cosmopolitan distribution spanning six continents. It inhabits stored grain facilities, warehouses, and human dwellings where it feeds on dry organic matter. The species is notable for its association with stored products and its historical confusion with true deathwatch beetles due to shared common names.
Trox scaber
Hide beetle, Scarab beetle
Trox scaber is a small hide beetle in the family Trogidae, measuring 5–8 mm. It has a nearly cosmopolitan distribution and is strongly associated with bird nests, where both adults and larvae develop. The species feeds on dried animal remains including skin, feathers, fur, and small dry carcasses. It is characterized by rough, sculptured elytra and pronotum with distinctive bristly scales, and exhibits a remarkable death-feigning behavior when disturbed.
Typhaea stercorea
Hairy Fungus Beetle
Typhaea stercorea, commonly known as the hairy fungus beetle, is a cosmopolitan beetle in the family Mycetophagidae. Adults measure 2.2–3.0 mm in length and are distinguished by their oval, brown, flattened bodies with hairy elytra bearing parallel lines of fine hairs. The species is a generalist feeder on fungi, particularly molds growing on damp or deteriorating organic matter. It serves as a significant pest of stored grain products, where its presence indicates poor storage conditions, and has been documented in grain storages dating to the Iron Age. The beetle has gained additional attention as a vector of human pathogens, including documented carriage of Salmonella enterica and Campylobacter species.
Unionicola
Unionicola is a genus of freshwater water mites (family Unionicolidae) described by Haldeman in 1842. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution and comprises parasitic species primarily associated with molluscan hosts, though some species associate with freshwater sponges. Most species infest unionid mussels, while U. crassipes and U. minor are associated with Spongillidae sponges. The mite-host relationship involves consumption of host mucus and tissue, with potential negative effects on host fitness.
Urozelotes rusticus
Urozelotes rusticus is a cosmopolitan ground-dwelling spider in the family Gnaphosidae and the type species of the genus Urozelotes. Originally described from Europe in 1872, it has been introduced to the Americas, tropical Africa, Australia, and South Africa through human activity. Its synanthropic habits enable it to thrive in buildings and modified environments worldwide.
Vanessa cardui
Painted Lady, Cosmopolitan
Vanessa cardui, commonly known as the painted lady, is one of the most widespread butterfly species globally, occurring on every continent except Antarctica and South America. This medium-sized nymphalid butterfly is renowned for its remarkable long-distance migratory behavior, with populations undertaking multi-generational journeys spanning up to 14,500 km between tropical Africa and the Arctic Circle. The species exhibits extreme polyphagy, with larvae recorded feeding on over 300 host plant species, primarily in the Asteraceae family. Migration patterns are highly variable and linked to rainfall patterns in wintering areas, with mass migrations occasionally involving billions of individuals.
Wesmaelius
Wesmaelius is a genus of brown lacewings (family Hemerobiidae) described by Krüger in 1922. The genus contains approximately 15 described species with cosmopolitan distribution. Species within this genus are small, delicate neuropteran insects with net-veined wings.
Xantholinini
Xantholinini is a tribe of rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae) comprising approximately 141 genera with a cosmopolitan distribution across all zoogeographical regions. Members are small to medium-sized (2–20 mm), slender, short-winged beetles with elongated bodies and relatively short legs adapted for moving through narrow spaces. The tribe has been the subject of extensive taxonomic revision, particularly in the Eastern Mediterranean, Turkey, China, and the Neotropics, with numerous new species described in recent decades.
Zelotes
ground spider
Zelotes is a large genus of ground spiders in the family Gnaphosidae, with approximately 400 described species distributed worldwide. These small to medium-sized spiders (5-10 mm) are typically dark reddish brown to nearly black in color. They are characterized by distinctive eye arrangements and frequently display a pale patch on the inner surface of the first femur. The genus was first described by J. Gistel in 1848 and represents one of the most species-rich genera within the ground spider family.