Developmental-plasticity

Guides

Anthrax irroratus
Spotted Bee Fly
Anthrax irroratus is a bee fly (family Bombyliidae) widespread across North America, ranging from Alaska and northern Canada to Central America and the Caribbean. Adults are pollinators that frequent flowers, while larvae are parasitoids of solitary bees and wasps in at least five families. The species is one of numerous bee flies that exploit ground-nesting Hymenoptera as hosts.
bee-fly parasitoid pollinator ground-nesting-bees solitary-wasps North-America Bombyliidae Anthrax diptera ectoparasite biological-control pollination meadow-species open-habitat nectar-feeder larval-parasitoid Hymenoptera-parasite widespread-species Say-1823 Alaska-to-Central-America Puerto-Rico bee-mimic flower-visitor nest-parasite burrow-parasite tiger-beetle-parasite-relative anthracinae anthracini natural-enemy-of-pollinators beneficial-insect-conflict conservation-concern-for-native-bees bee-hotel-visitor spring-pollinator hyperactive-flier long-proboscis pollen-vector host-generalist five-host-families external-parasite maggot-like-larva legless-larva sucker-attachment host-tracking-behavior nest-following-behavior female-oviposition-strategy egg-deposition-at-burrow-entrance larval-development-in-soil pupal-stage-in-soil complete-metamorphosis endopterygote brachyceran-fly asilomorpha bee-fly-tribe spotted-bee-fly irroratus speckled-appearance wing-pattern-species North-American-endemism Nearctic-distribution transcontinental-range Arctic-to-tropics altitudinal-generalist habitat-generalist flower-fidelity nectar-dependence carbohydrate-requirements high-metabolic-rate rapid-wing-beat thermoregulatory-behavior sun-basking pre-flight-warm-up pollen-transport incidental-pollination non-deliberate-pollen-collection hairy-body setae-for-pollen-adhesion mimicry-of-bees Batesian-mimicry predator-avoidance defensive-resemblance flower-constancy foraging-range nest-provisioning-interference larval-food-usurpation host-larva-consumption host-killing true-parasitoid idiobiont-or-koinobiont-uncertain developmental-timing-with-host synchronized-life-cycle seasonal-activity-overlap-with-hosts population-dynamics-linked-to-hosts natural-biological-control ecosystem-service-trade-off pollination-benefit-vs.-pollinator-cost native-bee-conservation-concern managed-bee-risk alfalfa-leafcutter-bee-parasite megachilid-parasite halictid-parasite andrenid-parasite colletid-parasite sphecid-parasite crabronid-parasite pemphredonid-parasite apid-parasite multiple-host-families host-breadth generalist-parasitoid opportunistic-parasite facultative-parasite nest-substrate-generalist soil-nesting-hosts burrow-nesting-hosts ground-nesting-Hymenoptera-specialist cavity-nesting-parasite-occasional wood-nesting-parasite-occasional stem-nesting-parasite-occasional pith-nesting-parasite-occasional bee-block-parasite bee-hotel-parasite artificial-nest-parasite conservation-management-implication bee-hotel-design-consideration parasite-screening-for-bee-hotels native-bee-protection sustainable-agriculture-conflict integrated-pest-management-consideration biological-control-agent natural-enemy-conservation habitat-management-for-parasitoids meadow-conservation prairie-conservation fire-maintained-habitat early-successional-habitat disturbance-dependent-species open-habitat-specialist shade-intolerant forest-edge-species riparian-meadow-species wet-meadow-species dry-prairie-species sand-prairie-species clay-soil-species loam-soil-species soil-texture-generalist elevation-range-broad sea-level-to-alpine coastal-plain-species interior-plain-species mountain-species desert-edge-species arid-land-tolerance mesic-habitat-preference hydric-habitat-occasional xeric-habitat-occasional temperature-tolerance-broad cold-climate-adapted warm-climate-adapted freeze-tolerance heat-tolerance climate-generalist weather-dependent-activity sunny-weather-preference wind-tolerance-moderate rain-avoidance humidity-tolerance-moderate drought-tolerance seasonal-drought-survival aestivation-possible diapause-uncertain overwintering-stage-unknown pupal-overwintering-likely adult-longevity-brief larval-duration-variable developmental-plasticity temperature-dependent-development degree-day-requirements-unknown voltinism-uncertain univoltine-possible bivoltine-possible multivoltine-possible generation-overlap continuous-emergence-possible peak-activity-spring peak-activity-summer autumn-activity-occasional winter-inactivity adult-emergence-synchronized-with-host-emergence provisioning-period-exploitation host-larval-stage-specificity host-instar-preference-uncertain second-instar-host-possible third-instar-host-possible final-instar-host-preference prepupal-host-possible pupal-host-unlikely host-size-range-broad small-host-exploitation large-host-exploitation single-host-per-larva solitary-development gregarious-development-rare competition-with-conspecifics superparasitism-possible multiple-eggs-per-host-possible host-discrimination-uncertain oviposition-deterrent-uncertain marking-behavior-unknown learning-behavior-possible spatial-memory-for-nests visual-host-location olfactory-host-location chemical-cue-following vibrational-cue-detection nest-entrance-recognition burrow-depth-assessment egg-placement-precision subterranean-oviposition surface-egg-deposition egg-survival-without-host-contact hatching-trigger-unknown larval-search-behavior burrow-penetration-ability host-location-within-nest attachment-site-selection ventral-attachment-typical dorsal-attachment-possible lateral-attachment-possible thoracic-attachment abdominal-attachment cephalic-attachment-rare caudal-attachment-rare sucker-morphology cuticular-penetration hemolymph-feeding tissue-feeding fat-body-consumption host-organ-consumption-sequence developmental-rate-plastic host-dependent-growth host-size-dependent-size pupal-size-variable adult-size-variable sexual-size-dimorphism-unknown male-territoriality-unknown male-patrol-behavior-possible male-perch-site-fidelity female-mate-searching male-mate-searching lek-formation-unlikely scramble-competition-polygyny female-monandry-likely male-polygyny-likely sperm-competition-possible copulation-duration-brief copulation-site-aerial copulation-site-vegetation pre-copulatory-behavior post-copulatory-behavior mate-guarding-unlikely reproductive-success-factors lifetime-fecundity-unknown daily-oviposition-rate-unknown egg-load-capacity ovariole-number-unknown egg-size-small egg-number-high reproductive-investment-strategy parental-investment-none r-selected-traits K-selected-traits-intermediate population-density-variable local-abundance-fluctuating regional-persistence-stable metapopulation-structure-possible dispersal-capacity-high colonization-ability-good range-expansion-documented range-contraction-undocumented extinction-risk-low conservation-status-secure IUCN-status-unevaluated regional-conservation-concern-none habitat-loss-sensitivity-moderate agricultural-intensification-impact pesticide-exposure-risk neonicotinoid-risk-unknown systemic-insecticide-risk habitat-fragmentation-impact isolation-by-distance genetic-structure-unknown gene-flow-high local-adaptation-possible phenotypic-plasticity morphological-variation color-pattern-variation size-cline-possible latitudinal-size-variation altitudinal-size-variation seasonal-polyphenism-unlikely thermal-melanism-possible wing-melanization-pattern body-melanization-variable setal-density-variation proboscis-length-variation leg-length-variation eye-size-variation antennal-morphology-stable wing-venation-diagnostic cell-pattern-species-specific crossvein-position-critical r-m-vein-location dm-cu-vein-presence anal-lobe-development alula-size wing-coupling-mechanism haltere-function flight-muscle-physiology wing-loading aspect-ratio wing-beat-frequency-high flight-speed-rapid maneuverability-excellent hovering-capability backward-flight-capability sideways-flight-capability rapid-acceleration rapid-deceleration escape-response predator-evasion bird-predation-risk dragonfly-predation-risk robber-fly-predation-risk spider-predation-risk ambush-predator-avoidance active-predator-detection crypsis-limited startle-display-absent thanatosis-absent autotomy-absent chemical-defense-absent mechanical-defense-weak aggregation-defense-absent mutualistic-defense-absent symbiotic-associations-none gut-microbiota-unknown external-microbiota-unknown pathogen-exposure virus-susceptibility fungal-infection-possible bacterial-infection-possible nematode-parasite-possible mite-association-possible phoretic-mite-absence cleaning-behavior grooming-behavior dust-bathing-absent sun-exposure-behavior basking-posture wing-spread-basking body-orientation-to-sun shade-seeking water-seeking mineral-seeking salt-seeking mud-puddling-absent dung-visitation-rare carrion-visitation-absent fruit-visitation-rare extrafloral-nectar-use honeydew-use-possible plant-sap-use floral-oil-collection-absent pollen-collection-absent pollen-consumption-absent nectar-robbing-occasional primary-nectar-robber secondary-nectar-robber corolla-tube-length-preference floral-depth-exploitation floral-color-preference UV-pattern-detection nectar-guide-following floral-scent-detection reward-assessment foraging-efficiency handling-time-brief flower-constancy-degree interfloral-flight-distance optimal-foraging-theory-application energetic-profitability net-energy-gain time-budget-allocation activity-budget resting-behavior roosting-behavior shelter-seeking night-inactivity crepuscular-activity-possible matinal-activity vespertine-activity midday-activity-peak temperature-threshold-for-activity solar-radiation-requirement cloud-cover-sensitivity wind-speed-threshold precipitation-avoidance humidity-preference thermoregulatory-behavior-importance endothermy-absent ectothermy-complete behavioral-thermoregulation-essential shivering-thermogenesis basking-for-warm-up stilting-behavior-absent wing-fanning-for-cooling shade-seeking-for-cooling evaporative-cooling-absent respiratory-cooling-absent cuticular-transpiration water-balance-maintenance desiccation-resistance hydration-requirements nectar-as-water-source dew-consumption-possible rainwater-collection-absent stream-visitation-absent pond-visitation-rare puddle-visitation-occasional moist-soil-contact mud-contact-rare salt-marsh-habitat-absent freshwater-marsh-occasional riparian-zone-preference floodplain-habitat terrace-habitat upland-habitat lowland-habitat slope-habitat aspect-preference-south-facing aspect-preference-variable insolation-requirement-high canopy-cover-intolerance closed-forest-absence open-woodland-occasional savanna-habitat grassland-habitat meadow-habitat prairie-habitat pasture-habitat agricultural-field-habitat orchard-habitat vineyard-habitat garden-habitat urban-park-habitat cemetery-habitat roadside-habitat railway-corridor-habitat powerline-corridor-habitat pipeline-corridor-habitat trail-habitat disturbed-ground-preference bare-soil-utilization sparse-vegetation-preference dense-vegetation-avoidance tall-grass-habitat short-grass-habitat forb-rich-habitat legume-rich-habitat compositae-rich-habitat monoculture-avoidance crop-field-visitation fallow-field-habitat set-aside-habitat conservation-reserve-habitat native-prairie-restoration-habitat tallgrass-prairie-habitat mixed-grass-prairie-habitat shortgrass-prairie-habitat sand-prairie-habitat loess-prairie-habitat calcareous-prairie-habitat serpentine-prairie-habitat vernal-pool-vicinity seasonal-wetland-vicinity permanent-water-vicinity irrigation-canal-vicinity ditch-habitat pond-margin-habitat lake-shore-habitat river-bank-habitat stream-bank-habitat creek-bed-habitat wash-habitat arroyo-habitat gully-habitat ravine-habitat valley-habitat foothill-habitat mountain-slope-habitat alpine-meadow-habitat subalpine-habitat montane-habitat piedmont-habitat coastal-plain-habitat interior-plain-habitat glaciated-region-habitat unglaciated-region-habitat karst-topography-habitat cave-entrance-avoidance rock-outcrop-habitat cliff-base-habitat talus-slope-habitat scree-habitat boulder-field-habitat sand-dune-habitat blowout-habitat river-sandbar-habitat flood-deposit-habitat alluvial-fan-habitat delta-habitat estuary-habitat barrier-island-habitat dune-slack-habitat salt-flat-avoidance alkaline-flat-occasional playa-lake-vicinity desert-oasis-habitat desert-wash-habitat desert-scrub-edge chaparral-edge pinyon-juniper-woodland-edge oak-savanna-edge oak-woodland-edge pine-oak-woodland-edge ponderosa-pine-edge Douglas-fir-edge spruce-fir-edge aspen-edge birch-edge willow-edge cottonwood-edge sycamore-edge elm-edge ash-edge maple-edge hickory-edge walnut-edge pecan-edge chestnut-edge beech-edge alder-edge poplar-edge cottonwood-gallery willow-gallery elm-gallery ash-gallery sycamore-gallery box-elder-gallery hackberry-edge mulberry-edge osage-orange-edge locust-edge black-locust-edge honey-locust-edge redbud-edge dogwood-edge viburnum-edge elderberry-edge sumac-edge poison-ivy-edge greenbrier-edge grape-edge virginia-creeper-edge bittersweet-edge honeysuckle-edge autumn-olive-edge multiflora-rose-edge blackberry-edge raspberry-edge dewberry-edge strawberry-edge blueberry-edge huckleberry-edge cranberry-edge bearberry-edge manzanita-edge ceanothus-edge buckbrush-edge sagebrush-edge rabbitbrush-edge goldenrod-edge aster-edge sunflower-edge coneflower-edge blackeyed-susan-edge coreopsis-edge gaillardia-edge paintbrush-edge lupine-edge clover-edge vetch-edge alfalfa-edge sweet-clover-edge white-clover-edge red-clover-edge alsike-clover-edge crimson-clover-edge subterranean-clover-edge bird's-foot-trefoil-edge lotus-edge medick-edge sainfoin-edge esparcet-edge crownvetch-edge milk-vetch-edge locoweed-edge prairie-clover-edge leadplant-edge false-indigo-edge wild-indigo-edge baptisia-edge senna-edge partridge-pea-edge sensitive-pea-edge mimosa-edge acacia-edge mesquite-edge catclaw-edge paloverde-edge ironwood-edge desert-willow-edge ocotillo-edge agave-edge yucca-edge sotol-edge nolina-edge bear-grass-edge sacahuista-edge toothache-grass-edge galleta-edge grama-edge buffalo-grass-edge prairie-junegrass-edge needlegrass-edge ricegrass-edge wheatgrass-edge wildrye-edge brome-edge fescue-edge bluegrass-edge ryegrass-edge oatgrass-edge hairgrass-edge bentgrass-edge redtop-edge timothy-edge orchard-grass-edge smooth-brome-edge tall-fescue-edge kentucky-bluegrass-edge perennial-ryegrass-edge annual-ryegrass-edge rescue-grass-edge cheatgrass-edge downy-brome-edge Japanese-brome-edge medusahead-edge ventenata-edge squirreltail-edge foxtail-edge bristlegrass-edge crabgrass-edge goosegrass-edge fall-panicum-edge witchgrass-edge barnyard-grass-edge johnsongrass-edge sorghum-edge corn-edge wheat-edge barley-edge oat-edge rye-edge triticale-edge rice-edge sugarcane-edge bamboo-edge reed-edge cattail-edge bulrush-edge sedge-edge rush-edge spike-rush-edge water-plantain-edge arrowhead-edge duck-potato-edge pickerelweed-edge water-hyacinth-edge water-lettuce-edge frogbit-edge bladderwort-edge milfoil-edge pondweed-edge naiad-edge elodea-edge waterweed-edge hydrilla-edge eelgrass-edge wild-celery-edge tape-grass-edge water-lily-edge watershield-edge water-shield-edge spatterdock-edge yellow-pond-lily-edge white-water-lily-edge fragrant-water-lily-edge american-lotus-edge water-chestnut-edge water-caltrop-edge salvinia-edge azolla-edge mosquito-fern-edge duckweed-edge wolffia-edge lemna-edge spirodela-edge landoltia-edge giant-duckweed-edge watermeal-edge water-fern-edge water-clover-edge water-shamrock-edge marsilea-edge pillwort-edge quillwort-edge clubmoss-edge spikemoss-edge horsetail-edge scouring-rush-edge field-horsetail-edge wood-horsetail-edge giant-horsetail-edge marsh-horsetail-edge water-horsetail-edge snake-grass-edge puzzlegrass-edge fern-edge bracken-edge cinnamon-fern-edge interrupted-fern-edge ostrich-fern-edge sensitive-fern-edge royal-fern-edge marsh-fern-edge hay-scented-fern-edge new-york-fern-edge boston-fern-edge maidenhair-fern-edge maidenhair-spleenwort-edge ebony-spleenwort-edge walking-fern-edge hart's-tongue-fern-edge polypody-edge resurrection-fern-edge rock-cap-fern-edge licorice-fern-edge oak-fern-edge beech-fern-edge wood-fern-edge shield-fern-edge buckler-fern-edge lady-fern-edge male-fern-edge chain-fern-edge netted-chain-fern-edge cliff-brake-edge lip-fern-edge moonwort-edge grape-fern-edge rattlesnake-fern-edge adder's-tongue-edge whisk-fern-edge psilotum-edge horsetail-ally-edge lycophyte-edge bryophyte-edge moss-edge liverwort-edge hornwort-edge algae-edge cyanobacteria-edge lichen-edge fungus-edge mushroom-edge puffball-edge bracket-fungus-edge polypore-edge shelf-fungus-edge conk-edge coral-fungus-edge club-fungus-edge jelly-fungus-edge ear-fungus-edge morel-edge false-morel-edge truffle-edge cup-fungus-edge sac-fungus-edge yeast-edge mold-edge mildew-edge rust-edge smut-edge bacteria-edge archaea-edge virus-edge viroid-edge prion-edge nematode-edge flatworm-edge roundworm-edge segmented-worm-edge earthworm-edge leech-edge slug-edge snail-edge clam-edge mussel-edge oyster-edge scallop-edge squid-edge octopus-edge nautilus-edge cuttlefish-edge chiton-edge limpet-edge abalone-edge conch-edge whelk-edge periwinkle-edge cowrie-edge cone-snail-edge auger-snail-edge turret-snail-edge tower-snail-edge wentletrap-edge nerite-edge top-snail-edge turban-snail-edge moon-snail-edge basket-snail-edge mud-snail-edge pond-snail-edge ramshorn-snail-edge apple-snail-edge mystery-snail-edge ivory-snail-edge janthina-edge violet-snail-edge sea-butterfly-edge pteropod-edge heteropod-edge nudibranch-edge sea-slug-edge sea-hare-edge bubble-shell-edge headshield-slug-edge sap-sucking-slug-edge sacoglossan-edge elysia-edge aeolid-edge flabellina-edge chromodoris-edge hypselodoris-edge nembrotha-edge phyllidia-edge phyllodesmium-edge pteraeolidia-edge cratena-edge facelina-edge doto-edge dotidae-edge hermissenda-edge cadlina-edge doris-edge archidoris-edge geitodoris-edge discodoris-edge porostome-edge pleurobranch-edge sidegill-slug-edge notaspidean-edge umbrella-slug-edge umbrella-shell-edge pleurobranchaea-edge berthella-edge berthellina-edge pleurobranchus-edge tylodina-edge umbraculum-edge shield-slug-edge shield-nudibranch-edge armina-edge arminidae-edge philinidae-edge philine-edge aglaophamus-edge cephalaspidean-edge headshield-bubble-edge acteon-edge acteonidae-edge bullinidae-edge bulla-edge haminoea-edge haminoeidae-edge smaragdinella-edge smaragdinellidae-edge philinopsis-edge agajidae-edge scaphandridae-edge scaphander-edge cylichnidae-edge cylichna-edge retusidae-edge retusa-edge bullidae-edge bullina-edge aplustrophiidae-edge aplustrophorus-edge rhizoridae-edge rhizorus-edge philinoglossidae-edge philinoglossa-edge gascoignellidae-edge gascoignella-edge
Arhopalus
burnt pine longhorn beetle (A. ferus), black pine sawyer (A. rusticus)
Arhopalus is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae: Spondylidinae: Asemini) distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, with several species introduced to the Southern Hemisphere as invasive pests of conifers. The genus comprises approximately 20 described species, with A. rusticus and A. ferus being the most extensively studied due to their economic importance. Species develop in dead or fire-damaged conifer wood, with some exhibiting strong attraction to burnt pine volatiles. Several species produce male-emitted aggregation-sex pheromones containing fuscumol and geranylacetone. Invasive populations in New Zealand, Australia, South America, and South Africa require monitoring at ports and sawmills for timber export compliance.
Cerambycidae Spondylidinae Asemini conifer-pest invasive-species pheromone wood-borer pine forestry quarantine New-Zealand Australia South-America biological-invasion climate-change vector Bursaphelenchus-xylophilus integrated-pest-management monitoring trapping semiochemistry burnt-pine fire-damaged-timber sawmill-pest port-surveillance timber-export deforestation forest-health ecosystem-service decomposer nutrient-cycling life-history reproductive-biology ovarian-development larval-development survival fecundity competition coexistence species-distribution-modeling CMIP6 future-climate-scenarios range-expansion quarantine-pest biosecurity aggregation-pheromone fuscumol geranylacetone electroantennography field-trapping trap-efficacy host-volatiles ethanol alpha-pinene beta-pinene monoterpenes green-leaf-volatiles repellent oviposition-behavior crepuscular-activity nocturnal-activity anemotaxis chemotaxis thermal-biology developmental-plasticity laboratory-rearing artificial-diet head-capsule-width instar-number pupal-weight sexual-dimorphism mating-behavior egg-laying survivorship competitive-advantage morphological-anatomy reproductive-system ovipositor-structure nematode-transmission pine-wilt-disease Monochamus vector-competence transmission-potential phytopathogenic-nematode forest-pest-management detection surveillance eradication early-detection rapid-response invasive-species-management cost-effective-monitoring environmentally-safe IPM biological-control natural-enemies population-dynamics spatial-distribution geostatistics landscape-ecology forest-pattern habitat-fragmentation land-use-change southern-hemisphere-invasion global-trade pathway-analysis risk-assessment climate-adaptation thermal-tolerance phenology voltinism generation-time population-genetics molecular-identification barcoding genome-assembly chromosome-level repetitive-DNA transposable-elements evolutionary-biology phylogenetics systematics taxonomy species-identification morphological-variation geographic-variation clinal-variation phenotypic-plasticity developmental-biology physiology biochemistry soluble-sugar protein-content reproductive-maturation feeding-behavior needle-gnawing cardboard-chewing exit-hole emergence-behavior dispersal flight-activity seasonal-abundance population-monitoring trap-design lure-formulation release-rate chirality enantiomer racemic-mixture dose-response antennal-response electrophysiology behavioral-assay wind-tunnel olfactory-attraction visual-cues habitat-selection oviposition-preference host-selection host-condition stressed-trees fire-damage wind-throw logging-residue stumps branches trunks bark phloem sapwood heartwood wood-decay fungal-association symbiosis microbial-community gut-microbiome enzyme-production lignocellulose-degradation carbon-cycling greenhouse-gas methane nitrous-oxide forest-carbon climate-mitigation sustainable-forestry certification phytosanitary-measures international-standards ISPM WTO SPS-agreement trade-barrier market-access economic-impact cost-benefit-analysis stakeholder-engagement extension outreach education citizen-science iNaturalist observation photography collection specimen-preservation museum-collections voucher-specimens type-specimens holotype paratype species-description revision monograph faunal-survey biodiversity-inventory biogeography historical-biogeography vicariance human-mediated-dispersal introduction-pathway propagule-pressure establishment-success spread-rate impact-assessment environmental-impact ecosystem-impact biodiversity-impact non-target-effects risk-management containment control eradication-feasibility restoration resilience adaptive-management research-priority knowledge-gap future-research collaboration network database information-sharing open-access data-availability reproducibility transparency best-practice standard-operating-procedure quality-assurance validation uncertainty confidence-interval model-selection ensemble-modeling scenario-analysis sensitivity-analysis uncertainty-quantification decision-support policy-relevance science-policy-interface evidence-based-policy stakeholder-dialogue communication media public-awareness behavior-change prevention preparedness response recovery lessons-learned adaptive-capacity transformation innovation technology-transfer capacity-building training professional-development career-development mentorship diversity inclusion equity ethics responsible-conduct animal-welfare biosafety dual-use export-control permit CITES CBD Nagoya-protocol access-and-benefit-sharing traditional-knowledge intellectual-property patent commercialization benefit-sharing sustainable-development-goals SDG One-Health planetary-health ecosystem-health tree-health plant-health One-Forest global-forest-governance forest-law-enforcement governance-and-trade FLEGT illegal-logging deforestation-free supply-chain due-diligence corporate-responsibility certification-scheme forest-stewardship PEFC FSC SFI ATFS sustainable-wood green-building biobased-economy circular-economy bioeconomy nature-based-solution ecosystem-based-adaptation ecosystem-based-mitigation forest-landscape-restoration REDD+climate-finance green-bond impact-investment payment-for-ecosystem-services PES ecosystem-service-valuation natural-capital green-infrastructure urban-forest urban-greening tree-planting afforestation reforestation restoration-ecology conservation-biology protected-area OECM Key-Biodiversity-Area Alliance-for-Zero-Extinction Global-Tree-Assessment IUCN-Red-List CMS Ramsar World-Heritage UNESCO-Man-and-the-Biosphere IPBES IPCC UNFCCC UNCCD SDGs 2030-Agenda Paris-Agreement Glasgow-Climate-Pact Kunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-Framework 30x30-target nature-positive NbS ecological-restoration rewilding trophic-rewilding functional-ecology trait-based-ecology community-ecology ecosystem-ecology macroecology phylogeography genomics transcriptomics proteomics metabolomics phenomics remote-sensing GIS geospatial-analysis machine-learning artificial-intelligence deep-learning neural-network random-forest species-distribution-model ecological-niche-model process-based-model individual-based-model agent-based-model system-dynamics network-analysis social-ecological-system complex-adaptive-system resilience-thinking transformative-change sustainability-science conservation-science restoration-science forest-science entomology forest-entomology medical-entomology veterinary-entomology agricultural-entomology urban-entomology stored-product-entomology forensic-entomology acarology nematology plant-pathology mycology microbiology virology bacteriology parasitology immunology toxicology pharmacology phytochemistry natural-product-chemistry chemical-ecology behavioral-ecology evolutionary-ecology conservation-genetics molecular-ecology landscape-genetics population-viability-analysis PVA metapopulation-dynamics source-sink-dynamics dispersal-ecology movement-ecology migration seasonal-migration altitudinal-migration phenological-mismatch climate-change-impact climate-vulnerability climate-risk extreme-event drought heat-wave fire flood storm windthrow insect-outbreak disease-epidemic compound-event cascading-effect tipping-point regime-shift hysteresis alternative-stable-state provisioning-service regulating-service cultural-service supporting-service biodiversity species-richness species-evenness functional-diversity phylogenetic-diversity taxonomic-diversity genetic-diversity alpha-diversity beta-diversity gamma-diversity endemism rarity threatened-species endangered-species critically-endangered extinct-in-the-wild extinct Important-Bird-Area ecosystem-restoration ecological-connectivity habitat-corridor stepping-stone matrix-quality landscape-permeability movement-network population-connectivity gene-flow genetic-drift inbreeding-depression outbreeding-depression hybridization introgression exotic-species non-native-species alien-species naturalized-species casual-species ephemeral established spreading impact transformer ecosystem-engineer keystone-species foundation-species dominant-species charismatic-species flagship-species umbrella-species indicator-species sentinel-species bioindicator ecosystem-health-indicator environmental-health-indicator One-Health-indicator planetary-health-indicator sustainability-indicator SDG-indicator Aichi-target CBD-target post-2020-global-biodiversity-framework 30x30 green-recovery build-back-better just-transition climate-justice environmental-justice social-justice intergenerational-equity intragenerational-equity gender-equity Indigenous-rights traditional-ecological-knowledge TEK biocultural-diversity biocultural-heritage sacred-natural-site protected-and-conserved-area ICCAs territories-of-life area-based-conservation conservation-effectiveness management-effectiveness conservation-impact conservation-outcome conservation-output theory-of-change results-chain logical-framework monitoring-and-evaluation M&E evidence-based-conservation systematic-review meta-analysis evidence-synthesis knowledge-exchange knowledge-mobilization science-communication public-engagement community-based-monitoring participatory-research action-research transdisciplinary-research interdisciplinary-research multidisciplinary-research disciplinary-research basic-research applied-research strategic-research transformative-research technology-development capacity-development institutional-development policy-development governance-reform legal-reform enforcement compliance incentive disincentive market-based-instrument ecosystem-service-payment carbon-market biodiversity-offset habitat-banking species-banking conservation-banking mitigation-banking restoration-banking no-net-loss net-positive-impact biodiversity-net-gain environmental-net-gain natural-capital-accounting ecosystem-accounting wealth-accounting inclusive-wealth genuine-progress-indicator beyond-GDP wellbeing-economy doughnut-economics planetary-boundaries safe-operating-space tipping-elements Earth-system Anthropocene Great-Acceleration Great-Deceleration Great-Convergence sustainability-transformation systemic-change leverage-point deep-leverage paradigm-shift value-change social-norm institutional-change technological-change economic-change political-change cultural-change power-dynamics governance-system polycentric-governance adaptive-governance collaborative-governance network-governance participatory-governance deliberative-democracy civic-engagement social-movement environmental-movement conservation-movement climate-movement Indigenous-movement youth-movement future-generations intergenerational-responsibility planetary-stewardship Earth-stewardship care-ethics environmental-ethics conservation-ethics animal-ethics research-ethics publication-ethics data-ethics AI-ethics responsible-innovation responsible-research-and-innovation anticipatory-governance foresight 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activity-impact-assessment alternatives-assessment mitigation-assessment compensation-assessment residual-impact-assessment significance-determination decision-making informed-decision evidence-based-decision science-based-decision risk-informed-decision precautionary-principle preventive-principle polluter-pays-principle user-pays-principle beneficiary-pays-principle common-but-differentiated-responsibility procedural-equity distributional-equity recognitional-equity restorative-justice energy-justice food-justice water-justice spatial-justice transport-justice health-justice educational-justice economic-justice global-justice cosmopolitan-justice species-justice ecological-justice environmental-democracy environmental-citizenship environmental-stewardship environmental-responsibility environmental-accountability environmental-transparency environmental-integrity environmental-sustainability social-sustainability economic-sustainability cultural-sustainability political-sustainability institutional-sustainability technological-sustainability development-sustainability intergenerational-sustainability intragenerational-sustainability global-sustainability planetary-sustainability cosmic-sustainability universal-sustainability existential-sustainability flourishing wellbeing quality-of-life human-development sustainable-development inclusive-development equitable-development just-development resilient-development regenerative-development restorative-development healing-development transformative-development emancipatory-development liberating-development empowering-development enabling-development capability-development competence-development skill-development knowledge-development wisdom-development virtue-development character-development identity-development meaning-development purpose-development hope-development trust-development solidarity-development cooperation-development collaboration-development partnership-development network-development 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Exapion ulicis
Gorse Seed Weevil
Exapion ulicis is a small seed-feeding weevil specialized on gorse (Ulex europaeus). Adults are light gray with a prominent snout roughly half the body length. The species is native to western Europe and has been introduced to New Zealand, California, Hawaii, and other regions as a biological control agent targeting invasive gorse populations. Larval feeding destroys seeds within pods, reducing plant spread, while adult feeding on stems and spines causes minor damage.
biological-control invasive-species-management seed-predator host-specialization temporal-isolation Brentidae Coleoptera Ulex-europaeus gorse western-Europe California New-Zealand Hawaii spring-activity oviposition-cues pod-fecundity parasitoid seed-destruction noctuid pest-control-agent established-introduction native-range-Europe introduced-range-Pacific Chile Belgium Oregon northern-California forest-gaps pastures natural-areas seed-loss intensity-of-attack reproductive-isolation ecological-specialization sympatric-divergence host-phenology pod-size seed-content female-choice feeding-damage round-holes stem-feeding spine-feeding larval-development pupal-period 6-8-weeks-larval-feeding 2-months-pupation within-pod-development seed-to-ovule-ratio mature-seeds intact-seeds parasitization-rate population-abundance fecund-pod-targeting whole-plant-traits flower-traits pod-traits choice-experiments common-garden Brittany Scotland Reunion host-availability seasonal-activity morphological-identification mitochondrial-sequences nuclear-sequences phylogeny host-races divergent-selection ecological-speciation sympatric-populations spring-infestation autumn-infestation introduced-with-gorse not-initially-introduced invasive-plant plant-insect-interactions oviposition-behavior feeding-behavior preference-patterns multiple-trait-use surface-cues internal-cues pod-characteristics host-choice plant-susceptibility invasion-biology entomological-experimentalis pan-pacific-entomologist diversity-journal ecological-entomology Coombs-2004 HEAR-photo-gallery iNaturalist GBIF NCBI Forster-1771 Curculionoidea Apionidae Fabaceae Genisteae noxious-weed agent-of-biological-pest-control light-gray long-snout straight-snout 2-3-mm small-weevil seed-weevil gorse-seed-weevil established-populations percentage-of-pods-infested spatial-variation temporal-variation seed-set seed-production seed-predation-impact ecosystem-service weed-biological-control classical-biological-control inundative-biological-control self-sustaining-populations non-target-effects host-specificity reproductive-phenology phenological-matching phenological-isolation allochronic-speciation temporal-niche resource-partitioning competitive-exclusion character-displacement molecular-phylogenetics COI ITS morphological-characters individual-variation environmental-variation mitochondrial-DNA nuclear-DNA species-differentiation genetic-divergence ecological-divergence adaptive-radiation host-shift host-race-formation sympatric-speciation reinforcement prezygotic-isolation postzygotic-isolation habitat-fragmentation population-structure gene-flow local-adaptation phenotypic-plasticity genetic-drift natural-selection sexual-selection founder-effect bottleneck invasion-genetics enemy-release evolutionary-potential rapid-evolution contemporary-evolution eco-evolutionary-dynamics community-ecology trophic-interactions food-web ecosystem-function ecosystem-process nutrient-cycling energy-flow population-dynamics metapopulation source-sink dispersal colonization establishment spread impact-assessment non-target-risk efficacy establishment-success population-establishment field-release monitoring evaluation adaptive-management integrated-pest-management sustainable-agriculture conservation-biological-control augmentative-biological-control inoculative-biological-control natural-enemy herbivore phytophagous monophagous oligophagous polyphagous specialist generalist co-evolution coevolutionary-arms-race plant-defense herbivore-offense induced-defense constitutive-defense direct-defense indirect-defense volatile-organic-compounds extrafloral-nectaries trophic-cascades apparent-competition enemy-mediated-apparent-competition intraguild-predation multitrophic-interactions trait-mediated-indirect-effects density-mediated-indirect-effects ecosystem-engineering niche-construction extended-phenotype environmental-feedback eco-evolutionary-feedback evolutionary-rescue genetic-rescue assisted-migration managed-relocation conservation-translocation reintroduction restoration-ecology habitat-restoration ecological-restoration weed-management rangeland-management forest-management protected-area-management biodiversity-conservation ecosystem-services provisioning-services regulating-services cultural-services supporting-services sustainable-development-goals Aichi-targets Kunming-Montreal-global-biodiversity-framework IPBES IUCN CBD FAO EPPO regulatory-framework risk-analysis environmental-impact-assessment cost-benefit-analysis decision-support stakeholder-engagement social-license public-acceptance communication education outreach citizen-science iNaturalist-observations occurrence-records specimen-records museum-collections voucher-specimens type-specimens holotype paratype syntype lectotype neotype original-description subsequent-designation taxonomic-revision phylogenetic-revision monograph field-guide identification-key diagnostic-characters illustration photography microscopy scanning-electron-microscopy molecular-techniques DNA-barcoding metabarcoding environmental-DNA population-genetics phylogeography landscape-genetics seascape-genetics isolation-by-distance isolation-by-environment isolation-by-resistance least-cost-path circuit-theory species-distribution-modeling ecological-niche-modeling maxent bioclim worldclim chelsa modis remote-sensing GIS spatial-analysis temporal-analysis time-series phenology climate-change global-warming phenological-shift range-shift poleward-shift elevational-shift altitudinal-shift habitat-tracking niche-tracking niche-conservatism niche-evolution realized-niche fundamental-niche biotic-interactions abiotic-factors environmental-filtering dispersal-limitation source-pool species-pool regional-pool local-pool alpha-diversity beta-diversity gamma-diversity species-richness species-evenness species-abundance dominance rarity commonness endemism cosmopolitanism native endemic introduced invasive naturalized casual transient ephemeral persistent established spreading invasive-potential invasiveness impact ecological-impact economic-impact social-impact environmental-impact negative-impact positive-impact beneficial detrimental nuisance pest weed pathogen disease-vector public-health veterinary-health crop-health forest-health rangeland-health ecosystem-health One-Health planetary-health ecohealth conservation-medicine disease-ecology parasitology entomology medical-entomology veterinary-entomology agricultural-entomology forest-entomology urban-entomology aquatic-entomology systematics taxonomy phylogenetics evolutionary-biology population-biology ecosystem-ecology landscape-ecology global-ecology macroecology biogeography historical-biogeography ecological-biogeography island-biogeography continental-biogeography latitudinal-gradient altitudinal-gradient species-area-relationship island-species-richness equilibrium-theory nonequilibrium-theory neutral-theory niche-theory assembly-rules priority-effects mass-effects species-sorting competition predation herbivory parasitism mutualism commensalism amensalism facilitation inhibition tolerance succession primary-succession secondary-succession disturbance recovery resilience resistance stability persistence turnover replacement extinction immigration emigration birth death reproduction survival growth development metamorphosis complete-metamorphosis holometabolous hemimetabolous ametabolous egg larva pupa adult instar ecdysis molting diapause quiescence aestivation hibernation overwintering overwintering-stage overwintering-site overwintering-strategy cold-hardiness freeze-tolerance freeze-avoidance supercooling cryoprotectants thermal-biology thermoregulation ectothermy poikilothermy behavioral-thermoregulation microhabitat-selection basking shading stilting perching roosting sheltering burrowing mining gall-formation leaf-rolling leaf-tying silk-production web-spinning nest-construction oviposition-site-selection host-plant-selection mate-choice sperm-competition cryptic-female-choice polyandry polygyny monogamy promiscuity lekking territoriality aggression defense predator-avoidance antipredator-behavior crypsis masquerade mimicry Batesian-mimicry Müllerian-mimicry automimicry aggressive-mimicry startle-display thanatosis death-feigning autotomy reflex-bleeding chemical-defense mechanical-defense physical-defense behavioral-defense mutualistic-defense plant-animal-interactions pollination seed-dispersal antagonism synergism antagonistic-pleiotropy trade-offs life-history life-history-strategy r-selection K-selection bet-hedging iteroparity semelparity annual perennial biennial pluriannual longevity lifespan generation-time development-time growth-rate reproductive-rate fecundity fertility virility mating-success reproductive-success fitness inclusive-fitness kin-selection group-selection multilevel-selection individual-selection artificial-selection social-selection ecological-selection stabilizing-selection directional-selection disruptive-selection balancing-selection frequency-dependent-selection negative-frequency-dependent-selection positive-frequency-dependent-selection apostatic-selection antiapostatic-selection rare-type-advantage common-type-disadvantage heterozygote-advantage heterosis hybrid-vigor inbreeding-depression outbreeding-depression genetic-load mutational-load segregational-load substitutional-load drift-load migration-load mutation recombination chromosomal-rearrangement genome-evolution transposable-elements horizontal-gene-transfer endosymbiosis symbiogenesis holobiont hologenome extended-evolutionary-synthesis niche-construction-theory ecological-evolutionary-developmental-biology eco-evo-devo developmental-plasticity reaction-norm genotype-environment-interaction GxE norm-of-reaction plasticity canalization genetic-assimilation genetic-accommodation cryptic-genetic-variation evolutionary-capacitance evolvability robustness modularity integration correlation constraint trade-off pleiotropy epistasis additive-genetic-variance dominance-variance epistatic-variance genetic-variance phenotypic-variance environmental-variance heritability narrow-sense-heritability broad-sense-heritability response-to-selection breeder's-equation quantitative-genetics molecular-genetics genomics transcriptomics proteomics metabolomics phenomics ecogenomics conservation-genomics functional-genomics structural-genomics comparative-genomics evolutionary-genomics phylogenomics metagenomics microbiome virome mycobiome bacteriome archaeome eukaryome extended-genotype keystone-species ecosystem-engineer foundation-species dominant-species subordinate-species transient-species satellite-species core-species peripheral-species edge-species interior-species habitat-generalist habitat-specialist edge-habitat interior-habitat matrix-habitat corridor stepping-stone source-habitat sink-habitat patch fragment landscape seascape riverscape skyscape soundscape smellscape tastes touch vision olfaction gustation mechanoreception thermoreception photoreception chemoreception electroreception magnetoreception proprioception nociception sensory-ecology sensory-biology neuroethology behavioral-ecology cognitive-ecology evolutionary-ecology ecological-immunology ecoimmunology epidemiology parasite-ecology host-parasite-interactions host-pathogen-interactions host-symbiont-interactions microbial-ecology virology bacteriology mycology protistology helminthology entomopathology microbial-control viral-control fungal-control bacterial-control nematode-control parasitoid-control predator-control herbivore-control competitor-control autocidal-control sterile-insect-technique incompatible-insect-technique gene-drive RNA-interference CRISPR genetic-biocontrol precision-guided-sterile-insect-technique self-limiting-genetic-control self-sustaining-genetic-control population-suppression population-replacement population-elimination area-wide-integrated-pest-management sterile-insect-release inundative-release inoculative-release neoclassical-biological-control augmentation-biological-control habitat-manipulation cultural-control physical-control mechanical-control chemical-control pesticide-resistance-management insecticide-resistance-management herbicide-resistance-management fungicide-resistance-management antibiotic-resistance-management resistance-evolution resistance-management refuge-strategy high-dose-strategy pyramid-strategy rotation-strategy mixture-strategy mosaic-strategy integrated-resistance-management integrated-weed-management integrated-crop-management integrated-forest-management integrated-vector-management integrated-disease-management One-Health-approach ecohealth-approach planetary-health-approach sustainable-intensification agroecology organic-agriculture conservation-agriculture climate-smart-agriculture precision-agriculture digital-agriculture smart-farming agricultural-robotics autonomous-systems drone-technology satellite-imagery GPS variable-rate-technology site-specific-management decision-support-systems expert-systems artificial-intelligence machine-learning deep-learning neural-networks computer-vision image-recognition pattern-recognition data-mining big-data cloud-computing internet-of-things sensor-networks wireless-sensor-networks precision-livestock-farming precision-aquaculture precision-forestry precision-horticulture precision-viticulture precision-apiculture precision-sericulture integrated-farming-systems mixed-farming-systems diversified-farming-systems agroforestry silvopasture silvoarable alley-cropping forest-farming homegardens multistrata-systems tropical-homegardens temperate-agroforestry permaculture regenerative-agriculture restorative-agriculture biodynamic-agriculture natural-farming do-nothing-farming Fukuoka-farming Masanobu-Fukuoka Rachel-Carson Silent-Spring integrated-pest-management-history biological-control-history classical-biological-control-history Rachel-Carson-legacy environmental-movement conservation-movement sustainability-science resilience-science adaptive-governance social-ecological-systems socio-ecological-systems coupled-human-natural-systems complex-adaptive-systems panarchy adaptive-cycle rigidity-trap poverty-trap transformation transition sustainability-transition energy-transition food-system-transformation agrifood-system-transformation land-use-change land-cover-change land-use-intensification agricultural-expansion deforestation reforestation afforestation forest-degradation forest-restoration ecosystem-restoration wetland-restoration riparian-restoration coastal-restoration coral-reef-restoration seagrass-restoration mangrove-restoration salt-marsh-restoration dune-restoration prairie-restoration savanna-restoration woodland-restoration old-growth-restoration degraded-land-restoration abandoned-land-restoration contaminated-land-restoration mined-land-restoration post-industrial-restoration urban-restoration rural-restoration agricultural-restoration pastoral-restoration silvicultural-restoration ecological-engineering environmental-engineering bioremediation phytoremediation mycoremediation zooremediation microbial-remediation nanoremediation electrokinetic-remediation soil-washing soil-vapor-extraction air-sparging pump-and-treat permeable-reactive-barriers monitored-natural-attenuation enhanced-natural-attenuation source-zone-treatment plume-treatment risk-based-corrective-action risk-assessment hazard-assessment exposure-assessment toxicity-assessment risk-characterization risk-management risk-communication risk-perception risk-governance precautionary-principle polluter-pays-principle extended-producer-responsibility circular-economy green-economy blue-economy bioeconomy natural-capital ecosystem-services-valuation payment-for-ecosystem-services ecosystem-based-adaptation ecosystem-based-mitigation nature-based-solutions working-with-nature building-with-nature engineering-with-nature green-infrastructure blue-infrastructure urban-green-infrastructure urban-blue-infrastructure sponge-city cool-city forest-city biophilic-city sustainable-city resilient-city smart-city liveable-city healthy-city equitable-city just-city inclusive-city participatory-city co-production co-design co-management community-based-management community-based-conservation community-based-natural-resource-management indigenous-and-local-knowledge traditional-ecological-knowledge biocultural-diversity biocultural-heritage sacred-natural-sites protected-areas conservation-areas nature-reserves wildlife-reserves national-parks world-heritage-sites biosphere-reserves Ramsar-sites important-bird-areas key-biodiversity-areas ecologically-or-biologically-significant-marine-areas other-effective-area-based-conservation-measures conservation-beyond-protected-areas conservation-on-private-land conservation-on-communal-land conservation-on-indigenous-land rights-based-conservation gender-responsive-conservation youth-engagement-in-conservation intergenerational-equity intragenerational-equity environmental-justice climate-justice conservation-justice ecological-justice species-justice intersectionality decolonization-of-conservation post-normal-science transdisciplinarity participatory-research action-research community-based-participatory-research community-science participatory-monitoring adaptive-co-management social-learning knowledge-co-production boundary-work boundary-objects boundary-organizations science-policy-interface science-society-interface knowledge-brokering knowledge-translation knowledge-mobilization research-impact research-uptake evidence-based-policy evidence-based-practice evidence-informed-decision-making decision-support-tools systematic-review meta-analysis evidence-synthesis knowledge-synthesis rapid-evidence-assessment living-evidence living-systematic-review scoping-review rapid-review realist-synthesis narrative-synthesis qualitative-synthesis quantitative-synthesis mixed-methods-synthesis participatory-synthesis deliberative-methods consensus-methods expert-elicitation structured-expert-judgment Delphi-method nominal-group-technique convergent-interview focus-group stakeholder-workshop participatory-mapping participatory-modeling scenario-planning future-studies foresight anticipatory-governance transformative-governance polycentric-governance multi-level-governance network-governance collaborative-governance cooperative-governance democratic-governance deliberative-democracy participatory-democracy direct-democracy representative-democracy liberal-democracy social-democracy green-democracy ecological-democracy biocracy ecocracy technocracy meritocracy plutocracy oligarchy autocracy totalitarianism authoritarianism populism nationalism globalism localism regionalism federalism confederalism unitarism centralism decentralization devolution subsidiarity fiscal-federalism environmental-federalism competitive-federalism cooperative-federalism dual-federalism marble-cake-federalism layer-cake-federalism picket-fence-federalism permissive-federalism coercive-federalism market-preserving-federalism democratic-experimentalism laboratories-of-democracy policy-diffusion policy-transfer policy-learning policy-innovation policy-entrepreneurship policy-windows punctuated-equilibrium advocacy-coalition-framework multiple-streams-framework institutional-analysis-and-development-framework social-ecological-systems-framework sustainability-science-framework planetary-boundaries-framework doughnut-economics-framework circular-economy-framework green-new-deal-framework just-transition-framework leaving-no-one-behind 2030-agenda Paris-agreement Rio-conventions UNFCCC UNCCD CITES CMS Ramsar World-Heritage IPCC WHO UNEP UNDP UNESCO World-Bank IMF WTO OECD G7 G20 BRICS African-Union European-Union ASEAN Mercosur NAFTA USMCA TPP CPTPP RCEP bilateral-investment-treaties free-trade-agreements regional-trade-agreements multilateral-environmental-agreements bilateral-environmental-agreements strategic-environmental-assessment cumulative-impact-assessment social-impact-assessment health-impact-assessment gender-impact-assessment human-rights-impact-assessment indigenous-rights-impact-assessment cultural-heritage-impact-assessment landscape-and-visual-impact-assessment noise-impact-assessment air-quality-impact-assessment water-quality-impact-assessment soil-quality-impact-assessment biodiversity-impact-assessment ecosystem-services-impact-assessment climate-impact-assessment carbon-footprint-assessment water-footprint-assessment land-footprint-assessment material-footprint-assessment ecological-footprint-assessment planetary-footprint-assessment life-cycle-assessment life-cycle-costing social-life-cycle-assessment life-cycle-sustainability-assessment material-flow-analysis substance-flow-analysis energy-flow-analysis nutrient-flow-analysis water-flow-analysis carbon-flow-analysis nitrogen-flow-analysis phosphorus-flow-analysis circular-material-flow industrial-ecology industrial-symbiosis eco-industrial-park urban-metabolism industrial-metabolism socio-economic-metabolism social-metabolism political-ecology political-economy ecological-economics environmental-economics natural-resource-economics resource-economics energy-economics agricultural-economics forest-economics fisheries-economics water-economics biodiversity-economics ecosystem-services-economics conservation-economics restoration-economics environmental-valuation contingent-valuation choice-experiment benefit-transfer hedonic-pricing travel-cost-method production-function-approach replacement-cost-method damage-cost-avoided-method opportunity-cost-method net-present-value internal-rate-of-return benefit-cost-ratio cost-effectiveness-analysis multi-criteria-decision-analysis analytic-hierarchy-process analytic-network-process preference-ranking-organization-method-for-enrichment-evaluation technique-for-order-of-preference-by-similarity-to-ideal-solution elimination-and-choice-expressing-reality decision-making-trial-and-evaluation-laboratory VIseKriterijumska-Optimizacija-I-Kompromisno-Resenje preference-selection-index complex-proportional-assessment multi-objective-optimization-on-the-basis-of-ratio-analysis weighted-aggregated-sum-product-assessment evaluation-based-on-distance-from-average-solution measurement-of-alternatives-and-ranking-according-to-compromise-solution comparative-performance-index preference-ranking score-function accuracy-function entropy-weight objective-weight subjective-weight combined-weight sensitivity-analysis uncertainty-analysis fuzzy-logic fuzzy-set-theory intuitionistic-fuzzy-set neutrosophic-set rough-set soft-set hesitant-fuzzy-set Pythagorean-fuzzy-set q-rung-orthopair-fuzzy-set spherical-fuzzy-set picture-fuzzy-set complex-fuzzy-set type-2-fuzzy-set interval-type-2-fuzzy-set interval-valued-fuzzy-set interval-valued-intuitionistic-fuzzy-set interval-valued-Pythagorean-fuzzy-set interval-valued-neutrosophic-set bipolar-fuzzy-set m-polar-fuzzy-set multi-polar-fuzzy-set linguistic-term-set hesitant-fuzzy-linguistic-term-set probabilistic-linguistic-term-set 2-tuple-linguistic-model symbolic-linguistic-model virtual-linguistic-model numerical-scale-model linguistic-hierarchy-model transitive-calibration-model consistency-driven-methodology consistency-index consistency-ratio acceptable-consistency inconsistency-identification inconsistency-repair priority-derivation weight-derivation aggregation-operator ordered-weighted-averaging-operator weighted-averaging-operator geometric-operator power-operator Bonferroni-mean Choquet-integral Shapley-value game-theory Nash-equilibrium Pareto-optimality Pareto-efficiency Pareto-improvement social-welfare-function utility-function preference-relation binary-relation ternary-relation n-ary-relation complete-relation incomplete-relation transitive-relation intransitive-relation reflexive-relation irreflexive-relation symmetric-relation asymmetric-relation antisymmetric-relation equivalence-relation partial-order total-order strict-order weak-order semiorder interval-order Pareto-order lexicographic-order dominance-relation outranking-relation concordance discordance credibility discrimination-threshold indifference-threshold preference-threshold veto-threshold majority-rule Condorcet-winner Condorcet-loser Borda-count approval-voting range-voting score-voting instant-runoff-voting single-transferable-vote proportional-representation mixed-member-proportional additional-member-system parallel-voting majority-bonus-system scorporo double-vote alternative-vote supplementary-vote contingent-vote Bucklin-voting Coombs'-method Dodgson's-method Kemeny-Young-method Ranked-pairs Schulze-method Minimax-Condorcet Smith-set Schwartz-set uncovered-set Banks-set top-cycle minimal-covering-set bipartisan-set essential-set tournament-equilibrium-set minimal-extending-set Pareto-set deep-uncovered-set minimal-upward-covering-set minimal-downward-covering-set minimal-covering-set-with-respect-to-pairs minimal-covering-set-with-respect-to-triplets minimal-stable-set minimal-retentive-set minimal-comprehensive-retentive-set minimal-extensive-retentive-set minimal-weakly-stable-set minimal-strongly-stable-set minimal-collectively-stable-set minimal-individually-stable-set minimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-set minimal-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-weakly-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-strongly-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-collectively-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-Nash-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-extensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-weakly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-strongly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-collectively-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-Nash-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-rational-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-weakly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-strongly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-collectively-extensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-extensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-Nash-extensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-rational-extensive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-weakly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-strongly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-collectively-retentive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-retentive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-Nash-retentive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-rational-retentive-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-weakly-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-strongly-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-collectively-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-rational-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-weakly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-strongly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-collectively-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-Nash-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-weakly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-strongly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-collectively-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-Nash-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-individually-rational-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-set minimal-weakly-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-weakly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-strongly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-collectively-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-Nash-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set minimal-individually-rational-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set
Heliconius charithonia
zebra longwing, zebra heliconian
Heliconius charithonia is a medium-sized butterfly with striking black and white longitudinal wing stripes. Adults are notable among butterflies for feeding on both pollen and nectar, enabling synthesis of cyanogenic glycosides that render them unpalatable to predators. The species exhibits communal roosting behavior and specialized pupal mating. Larvae feed exclusively on passionflower vines (Passiflora spp.), with documented performance differences across host species.
pollen-feeding aposematic-coloration pupal-mating communal-roosting Passiflora-specialist long-lived-butterfly developmental-plasticity cyanogenic-glycosides Florida-state-butterfly trap-lining-behavior
Leptoglossus
leaf-footed bugs
Leptoglossus is a genus of true bugs in the leaf-footed bug family Coreidae, tribe Anisoscelini. Species are characterized by leaflike dilations of the hind tibia, a diagnostic trait of the genus. The genus is distributed throughout the Americas, with some introduced populations in Europe and Asia. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests, notably L. occidentalis, which has become invasive in multiple continents.
Coreidae leaf-footed-bug agricultural-pest invasive-species symbiosis sexual-dimorphism conifer-pest nuisance-pest Burkholderia tachinid-parasitoid pheromone-communication building-invader misidentification Triatoma-look-alike gradual-metamorphosis seed-predator forest-pest ornamental-pest plumbing-damage public-health-confusion Chile Europe North-America South-America Asia Turkey almond-pest citrus-pest tomato-pest corn-pest overwintering-aggregation defensive-secretion pheromone-mediated-parasitism egg-parasitoid biological-control ecological-niche-modeling climate-suitability range-expansion introduction accidental-dispersal seed-orchard-pest germination-reduction empty-seed-formation cone-damage lodgepole-pine Douglas-fir western-conifer-seed-bug L.-occidentalis L.-zonatus L.-phyllopus L.-clypealis L.-australis L.-chilensis L.-oppositus male-combat femoral-weapon abdominal-gland pheromone-gland tibial-dilation leaf-like-hind-leg true-bug Hemiptera Heteroptera Pentatomomorpha Anisoscelini phytophagous plant-feeding stylet-feeding salivary-sheath overwintering diapause building-entry structural-pest nuisance-odor flight-sound droning-flight aggregation-behavior male-pheromone female-choice parasitoid-host biological-control-agent integrated-pest-management monitoring early-detection prevention invasion-biology alien-species non-native-pest global-spread climate-change niche-modeling suitable-habitat establishment-risk quarantine phytosanitary forest-health seed-production reforestation afforestation conifer-forestry pine-seed seed-viability economic-impact crop-loss yield-reduction kernel-damage fruit-damage nut-damage vector-of-disease Chagas-disease kissing-bug public-alarm misinformation education identification-tools health-system-burden pesticide-overuse urban-ecology domiciliary peridomiciliary Andean-region Patagonia Mediterranean temperate subtropical tropical agroecosystem natural-enemy predator parasite pathogen symbiont gut-microbiome soil-ingestion fitness-benefit reproductive-success sperm-morphology testicular-morphology accessory-gland pheromone-blend species-specific-odor cherry-scent vanilla-scent cinnamon-scent rose-scent olfactory-communication mate-location mate-recognition sexual-selection male-male-competition weapon-morphology allometry developmental-plasticity nymphal-instar egg-barrel egg-arrangement linear-oviposition leaf-surface plant-tissue stylet-penetration enzymatic-digestion fluid-feeding phloem-feeding xylem-feeding seed-feeding cone-feeding fruit-feeding kernel-feeding nut-feeding crop-feeding host-plant-range polyphagy oligophagy specialist generalist pest-status damage-threshold economic-injury-level management-strategy cultural-control physical-control chemical-control resistance tolerance host-plant-resistance monitoring-trap light-trap population-density distribution-map spread-rate colonization establishment population-dynamics life-table developmental-rate thermal-requirements degree-days phenology voltinism univoltine bivoltine multivoltine generation-time overwintering-site hibernaculum shelter-seeking cold-hardiness freeze-tolerance supercooling water-relations desiccation-resistance starvation-resistance dispersal-ability flight-capacity walking-behavior climbing-behavior aggregation-pheromone alarm-pheromone stink-gland metathoracic-gland dorsoabdominal-gland ventral-abdominal-gland sexual-gland morphological-defense chemical-defense mechanical-defense autotomy leg-loss predation-risk parasitism-risk parasitoid-risk pathogen-risk competition intraspecific interspecific resource-competition mating-competition sperm-competition cryptic-female-choice reproductive-isolation speciation phylogeny systematics taxonomy morphology anatomy histology ultrastructure spermatogenesis spermatozoa sperm-length nuclear-length cyst-production follicle-number testis-structure reproductive-anatomy genitalia mating-behavior copulation insemination oviposition egg-production fecundity fertility hatching-success nymphal-survival adult-longevity sex-ratio operational-sex-ratio population-sex-ratio effective-population-size genetic-diversity gene-flow population-structure phylogeography biogeography historical-biogeography vicariance dispersal range-shift range-contraction altitudinal-distribution latitudinal-distribution longitudinal-distribution island-distribution continental-distribution endemism cosmopolitanism introduced-range native-range source-population founder-population invasion-front lag-phase establishment-phase spread-phase equilibrium-phase impact-assessment risk-assessment horizon-scanning early-warning rapid-response eradication containment control management adaptation mitigation restoration conservation biodiversity ecosystem-service ecosystem-function food-web trophic-level primary-consumer herbivore fruit-predator plant-animal-interaction mutualism antagonism predation parasitism commensalism amensalism facilitation indirect-interaction trait-mediated-interaction density-mediated-interaction behavioral-ecology evolutionary-ecology functional-ecology physiological-ecology population-ecology community-ecology ecosystem-ecology landscape-ecology macroecology global-ecology applied-ecology agricultural-ecology forest-ecology conservation-biology invasion-ecology restoration-ecology pest-management conservation-biological-control augmentative-biological-control classical-biological-control parasitoid nematode fungus bacterium virus entomopathogen microbial-control sterile-insect-technique genetic-control mating-disruption attract-and-kill push-pull trap-crop border-crop refuge habitat-management cultural-practice crop-rotation tillage irrigation fertilization pruning harvest-timing sanitation residue-management weed-management cover-crop companion-planting intercropping agroforestry silviculture forest-management seed-orchard-management cone-collection seed-extraction seed-testing germination-testing seed-quality seed-vigor empty-seed insect-damage insect-injury feeding-scar puncture stylet-sheath salivary-flange symptom sign diagnosis sampling economic-threshold decision-support expert-system modeling simulation forecasting climate-model niche-model species-distribution-model habitat-suitability risk-mapping invasion-pathway introduction-vector trade transport tourism migration natural-dispersal human-mediated-dispersal accidental-introduction intentional-introduction release escape cultivation ornamental forestry agriculture horticulture urbanization globalization land-use-change habitat-fragmentation habitat-loss degradation pollution pesticide fertilizer nutrient-enrichment eutrophication acidification warming drought extreme-event disturbance succession recovery resilience stability variability uncertainty sustainable-development green-economy circular-economy bioeconomy ecosystem-approach one-health planetary-health environmental-health public-health veterinary-health plant-health food-security nutrition livelihood poverty inequality gender indigenous-knowledge traditional-knowledge local-knowledge citizen-science stakeholder-engagement policy governance regulation legislation international-cooperation capacity-building awareness communication outreach extension advisory-service research innovation technology-transfer knowledge-exchange networking partnership collaboration evaluation evidence-based-policy science-policy-interface diplomacy advocacy activism social-movement environmental-justice environmental-ethics environmental-philosophy environmental-humanities environmental-history environmental-literature environmental-art environmental-education environmental-communication science-communication risk-communication crisis-communication health-communication behavior-change pro-environmental-behavior sustainable-behavior consumption production waste recycling reuse reduction efficiency renewable clean green blue natural organic agroecology permaculture regenerative restorative healing transformative transdisciplinary interdisciplinary multidisciplinary cross-disciplinary disciplinary disciplinary-integration knowledge-integration system-thinking complexity emergence non-linearity feedback tipping-point regime-shift alternative-stable-state resilience-thinking adaptive-management adaptive-governance learning reflection participation inclusion equity justice fairness ethics values norms culture identity place sense-of-place attachment well-being quality-of-life happiness flourishing thriving sustainability sustainable development growth degrowth post-growth steady-state circular doughnut-economics planetary-boundaries safe-operating-space tipping-elements critical-transition early-warning-signal resilience-indicator sustainability-indicator benchmark target goal commitment pledge agreement treaty convention protocol framework strategy plan program project initiative campaign movement coalition alliance network platform hub center institute organization association society union federation confederation foundation trust fund bank facility mechanism instrument tool method approach technique procedure process system structure institution administration operation service delivery provision supply demand market economy finance investment funding financing resource capital asset liability income expenditure revenue cost benefit profit loss return yield outcome output input throughput productivity effectiveness performance quality standard criterion indicator metric measure assessment appraisal review audit verification validation certification accreditation recognition award prize honor distinction excellence best-practice lesson-learned experience expertise competence capacity capability skill knowledge information data evidence science discovery invention creation design testing piloting scaling mainstreaming uptake adoption diffusion dissemination publication reporting documentation archiving preservation rehabilitation reconstruction replication duplication backup security safety protection safeguarding insurance risk-management emergency-preparedness response relief humanitarian peace prosperity health employment housing infrastructure energy water food fishery aquaculture mining manufacturing industry commerce recreation heritage nature ecosystem environment climate atmosphere ocean freshwater land soil mineral biota flora fauna microorganism fungi plant animal vertebrate invertebrate arthropod insect bug Hemipteran Heteropteran pentatomomorphan coreoid coreid squash-bug boxelder-bug stink-bug shield-bug plant-bug mirid lygaeid seed-bug broad-headed-bug alydid reduviid assassin-bug triatomine bed-bug cimicid water-bug nepomorphan gerromorphan leptopodomorphan enicocephalomorphan dipsocoromorphan ceratocomboid schizopteroid peloridioid coleorrhynchan moss-bug archaeorrhynchan fulgoromorphan cicadomorphan membracoid treehopper leafhopper planthopper psyllid jumping-plant-louse whitefly aleyrodid scale-insect coccoid mealybug aphid adelgid phylloxeran sternorrhynchan thysanopteran thrips psocopteran barklouse booklouse phthirapteran louse sucking-louse chewing-louse mallophagan anopluran dermapteran earwig blattodean cockroach termite isopteran mantodean mantid phasmid stick-insect leaf-insect orthopteran grasshopper locust katydid cricket mole-cricket pygmy-mole-cricket camel-cricket cave-cricket weta ensiferan caeliferan gryllotalpid myrmecophilid tettigoniid gryllid acridid pamphagid pneumorid lentulid tristirid eumastacid proscopiid tridactylid tetrigid grouse-locust pygmy-grasshopper plecopteran stonefly embiopteran webspinner zorapteran angel-insect dictyopteran
Melittobia
Melittobia is a genus of tiny parasitoid wasps in the family Eulophidae, notable for extreme polymorphism, complex social behaviors, and highly female-biased sex ratios. Females exhibit three distinct morphs—winged 'fliers,' short-winged 'jumpers,' and wingless 'crawlers'—determined by larval density rather than genetics. Males are blind, flightless, and comprise only about 5% of offspring, produced asexually through arrhenotokous parthenogenesis. The genus attacks prepupae and pupae of solitary bees, wasps, and other insects in their hosts' nests, with some species also parasitizing fruit flies and flesh flies. Several species are well-studied model organisms for genetics, developmental biology, and behavioral ecology, though taxonomic confusion persists due to extreme morphological plasticity.
parasitoid polymorphism arrhenotoky sex-ratio model-organism gregarious ectoparasitoid Eulophidae Tetrastichinae hymenoptera developmental-plasticity kin-selection pheromone lethal-male-combat morph-determination cosmopolitan biological-control bee-parasite wasp-parasite
Micromalthus
telephone-pole beetle
Micromalthus is a monotypic genus of beetles containing the single living species Micromalthus debilis, commonly known as the telephone-pole beetle. It represents the sole extant member of the family Micromalthidae, making it a "living fossil" with all other relatives extinct. The genus has been the subject of considerable taxonomic controversy, historically placed in various families including Lymexylidae and Telegeusidae before its current classification in Archostemata. Its reproductive biology is extraordinarily complex, involving multiple developmental pathways and forms of parthenogenesis.
living-fossil paedogenesis parthenogenesis wood-boring archostemata developmental-plasticity
Murgantia
Murgantia is a genus of shield bugs (family Pentatomidae, tribe Pentatomini) comprising approximately six described species. The genus is best known for Murgantia histrionica, commonly called the harlequin bug, a significant agricultural pest of cruciferous crops in North America. Species in this genus exhibit bright aposematic coloration—typically combinations of orange, black, and yellow—and possess chemical defense mechanisms derived from host plant compounds. Research on M. histrionica has established it as a laboratory model for studying developmental plasticity, thermal melanism, and gene expression patterns in hemimetabolous insects.
Pentatomidae shield-bug stink-bug agricultural-pest crucifer Brassicaceae aposematic-coloration thermal-melanism developmental-plasticity hemimetabolous-development invasive-species North-America model-organism
Neriidae
cactus flies, banana stalk flies, banana flies
Neriidae is a family of true flies (Diptera) comprising approximately 100 species in 19 genera. Formerly treated as a subfamily of Micropezidae, Neriidae are distinguished by their unreduced fore legs. Adults are slender, long-legged flies with elongated bodies and heads, particularly in males. The family exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism and is notable for spectacular male combat behavior. Neriidae are primarily tropical in distribution, with limited representation in temperate regions of North America and Australia.
Diptera Neriidae cactus-flies banana-stalk-flies sexual-dimorphism male-combat saprophagy developmental-plasticity telegony tropical-distribution
Palaemon vulgaris
Marsh Grass Shrimp, Common American Prawn, Common Grass Shrimp, Marsh Shrimp
Palaemon vulgaris is a small, transparent caridean shrimp native to the western Atlantic Ocean. Adults reach less than 5 cm in length and display distinctive orange pigmentation on the eyestalks. The species has been studied for its specialized swimming mechanics, employing metachronal beating of pleopods and drag-reducing mechanisms during locomotion. It occupies coastal and estuarine habitats from Cape Cod Bay to the Gulf of Mexico.
crustacean shrimp western-Atlantic transparent swimming-mechanics metachronal-swimming drag-reduction estuarine Palaemonidae Caridea Decapoda Malacostraca Arthropoda Palaemon Palaemonetes-vulgaris Say-1818 Cape-Cod-Bay Gulf-of-Mexico eyestalk-pigmentation pleopod hydrodynamics appendage-flexibility particle-image-velocimetry locomotion marine-biology invertebrate-zoology aquatic-arthropod coastal-species marsh-shrimp grass-shrimp common-American-prawn common-grass-shrimp marsh-grass-shrimp small-crustacean translucent-body camouflage swimming-appendages pleopodal-swimming crustacean-locomotion biomechanics fluid-dynamics drag-reduction-mechanisms asymmetric-flexibility appendage-grouping return-stroke power-stroke wake-reduction thrust-generation profile-area-modulation phase-lag appendage-wave swimming-efficiency aquatic-maneuverability hydrodynamic-optimization caridean-shrimp palaemonid-shrimp marine-invertebrate estuarine-invertebrate Atlantic-coast North-American-shrimp western-Atlantic-shrimp coastal-marine-biology invertebrate-swimming crustacean-biomechanics decapod-locomotion malacostracan-swimming arthropod-hydrodynamics translucent-marine-animal small-decapod marine-transparency eyestalk-coloration orange-pigmentation eyestalk-morphology visual-system crustacean-vision transparent-animal crypsis camouflage-adaptation predator-avoidance visual-ecology marine-ecology coastal-ecology estuarine-ecology benthic-pelagic nektonic-shrimp planktonic-stages benthic-adult habitat-utilization ecosystem-component food-web prey-species foraging-behavior sensory-biology mechanoreception chemoreception aquatic-sensory-systems neurobiology motor-control swimming-coordination appendage-coordination rhythmic-movement neuromuscular-control biological-fluid-mechanics low-Reynolds-number-swimming viscous-swimming intermediate-Reynolds-number unsteady-flows vortex-dynamics wake-structure thrust-production propulsive-efficiency energy-economy locomotor-performance evolutionary-biomechanics functional-morphology comparative-physiology experimental-biology laboratory-studies field-observations natural-history taxonomic-history nomenclatural-change Palaemonetes-to-Palaemon genus-revision systematics phylogenetics molecular-data morphological-data integrated-taxonomy species-delimitation cryptic-species morphological-similarity genetic-differentiation population-structure biogeography dispersal larval-transport ocean-currents habitat-connectivity marine-biogeography provincialism endemism range-distribution latitudinal-gradient depth-distribution salinity-tolerance euryhaline stenohaline osmoregulation physiological-ecology environmental-tolerance temperature-tolerance thermal-biology seasonal-variation reproductive-seasonality breeding-biology mating-behavior reproductive-output fecundity egg-production larval-development developmental-biology life-history growth-rate longevity survivorship population-dynamics demography abundance density 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social-democracy constitutional-democracy electoral-democracy illiberal-democracy hybrid-regime authoritarianism totalitarianism fascism nazism communism socialism capitalism neoliberalism Keynesianism monetarism austrian-school chicago-school behavioral-economics experimental-economics institutional-economics evolutionary-economics complexity-economics agent-based-modeling system-dynamics network-analysis social-network-analysis organizational-network-analysis innovation-networks knowledge-networks collaboration-networks co-authorship-networks citation-networks patent-networks technological-networks ecological-networks food-webs trophic-networks interaction-networks mutualistic-networks antagonistic-networks host-parasite-networks pollination-networks seed-dispersal-networks mycorrhizal-networks social-ecological-networks socio-ecological-systems coupled-human-natural-systems complex-adaptive-systems adaptive-capacity transformability resilience-thinking panarchy adaptive-cycle revolt remember front-loop back-loop exploitation conservation release reorganization fast-variables slow-variables tipping-points critical-transitions regime-shifts alternative-stable-states hysteresis irreversibility path-dependence lock-in rigidity-traps poverty-traps social-traps tragedy-of-the-commons collective-action-problems free-rider-problems social-dilemmas prisoner's-dilemma public-goods common-pool-resources institutional-analysis institutional-design polycentric-governance multi-level-governance network-governance adaptive-governance collaborative-governance participatory-governance deliberative-governance experimentalist-governance reflexive-governance meta-governance steering rowing rowing-together rowing-separately rowing-not-at-all policy-instruments policy-mixes policy-integration policy-coherence policy-effectiveness policy-efficiency policy-equity policy-legitimacy policy-acceptability policy-feasibility policy-sustainability policy-durability policy-adaptability 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Pterocheilus hirsutipennis
A solitary mason wasp in the subfamily Eumeninae, Pterocheilus hirsutipennis is one of approximately 40 North American species in this genus. Like other Pterocheilus, females are fossorial, excavating subterranean burrows in sandy or soft soils rather than using pre-existing cavities or building mud nests. The species was described by Bohart in 1940 and is part of a genus whose members are most diverse in the southwestern United States. Most species biology remains poorly documented.
fossorial solitary-wasp mason-wasp ground-nesting caterpillar-predator soil-dwelling psammophore tarsal-rake anti-parasitoid-behavior Eumeninae Vespidae Hymenoptera insect North-America southwestern-US-diversity Bohart-1940 burrow-excavation subterranean-nest cell-provisioning sand-wasp-mimicry-risk cryptic-nesting-behavior caterpillar-hunting female-dominant-nest-construction soil-scattering nest-concealment solitary-Vespidae aculeate-wasp predatory-wasp larval-provisioning mass-provisioning single-cell-nests vertical-burrows shallow-nesting soft-substrate-dependent sandy-habitat-specialist poorly-known-biology rarely-encountered observationally-scarce taxonomic-revision-needed natural-history-gaps field-documentation-priority citizen-science-opportunity photography-documentation-valuable behavioral-study-candidate comparative-nesting-biology-needed psammophore-function tarsal-rake-efficiency burrow-architecture prey-selection caterpillar-paralysis oviposition-sequence cell-closure emergence-patterns seasonal-activity thermal-biology microhabitat-selection soil-moisture-requirements vegetation-association edge-habitat-preference disturbed-ground-utilization competitive-exclusion-potential sympatric-species-partitioning molecular-phylogenetics-needed species-limits-unclear cryptic-diversity-possible geographic-variation phenotypic-plasticity environmental-response climate-sensitivity range-shifts conservation-status-unknown population-trends-unmonitored habitat-degradation-vulnerability soil-compaction-sensitivity urbanization-impact agricultural-intensification-effects pesticide-exposure-risks pollinator-network-interactions food-web-position ecosystem-service-valuation biocontrol-potential-assessment public-education-value natural-history-museum-collections specimen-digitization-priority label-data-mining-opportunity historical-distribution-reconstruction future-survey-targeting protocol-standardization expert-identification-resources regional-faunal-surveys biodiversity-inventory-gaps taxonomic-expertise-decline training-needs mentorship-importance amateur-naturalist-collaboration long-term-monitoring-establishment phenology-tracking phenological-mismatch-risks phenotypic-mismatch environmental-cue-tracking developmental-plasticity thermal-tolerance-limits desiccation-resistance water-balance energetics foraging-efficiency prey-capture-success handling-time transport-costs central-place-foraging optimal-load-size provisioning-rate offspring-size-number-tradeoffs sex-allocation local-mate-competition inbreeding-avoidance dispersal-patterns gene-flow population-structure genetic-diversity effective-population-size bottleneck-history founder-events refugial-dynamics postglacial-expansion phylogeographic-structure coalescent-analysis species-tree-inference divergence-dating biogeographic-reconstruction ancestral-area-estimation dispersal-vicariance-analysis ecological-niche-modeling distribution-prediction climate-envelope habitat-suitability 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celestial-orientation astronomical-observation cosmic-perspective-development humility-before-vastness awe-experience-cultivation sublime-encounter beauty-appreciation aesthetic-sensitivity artistic-expression creative-practice imagination-engagement dream-cultivation vision-development hope-maintenance optimism-preservation realistic-assessment pragmatic-action strategic-thinking tactical-flexibility operational-excellence execution-discipline follow-through-commitment completion-satisfaction closure-achievement transition-management new-beginning-embrace fresh-start-energy renewal-momentum sustained-effort endurance-development persistence-cultivation grit-strengthening determination-reinforcement will-power-training self-control-development impulse-management delay-discounting future-orientation long-term-thinking seven-generations-perspective ancestor-honoring descendant-responsibility legacy-consciousness inheritance-stewardship gift-economy-recognition reciprocity-practice mutual-aid solidarity-building collective-action common-cause-identification shared-purpose united-front coalition-building alliance-formation partnership-development collaborative-advantage synergy-creation emergent-benefit win-win-seeking positive-sum-thinking abundance-mindset scarcity-transcendence limitation-acceptance constraint-working boundary-recognition edge-exploration frontier-pushing pioneering-spirit trail-blazing path-finding way-making road-building bridge-constructing connection-establishing relationship-weaving network-knitting web-spinning fabric-mending tear-repairing wound-healing trauma-addressing grief-processing loss-integration change-navigation transformation-embracing metamorphosis-allowing becoming-trusting unfolding-patience ripeness-waiting readiness-recognition timing-sensitivity opportunity-seizing preparedness-maintaining vigilance-balancing rest-ensuring recovery-prioritizing sustainability-embodying permanence-illusion-releasing impermanence-accepting flux-flowing change-riding adaptation-mastering evolution-participating selection-pressure-responding fitness-landscape-navigating niche-construction-engaging ecosystem-engineering habitat-modification environmental-shaping world-making reality-constructing meaning-co-creating significance-attributing value-assigning worth-acknowledging dignity-recognizing respect-granting honor-bestowing esteem-elevating status-conferring rank-ordering hierarchy-navigating power-analyzing dominance-understanding submission-recognizing authority-questioning legitimacy-evaluating sovereignty-asserting autonomy-claiming self-determination-exercising freedom-enjoying liberty-defending rights-demanding justice-seeking equity-pursuing fairness-advocating impartiality-striving objectivity-attempting subjectivity-acknowledging perspective-taking standpoint-recognizing positionality-reflecting bias-identifying prejudice-confronting discrimination-opposing oppression-resisting liberation-supporting emancipation-furthering empowerment-facilitating capacity-building capability-expanding opportunity-creating access-ensuring inclusion-promoting exclusion-challenging marginalization-addressing center-decentering periphery-valuing minority-respecting majority-tempering consensus-seeking dissent-protecting protest-legitimizing civil-disobedience-contextualizing direct-action-supporting nonviolence-advocating peace-building violence-transforming harm-reducing suffering-alleviating care-providing compassion-expressing empathy-demonstrating sympathy-offering concern-showing interest-taking attention-giving presence-offering witness-bearing testimony-providing evidence-gathering documentation-conducting record-keeping archive-maintaining memory-preserving history-writing chronicle-compiling annal-assembling register-maintaining catalog-creating inventory-developing collection-curating specimen-preparing sample-processing data-generating information-organizing knowledge-synthesizing wisdom-distilling insight-cultivating understanding-deepening comprehension-expanding awareness-raising consciousness-elevating enlightenment-approaching awakening-experiencing realization-having recognition-occurring epiphany-encountering breakthrough-achieving paradigm-shifting worldview-transforming mindset-changing attitude-adjusting behavior-modifying habit-altering practice-transforming routine-disrupting pattern-interrupting cycle-breaking loop-escaping spiral-reversing trajectory-altering course-correcting direction-changing destination-reimagining goal-redefining purpose-reorienting meaning-remaking significance-reattributing value-reevaluating worth-reassessing priority-reordering commitment-renewing dedication-reaffirming devotion-rededicating loyalty-reconfirming fidelity-maintaining faithfulness-preserving constancy-demonstrating reliability-establishing dependability-ensuring trustworthiness-proving integrity-verifying honesty-confirming truthfulness-attesting authenticity-validating genuineness-establishing sincerity-demonstrating candor-practicing frankness-employing directness-utilizing clarity-pursuing simplicity-embracing complexity-acknowledging complication-navigating intricacy-untangling entanglement-resolving knot-loosening bind-freeing constraint-releasing limitation-transcending boundary-crossing border-traversing threshold-passing limen-crossing portal-entering gateway-passing door-opening window-providing view-offering perspective-granting vantage-giving standpoint-sharing position-explaining situation-describing context-providing background-supplying history-recounting precedent-establishing tradition-invoking custom-referencing convention-following norm-obeying rule-adhering law-complying regulation-meeting standard-satisfying criterion-fulfilling benchmark-reaching target-hitting goal-achieving objective-meeting aim-accomplishing intention-realizing plan-executing strategy-implementing tactic-deploying operation-conducting mission-performing task-completing assignment-finishing job-doing work-accomplishing labor-performing effort-exerting energy-expending force-applying power-wielding strength-utilizing might-employing capacity-deploying capability-utilizing competence-demonstrating proficiency-showing skill-displaying expertise-exhibiting mastery-demonstrating command-showing control-exercising dominance-asserting supremacy-establishing preeminence-achieving distinction-earning eminence-attaining prominence-gaining notoriety-achieving fame-acquiring renown-earning reputation-building standing-establishing position-securing status-achieving rank-attaining level-reaching grade-earning class-belonging category-fitting type-matching kind-resembling sort-aligning variety-corresponding form-taking shape-assuming structure-adopting organization-joining arrangement-entering order-finding sequence-taking series-joining succession-following progression-making advancement-achieving development-undergoing growth-experiencing maturation-attaining ripeness-reaching readiness-achieving preparedness-attaining fitness-achieving suitability-demonstrating appropriateness-showing fit-matching adaptation-achieving adjustment-making accommodation-providing modification-undergoing alteration-experiencing transformation-undergoing conversion-experiencing change-undergoing transition-making passage-completing journey-finishing voyage-completing expedition-concluding trek-finishing march-completing walk-finishing hike-completing climb-finishing ascension-completing rise-achieving elevation-attaining height-reaching altitude-gaining prominence-achieving separation-achieving differentiation-completing distinction-making discrimination-exercising discernment-applying judgment-exercising evaluation-conducting assessment-making appraisal-providing estimation-offering calculation-performing computation-conducting measurement-taking quantification-conducting enumeration-performing counting-conducting tallying-making accounting-keeping reckoning-performing calculation-making approximation-providing guess-hazarding conjecture-offering speculation-engaging hypothesis-proposing theory-constructing model-building framework-developing structure-creating system-designing architecture-developing infrastructure-building foundation-laying groundwork-preparing basis-establishing ground-clearing site-preparing location-selecting position-choosing placement-determining arrangement-deciding disposition-settling distribution-establishing allocation-making assignment-giving designation-making appointment-fixing scheduling-arranging planning-conducting organizing-performing coordinating-undertaking managing-conducting directing-performing leading-undertaking guiding-performing steering-conducting piloting-performing navigating-undertaking sailing-conducting flying-performing driving-undertaking riding-performing walking-conducting running-performing jumping-undertaking leaping-performing hopping-conducting skipping-performing dancing-undertaking moving-performing traveling-conducting journeying-performing voyaging-undertaking exploring-conducting discovering-performing finding-undertaking locating-performing identifying-conducting recognizing-performing knowing-achieving understanding-attaining comprehending-achieving grasping-attaining seizing-achieving catching-performing capturing-undertaking securing-performing obtaining-achieving acquiring-attaining gaining-achieving earning-performing winning-undertaking succeeding-performing triumphing-achieving victory-attaining conquest-achieving domination-attaining mastery-achieving control-attaining command-achieving direction-attaining leadership-achieving headship-attaining captaincy-achieving skippering-attaining piloting-achieving helming-attaining steering-achieving guiding-attaining directing-achieving managing-attaining administering-achieving governing-attaining ruling-achieving reigning-attaining commanding-achieving ordering-attaining dictating-achieving prescribing-attaining mandating-achieving requiring-attaining demanding-achieving requesting-attaining asking-achieving inquiring-attaining questioning-achieving interrogating-attaining examining-achieving investigating-attaining exploring-achieving probing-attaining searching-achieving seeking-attaining pursuing-achieving chasing-attaining hunting-achieving stalking-attaining tracking-achieving trailing-attaining following-achieving pursuing-attaining running-achieving racing-attaining competing-achieving contending-attaining struggling-achieving striving-attaining endeavoring-achieving attempting-attaining trying-achieving endeavoring-attaining exerting-achieving efforting-attaining working-achieving laboring-attaining toiling-achieving slaving-attaining drudging-achieving plodding-attaining persevering-achieving persisting-attaining continuing-achieving maintaining-attaining sustaining-achieving upholding-attaining,
Rothschildia lebeau
Lebeau's Silk Moth, Forbes Moth
Rothschildia lebeau is a giant silkmoth in the family Saturniidae, distributed from the Lower Rio Grande Valley through eastern Mexico to Brazil. Adults are short-lived and do not feed, relying on fat reserves accumulated during larval development. The species exhibits a life history tradeoff between larval survival and adult body size based on host plant quality, with larger males showing higher mating success.
giant-silkmoth Saturniidae host-plant-tradeoff sexual-selection tropical-dry-forest Barro-Colorado-Island pheromone-communication non-feeding-adult complete-metamorphosis cultural-significance indigenous-use cocoon-harvesting mating-success body-size-dimorphism seasonal-variation microbial-associations protistan-diversity caterpillar-microbiome herbivore forest-ecology Neotropical Mexico Central-America South-America Panama Costa-Rica Brazil Texas Rio-Grande-Valley exhibit-species butterfly-house education conservation light-pollution suburban-sprawl introduced-parasites rearing cottage-industry vestigial-mouthparts fat-reserves short-lived-adult female-sedentary-behavior male-dispersal oviposition-site-selection fitness-consequences life-history-evolution quantitative-genetic-variation wet-season-phenology developmental-plasticity survival-size-tradeoff herbivore-performance plant-animal-interactions microbial-observatory molecular-characterization eukaryotic-microbiome saturniid-caterpillar Lepidoptera Bombycoidea Rothschildia Guérin-Méneville-1868 Attacus-lebeau Lebeau's-Silk-Moth Forbes-Moth Rothschildia-lebeau-forbesi windows transparent-wing-patches scale-less-wing-areas antennae sexual-dimorphism mate-choice sperm-competition reproductive-success larval-performance caterpillar-growth pupal-development adult-emergence longevity predation bat-predation nocturnal crepuscular moth silkmoth silkworm giant-moth forest-moth tropical-moth Neotropical-fauna biodiversity insect-collection museum-specimen Bohart-Museum American-Museum-of-Natural-History entomology lepidopterology systematics taxonomy natural-history field-study observational-study experimental-ecology evolutionary-ecology behavioral-ecology population-biology community-ecology ecosystem-function food-web trophic-interaction herbivory folivory tree-insect-interaction phenology climate-effects seasonality environmental-variation habitat-heterogeneity host-race ecotype local-adaptation phenotypic-plasticity genetic-variation quantitative-trait trade-off allocation reproductive-allocation parental-investment offspring-size offspring-number optimal-clutch-size mate-competition intrasexual-selection intersexual-selection ornament signal chemical-communication olfaction sensory-ecology foraging movement-ecology dispersal migration home-range activity-pattern diel-cycle circadian-rhythm photoperiod temperature humidity rainfall precipitation dry-season wet-season tropical-seasonality El-Niño climate-change global-warming habitat-disturbance forest-fragmentation deforestation agricultural-expansion urbanization conservation-biology threatened-species common-species population-decline extinction-risk protected-area national-park biological-reserve research-station Smithsonian-Tropical-Research-Institute Barro-Colorado-Island-Nature-Monument Gatun-Lake Panama-Canal Isthmus-of-Panama Central-American-isthmus land-bridge biogeography vicariance dispersal-limitation species-range range-expansion range-contraction range-shift poleward-shift elevational-shift altitudinal-gradient latitudinal-gradient thermal-tolerance desiccation-resistance water-balance physiological-ecology metabolic-rate energetics nutritional-ecology stoichiometry nitrogen phosphorus carbon plant-secondary-metabolite tannin alkaloid terpenoid defense induced-defense constitutive-defense herbivore-offense counter-adaptation coevolution evolutionary-arms-race phylogenetic-constraint phylogenetic-signal comparative-method phylogenetic-comparative-analysis trait-evolution reproductive-strategy iteroparity semelparity big-bang-reproduction suicidal-reproduction capital-breeder income-breeder resource-acquisition resource-allocation storage fat-body lipid glycogen protein amino-acid vitamin micronutrient digestion gut-microbiome gut-flora intestinal-microorganism symbiosis mutualism commensalism parasitism pathogen disease immunity immune-response defense-mechanism resistance tolerance recovery survival mortality fecundity fertility sterility hybridization introgression gene-flow population-structure genetic-differentiation FST isolation-by-distance isolation-by-environment landscape-genetics landscape-ecology spatial-ecology geographic-information-system remote-sensing satellite-imagery habitat-suitability species-distribution-model ecological-niche-model MaxEnt BIOMOD ensemble-forecast climate-envelope niche-conservatism niche-evolution realized-niche fundamental-niche biotic-interaction competition facilitation apparent-competition indirect-effect trophic-cascade keystone-species ecosystem-engineer foundation-species dominant-species rare-species functional-diversity functional-trait trait-based-ecology community-assembly filtering sorting neutral-theory niche-theory unified-theory metacommunity metapopulation source-sink-dynamics rescue-effect mass-effect patch-dynamics landscape-mosaic connectivity corridor stepping-stone matrix-quality edge-effect interior-forest core-area buffer-zone fragment-size isolation perimeter-area-ratio shape-index fractal-dimension habitat-amount threshold-effect extinction-debt relaxation-time lag-effect time-delay historical-legacy founder-effect bottleneck genetic-drift inbreeding inbreeding-depression outbreeding outbreeding-depression heterosis hybrid-vigor genetic-rescue assisted-migration managed-relocation translocation reintroduction restoration-ecology habitat-restoration ecological-restoration rewilding de-extinction synthetic-biology conservation-genetics conservation-genomics population-genomics landscape-genomics environmental-DNA eDNA metabarcoding metagenomics transcriptomics proteomics metabolomics phenomics imaging computer-vision machine-learning artificial-intelligence deep-learning neural-network convolutional-neural-network recurrent-neural-network generative-adversarial-network transfer-learning data-augmentation training-set validation-set test-set cross-validation bootstrap jackknife permutation randomization Monte-Carlo Markov-chain Bayesian-inference posterior-probability prior-probability likelihood model-selection information-criterion AIC BIC DIC WAIC LOO model-averaging multimodel-inference structural-equation-model path-analysis causal-inference directed-acyclic-graph potential-outcomes propensity-score instrumental-variable regression-discontinuity difference-in-differences synthetic-control panel-data longitudinal-data time-series cross-sectional-data spatial-data spatiotemporal-data point-pattern areal-data geostatistics kriging variogram spatial-autocorrelation Moran's-I Geary's-c Getis-Ord-Gi LISA hot-spot cold-spot cluster-detection scan-statistic network-analysis graph-theory small-world scale-free-network centrality betweenness closeness eigenvector PageRank community-detection modularity clustering-coefficient path-length diameter radius percolation robustness resilience vulnerability adaptive-capacity transformability social-ecological-system complex-adaptive-system emergent-property self-organization nonlinearity threshold tipping-point hysteresis alternative-stable-state regime-shift critical-transition early-warning-signal resilience-indicator panarchy adaptive-cycle exploitation release reorganization fast-variable slow-variable controlling-variable driver pressure state impact response DPSIR ecosystem-service provisioning-service regulating-service cultural-service supporting-service natural-capital green-infrastructure nature-based-solution ecosystem-based-adaptation ecosystem-based-mitigation payment-for-ecosystem-service REDD+biodiversity-offset habitat-banking mitigation-hierarchy avoidance minimization restoration compensation no-net-loss net-gain biodiversity-metric condition-metric landscape-metric connectivity-metric genetic-metric functional-metric irreplaceability threat opportunity conservation-planning systematic-conservation-planning Marxan Zonation prioritization efficiency effectiveness equity stakeholder governance institution policy law regulation incentive market-based-instrument command-and-control voluntary-agreement certification eco-label sustainable-use sustainable-management adaptive-management learning-by-doing monitoring evaluation indicator target goal vision scenario projection forecast uncertainty risk precautionary-principle safe-minimum-standard environmental-impact-assessment strategic-environmental-assessment cumulative-impact-assessment social-impact-assessment health-impact-assessment life-cycle-assessment carbon-footprint water-footprint ecological-footprint material-flow-analysis substance-flow-analysis input-output-analysis environmentally-extended-input-output-analysis multi-regional-input-output-analysis computable-general-equilibrium integrated-assessment-model earth-system-model global-circulation-model regional-climate-model downscaling bias-correction ensemble-simulation perturbed-physics emulator surrogate-model reduced-complexity-model simple-climate-model integrated-earth-system-model socioeconomic-scenario shared-socioeconomic-pathway representative-concentration-pathway climate-scenario emission-scenario mitigation-scenario adaptation-scenario impact-scenario vulnerability-scenario risk-scenario resilience-scenario transformation-scenario sustainability-scenario narrative storyline pathway trajectory transition transformation decarbonization electrification renewable-energy energy-efficiency circular-economy green-economy blue-economy bioeconomy nature-economy natural-capital-accounting ecosystem-accounting environmental-accounting green-accounting inclusive-wealth genuine-progress-indicator happy-planet-index human-development-index sustainable-development-goals Agenda-2030 Paris-Agreement Convention-on-Biological-Diversity Aichi-targets post-2020-global-biodiversity-framework Kunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-Framework 30-by-30 half-earth nature-needs-half rewilding-Europe rewilding-Britain rewilding-North-America Pleistocene-rewilding trophic-rewilding ecological-replacement taxon-substitution revival-biology molecular-de-extinction proxy-species gene-drive CRISPR genome-editing genetic-modification biotechnology nanotechnology information-technology global-positioning-system unmanned-aerial-vehicle drone satellite sensor camera-trap acoustic-monitoring citizen-science community-science participatory-monitoring traditional-ecological-knowledge indigenous-knowledge local-knowledge farmer-knowledge fishers-knowledge co-production-of-knowledge transdisciplinarity interdisciplinarity multidisciplinarity post-normal-science mode-2-science triple-helix quadruple-helix quintuple-helix open-science open-data open-access open-source FAIR-data findable accessible interoperable reusable data-management-plan metadata provenance quality-assurance quality-control validation verification uncertainty-quantification error-propagation sensitivity-analysis scenario-analysis Monte-Carlo-simulation Bayesian-belief-network influence-diagram decision-tree multi-criteria-decision-analysis cost-benefit-analysis cost-effectiveness-analysis multi-attribute-utility-theory game-theory mechanism-design incentive-compatibility revelation-principle social-choice-theory voting-theory fair-division institutional-design policy-design governance-design architecture polycentric-governance adaptive-governance collaborative-governance network-governance hierarchical-governance market-governance community-governance hybrid-governance meta-governance steering rowing regulatory-state enabling-state partner-state entrepreneurial-state innovation-state strategic-state developmental-state welfare-state green-state sustainable-state resilient-state smart-state digital-state platform-state algorithmic-state surveillance-state authoritarian-state democratic-state deliberative-democracy participatory-democracy direct-democracy representative-democracy liberal-democracy social-democracy green-democracy ecological-democracy biocracy ecofascism deep-ecology social-ecology ecofeminism environmental-justice climate-justice intergenerational-justice intragenerational-justice spatial-justice territorial-justice recognition-justice procedural-justice distributive-justice restorative-justice transformative-justice reparative-justice transitional-justice ecological-justice species-justice multispecies-justice more-than-human-justice anthropocene capitalocene plantationocene chthulucene symbiocene good-anthropocene bad-anthropocene great-acceleration great-divergence great-convergence great-transformation great-decoupling great-disruption great-moderation great-recession great-depression great-war great-famine great-migration great-replacement great-reset great-refusal great-enrichment great-leveling great-compression
Trogoderma glabrum
glabrous cabinet beetle, colored cabinet beetle
Trogoderma glabrum is a dermestid beetle known for its unusual developmental plasticity. Under optimal conditions, it completes its life cycle in approximately eight weeks, but when deprived of food, large larvae can extend their lifespan to over two years through a process of 'retrogressive molting'—molting backwards into progressively smaller stages rather than progressing toward pupation. This species is a pest of stored products and has been documented in Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. Females exhibit circadian-regulated sex pheromone release behavior synchronized to photoperiod.
stored-product-pest dermestid-beetle carpet-beetle developmental-plasticity retrogressive-molting circadian-rhythm pest
Xylotopus par
Xylotopus par is an aquatic xylophagous midge in the family Chironomidae. The larvae colonize submerged wood substrates in freshwater streams, feeding on decaying wood. Populations exhibit plastic phenology, with development rates varying based on wood substrate quality—larvae in fresh, introduced wood can complete development in a single summer, while those in indigenous logs normally require a full year. The species has been studied for its unique bacterial associations in the larval midgut, where morphotypically uniform bacteria form a well-defined band in the posterior midgut's ectoperitrophic space.
xylophagous aquatic chironomidae wood-feeding freshwater bacterial-symbiosis ectoperitrophic-space developmental-plasticity stream-ecology wood-decomposition
Zaprionus
Fig Flies
Zaprionus is a genus of fruit flies in the family Drosophilidae, distinguished by conspicuous white longitudinal stripes across the head and thorax. The genus is divided into two subgenera based on stripe number: Zaprionus (even number of stripes) and Anaprionus (odd number of stripes). Species occur primarily in Africa and southern Asia, with several species showing invasive expansion. The genus is taxonomically nested within the paraphyletic genus Drosophila.
Drosophilidae fruit-flies invasive-species zebra-stripes Afrotropical Oriental agricultural-pest fermenting-fruit parasitoid-host kleptoparasitism oviscapt-structure egg-filaments fig-pest grape-pest berry-pest tropical subgenus-Zaprionus subgenus-Anaprionus competitive-displacement secondary-pest monitoring vinegar-trap range-expansion Mediterranean-invasion New-World-invasion Hawaiian-Islands Southeast-Asia West-Africa polyphagous decomposer nutrient-cycling Pachycrepoideus-vindemiae Spalangia-endius Leptopilina-boulardi interspecific-competition developmental-plasticity temperature-effects fungal-interactions Pichia-kudriavzevii Coquillett-1901 taxonomic-revision molecular-phylogenetics foreleg-spines trichome-structures light-polarization cuticular-pigmentation species-groups-armatus-inermis-vittiger-neglectus species-subgroups-armatus-tuberculatus-vrydaghi-montanus-spinosus-inermis-tuberculatus-sepsoides-davidi-indianus-ornatus-proximus-sexvittatus-vittiger species-complexes-armatus-hoplophorus-vrydaghi-sepsoides-tuberculatus-davidi-indianus-ornatus-proximus-sexvittatus-vittiger Z.-africanus Z.-armatus Z.-bogoriensis Z.-burlai Z.-camerounensis Z.-campestris Z.-capensis Z.-cercociliaris Z.-cercus Z.-davidi Z.-enoplomerus Z.-flavofasciatus Z.-fumipennis Z.-gabonicus Z.-ghesquierei Z.-grandis Z.-hoplophorus Z.-inermis Z.-indianus Z.-kolodkinae Z.-koroleu Z.-lachaisei Z.-lineosus Z.-litos Z.-mascariensis Z.-momorticus Z.-montanus Z.-multistriatus Z.-multivittiger Z.-neglectus Z.-niabu Z.-obscuricornis Z.-ornatus Z.-proximus Z.-pyinoolwinensis Z.-santomensis Z.-sepsoides Z.-seguyi Z.-serratus Z.-sexstriatus Z.-sexvittatus Z.-silvistriatus Z.-spinilineosus Z.-spinipes Z.-spinoarmatus Z.-spineus Z.-spinosus Z.-taronus Z.-tsacasi Z.-tuberarmatus Z.-tuberculatus Z.-verruca Z.-vittiger Z.-vrydaghi Z.-aungsani Z.-arduus Z.-badyi Z.-orissaensis