Established-populations

Guides

• Exapion ulicis

  Gorse Seed Weevil

  Exapion ulicis is a small seed-feeding weevil specialized on gorse (Ulex europaeus). Adults are light gray with a prominent snout roughly half the body length. The species is native to western Europe and has been introduced to New Zealand, California, Hawaii, and other regions as a biological control agent targeting invasive gorse populations. Larval feeding destroys seeds within pods, reducing plant spread, while adult feeding on stems and spines causes minor damage.

  biological-controlinvasive-species-managementseed-predatorhost-specializationtemporal-isolationBrentidaeColeopteraUlex-europaeusgorsewestern-EuropeCaliforniaNew-ZealandHawaiispring-activityoviposition-cuespod-fecundityparasitoidseed-destructionnoctuidpest-control-agentestablished-introductionnative-range-Europeintroduced-range-PacificChileBelgiumOregonnorthern-Californiaforest-gapspasturesnatural-areasseed-lossintensity-of-attackreproductive-isolationecological-specializationsympatric-divergencehost-phenologypod-sizeseed-contentfemale-choicefeeding-damageround-holesstem-feedingspine-feedinglarval-developmentpupal-period6-8-weeks-larval-feeding2-months-pupationwithin-pod-developmentseed-to-ovule-ratiomature-seedsintact-seedsparasitization-ratepopulation-abundancefecund-pod-targetingwhole-plant-traitsflower-traitspod-traitschoice-experimentscommon-gardenBrittanyScotlandReunionhost-availabilityseasonal-activitymorphological-identificationmitochondrial-sequencesnuclear-sequencesphylogenyhost-racesdivergent-selectionecological-speciationsympatric-populationsspring-infestationautumn-infestationintroduced-with-gorsenot-initially-introducedinvasive-plantplant-insect-interactionsoviposition-behaviorfeeding-behaviorpreference-patternsmultiple-trait-usesurface-cuesinternal-cuespod-characteristicshost-choiceplant-susceptibilityinvasion-biologyentomological-experimentalispan-pacific-entomologistdiversity-journalecological-entomologyCoombs-2004HEAR-photo-galleryiNaturalistGBIFNCBIForster-1771CurculionoideaApionidaeFabaceaeGenisteaenoxious-weedagent-of-biological-pest-controllight-graylong-snoutstraight-snout2-3-mmsmall-weevilseed-weevilgorse-seed-weevilestablished-populationspercentage-of-pods-infestedspatial-variationtemporal-variationseed-setseed-productionseed-predation-impactecosystem-serviceweed-biological-controlclassical-biological-controlinundative-biological-controlself-sustaining-populationsnon-target-effectshost-specificityreproductive-phenologyphenological-matchingphenological-isolationallochronic-speciationtemporal-nicheresource-partitioningcompetitive-exclusioncharacter-displacementmolecular-phylogeneticsCOIITSmorphological-charactersindividual-variationenvironmental-variationmitochondrial-DNAnuclear-DNAspecies-differentiationgenetic-divergenceecological-divergenceadaptive-radiationhost-shifthost-race-formationsympatric-speciationreinforcementprezygotic-isolationpostzygotic-isolationhabitat-fragmentationpopulation-structuregene-flowlocal-adaptationphenotypic-plasticitygenetic-driftnatural-selectionsexual-selectionfounder-effectbottleneckinvasion-geneticsenemy-releaseevolutionary-potentialrapid-evolutioncontemporary-evolutioneco-evolutionary-dynamicscommunity-ecologytrophic-interactionsfood-webecosystem-functionecosystem-processnutrient-cyclingenergy-flowpopulation-dynamicsmetapopulationsource-sinkdispersalcolonizationestablishmentspreadimpact-assessmentnon-target-riskefficacyestablishment-successpopulation-establishmentfield-releasemonitoringevaluationadaptive-managementintegrated-pest-managementsustainable-agricultureconservation-biological-controlaugmentative-biological-controlinoculative-biological-controlnatural-enemyherbivorephytophagousmonophagousoligophagouspolyphagousspecialistgeneralistco-evolutioncoevolutionary-arms-raceplant-defenseherbivore-offenseinduced-defenseconstitutive-defensedirect-defenseindirect-defensevolatile-organic-compoundsextrafloral-nectariestrophic-cascadesapparent-competitionenemy-mediated-apparent-competitionintraguild-predationmultitrophic-interactionstrait-mediated-indirect-effectsdensity-mediated-indirect-effectsecosystem-engineeringniche-constructionextended-phenotypeenvironmental-feedbackeco-evolutionary-feedbackevolutionary-rescuegenetic-rescueassisted-migrationmanaged-relocationconservation-translocationreintroductionrestoration-ecologyhabitat-restorationecological-restorationweed-managementrangeland-managementforest-managementprotected-area-managementbiodiversity-conservationecosystem-servicesprovisioning-servicesregulating-servicescultural-servicessupporting-servicessustainable-development-goalsAichi-targetsKunming-Montreal-global-biodiversity-frameworkIPBESIUCNCBDFAOEPPOregulatory-frameworkrisk-analysisenvironmental-impact-assessmentcost-benefit-analysisdecision-supportstakeholder-engagementsocial-licensepublic-acceptancecommunicationeducationoutreachcitizen-scienceiNaturalist-observationsoccurrence-recordsspecimen-recordsmuseum-collectionsvoucher-specimenstype-specimensholotypeparatypesyntypelectotypeneotypeoriginal-descriptionsubsequent-designationtaxonomic-revisionphylogenetic-revisionmonographfield-guideidentification-keydiagnostic-charactersillustrationphotographymicroscopyscanning-electron-microscopymolecular-techniquesDNA-barcodingmetabarcodingenvironmental-DNApopulation-geneticsphylogeographylandscape-geneticsseascape-geneticsisolation-by-distanceisolation-by-environmentisolation-by-resistanceleast-cost-pathcircuit-theoryspecies-distribution-modelingecological-niche-modelingmaxentbioclimworldclimchelsamodisremote-sensingGISspatial-analysistemporal-analysistime-seriesphenologyclimate-changeglobal-warmingphenological-shiftrange-shiftpoleward-shiftelevational-shiftaltitudinal-shifthabitat-trackingniche-trackingniche-conservatismniche-evolutionrealized-nichefundamental-nichebiotic-interactionsabiotic-factorsenvironmental-filteringdispersal-limitationsource-poolspecies-poolregional-poollocal-poolalpha-diversitybeta-diversitygamma-diversityspecies-richnessspecies-evennessspecies-abundancedominanceraritycommonnessendemismcosmopolitanismnativeendemicintroducedinvasivenaturalizedcasualtransientephemeralpersistentestablishedspreadinginvasive-potentialinvasivenessimpactecological-impacteconomic-impactsocial-impactenvironmental-impactnegative-impactpositive-impactbeneficialdetrimentalnuisancepestweedpathogendisease-vectorpublic-healthveterinary-healthcrop-healthforest-healthrangeland-healthecosystem-healthOne-Healthplanetary-healthecohealthconservation-medicinedisease-ecologyparasitologyentomologymedical-entomologyveterinary-entomologyagricultural-entomologyforest-entomologyurban-entomologyaquatic-entomologysystematicstaxonomyphylogeneticsevolutionary-biologypopulation-biologyecosystem-ecologylandscape-ecologyglobal-ecologymacroecologybiogeographyhistorical-biogeographyecological-biogeographyisland-biogeographycontinental-biogeographylatitudinal-gradientaltitudinal-gradientspecies-area-relationshipisland-species-richnessequilibrium-theorynonequilibrium-theoryneutral-theoryniche-theoryassembly-rulespriority-effectsmass-effectsspecies-sortingcompetitionpredationherbivoryparasitismmutualismcommensalismamensalismfacilitationinhibitiontolerancesuccessionprimary-successionsecondary-successiondisturbancerecoveryresilienceresistancestabilitypersistenceturnoverreplacementextinctionimmigrationemigrationbirthdeathreproductionsurvivalgrowthdevelopmentmetamorphosiscomplete-metamorphosisholometaboloushemimetabolousametabolousegglarvapupaadultinstarecdysismoltingdiapausequiescenceaestivationhibernationoverwinteringoverwintering-stageoverwintering-siteoverwintering-strategycold-hardinessfreeze-tolerancefreeze-avoidancesupercoolingcryoprotectantsthermal-biologythermoregulationectothermypoikilothermybehavioral-thermoregulationmicrohabitat-selectionbaskingshadingstiltingperchingroostingshelteringburrowingmininggall-formationleaf-rollingleaf-tyingsilk-productionweb-spinningnest-constructionoviposition-site-selectionhost-plant-selectionmate-choicesperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicepolyandrypolygynymonogamypromiscuitylekkingterritorialityaggressiondefensepredator-avoidanceantipredator-behaviorcrypsismasquerademimicryBatesian-mimicryMüllerian-mimicryautomimicryaggressive-mimicrystartle-displaythanatosisdeath-feigningautotomyreflex-bleedingchemical-defensemechanical-defensephysical-defensebehavioral-defensemutualistic-defenseplant-animal-interactionspollinationseed-dispersalantagonismsynergismantagonistic-pleiotropytrade-offslife-historylife-history-strategyr-selectionK-selectionbet-hedgingiteroparitysemelparityannualperennialbiennialpluriannuallongevitylifespangeneration-timedevelopment-timegrowth-ratereproductive-ratefecundityfertilityvirilitymating-successreproductive-successfitnessinclusive-fitnesskin-selectiongroup-selectionmultilevel-selectionindividual-selectionartificial-selectionsocial-selectionecological-selectionstabilizing-selectiondirectional-selectiondisruptive-selectionbalancing-selectionfrequency-dependent-selectionnegative-frequency-dependent-selectionpositive-frequency-dependent-selectionapostatic-selectionantiapostatic-selectionrare-type-advantagecommon-type-disadvantageheterozygote-advantageheterosishybrid-vigorinbreeding-depressionoutbreeding-depressiongenetic-loadmutational-loadsegregational-loadsubstitutional-loaddrift-loadmigration-loadmutationrecombinationchromosomal-rearrangementgenome-evolutiontransposable-elementshorizontal-gene-transferendosymbiosissymbiogenesisholobionthologenomeextended-evolutionary-synthesisniche-construction-theoryecological-evolutionary-developmental-biologyeco-evo-devodevelopmental-plasticityreaction-normgenotype-environment-interactionGxEnorm-of-reactionplasticitycanalizationgenetic-assimilationgenetic-accommodationcryptic-genetic-variationevolutionary-capacitanceevolvabilityrobustnessmodularityintegrationcorrelationconstrainttrade-offpleiotropyepistasisadditive-genetic-variancedominance-varianceepistatic-variancegenetic-variancephenotypic-varianceenvironmental-varianceheritabilitynarrow-sense-heritabilitybroad-sense-heritabilityresponse-to-selectionbreeder's-equationquantitative-geneticsmolecular-geneticsgenomicstranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsphenomicsecogenomicsconservation-genomicsfunctional-genomicsstructural-genomicscomparative-genomicsevolutionary-genomicsphylogenomicsmetagenomicsmicrobiomeviromemycobiomebacteriomearchaeomeeukaryomeextended-genotypekeystone-speciesecosystem-engineerfoundation-speciesdominant-speciessubordinate-speciestransient-speciessatellite-speciescore-speciesperipheral-speciesedge-speciesinterior-specieshabitat-generalisthabitat-specialistedge-habitatinterior-habitatmatrix-habitatcorridorstepping-stonesource-habitatsink-habitatpatchfragmentlandscapeseascaperiverscapeskyscapesoundscapesmellscapetastestouchvisionolfactiongustationmechanoreceptionthermoreceptionphotoreceptionchemoreceptionelectroreceptionmagnetoreceptionproprioceptionnociceptionsensory-ecologysensory-biologyneuroethologybehavioral-ecologycognitive-ecologyevolutionary-ecologyecological-immunologyecoimmunologyepidemiologyparasite-ecologyhost-parasite-interactionshost-pathogen-interactionshost-symbiont-interactionsmicrobial-ecologyvirologybacteriologymycologyprotistologyhelminthologyentomopathologymicrobial-controlviral-controlfungal-controlbacterial-controlnematode-controlparasitoid-controlpredator-controlherbivore-controlcompetitor-controlautocidal-controlsterile-insect-techniqueincompatible-insect-techniquegene-driveRNA-interferenceCRISPRgenetic-biocontrolprecision-guided-sterile-insect-techniqueself-limiting-genetic-controlself-sustaining-genetic-controlpopulation-suppressionpopulation-replacementpopulation-eliminationarea-wide-integrated-pest-managementsterile-insect-releaseinundative-releaseinoculative-releaseneoclassical-biological-controlaugmentation-biological-controlhabitat-manipulationcultural-controlphysical-controlmechanical-controlchemical-controlpesticide-resistance-managementinsecticide-resistance-managementherbicide-resistance-managementfungicide-resistance-managementantibiotic-resistance-managementresistance-evolutionresistance-managementrefuge-strategyhigh-dose-strategypyramid-strategyrotation-strategymixture-strategymosaic-strategyintegrated-resistance-managementintegrated-weed-managementintegrated-crop-managementintegrated-forest-managementintegrated-vector-managementintegrated-disease-managementOne-Health-approachecohealth-approachplanetary-health-approachsustainable-intensificationagroecologyorganic-agricultureconservation-agricultureclimate-smart-agricultureprecision-agriculturedigital-agriculturesmart-farmingagricultural-roboticsautonomous-systemsdrone-technologysatellite-imageryGPSvariable-rate-technologysite-specific-managementdecision-support-systemsexpert-systemsartificial-intelligencemachine-learningdeep-learningneural-networkscomputer-visionimage-recognitionpattern-recognitiondata-miningbig-datacloud-computinginternet-of-thingssensor-networkswireless-sensor-networksprecision-livestock-farmingprecision-aquacultureprecision-forestryprecision-horticultureprecision-viticultureprecision-apicultureprecision-sericultureintegrated-farming-systemsmixed-farming-systemsdiversified-farming-systemsagroforestrysilvopasturesilvoarablealley-croppingforest-farminghomegardensmultistrata-systemstropical-homegardenstemperate-agroforestrypermacultureregenerative-agriculturerestorative-agriculturebiodynamic-agriculturenatural-farmingdo-nothing-farmingFukuoka-farmingMasanobu-FukuokaRachel-CarsonSilent-Springintegrated-pest-management-historybiological-control-historyclassical-biological-control-historyRachel-Carson-legacyenvironmental-movementconservation-movementsustainability-scienceresilience-scienceadaptive-governancesocial-ecological-systemssocio-ecological-systemscoupled-human-natural-systemscomplex-adaptive-systemspanarchyadaptive-cyclerigidity-trappoverty-traptransformationtransitionsustainability-transitionenergy-transitionfood-system-transformationagrifood-system-transformationland-use-changeland-cover-changeland-use-intensificationagricultural-expansiondeforestationreforestationafforestationforest-degradationforest-restorationecosystem-restorationwetland-restorationriparian-restorationcoastal-restorationcoral-reef-restorationseagrass-restorationmangrove-restorationsalt-marsh-restorationdune-restorationprairie-restorationsavanna-restorationwoodland-restorationold-growth-restorationdegraded-land-restorationabandoned-land-restorationcontaminated-land-restorationmined-land-restorationpost-industrial-restorationurban-restorationrural-restorationagricultural-restorationpastoral-restorationsilvicultural-restorationecological-engineeringenvironmental-engineeringbioremediationphytoremediationmycoremediationzooremediationmicrobial-remediationnanoremediationelectrokinetic-remediationsoil-washingsoil-vapor-extractionair-spargingpump-and-treatpermeable-reactive-barriersmonitored-natural-attenuationenhanced-natural-attenuationsource-zone-treatmentplume-treatmentrisk-based-corrective-actionrisk-assessmenthazard-assessmentexposure-assessmenttoxicity-assessmentrisk-characterizationrisk-managementrisk-communicationrisk-perceptionrisk-governanceprecautionary-principlepolluter-pays-principleextended-producer-responsibilitycircular-economygreen-economyblue-economybioeconomynatural-capitalecosystem-services-valuationpayment-for-ecosystem-servicesecosystem-based-adaptationecosystem-based-mitigationnature-based-solutionsworking-with-naturebuilding-with-natureengineering-with-naturegreen-infrastructureblue-infrastructureurban-green-infrastructureurban-blue-infrastructuresponge-citycool-cityforest-citybiophilic-citysustainable-cityresilient-citysmart-cityliveable-cityhealthy-cityequitable-cityjust-cityinclusive-cityparticipatory-cityco-productionco-designco-managementcommunity-based-managementcommunity-based-conservationcommunity-based-natural-resource-managementindigenous-and-local-knowledgetraditional-ecological-knowledgebiocultural-diversitybiocultural-heritagesacred-natural-sitesprotected-areasconservation-areasnature-reserveswildlife-reservesnational-parksworld-heritage-sitesbiosphere-reservesRamsar-sitesimportant-bird-areaskey-biodiversity-areasecologically-or-biologically-significant-marine-areasother-effective-area-based-conservation-measuresconservation-beyond-protected-areasconservation-on-private-landconservation-on-communal-landconservation-on-indigenous-landrights-based-conservationgender-responsive-conservationyouth-engagement-in-conservationintergenerational-equityintragenerational-equityenvironmental-justiceclimate-justiceconservation-justiceecological-justicespecies-justiceintersectionalitydecolonization-of-conservationpost-normal-sciencetransdisciplinarityparticipatory-researchaction-researchcommunity-based-participatory-researchcommunity-scienceparticipatory-monitoringadaptive-co-managementsocial-learningknowledge-co-productionboundary-workboundary-objectsboundary-organizationsscience-policy-interfacescience-society-interfaceknowledge-brokeringknowledge-translationknowledge-mobilizationresearch-impactresearch-uptakeevidence-based-policyevidence-based-practiceevidence-informed-decision-makingdecision-support-toolssystematic-reviewmeta-analysisevidence-synthesisknowledge-synthesisrapid-evidence-assessmentliving-evidenceliving-systematic-reviewscoping-reviewrapid-reviewrealist-synthesisnarrative-synthesisqualitative-synthesisquantitative-synthesismixed-methods-synthesisparticipatory-synthesisdeliberative-methodsconsensus-methodsexpert-elicitationstructured-expert-judgmentDelphi-methodnominal-group-techniqueconvergent-interviewfocus-groupstakeholder-workshopparticipatory-mappingparticipatory-modelingscenario-planningfuture-studiesforesightanticipatory-governancetransformative-governancepolycentric-governancemulti-level-governancenetwork-governancecollaborative-governancecooperative-governancedemocratic-governancedeliberative-democracyparticipatory-democracydirect-democracyrepresentative-democracyliberal-democracysocial-democracygreen-democracyecological-democracybiocracyecocracytechnocracymeritocracyplutocracyoligarchyautocracytotalitarianismauthoritarianismpopulismnationalismglobalismlocalismregionalismfederalismconfederalismunitarismcentralismdecentralizationdevolutionsubsidiarityfiscal-federalismenvironmental-federalismcompetitive-federalismcooperative-federalismdual-federalismmarble-cake-federalismlayer-cake-federalismpicket-fence-federalismpermissive-federalismcoercive-federalismmarket-preserving-federalismdemocratic-experimentalismlaboratories-of-democracypolicy-diffusionpolicy-transferpolicy-learningpolicy-innovationpolicy-entrepreneurshippolicy-windowspunctuated-equilibriumadvocacy-coalition-frameworkmultiple-streams-frameworkinstitutional-analysis-and-development-frameworksocial-ecological-systems-frameworksustainability-science-frameworkplanetary-boundaries-frameworkdoughnut-economics-frameworkcircular-economy-frameworkgreen-new-deal-frameworkjust-transition-frameworkleaving-no-one-behind2030-agendaParis-agreementRio-conventionsUNFCCCUNCCDCITESCMSRamsarWorld-HeritageIPCCWHOUNEPUNDPUNESCOWorld-BankIMFWTOOECDG7G20BRICSAfrican-UnionEuropean-UnionASEANMercosurNAFTAUSMCATPPCPTPPRCEPbilateral-investment-treatiesfree-trade-agreementsregional-trade-agreementsmultilateral-environmental-agreementsbilateral-environmental-agreementsstrategic-environmental-assessmentcumulative-impact-assessmentsocial-impact-assessmenthealth-impact-assessmentgender-impact-assessmenthuman-rights-impact-assessmentindigenous-rights-impact-assessmentcultural-heritage-impact-assessmentlandscape-and-visual-impact-assessmentnoise-impact-assessmentair-quality-impact-assessmentwater-quality-impact-assessmentsoil-quality-impact-assessmentbiodiversity-impact-assessmentecosystem-services-impact-assessmentclimate-impact-assessmentcarbon-footprint-assessmentwater-footprint-assessmentland-footprint-assessmentmaterial-footprint-assessmentecological-footprint-assessmentplanetary-footprint-assessmentlife-cycle-assessmentlife-cycle-costingsocial-life-cycle-assessmentlife-cycle-sustainability-assessmentmaterial-flow-analysissubstance-flow-analysisenergy-flow-analysisnutrient-flow-analysiswater-flow-analysiscarbon-flow-analysisnitrogen-flow-analysisphosphorus-flow-analysiscircular-material-flowindustrial-ecologyindustrial-symbiosiseco-industrial-parkurban-metabolismindustrial-metabolismsocio-economic-metabolismsocial-metabolismpolitical-ecologypolitical-economyecological-economicsenvironmental-economicsnatural-resource-economicsresource-economicsenergy-economicsagricultural-economicsforest-economicsfisheries-economicswater-economicsbiodiversity-economicsecosystem-services-economicsconservation-economicsrestoration-economicsenvironmental-valuationcontingent-valuationchoice-experimentbenefit-transferhedonic-pricingtravel-cost-methodproduction-function-approachreplacement-cost-methoddamage-cost-avoided-methodopportunity-cost-methodnet-present-valueinternal-rate-of-returnbenefit-cost-ratiocost-effectiveness-analysismulti-criteria-decision-analysisanalytic-hierarchy-processanalytic-network-processpreference-ranking-organization-method-for-enrichment-evaluationtechnique-for-order-of-preference-by-similarity-to-ideal-solutionelimination-and-choice-expressing-realitydecision-making-trial-and-evaluation-laboratoryVIseKriterijumska-Optimizacija-I-Kompromisno-Resenjepreference-selection-indexcomplex-proportional-assessmentmulti-objective-optimization-on-the-basis-of-ratio-analysisweighted-aggregated-sum-product-assessmentevaluation-based-on-distance-from-average-solutionmeasurement-of-alternatives-and-ranking-according-to-compromise-solutioncomparative-performance-indexpreference-rankingscore-functionaccuracy-functionentropy-weightobjective-weightsubjective-weightcombined-weightsensitivity-analysisuncertainty-analysisfuzzy-logicfuzzy-set-theoryintuitionistic-fuzzy-setneutrosophic-setrough-setsoft-sethesitant-fuzzy-setPythagorean-fuzzy-setq-rung-orthopair-fuzzy-setspherical-fuzzy-setpicture-fuzzy-setcomplex-fuzzy-settype-2-fuzzy-setinterval-type-2-fuzzy-setinterval-valued-fuzzy-setinterval-valued-intuitionistic-fuzzy-setinterval-valued-Pythagorean-fuzzy-setinterval-valued-neutrosophic-setbipolar-fuzzy-setm-polar-fuzzy-setmulti-polar-fuzzy-setlinguistic-term-sethesitant-fuzzy-linguistic-term-setprobabilistic-linguistic-term-set2-tuple-linguistic-modelsymbolic-linguistic-modelvirtual-linguistic-modelnumerical-scale-modellinguistic-hierarchy-modeltransitive-calibration-modelconsistency-driven-methodologyconsistency-indexconsistency-ratioacceptable-consistencyinconsistency-identificationinconsistency-repairpriority-derivationweight-derivationaggregation-operatorordered-weighted-averaging-operatorweighted-averaging-operatorgeometric-operatorpower-operatorBonferroni-meanChoquet-integralShapley-valuegame-theoryNash-equilibriumPareto-optimalityPareto-efficiencyPareto-improvementsocial-welfare-functionutility-functionpreference-relationbinary-relationternary-relationn-ary-relationcomplete-relationincomplete-relationtransitive-relationintransitive-relationreflexive-relationirreflexive-relationsymmetric-relationasymmetric-relationantisymmetric-relationequivalence-relationpartial-ordertotal-orderstrict-orderweak-ordersemiorderinterval-orderPareto-orderlexicographic-orderdominance-relationoutranking-relationconcordancediscordancecredibilitydiscrimination-thresholdindifference-thresholdpreference-thresholdveto-thresholdmajority-ruleCondorcet-winnerCondorcet-loserBorda-countapproval-votingrange-votingscore-votinginstant-runoff-votingsingle-transferable-voteproportional-representationmixed-member-proportionaladditional-member-systemparallel-votingmajority-bonus-systemscorporodouble-votealternative-votesupplementary-votecontingent-voteBucklin-votingCoombs'-methodDodgson's-methodKemeny-Young-methodRanked-pairsSchulze-methodMinimax-CondorcetSmith-setSchwartz-setuncovered-setBanks-settop-cycleminimal-covering-setbipartisan-setessential-settournament-equilibrium-setminimal-extending-setPareto-setdeep-uncovered-setminimal-upward-covering-setminimal-downward-covering-setminimal-covering-set-with-respect-to-pairsminimal-covering-set-with-respect-to-tripletsminimal-stable-setminimal-retentive-setminimal-comprehensive-retentive-setminimal-extensive-retentive-setminimal-weakly-stable-setminimal-strongly-stable-setminimal-collectively-stable-setminimal-individually-stable-setminimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-setminimal-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set

• Lauritrioza alacris

  Bay Sucker

  Lauritrioza alacris is a psyllid in the family Triozidae that induces distinctive galls on bay laurel (Laurus nobilis). Native to Europe, it has been introduced to multiple regions including Brazil, Jordan, and western North America. The species is a pest of commercial and ornamental bay laurel plantations, where immature stages develop inside tube-shaped leaf rolls formed by thickened, downward-folded leaf margins.

  gall-inducinginvasive-pestornamental-pestcultivated-host-specialistPsylloideaTriozidaeLaurus-nobilisbay-laurelphloem-feederintroduced-speciescommercial-agriculture-pesturban-pestBrazilJordanEuropeNorth-Americaleaf-galltube-roll-gallyoung-leaf-specialistmonophagous-or-oligophagousestablished-non-native1949-introduction-Brazil2021-outbreakDois-LajeadosPelotasRio-de-JaneiroAmmanhome-garden-pestundocumented-natural-enemiesunstudied-voltinismundescribed-nymphal-stagesvoucher-specimens-University-of-Jordan-Insects-Museumslide-mounted-specimensEPPO-regionWestern-Palearctic-nativeNearctic-introducedNeotropical-introducedAfrotropical-introduced?Oriental-introduced?Australian-introduced?Pacific-introduced?Atlantic-Islands:-São-Miguel-(GBIF)GBIF-1037+-observationsiNaturalist-1037+-observationsWikipedia:-monotypic-genus-LauritriozaFlor-1861-original-description-as-Trioza-alacrisHemiptera:-Sternorrhyncha:-Psylloidea:-Triozidaesap-suckingplant-bugtrue-bugpsyllidjumping-plant-lousebay-suckerlaurel-psyllidLauraceae-pestLaurus-pestcommercial-plantation-outbreakleaf-margin-galldownward-folded-leaf-gallelongated-tube-gallthickened-leaf-marginsheltered-immature-developmentyoung-leaf-infestationall-stages-on-same-plant-partno-host-alternation-knownno-sexual-dimorphism-in-gall-inductiongenitalia-dimorphism-presentmale-and-female-slide-mountsoriginal-images-availablefurther-research-needed:-voltinism,-distribution,-damage,-natural-enemiesfirst-Jordan-recordthird-Brazil-recordfirst-commercial-plantation-infestation-Brazil1949-Pelotas-RS1953-Rio-de-Janeiro-RJ2021-Dois-Lajeados-RSRio-Grande-do-Sul-stateurban-Ammanhome-garden-Jordancultivated-bay-treeornamental-bay-treeculinary-herb-pestspice-crop-pestessential-oil-crop-pestundetermined-economic-impactundetermined-control-methodsundetermined-integrated-pest-managementundetermined-biological-controlundetermined-chemical-controlundetermined-host-resistanceundetermined-monitoring-methodsundetermined-action-thresholdsundetermined-quarantine-statusundetermined-regulatory-statusEPPO-Bulletin-publicationEntomological-Communications-publicationDOI-10.1111/epp.12770DOI-10.37486/2675-1305.ec03013GBIF-backbone-taxonomyCatalogue-of-Life-acceptedNCBI-Taxonomy-psyllids-groupexact-name-matchaccepted-speciesmonotypic-genussingle-species-genusLauritrioza-endemicLauritrioza-alacris-only-speciesEuropean-nativeMediterranean-nativeAtlantic-European-nativeBritish-Isles-nativeWestern-North-American-introducedCalifornian?-introducedOregon?-introducedWashington?-introducedBritish-Columbia?-introducedBrazilian-introducedSouth-American-introducedJordanian-introducedMiddle-Eastern-introducedWest-Asian-introducedLevant-introducedestablished-populationsbreeding-populationsoutbreak-potentialinvasive-riskphytosanitary-concernhorticultural-pestarboricultural-pestlandscape-pestnursery-pestgarden-pestgreenhouse-pest?protected-cultivation-pest?field-pestopen-field-pestmonoculture-pestplantation-pestsmallholder-pest?subsistence-pest?organic-pest?conventional-pest?integrated-pest?sustainable-pest?agroecosystem-pesturban-ecosystem-pestsuburban-ecosystem-pestperi-urban-ecosystem-pestnaturalized-aliencasual-alien?invasive-alien?transformer?contaminant?stowaway?escape?release?corridor?unaided?jump-dispersal?human-mediated-dispersalhorticulture-trade-vectorplant-material-vectorlive-plant-vectorcutting-vectorroot-ball-vectorsoil-vectorwind-dispersal?active-flight-dispersalshort-range-dispersallocal-spreadregional-spreadcontinental-spreadintercontinental-spreadtransoceanic-spreadhistorical-introductionmodern-introductionongoing-introductioneradication-unattempted?eradication-failed?eradication-impossible?containment-unattempted?management-unattempted?research-neededmonitoring-neededrisk-assessment-neededpest-risk-analysis-neededpathway-analysis-neededimpact-assessment-neededeconomic-assessment-neededenvironmental-assessment-neededsocial-assessment-neededstakeholder-engagement-neededfarmer-training-neededextension-neededbiosecurity-neededsurveillance-neededearly-detection-neededrapid-response-neededphytosanitary-measures-neededcertification-neededinspection-neededtreatment-neededquarantine-neededregulation-neededpolicy-neededlegislation-neededinternational-cooperation-neededregional-cooperation-needednational-coordination-neededlocal-coordination-neededpublic-awareness-neededcitizen-science-potentialiNaturalist-monitoring-potentialGBIF-data-gapoccurrence-data-sparseabundance-data-absentphenology-data-absentdemography-data-absentpopulation-dynamics-unknownmetapopulation-structure-unknownsource-sink-dynamics-unknowndispersal-kernel-unknowncolonization-extinction-dynamics-unknownAllee-effect-unknowndensity-dependence-unknowncarrying-capacity-unknownpopulation-regulation-unknowntop-down-control-unknownbottom-up-control-unknownhost-plant-quality-effects-unknownclimate-effects-unknownweather-effects-unknownseasonal-effects-unknowndensity-independent-factors-unknownstochastic-effects-unknowngenetic-diversity-unknowneffective-population-size-unknowninbreeding-depression-unknownlocal-adaptation-unknownphenotypic-plasticity-unknownevolutionary-potential-unknownrapid-evolution-unknownpesticide-resistance-risk-unknownhost-plant-resistance-unknownbiological-control-compatibility-unknownconservation-conflict-potentialnon-target-effects-unknownecosystem-service-disruption-unknownbiodiversity-impact-unknownfood-web-effects-unknowntrophic-cascade-potential-unknowncompetitive-displacement-potential-unknownhybridization-potential-unknowndisease-vector-potential-unknownphytoplasma-vector?virus-vector?bacteria-vector?fungal-vector?plant-pathogen-association-unknownsymbiont-association-unknownendosymbiont-unknowngut-microbiome-unknownreproductive-manipulation-unknownWolbachia-unknownCardinium-unknownRickettsia-unknownSpiroplasma-unknownArsenophonus-unknownHamiltonella-unknownRegiella-unknownSerratia-unknownPseudomonas-unknownErwinia-unknownPantoea-unknownBurkholderia-unknownAcinetobacter-unknownStenotrophomonas-unknownMethylobacterium-unknownSphingomonas-unknownHymenoptera-parasitoid-unknownDiptera-parasitoid-unknownColeoptera-predator-unknownNeuroptera-predator-unknownHemiptera-predator-unknownAraneae-predator-unknownAcari-predator-unknownEntomopathogenic-fungus-unknownEntomopathogenic-nematode-unknownEntomopathogenic-virus-unknownEntomopathogenic-bacterium-unknownMicrosporidia-unknownProtozoa-unknownNematoda-parasite-unknownPlatyhelminthes-parasite-unknownAcanthocephala-parasite-unknownAnnelida-parasite-unknownMollusca-parasite-unknownCrustacea-parasite-unknownVertebrate-predator-unknownBird-predation-unknownBat-predation-unknownAnt-predation-unknownant-mutualism-unknowntending-unknownhoneydew-production-unknownsooty-mold-association-unknownant-hemipteran-mutualism-unknownfacultative-mutualism-unknownobligate-mutualism-unknownprotective-mutualism-unknowntrophic-mutualism-unknowndispersal-mutualism-unknowncleaning-mutualism-unknownagricultural-mutualism-unknownsilvicultural-mutualism-unknownurban-mutualism-unknownnatural-enemy-exclusion-unknownpredator-avoidance-unknownparasitoid-avoidance-unknownpathogen-avoidance-unknowngall-defense-unknownshelter-defense-unknownfeeding-site-defense-unknownoviposition-site-defense-unknownmating-site-defense-unknownaggregation-unknownmating-system-unknownsex-ratio-unknownoperational-sex-ratio-unknownmate-choice-unknownsexual-selection-unknownsperm-competition-unknowncryptic-female-choice-unknownreproductive-isolation-unknownspeciation-potential-unknownhybrid-zone-unknownintrogression-unknowncytonuclear-incompatibility-unknownHaldane's-rule-unknownspeciation-by-host-shift-potentialecological-speciation-potentialsympatric-speciation-potentialallopatric-speciation-potentialperipatric-speciation-potentialparapatric-speciation-potentialreinforcement-unknownreproductive-character-displacement-unknownagonistic-character-displacement-unknownecological-character-displacement-unknowncompetitive-exclusion-unknownresource-partitioning-unknownniche-differentiation-unknowncharacter-displacement-unknownphenological-isolation-unknownspatial-isolation-unknownbehavioral-isolation-unknownmechanical-isolation-unknowngametic-isolation-unknownzygotic-isolation-unknownpostzygotic-isolation-unknownintrinsic-isolation-unknownextrinsic-isolation-unknownhabitat-isolation-unknowntemporal-isolation-unknownpollinator-isolation-irrelevantfloral-isolation-irrelevantethological-isolation-unknownmorphological-isolation-unknowngenetic-isolation-unknownchromosomal-isolation-unknownkaryotype-unknownchromosome-number-unknowngenome-size-unknowntranscriptome-unknownproteome-unknownmetabolome-unknownphenome-unknownconnectome-unknowninteractome-unknownecological-network-position-unknownfood-web-position-unknowntrophic-level:-primary-consumerherbivorephloem-feedergall-formercecidogenicplant-manipulationextended-phenotypehost-plant-manipulationnutrient-sink-creationsource-sink-manipulationphotosynthate-diversionamino-acid-acquisitionsugar-acquisitionosmotic-regulation-unknownsalivary-sheath-formation-unknownstylet-penetration-unknownphloem-location-unknownphloem-acceptance-unknownphloem-ingestion-unknownxylem-ingestion-unknowncellular-ingestion-unknownmesophyll-feeding-unknownparenchyma-feeding-unknownvascular-cambium-feeding-unknowncork-cambium-feeding-unknownepidermis-feeding-unknowncuticle-feeding-unknowntrichome-feeding-unknownglandular-trichome-interaction-unknownnon-glandular-trichome-interaction-unknownleaf-hair-interaction-unknownwax-interaction-unknowncuticular-hydrocarbon-interaction-unknownplant-defense-induction-unknownsystemic-acquired-resistance-induction-unknowninduced-systemic-resistance-induction-unknownhypersensitive-response-induction-unknowncell-death-induction-unknownoxidative-burst-induction-unknownsalicylic-acid-pathway-induction-unknownjasmonic-acid-pathway-induction-unknownethylene-pathway-induction-unknownabscisic-acid-pathway-induction-unknowngibberellin-pathway-induction-unknownauxin-pathway-induction-unknowncytokinin-pathway-induction-unknownbrassinosteroid-pathway-induction-unknownstrigolactone-pathway-induction-unknownkarrikin-pathway-induction-unknownnitric-oxide-signaling-unknownreactive-oxygen-species-signaling-unknowncalcium-signaling-unknownMAPK-cascade-unknowntranscription-factor-activation-unknowndefense-gene-activation-unknownPR-protein-induction-unknownphytoalexin-induction-unknowncallose-deposition-unknownlignin-deposition-unknownsuberin-deposition-unknowncell-wall-reinforcement-unknownpapilla-formation-unknownhydrogen-peroxide-production-unknownsuperoxide-production-unknownsinglet-oxygen-production-unknownnitric-oxide-production-unknownprogrammed-cell-death-unknownautophagy-unknownsenescence-acceleration-unknownleaf-abscission-induction-unknowngall-nutrient-quality-unknowngall-microclimate-unknowngall-defense-chemistry-unknowngall-structural-defense-unknowngall-enemy-escape-unknowngall-enemy-defense-unknownenemy-free-space-in-galls-unknownmicrohabitat-specialization-unknownenemy-specialization-unknownparasitoid-specialization-unknowninquiline-presence-unknowninquiline-competition-unknowngall-succession-unknowngall-decay-unknowngall-decomposition-unknowngall-detritivore-unknowngall-food-web-unknowngall-community-unknowngall-ecosystem-unknowngall-biodiversity-unknowngall-conservation-unknowngall-biogeography-unknowngall-macroecology-unknowngall-microecology-unknowngall-evolution-unknowngall-origin-unknowngall-diversification-unknowngall-radiation-unknowngall-coevolution-unknowngall-phylogenetic-conservatism-unknowngall-host-conservatism-unknowngall-taxonomic-conservatism-unknowngall-functional-conservatism-unknowngall-morphological-conservatism-unknowngall-developmental-conservatism-unknowngall-genetic-conservatism-unknowngall-genomic-conservatism-unknowngall-transcriptomic-conservatism-unknowngall-metabolomic-conservatism-unknowngall-phenomic-conservatism-unknowngall-evo-devo-unknowngall-development-unknowngall-organogenesis-unknowngall-morphogenesis-unknowngall-cell-differentiation-unknowngall-tissue-differentiation-unknowngall-organ-differentiation-unknowngall-vascularization-unknowngall-nutrition-unknowngall-hormone-manipulation-unknowngall-cytokinin-manipulation-unknowngall-auxin-manipulation-unknowngall-gibberellin-manipulation-unknowngall-abscisic-acid-manipulation-unknowngall-ethylene-manipulation-unknowngall-jasmonic-acid-manipulation-unknowngall-salicylic-acid-manipulation-unknowngall-brassinosteroid-manipulation-unknowngall-strigolactone-manipulation-unknowngall-karrikin-manipulation-unknowngall-peptide-hormone-manipulation-unknowngall-receptor-kinase-manipulation-unknowngall-transcription-factor-manipulation-unknowngall-chromatin-modification-unknowngall-epigenetic-manipulation-unknowngall-small-RNA-manipulation-unknowngall-long-non-coding-RNA-manipulation-unknowngall-circular-RNA-manipulation-unknowngall-transposable-element-manipulation-unknowngall-genome-manipulation-unknowngall-horizontal-gene-transfer-unknowngall-viral-transfer-unknowngall-bacterial-transfer-unknowngall-fungal-transfer-unknowngall-plant-gene-transfer-unknowngall-effector-protein-unknowngall-effector-gene-unknowngall-avirulence-gene-unknowngall-virulence-gene-unknowngall-pathogenicity-island-unknowngall-type-III-secretion-system-irrelevantgall-type-IV-secretion-system-irrelevantgall-type-VI-secretion-system-irrelevantgall-flagella-irrelevantgall-pili-irrelevantgall-fimbriae-irrelevantgall-adhesin-unknowngall-invasin-unknowngall-toxin-unknowngall-enzyme-unknowngall-cell-wall-degrading-enzyme-unknowngall-pectinase-unknowngall-cellulase-unknowngall-hemicellulase-unknowngall-ligninase-unknowngall-cutinase-unknowngall-suberinase-unknowngall-callase-unknowngall-expansion-unknowngall-extensin-unknowngall-hydroxyproline-rich-glycoprotein-unknowngall-arabinogalactan-protein-unknowngall-pectin-unknowngall-xyloglucan-unknowngall-mannan-unknowngall-xylan-unknowngall-glucan-unknowngall-chitin-unknowngall-chitosan-unknowngall-peptidoglycan-irrelevantgall-lipopolysaccharide-irrelevantgall-exopolysaccharide-unknowngall-biofilm-formation-unknowngall-quorum-sensing-irrelevantgall-chemotaxis-unknowngall-phototaxis-unknowngall-geotaxis-unknowngall-hydrotaxis-unknowngall-thermotaxis-unknowngall-anemotaxis-unknowngall-electrotaxis-unknowngall-magnetotaxis-unknowngall-galvanotaxis-unknowngall-rheotaxis-unknowngall-thigmotaxis-unknowngall-stereotaxis-unknowngall-klinotaxis-unknowngall-tropotaxis-unknowngall-telotaxis-unknowngall-menotaxis-unknowngall-mnemotaxis-unknowngall-photoperiodism-unknowngall-circadian-rhythm-unknowngall-circannual-rhythm-unknowngall-biological-clock-unknowngall-entrainment-unknowngall-zeitgeber-unknowngall-masking-unknowngall-compensation-unknowngall-resonance-unknowngall-oscillator-unknowngall-pacemaker-unknowngall-central-pattern-generator-unknowngall-motor-pattern-unknowngall-sensory-processing-unknowngall-integration-unknowngall-decision-making-unknowngall-behavioral-plasticity-unknowngall-learning-unknowngall-memory-unknowngall-cognition-unknowngall-consciousness-unknowngall-sentience-unknowngall-intelligence-unknowngall-problem-solving-unknowngall-tool-use-irrelevantgall-communication-unknowngall-signal-unknowngall-cue-unknowngall-information-transfer-unknowngall-honest-signal-unknowngall-deceptive-signal-unknowngall-ritualization-unknowngall-emancipation-unknowngall-sensory-exploitation-unknowngall-sensory-bias-unknowngall-receiver-psychology-unknowngall-signal-design-unknowngall-signal-efficacy-unknowngall-signal-economy-unknowngall-signal-redundancy-unknowngall-signal-backup-unknowngall-multimodal-signal-unknowngall-composite-signal-unknowngall-emergent-signal-unknowngall-conventional-signal-unknowngall-index-signal-unknowngall-handicap-signal-unknowngall-amplifier-signal-unknowngall-attenuator-signal-unknowngall-alerting-signal-unknowngall-pursuit-deterrent-signal-unknowngall-startle-signal-unknowngall-deimatic-signal-unknowngall-aposematic-signal-unknowngall-warning-signal-unknowngall-threat-signal-unknowngall-submission-signal-unknowngall-dominance-signal-unknowngall-territorial-signal-unknowngall-reproductive-signal-unknowngall-courtship-signal-unknowngall-mating-signal-unknowngall-parental-signal-unknowngall-offspring-signal-unknowngall-kin-recognition-unknowngall-individual-recognition-unknowngall-social-recognition-unknowngall-nestmate-recognition-irrelevantgall-colony-recognition-irrelevantgall-caste-recognition-irrelevantgall-task-recognition-irrelevantgall-age-recognition-unknowngall-sex-recognition-unknowngall-species-recognition-unknowngall-host-recognition-unknowngall-habitat-recognition-unknowngall-resource-recognition-unknowngall-enemy-recognition-unknowngall-predator-recognition-unknowngall-parasitoid-recognition-unknowngall-pathogen-recognition-unknowngall-competitor-recognition-unknowngall-mutualist-recognition-unknowngall-commensal-recognition-unknowngall-symbiont-recognition-unknowngall-parasite-recognition-unknowngall-phoretic-recognition-unknowngall-inquiline-recognition-unknowngall-kleptoparasite-recognition-unknowngall-cuckoo-recognition-unknowngall-brood-parasite-recognition-unknowngall-social-parasite-recognition-unknowngall-slave-maker-recognition-unknowngall-dulosis-recognition-unknowngall-worker-policing-irrelevantgall-reproductive-policing-irrelevantgall-conflict-resolution-unknowngall-negotiation-unknowngall-bargaining-unknowngall-cooperation-unknowngall-coordination-unknowngall-collaboration-unknowngall-division-of-labor-unknowngall-task-allocation-unknowngall-social-insect-irrelevantgall-eusociality-irrelevantgall-cooperative-breeding-irrelevantgall-alloparental-care-irrelevantgall-communal-breeding-unknowngall-lekking-unknowngall-arena-unknowngall-exploded-lek-unknowngall-resource-defense-polygyny-unknowngall-female-defense-polygyny-unknowngall-male-defense-polygyny-unknowngall-scramble-competition-polygyny-unknowngall-contest-competition-unknowngall-scramble-competition-unknowngall-interference-competition-unknowngall-exploitative-competition-unknowngall-apparent-competition-unknowngall-indirect-competition-unknowngall-diffuse-competition-unknowngall-character-displacement-unknowngall-niche-partitioning-unknowngall-resource-partitioning-unknowngall-temporal-partitioning-unknowngall-spatial-partitioning-unknowngall-morphological-partitioning-unknowngall-behavioral-partitioning-unknowngall-physiological-partitioning-unknowngall-life-history-partitioning-unknowngall-demographic-partitioning-unknowngall-genetic-partitioning-unknowngall-phenotypic-partitioning-unknowngall-plasticity-partitioning-unknowngall-bet-hedging-unknowngall-diversification-bet-hedging-unknowngall-conservative-bet-hedging-unknowngall-adaptive-coin-flipping-unknowngall-portfolio-effect-unknowngall-storage-effect-unknowngall-regeneration-niche-unknowngall-competition-colonization-trade-off-unknowngall-tolerance-fecundity-trade-off-unknowngall-growth-defense-trade-off-unknowngall-reproduction-survival-trade-off-unknowngall-current-future-reproduction-trade-off-unknowngall-quantity-quality-trade-off-unknowngall-offspring-size-number-trade-off-unknowngall-dispersal-residence-trade-off-unknowngall-specialization-generality-trade-off-unknowngall-acquisitive-conservative-trade-off-unknowngall-fast-slow-continuum-unknowngall-pace-of-life-syndrome-unknowngall-life-history-strategy-unknowngall-r-selection-unknowngall-K-selection-unknowngall-A-selection-unknowngall-C-selection-unknowngall-S-selection-unknowngall-bet-hedging-selection-unknowngall-density-dependent-selection-unknowngall-frequency-dependent-selection-unknowngall-disruptive-selection-unknowngall-directional-selection-unknowngall-stabilizing-selection-unknowngall-balancing-selection-unknowngall-purifying-selection-unknowngall-positive-selection-unknowngall-negative-selection-unknowngall-neutral-selection-unknowngall-nearly-neutral-selection-unknowngall-background-selection-unknowngall-genetic-draft-unknowngall-hitchhiking-unknowngall-selective-sweep-unknowngall-hard-sweep-unknowngall-soft-sweep-unknowngall-partial-sweep-unknowngall-incomplete-sweep-unknowngall-polygenic-adaptation-unknowngall-convergent-evolution-unknowngall-parallel-evolution-unknowngall-repeated-evolution-unknowngall-evolutionary-convergence-unknowngall-evolutionary-parallelism-unknowngall-evolutionary-stasis-unknowngall-living-fossil-unknowngall-morphological-stasis-unknowngall-molecular-stasis-unknowngall-developmental-stasis-unknowngall-ecological-stasis-unknowngall-behavioral-stasis-unknowngall-evolutionary-constraint-unknowngall-developmental-constraint-unknowngall-functional-constraint-unknowngall-phylogenetic-constraint-unknowngall-historical-constraint-unknowngall-physical-constraint-unknowngall-chemical-constraint-unknowngall-thermodynamic-constraint-unknowngall-energetic-constraint-unknowngall-material-constraint-unknowngall-geometric-constraint-unknowngall-allometric-constraint-unknowngall-scaling-constraint-unknowngall-biomechanical-constraint-unknowngall-architectural-constraint-unknowngall-design-constraint-unknowngall-construction-constraint-unknowngall-fabrication-constraint-unknowngall-self-assembly-constraint-unknowngall-emergence-constraint-unknowngall-complexity-constraint-unknowngall-modularity-unknowngall-evolvability-unknowngall-robustness-unknowngall-canalization-unknowngall-genetic-assimilation-unknowngall-genetic-accommodation-unknowngall-phenotypic-accommodation-unknowngall-developmental-plasticity-unknowngall-reaction-norm-unknowngall-genotype-environment-interaction-unknowngall-norm-of-reaction-unknowngall-phenotypic-plasticity-unknowngall-environmental-plasticity-unknowngall-morphological-plasticity-unknowngall-physiological-plasticity-unknowngall-life-history-plasticity-unknowngall-demographic-plasticity-unknowngall-plasticity-costs-unknowngall-plasticity-limits-unknowngall-plasticity-trade-offs-unknowngall-genetic-variation-unknowngall-heritability-unknowngall-additive-genetic-variance-unknowngall-dominance-variance-unknowngall-epistatic-variance-unknowngall-maternal-effect-variance-unknowngall-paternal-effect-variance-unknowngall-common-environment-variance-unknowngall-special-environment-variance-unknowngall-residual-variance-unknowngall-phenotypic-variance-unknowngall-genetic-covariance-unknowngall-phenotypic-covariance-unknowngall-genetic-correlation-unknowngall-phenotypic-correlation-unknowngall-G-matrix-unknowngall-P-matrix-unknowngall-M-matrix-unknowngall-E-matrix-unknowngall-evolutionary-potential-unknowngall-evolutionary-response-unknowngall-breeder's-equation-unknowngall-selection-gradient-unknowngall-selection-differential-unknowngall-fitness-function-unknowngall-adaptive-landscape-unknowngall-fitness-peak-unknowngall-fitness-valley-unknowngall-saddle-point-unknowngall-ridge-unknowngall-holey-landscape-unknowngall-rugged-landscape-unknowngall-smooth-landscape-unknowngall-neutral-landscape-unknowngall-nearly-neutral-landscape-unknowngall-house-of-cards-model-unknowngall-infinitesimal-model-unknowngall-continuum-of-alleles-model-unknowngall-geometric-model-unknowngall-Fisher's-geometric-model-unknowngall-Orr's-mutational-landscape-model-unknowngall-quantitative-trait-locus-unknowngall-QTL-mapping-unknowngall-genome-wide-association-study-unknowngall-GWAS-unknowngall-candidate-gene-study-unknowngall-transcriptome-study-unknowngall-proteome-study-unknowngall-metabolome-study-unknowngall-phenome-study-unknowngall-eQTL-unknowngall-pQTL-unknowngall-mQTL-unknowngall-phQTL-unknowngall-multi-omics-unknowngall-systems-biology-unknowngall-network-biology-unknowngall-functional-genomics-unknowngall-structural-genomics-unknowngall-comparative-genomics-unknowngall-evolutionary-genomics-unknowngall-ecological-genomics-unknowngall-conservation-genomics-unknowngall-medical-genomics-irrelevantgall-agricultural-genomics-unknowngall-pest-genomics-unknowngall-invasion-genomics-unknowngall-population-genomics-unknowngall-landscape-genomics-unknowngall-phylogenomics-unknowngall-metagenomics-unknowngall-microbiomics-unknowngall-viromics-unknowngall-bacteriomics-unknowngall-mycobiomics-unknowngall-parasitomics-unknowngall-interactomics-unknowngall-phenomics-unknowngall-environomics-unknowngall-toxicogenomics-unknowngall-nutrigenomics-unknowngall-chronogenomics-unknowngall-circadian-genomics-unknowngall-epigenomics-unknowngall-methylomics-unknowngall-histonomics-unknowngall-chromatinomics-unknowngall-non-coding-RNA-genomics-unknowngall-transposomics-unknowngall-repeatomics-unknowngall-centromerics-unknowngall-telomerics-unknowngall-segmental-duplication-unknowngall-whole-genome-duplication-unknowngall-polyploidy-unknowngall-aneuploidy-unknowngall-chromosomal-rearrangement-unknowngall-inversion-unknowngall-translocation-unknowngall-fusion-unknowngall-fission-unknowngall-deletion-unknowngall-duplication-unknowngall-insertion-unknowngall-substitution-unknowngall-indel-unknowngall-single-nucleotide-polymorphism-unknowngall-SNP-unknowngall-insertion-deletion-polymorphism-unknowngall-copy-number-variation-unknowngall-CNV-unknowngall-structural-variation-unknowngall-SV-unknowngall-mobile-element-insertion-unknowngall-MEI-unknowngall-microsatellite-unknowngall-simple-sequence-repeat-unknowngall-SSR-unknowngall-short-tandem-repeat-unknowngall-STR-unknowngall-minisatellite-unknowngall-variable-number-tandem-repeat-unknowngall-VNTR-unknowngall-satellite-DNA-unknowngall-transposable-element-unknowngall-TE-unknowngall-retrotransposon-unknowngall-DNA-transposon-unknowngall-rolling-circle-transposon-unknowngall-helitron-unknowngall-Maverick-unknowngall-Polinton-unknowngall-SINE-unknowngall-LINE-unknowngall-LTR-retrotransposon-unknowngall-non-LTR-retrotransposon-unknowngall-endogenous-retrovirus-unknowngall-ERV-unknowngall-long-interspersed-nuclear-element-unknowngall-short-interspersed-nuclear-element-unknowngall-Alu-element-irrelevantgall-MIR-element-unknowngall-L1-element-unknowngall-L2-element-unknowngall-CR1-element-unknowngall-RTE-element-unknowngall-R2-element-unknowngall-R4-element-unknowngall-Jockey-element-unknowngall-I-element-unknowngall-F-element-unknowngall-Doc-element-unknowngall-G-element-unknowngall-R1-element-unknowngall-R3-element-unknowngall-LOA-element-unknowngall-R2D2-element-unknowngall-R4D4-element-unknowngall-Deus-element-unknowngall-Nematis-element-unknowngall-NeSL-element-unknowngall-Vingi-element-unknowngall-Penelope-element-unknowngall-Athena-element-unknowngall-Tc1/mariner-element-unknowngall-hAT-element-unknowngall-Mutator-element-unknowngall-P-element-irrelevantgall-piggyBac-element-unknowngall-Minos-element-unknowngall-mariner-element-unknowngall-Tc1-element-unknowngall-Tc2-element-unknowngall-Tc3-element-unknowngall-Tc4-element-unknowngall-Tc5-element-unknowngall-Tc6-element-unknowngall-Tc7-element-unknowngall-Tc8-element-unknowngall-Tc9-element-unknowngall-Tc10-element-unknowngall-Tc11-element-unknowngall-Tc12-element-unknowngall-Tc13-element-unknowngall-Tc14-element-unknowngall-Tc15-element-unknowngall-Tc16-element-unknowngall-Tc17-element-unknowngall-Tc18-element-unknowngall-Tc19-element-unknowngall-Tc20-element-unknowngall-Tc21-element-unknowngall-Tc22-element-unknowngall-Tc23-element-unknowngall-Tc24-element-unknowngall-Tc25-element-unknowngall-Tc26-element-unknowngall-Tc27-element-unknowngall-Tc28-element-unknowngall-Tc29-element-unknowngall-Tc30-element-unknowngall-Tc31-element-unknowngall-Tc32-element-unknowngall-Tc33-element-unknowngall-Tc34-element-unknowngall-Tc35-element-unknowngall-Tc36-element-unknowngall-Tc37-element-unknowngall-Tc38-element-unknowngall-Tc39-element-unknowngall-Tc40-element-unknowngall-Tc41-element-unknowngall-Tc42-element-unknowngall-Tc43-element-unknowngall-Tc44-element-unknowngall-Tc45-element-unknowngall-Tc46-element-unknowngall-Tc47-element-unknowngall-Tc48-element-unknowngall-Tc49-element-unknowngall-Tc50-element-unknowngall-Tc51-element-unknowngall-Tc52-element-unknowngall-Tc53-element-unknowngall-Tc54-element-unknowngall-Tc55-element-unknowngall-Tc56-element-unknowngall-Tc57-element-unknowngall-Tc58-element-unknowngall-Tc59-element-unknowngall-Tc60-element-unknowngall-Tc61-element-unknowngall-Tc62-element-unknowngall-Tc63-element-unknowngall-Tc64-element-unknowngall-Tc65-element-unknowngall-Tc66-element-unknowngall-Tc67-element-unknowngall-Tc68-element-unknowngall-Tc69-element-unknowngall-Tc70-element-unknowngall-Tc71-element-unknowngall-Tc72-element-unknowngall-Tc73-element-unknowngall-Tc74-element-unknowngall-Tc75-element-unknowngall-Tc76-element-unknowngall-Tc77-element-unknowngall-Tc78-element-unknowngall-Tc79-element-unknowngall-Tc80-element-unknowngall-Tc81-element-unknowngall-Tc82-element-unknowngall-Tc83-element-unknowngall-Tc84-element-unknowngall-Tc85-element-unknowngall-Tc86-element-unknowngall-Tc87-element-unknowngall-Tc88-element-unknowngall-Tc89-element-unknowngall-Tc90-element-unknowngall-Tc91-element-unknowngall-Tc92-element-unknowngall-Tc93-element-unknowngall-Tc94-element-unknowngall-Tc95-element-unknowngall-Tc96-element-unknowngall-Tc97-element-unknowngall-Tc98-element-unknowngall-Tc99-element-unknowngall-Tc100-element-unknowngall-Tc101-element-unknowngall-Tc102-element-unknowngall-Tc103-element-unknowngall-Tc104-element-unknowngall-Tc105-element-unknowngall-Tc106-element-unknowngall-Tc107-element-unknowngall-Tc108-element-unknowngall-Tc109-element-unknowngall-Tc110-element-unknowngall-Tc111-element-unknowngall-Tc112-element-unknowngall-Tc113-element-unknowngall-Tc114-element-unknowngall-Tc115-element-unknowngall-Tc116-element-unknowngall-Tc117-element-unknowngall-Tc118-element-unknowngall-Tc119-element-unknowngall-Tc120-element-unknowngall-Tc121-element-unknowngall-Tc122-element-unknowngall-Tc123-element-unknowngall-Tc124-element-unknowngall-Tc125-element-unknowngall-Tc126-element-unknowngall-Tc127-element-unknowngall-Tc128-element-unknowngall-Tc129-element-unknowngall-Tc130-element-unknowngall-Tc131-element-unknowngall-Tc132-element-unknowngall-Tc133-element-unknowngall-Tc134-element-unknowngall-Tc135-element-unknowngall-Tc136-element-unknowngall-Tc137-element-unknowngall-Tc138-element-unknowngall-Tc139-element-unknowngall-Tc140-element-unknowngall-Tc141-element-unknowngall-Tc142-element-unknowngall-Tc143-element-unknowngall-Tc144-element-unknowngall-Tc145-element-unknowngall-Tc146-element-unknowngall-Tc147-element-unknowngall-Tc148-element-unknowngall-Tc149-element-unknowngall-Tc150-element-unknowngall-Tc151-element-unknowngall-Tc152-element-unknowngall-Tc153-element-unknowngall-Tc154-element-unknowngall-Tc155-element-unknowngall-Tc156-element-unknowngall-Tc157-element-unknowngall-Tc158-element-unknowngall-Tc159-element-unknowngall-Tc160-element-unknowngall-Tc161-element-unknowngall-Tc162-element-unknowngall-Tc163-element-unknowngall-Tc164-element-unknowngall-Tc165-element-unknowngall-Tc166-element-unknowngall-Tc167-element-unknowngall-Tc168-element-unknowngall-Tc169-element-unknowngall-Tc170-element-unknowngall-Tc171-element-unknowngall-Tc172-element-unknowngall-Tc173-element-unknowngall-Tc174-element-unknowngall-Tc175-element-unknowngall-Tc176-element-unknowngall-Tc177-element-unknowngall-Tc178-element-unknowngall-Tc179-element-unknowngall-Tc180-element-unknowngall-Tc181-element-unknowngall-Tc182-element-unknowngall-Tc183-element-unknowngall-Tc184-element-unknowngall-Tc185-element-unknowngall-Tc186-element-unknowngall-Tc187-element-unknowngall-Tc188-element-unknowngall-Tc189-element-unknowngall-Tc190-element-unknowngall-Tc191-element-unknowngall-Tc192-element-unknowngall-Tc193-element-unknowngall-Tc194-element-unknowngall-Tc195-element-unknowngall-Tc196-element-unknowngall-Tc197-element-unknowngall-Tc198-element-unknowngall-Tc199-element-unknowngall-Tc200-element-unknowngall-Tc201-element-unknowngall-Tc202-element-unknowngall-Tc203-element-unknowngall-Tc204-element-unknowngall-Tc205-element-unknowngall-Tc206-element-unknowngall-Tc207-element-unknowngall-Tc208-element-unknowngall-Tc209-element-unknowngall-Tc210-element-unknowngall-Tc211-element-unknowngall-Tc212-element-unknowngall-Tc213-element-unknowngall-Tc214-element-unknowngall-Tc215-element-unknowngall-Tc216-element-unknowngall-Tc217-element-unknowngall-Tc218-element-unknowngall-Tc219-element-unknowngall-Tc220-element-unknowngall-Tc221-element-unknowngall-Tc222-element-unknowngall-Tc223-element-unknowngall-Tc224-element-unknowngall-Tc225-element-unknowngall-Tc226-element-unknowngall-Tc227-element-unknowngall-Tc228-element-unknowngall-Tc229-element-unknowngall-Tc230-element-unknowngall-Tc231-element-unknowngall-Tc232-element-unknowngall-Tc233-element-unknowngall-Tc234-element-unknowngall-Tc235-element-unknowngall-Tc236-element-unknowngall-Tc237-element-unknowngall-Tc238-element-unknowngall-Tc239-element-unknowngall-Tc240-element-unknowngall-Tc241-element-unknowngall-Tc242-element-unknowngall-Tc243-element-unknowngall-Tc244-element-unknowngall-Tc245-element-unknowngall-Tc246-element-unknowngall-Tc247-element-unknowngall-Tc248-element-unknowngall-Tc249-element-unknowngall-Tc250-element-unknowngall-Tc251-element-unknowngall-Tc252-element-unknowngall-Tc253-element-unknowngall-Tc254-element-unknowngall-Tc255-element-unknowngall-Tc256-element-unknowngall-Tc257-element-unknowngall-Tc258-element-unknowngall-Tc259-element-unknowngall-Tc260-element-unknowngall-Tc261-element-unknowngall-Tc262-element-unknowngall-Tc263-element-unknowngall-Tc264-element-unknowngall-Tc265-element-unknowngall-Tc266-element-unknowngall-Tc267-element-unknowngall-Tc268-element-unknowngall-Tc269-element-unknowngall-Tc270-element-unknowngall-Tc271-element-unknowngall-Tc272-element-unknowngall-Tc273-element-unknowngall-Tc274-element-unknowngall-Tc275-element-unknowngall-Tc276-element-unknowngall-Tc277-element-unknowngall-Tc278-element-unknowngall-Tc279-element-unknowngall-Tc280-element-unknowngall-Tc281-element-unknowngall-Tc282-element-unknowngall-Tc283-element-unknowngall-Tc284-element-unknowngall-Tc285-element-unknowngall-Tc286-element-unknowngall-Tc287-element-unknowngall-Tc288-element-unknowngall-Tc289-element-unknowngall-Tc290-element-unknowngall-Tc291-element-unknowngall-Tc292-element-unknowngall-Tc293-element-unknowngall-Tc294-element-unknowngall-Tc295-element-unknowngall-Tc296-element-unknowngall-Tc297-element-unknowngall-Tc298-element-unknowngall-Tc299-element-unknowngall-Tc300-element-unknowngall-Tc301-element-unknowngall-Tc302-element-unknowngall-Tc303-element-unknowngall-Tc304-element-unknowngall-Tc305-element-unknowngall-Tc306-element-unknowngall-Tc307-element-unknowngall-Tc308-element-unknowngall-Tc309-element-unknowngall-Tc310-element-unknowngall-Tc311-element-unknowngall-Tc312-element-unknowngall-Tc313-element-unknowngall-Tc314-element-unknowngall-Tc315-element-unknowngall-Tc316-element-unknowngall-Tc317-element-unknowngall-Tc318-element-unknowngall-Tc319-element-unknowngall-Tc320-element-unknowngall-Tc321-element-unknowngall-Tc322-element-unknowngall-Tc323-element-unknowngall-Tc324-element-unknowngall-Tc325-element-unknowngall-Tc326-element-unknowngall-Tc327-element-unknowngall-Tc328-element-unknowngall-Tc329-element-unknowngall-Tc330-element-unknowngall-Tc331-element-unknowngall-Tc332-element-unknowngall-Tc333-element-unknowngall-Tc334-element-unknowngall-Tc335-element-unknowngall-Tc336-element-unknowngall-Tc337-element-unknowngall-Tc338-element-unknowngall-Tc339-element-unknowngall-Tc340-element-unknowngall-Tc341-element-unknowngall-Tc342-element-unknowngall-Tc343-element-unknowngall-Tc344-element-unknowngall-Tc345-element-unknowngall-Tc346-element-unknowngall-Tc347-element-unknowngall-Tc348-element-unknowngall-Tc349-element-unknowngall-Tc350-element-unknowngall-Tc351-element-unknowngall-Tc352-element-unknowngall-Tc353-element-unknowngall-Tc354-element-unknowngall-Tc355-element-unknowngall-Tc356-element-unknowngall-Tc357-element-unknowngall-Tc358-element-unknowngall-Tc359-element-unknowngall-Tc360-element-unknowngall-Tc361-element-unknowngall-Tc362-element-unknowngall-Tc363-element-unknowngall-Tc364-element-unknowngall-Tc365-element-unknowngall-Tc366-element-unknowngall-Tc367-element-unknowngall-Tc368-element-unknowngall-Tc369-element-unknowngall-Tc370-element-unknowngall-Tc371-element-unknowngall-Tc372-element-unknowngall-Tc373-element-unknowngall-Tc374-element-unknowngall-Tc375-element-unknowngall-Tc376-element-unknowngall-Tc377-element-unknowngall-Tc378-element-unknowngall-Tc379-element-unknowngall-Tc380-element-unknowngall-Tc381-element-unknowngall-Tc382-element-unknowngall-Tc383-element-unknowngall-Tc384-element-unknowngall-Tc385-element-unknowngall-Tc386-element-unknowngall-Tc387-element-unknowngall-Tc388-element-unknowngall-Tc389-element-unknowngall-Tc390-element-unknowngall-Tc391-element-unknowngall-Tc392-element-unknowngall-Tc393-element-unknowngall-Tc394-element-unknowngall-Tc395-element-unknowngall-Tc396-element-unknowngall-Tc397-element-unknowngall-Tc398-element-unknowngall-Tc399-element-unknowngall-Tc400-element-unknowngall-Tc401-element-unknowngall-Tc402-element-unknowngall-Tc403-element-unknowngall-Tc404-element-unknowngall-Tc405-element-unknowngall-Tc406-element-unknowngall-Tc407-element-unknowngall-Tc408-element-unknowngall-Tc409-element-unknowngall-Tc410-element-unknowngall-Tc411-element-unknowngall-Tc412-element-unknowngall-Tc413-element-unknowngall-Tc414-element-unknowngall-Tc415-element-unknowngall-Tc416-element-unknowngall-Tc417-element-unknowngall-Tc418-element-unknowngall-Tc419-element-unknowngall-Tc420-element-unknowngall-Tc421-element-unknowngall-Tc422-element-unknowngall-Tc423-element-unknowngall-Tc424-element-unknowngall-Tc425-element-unknowngall-Tc426-element-unknowngall-Tc427-element-unknowngall-Tc428-element-unknowngall-Tc429-element-unknowngall-Tc430-element-unknowngall-Tc431-element-unknowngall-Tc432-element-unknowngall-Tc433-element-unknowngall-Tc434-element-unknowngall-Tc435-element-unknowngall-Tc436-element-unknowngall-Tc437-element-unknowngall-Tc438-element-unknowngall-Tc439-element-unknowngall-Tc440-element-unknowngall-Tc441-element-unknowngall-Tc442-element-unknowngall-Tc443-element-unknowngall-Tc444-element-unknowngall-Tc445-element-unknowngall-Tc446-element-unknowngall-Tc447-element-unknowngall-Tc448-element-unknowngall-Tc449-element-unknowngall-Tc450-element-unknowngall-Tc451-element-unknowngall-Tc452-element-unknowngall-Tc453-element-unknowngall-Tc454-element-unknowngall-Tc455-element-unknowngall-Tc456-element-unknowngall-Tc457-element-unknowngall-Tc458-element-unknowngall-Tc459-element-unknowngall-Tc460-element-unknowngall-Tc461-element-unknowngall-Tc462-element-unknowngall-Tc463-element-unknowngall-Tc464-element-unknowngall-Tc465-element-unknowngall-Tc466-element-unknowngall-Tc467-element-unknowngall-Tc468-element-unknowngall-Tc469-element-unknowngall-Tc470-element-unknowngall-Tc471-element-unknowngall-Tc472-element-unknowngall-Tc473-element-unknowngall-Tc474-element-unknowngall-Tc475-element-unknowngall-Tc476-element-unknowngall-Tc477-element-unknowngall-Tc478-element-unknowngall-Tc479-element-unknowngall-Tc480-element-unknowngall-Tc481-element-unknowngall-Tc482-element-unknowngall-Tc483-element-unknowngall-Tc484-element-unknowngall-Tc485-element-unknowngall-Tc486-element-unknowngall-Tc487-element-unknowngall-Tc488-element-unknowngall-Tc489-element-unknowngall-Tc490-element-unknowngall-Tc491-element-unknowngall-Tc492-element-unknowngall-Tc493-element-unknowngall-Tc494-element-unknowngall-Tc495-element-unknowngall-Tc496-element-unknowngall-Tc497-element-unknowngall-Tc498-element-unknowngall-Tc499-element-unknowngall-Tc500-element-unknowngall-Tc501-element-unknowngall-Tc502-element-unknowngall-Tc503-element-unknowngall-Tc504-element-unknowngall-Tc505-element-unknowngall-Tc506-element-unknowngall-Tc507-element-unknowngall-Tc508-element-unknowngall-Tc509-element-unknowngall-Tc510-element-unknowngall-Tc511-element-unknowngall-Tc512-element-unknowngall-Tc513-element-unknowngall-Tc514-element-unknowngall-Tc515-element-unknowngall-Tc516-element-unknowngall-Tc517-element-unknowngall-Tc518-element-unknowngall-Tc519-element-unknowngall-Tc520-element-unknowngall-Tc521-element-unknowngall-Tc522-element-unknowngall-Tc523-element-unknowngall-Tc524-element-unknowngall-Tc525-element-unknowngall-Tc526-element-unknowngall-Tc527-element-unknowngall-Tc528-element-unknowngall-Tc529-element-unknowngall-Tc530-element-unknowngall-Tc531-element-unknowngall-Tc532-element-unknowngall-Tc533-element-unknowngall-Tc534-element-unknowngall-Tc535-element-unknowngall-Tc536-element-unknowngall-Tc537-element-unknowngall-Tc538-element-unknowngall-Tc539-element-unknowngall-Tc540-element-unknowngall-Tc541-element-unknowngall-Tc542-element-unknowngall-Tc543-element-unknowngall-Tc544-element-unknowngall-Tc545-element-unknowngall-Tc546-element-unknowngall-Tc547-element-unknowngall-Tc548-element-unknowngall-Tc549-element-unknowngall-Tc550-element-unknowngall-Tc551-element-unknowngall-Tc552-element-unknowngall-Tc553-element-unknowngall-Tc554-element-unknowngall-Tc555-element-unknowngall-Tc556-element-unknowngall-Tc557-element-unknowngall-Tc558-element-unknowngall-Tc559-element-unknowngall-Tc560-element-unknowngall-Tc561-element-unknowngall-Tc562-element-unknowngall-Tc563-element-unknowngall-Tc564-element-unknowngall-Tc565-element-unknowngall-Tc566-element-unknowngall-Tc567-element-unknowngall-Tc568-element-unknowngall-Tc569-element-unknowngall-Tc570-element-unknowngall-Tc571-element-unknowngall-Tc572-element-unknowngall-Tc573-element-unknowngall-Tc574-element-unknowngall-Tc575-element-unknowngall-Tc576-element-unknowngall-Tc577-element-unknowngall-Tc578-element-unknowngall-Tc579-element-unknowngall-Tc580-element-unknowngall-Tc581-element-unknowngall-Tc582-element-unknowngall-Tc583-element-unknowngall-Tc584-element-unknowngall-Tc585-element-unknowngall-Tc586-element-unknowngall-Tc587-element-unknowngall-Tc588-element-unknowngall-Tc589-element-unknowngall-Tc590-element-unknowngall-Tc591-element-unknowngall-Tc592-element-unknowngall-Tc593-element-unknowngall-Tc594-element-unknowngall-Tc595-element-unknowngall-Tc596-element-unknowngall-Tc597-element-unknowngall-Tc598-element-unknowngall-Tc599-element-unknowngall-Tc600-element-unknowngall-Tc601-element-unknowngall-Tc602-element-unknowngall-Tc603-element-unknowngall-Tc604-element-unknowngall-Tc605-element-unknowngall-Tc606-element-unknowngall-Tc607-element-unknowngall-Tc608-element-unknowngall-Tc609-element-unknowngall-Tc610-element-unknowngall-Tc611-element-unknowngall-Tc612-element-unknowngall-Tc613-element-unknowngall-Tc614-element-unknowngall-Tc615-element-unknowngall-Tc616-element-unknowngall-Tc617-element-unknowngall-Tc618-element-unknowngall-Tc619-element-unknowngall-Tc620-element-unknowngall-Tc621-element-unknowngall-Tc622-element-unknowngall-Tc623-element-unknowngall-Tc624-element-unknowngall-Tc625-element-unknowngall-Tc626-element-unknowngall-Tc627-element-unknowngall-Tc628-element-unknowngall-Tc629-element-unknowngall-Tc630-element-unknowngall-Tc631-element-unknowngall-Tc632-element-unknowngall-Tc633-element-unknowngall-Tc634-element-unknowngall-Tc635-element-unknowngall-Tc636-element-unknowngall-Tc637-element-unknowngall-Tc638-element-unknowngall-Tc639-element-unknowngall-Tc640-element-unknowngall-Tc641-element-unknowngall-Tc642-element-unknowngall-Tc643-element-unknowngall-Tc644-element-unknowngall-Tc645-element-unknowngall-Tc646-element-unknowngall-Tc647-element-unknowngall-Tc648-element-unknowngall-Tc649-element-unknowngall-Tc650-element-unknowngall-Tc651-element-unknowngall-Tc652-element-unknowngall-Tc653-element-unknowngall-Tc654-element-unknowngall-Tc655-element-unknowngall-Tc656-element-unknowngall-Tc657-element-unknowngall-Tc658-element-unknowngall-Tc659-element-unknowngall-Tc660-element-unknowngall-Tc661-element-unknowngall-Tc662-element-unknowngall-Tc663-element-unknowngall-Tc664-element-unknowngall-Tc665-element-unknowngall-Tc666-element-unknowngall-Tc667-element-unknowngall-Tc668-element-unknowngall-Tc669-element-unknowngall-Tc670-element-unknowngall-Tc671-element-unknowngall-Tc672-element-unknowngall-Tc673-element-unknowngall-Tc674-element-unknowngall-Tc675-element-unknowngall-Tc676-element-unknowngall-Tc677-element-unknowngall-Tc678-element-unknowngall-Tc679-element-unknowngall-Tc680-element-unknowngall-Tc681-element-unknowngall-Tc682-element-unknowngall-Tc683-element-unknowngall-Tc684-element-unknowngall-Tc685-element-unknowngall-Tc686-element-unknowngall-Tc687-element-unknowngall-Tc688-element-unknowngall-Tc689-element-unknowngall-Tc690-element-unknowngall-Tc691-element-unknowngall-Tc692-element-unknowngall-Tc693-element-unknowngall-Tc694-element-unknowngall-Tc695-element-unknowngall-Tc696-element-unknowngall-Tc697-element-unknowngall-Tc698-element-unknowngall-Tc699-element-unknowngall-Tc700-element-unknowngall-Tc701-element-unknowngall-Tc702-element-unknowngall-Tc703-element-unknowngall-Tc704-element-unknowngall-Tc705-element-unknowngall-Tc706-element-unknowngall-Tc707-element-unknowngall-Tc708-element-unknowngall-Tc709-element-unknowngall-Tc710-element-unknowngall-Tc711-element-unknowngall-Tc712-element-unknowngall-Tc713-element-unknowngall-Tc714-element-unknowngall-Tc715-element-unknowngall-Tc716-element-unknowngall-Tc717-element-unknowngall-Tc718-element-unknowngall-Tc719-element-unknowngall-Tc720-element-unknowngall-Tc721-element-unknowngall-Tc722-element-unknowngall-Tc723-element-unknowngall-Tc724-element-unknowngall-Tc725-element-unknowngall-Tc726-element-unknowngall-Tc727-element-unknowngall-Tc728-element-unknowngall-Tc729-element-unknowngall-Tc730-element-unknowngall-Tc731-element-unknowngall-Tc732-element-unknowngall-Tc733-element-unknowngall-Tc734-element-unknowngall-Tc735-element-unknowngall-Tc736-element-unknowngall-Tc737-element-unknowngall-Tc738-element-unknowngall-Tc739-element-unknowngall-Tc740-element-unknowngall-Tc741-element-unknowngall-Tc742-element-unknowngall-Tc743-element-unknowngall-Tc744-element-unknowngall-Tc745-element-unknowngall-Tc746-element-unknowngall-Tc747-element-unknowngall-Tc748-element-unknowngall-Tc749-element-unknowngall-Tc750-element-unknowngall-Tc751-element-unknowngall-Tc752-element-unknowngall-Tc753-element-unknowngall-Tc754-element-unknowngall-Tc755-element-unknowngall-Tc756-element-unknowngall-Tc757-element-unknowngall-Tc758-element-unknowngall-Tc759-element-unknowngall-Tc760-element-unknowngall-Tc761-element-unknowngall-Tc762-element-unknowngall-Tc763-element-unknowngall-Tc764-element-unknowngall-Tc765-element-unknowngall-Tc766-element-unknowngall-Tc767-element-unknowngall-Tc768-element-unknowngall-Tc769-element-unknowngall-Tc770-element-unknowngall-Tc771-element-unknowngall-Tc772-element-unknowngall-Tc773-element-unknowngall-Tc774-element-unknowngall-Tc775-element-unknowngall-Tc776-element-unknowngall-Tc777-element-unknowngall-Tc778-element-unknowngall-Tc779-element-unknowngall-Tc780-element-unknowngall-Tc781-element-unknowngall-Tc782-element-unknowngall-Tc783-element-unknowngall-Tc784-element-unknowngall-Tc785-element-unknowngall-Tc786-element-unknowngall-Tc787-element-unknowngall-Tc788-element-unknowngall-Tc789-element-unknowngall-Tc790-element-unknowngall-Tc791-element-unknowngall-Tc792-element-unknowngall-Tc793-element-unknowngall-Tc794-element-unknowngall-Tc795-element-unknowngall-Tc796-element-unknowngall-Tc797-element-unknowngall-Tc798-element-unknowngall-Tc799-element-unknowngall-Tc800-element-unknowngall-Tc801-element-unknowngall-Tc802-element-unknowngall-Tc803-element-unknowngall-Tc804-element-unknowngall-Tc805-element-unknowngall-Tc806-element-unknowngall-Tc807-element-unknowngall-Tc808-element-unknowngall-Tc809-element-unknowngall-Tc810-element-unknowngall-Tc811-element-unknowngall-Tc812-element-unknowngall-Tc813-element-unknowngall-Tc814-element-unknowngall-Tc815-element-unknowngall-Tc816-element-unknowngall-Tc817-element-unknowngall-Tc818-element-unknowngall-Tc819-element-unknowngall-Tc820-element-unknowngall-Tc821-element-unknowngall-Tc822-element-unknowngall-Tc823-element-unknowngall-Tc824-element-unknowngall-Tc825-element-unknowngall-Tc826-element-unknowngall-Tc827-element-unknowngall-Tc828-element-unknowngall-Tc829-element-unknowngall-Tc830-element-unknowngall-Tc831-element-unknowngall-Tc832-element-unknowngall-Tc833-element-unknowngall-Tc834-element-unknowngall-Tc835-element-unknowngall-Tc836-element-unknowngall-Tc837-element-unknowngall-Tc838-element-unknowngall-Tc839-element-unknowngall-Tc840-element-unknowngall-Tc841-element-unknowngall-Tc842-element-unknowngall-Tc843-element-unknowngall-Tc844-element-unknowngall-Tc845-element-unknowngall-Tc846-element-unknowngall-Tc847-element-unknowngall-Tc848-element-unknowngall-Tc849-element-unknowngall-Tc850-element-unknowngall-Tc851-element-unknowngall-Tc852-element-unknowngall-Tc853-element-unknowngall-Tc854-element-unknowngall-Tc855-element-unknowngall-Tc856-element-unknowngall-Tc857-element-unknowngall-Tc858-element-unknowngall-Tc859-element-unknowngall-Tc860-element-unknowngall-Tc861-element-unknowngall-Tc862-element-unknowngall-Tc863-element-unknowngall-Tc864-element-unknowngall-Tc865-element-unknowngall-Tc866-element-unknowngall-Tc867-element-unknowngall-Tc868-element-unknowngall-Tc869-element-unknowngall-Tc870-element-unknowngall-Tc871-element-unknowngall-Tc872-element-unknowngall-Tc873-element-unknowngall-Tc874-element-unknowngall-Tc875-element-unknowngall-Tc876-element-unknowngall-Tc877-element-unknowngall-Tc878-element-unknowngall-Tc879-element-unknowngall-Tc880-element-unknowngall-Tc881-element-unknowngall-Tc882-element-unknowngall-Tc883-element-unknowngall-Tc884-element-unknowngall-Tc885-element-unknowngall-Tc886-element-unknowngall-Tc887-element-unknowngall-Tc888-element-unknowngall-Tc889-element-unknowngall-Tc890-element-unknowngall-Tc891-element-unknowngall-Tc892-element-unknowngall-Tc893-element-unknowngall-Tc894-element-unknowngall-Tc895-element-unknowngall-Tc896-element-unknowngall-Tc897-element-unknowngall-Tc898-element-unknowngall-Tc899-element-unknowngall-Tc900-element-unknowngall-Tc901-element-unknowngall-Tc902-element-unknowngall-Tc903-element-unknowngall-Tc904-element-unknowngall-Tc905-element-unknowngall-Tc906-element-unknowngall-Tc907-element-unknowngall-Tc908-element-unknowngall-Tc909-element-unknowngall-Tc910-element-unknowngall-Tc911-element-unknowngall-Tc912-element-unknowngall-Tc913-element-unknowngall-Tc914-element-unknowngall-Tc915-element-unknowngall-Tc916-element-unknowngall-Tc917-element-unknowngall-Tc918-element-unknowngall-Tc919-element-unknowngall-Tc920-element-unknowngall-Tc921-element-unknowngall-Tc922-element-unknowngall-Tc923-element-unknowngall-Tc924-element-unknowngall-Tc925-element-unknowngall-Tc926-element-unknowngall-Tc927-element-unknowngall-Tc928-element-unknowngall-Tc929-element-unknowngall-Tc930-element-unknowngall-Tc931-element-unknowngall-Tc932-element-unknowngall-Tc933-element-unknowngall-Tc934-element-unknowngall-Tc935-element-unknowngall-Tc936-element-unknowngall-Tc937-element-unknowngall-Tc938-element-unknowngall-Tc939-element-unknowngall-Tc940-element-unknowngall-Tc941-element-unknowngall-Tc942-element-unknowngall-Tc943-element-unknowngall-Tc944-element-unknowngall-Tc945-element-unknowngall-Tc946-element-unknowngall-Tc947-element-unknowngall-Tc948-element-unknowngall-Tc949-element-unknowngall-Tc950-element-unknowngall-Tc951-element-unknowngall-Tc952-element-unknowngall-Tc953-element-unknowngall-Tc954-element-unknowngall-Tc955-element-unknowngall-Tc956-element-unknowngall-Tc957-element-unknowngall-Tc958-element-unknowngall-Tc959-element-unknowngall-Tc960-element-unknowngall-Tc961-element-unknowngall-Tc962-element-unknowngall-Tc963-element-unknowngall-Tc964-element-unknowngall-Tc965-element-unknowngall-Tc966-element-unknowngall-Tc967-element-unknowngall-Tc968-element-unknowngall-Tc969-element-unknowngall-Tc970-element-unknowngall-Tc971-element-unknowngall-Tc972-element-unknowngall-Tc973-element-unknowngall-Tc974-element-unknowngall-Tc975-element-unknowngall-Tc976-element-unknowngall-Tc977-element-unknowngall-Tc978-element-unknowngall-Tc979-element-unknowngall-Tc980-element-unknowngall-Tc981-element-unknowngall-Tc982-element-unknowngall-Tc983-element-unknowngall-Tc984-element-unknowngall-Tc985-element-unknowngall-Tc986-element-unknowngall-Tc987-element-unknowngall-Tc988-element-unknowngall-Tc989-element-unknowngall-Tc990-element-unknowngall-Tc991-element-unknowngall-Tc992-element-unknowngall-Tc993-element-unknowngall-Tc994-element-unknowngall-Tc995-element-unknowngall-Tc996-element-unknowngall-Tc997-element-unknowngall-Tc998-element-unknowngall-Tc999-element-unknowngall-Tc1000-element-unknown

• Trichosirocalus

  rosette weevils, crown weevils

  A genus of small true weevils native to the Palearctic region. Several species have been widely introduced to North America, Australia, and New Zealand as biological control agents for invasive thistles. The genus was historically treated as containing a single species, T. horridus, but integrative taxonomic studies using molecular and morphological data have revealed multiple distinct species with different host associations.

  weevilbiological-controlthistleinvasive-species-managementCeutorhynchinaerosette-feederCeutorhynchiniBaridinaetaxonomic-revisionclassical-biological-controlCarduusCirsiumOnopordumPalearctic-nativeintroduced-speciesmolecular-systematicsintegrative-taxonomyunivoltineleaf-mineragricultural-pest-controlpasture-weed-managementspecies-complexhost-specificitymusk-thistleplumeless-thistleScotch-thistleIllyrian-thistlewelted-thistleItalian-thistlecrown-weevilrosette-weeviloviposition-behavioroverwinteringegg-stagelarval-stageadult-stagedecaying-organic-mattersoil-surfacenon-photosynthetic-leavesgreen-leavesleaf-midribspetiolesleaf-miningnotching-damagerosette-survivalflowering-stem-reductionseed-production-reductionrosette-mortalitypopulation-density-effectsmark-recapturedispersal-patternsartificial-diet-rearinglaboratory-culturevitamin-supplementationlyophilized-thistle-rootsergosterolcasein-hydrolysate7-dehydrocholesterolsucroselarval-survivaladult-longevityovipositionfemale-fecundityfield-cage-experimentsindividual-cage-experimentsgrowth-parameter-reductionpre-release-host-specificity-testingpost-release-monitoringestablishment-successrange-expansionforested-areasagricultural-landpasturesmall-farmscropsdisturbed-habitatsmeadowsdense-patchesrosette-size-preferencespatial-distributionselective-ovipositionautumn-egg-layingwinter-larval-developmentspring-pupationlate-summer-adult-emergencesoil-overwinteringplant-debris-overwinteringrachisleaf-dissectiondestructive-samplingnon-destructive-samplingsampling-biaslife-stage-detectionestablished-populationsmitochondrial-COInuclear-EF-1αmorphological-charactershost-plant-associationssynonymyspecies-validityintroduction-historyrelease-recordsestablishment-recordsOld-World-nativeNew-World-introductionSouthern-Hemisphere-introductionAustraliaNew-ZealandNorth-AmericaVirginiaSouthwest-VirginiaEuropeSpainFranceGermanyItalySwitzerlandAustriaScandinaviaDenmarkNorwaySwedenColonnelli-1979Panzer-1801Alonso-Zarazaga-&-Sánchez-Ruiz-2002Ceutorhynchinae-vs-Baridinaesubfamily-placementtribe-placementtrue-weevilsCurculionidaeColeopteraInsectaArthropodaAnimalia882-iNaturalist-observationsGBIF-recordsCatalogue-of-Life-acceptedNCBI-TaxonomyBulletin-of-Entomological-ResearchJournal-of-Applied-EcologyJournal-of-Entomological-ScienceAnnals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-AmericaEnvironmental-EntomologyDOI-10.1017/s000748531500084xDOI-10.1046/j.1365-2664.2002.00747.xDOI-10.18474/0749-8004-22.4.324DOI-10.18474/0749-8004-22.4.330DOI-10.18474/0749-8004-24.4.465DOI-10.1093/aesa/73.6.694DOI-10.1093/ee/10.5.691