Air-sparging

Guides

• Exapion ulicis

  Gorse Seed Weevil

  Exapion ulicis is a small seed-feeding weevil specialized on gorse (Ulex europaeus). Adults are light gray with a prominent snout roughly half the body length. The species is native to western Europe and has been introduced to New Zealand, California, Hawaii, and other regions as a biological control agent targeting invasive gorse populations. Larval feeding destroys seeds within pods, reducing plant spread, while adult feeding on stems and spines causes minor damage.

  biological-controlinvasive-species-managementseed-predatorhost-specializationtemporal-isolationBrentidaeColeopteraUlex-europaeusgorsewestern-EuropeCaliforniaNew-ZealandHawaiispring-activityoviposition-cuespod-fecundityparasitoidseed-destructionnoctuidpest-control-agentestablished-introductionnative-range-Europeintroduced-range-PacificChileBelgiumOregonnorthern-Californiaforest-gapspasturesnatural-areasseed-lossintensity-of-attackreproductive-isolationecological-specializationsympatric-divergencehost-phenologypod-sizeseed-contentfemale-choicefeeding-damageround-holesstem-feedingspine-feedinglarval-developmentpupal-period6-8-weeks-larval-feeding2-months-pupationwithin-pod-developmentseed-to-ovule-ratiomature-seedsintact-seedsparasitization-ratepopulation-abundancefecund-pod-targetingwhole-plant-traitsflower-traitspod-traitschoice-experimentscommon-gardenBrittanyScotlandReunionhost-availabilityseasonal-activitymorphological-identificationmitochondrial-sequencesnuclear-sequencesphylogenyhost-racesdivergent-selectionecological-speciationsympatric-populationsspring-infestationautumn-infestationintroduced-with-gorsenot-initially-introducedinvasive-plantplant-insect-interactionsoviposition-behaviorfeeding-behaviorpreference-patternsmultiple-trait-usesurface-cuesinternal-cuespod-characteristicshost-choiceplant-susceptibilityinvasion-biologyentomological-experimentalispan-pacific-entomologistdiversity-journalecological-entomologyCoombs-2004HEAR-photo-galleryiNaturalistGBIFNCBIForster-1771CurculionoideaApionidaeFabaceaeGenisteaenoxious-weedagent-of-biological-pest-controllight-graylong-snoutstraight-snout2-3-mmsmall-weevilseed-weevilgorse-seed-weevilestablished-populationspercentage-of-pods-infestedspatial-variationtemporal-variationseed-setseed-productionseed-predation-impactecosystem-serviceweed-biological-controlclassical-biological-controlinundative-biological-controlself-sustaining-populationsnon-target-effectshost-specificityreproductive-phenologyphenological-matchingphenological-isolationallochronic-speciationtemporal-nicheresource-partitioningcompetitive-exclusioncharacter-displacementmolecular-phylogeneticsCOIITSmorphological-charactersindividual-variationenvironmental-variationmitochondrial-DNAnuclear-DNAspecies-differentiationgenetic-divergenceecological-divergenceadaptive-radiationhost-shifthost-race-formationsympatric-speciationreinforcementprezygotic-isolationpostzygotic-isolationhabitat-fragmentationpopulation-structuregene-flowlocal-adaptationphenotypic-plasticitygenetic-driftnatural-selectionsexual-selectionfounder-effectbottleneckinvasion-geneticsenemy-releaseevolutionary-potentialrapid-evolutioncontemporary-evolutioneco-evolutionary-dynamicscommunity-ecologytrophic-interactionsfood-webecosystem-functionecosystem-processnutrient-cyclingenergy-flowpopulation-dynamicsmetapopulationsource-sinkdispersalcolonizationestablishmentspreadimpact-assessmentnon-target-riskefficacyestablishment-successpopulation-establishmentfield-releasemonitoringevaluationadaptive-managementintegrated-pest-managementsustainable-agricultureconservation-biological-controlaugmentative-biological-controlinoculative-biological-controlnatural-enemyherbivorephytophagousmonophagousoligophagouspolyphagousspecialistgeneralistco-evolutioncoevolutionary-arms-raceplant-defenseherbivore-offenseinduced-defenseconstitutive-defensedirect-defenseindirect-defensevolatile-organic-compoundsextrafloral-nectariestrophic-cascadesapparent-competitionenemy-mediated-apparent-competitionintraguild-predationmultitrophic-interactionstrait-mediated-indirect-effectsdensity-mediated-indirect-effectsecosystem-engineeringniche-constructionextended-phenotypeenvironmental-feedbackeco-evolutionary-feedbackevolutionary-rescuegenetic-rescueassisted-migrationmanaged-relocationconservation-translocationreintroductionrestoration-ecologyhabitat-restorationecological-restorationweed-managementrangeland-managementforest-managementprotected-area-managementbiodiversity-conservationecosystem-servicesprovisioning-servicesregulating-servicescultural-servicessupporting-servicessustainable-development-goalsAichi-targetsKunming-Montreal-global-biodiversity-frameworkIPBESIUCNCBDFAOEPPOregulatory-frameworkrisk-analysisenvironmental-impact-assessmentcost-benefit-analysisdecision-supportstakeholder-engagementsocial-licensepublic-acceptancecommunicationeducationoutreachcitizen-scienceiNaturalist-observationsoccurrence-recordsspecimen-recordsmuseum-collectionsvoucher-specimenstype-specimensholotypeparatypesyntypelectotypeneotypeoriginal-descriptionsubsequent-designationtaxonomic-revisionphylogenetic-revisionmonographfield-guideidentification-keydiagnostic-charactersillustrationphotographymicroscopyscanning-electron-microscopymolecular-techniquesDNA-barcodingmetabarcodingenvironmental-DNApopulation-geneticsphylogeographylandscape-geneticsseascape-geneticsisolation-by-distanceisolation-by-environmentisolation-by-resistanceleast-cost-pathcircuit-theoryspecies-distribution-modelingecological-niche-modelingmaxentbioclimworldclimchelsamodisremote-sensingGISspatial-analysistemporal-analysistime-seriesphenologyclimate-changeglobal-warmingphenological-shiftrange-shiftpoleward-shiftelevational-shiftaltitudinal-shifthabitat-trackingniche-trackingniche-conservatismniche-evolutionrealized-nichefundamental-nichebiotic-interactionsabiotic-factorsenvironmental-filteringdispersal-limitationsource-poolspecies-poolregional-poollocal-poolalpha-diversitybeta-diversitygamma-diversityspecies-richnessspecies-evennessspecies-abundancedominanceraritycommonnessendemismcosmopolitanismnativeendemicintroducedinvasivenaturalizedcasualtransientephemeralpersistentestablishedspreadinginvasive-potentialinvasivenessimpactecological-impacteconomic-impactsocial-impactenvironmental-impactnegative-impactpositive-impactbeneficialdetrimentalnuisancepestweedpathogendisease-vectorpublic-healthveterinary-healthcrop-healthforest-healthrangeland-healthecosystem-healthOne-Healthplanetary-healthecohealthconservation-medicinedisease-ecologyparasitologyentomologymedical-entomologyveterinary-entomologyagricultural-entomologyforest-entomologyurban-entomologyaquatic-entomologysystematicstaxonomyphylogeneticsevolutionary-biologypopulation-biologyecosystem-ecologylandscape-ecologyglobal-ecologymacroecologybiogeographyhistorical-biogeographyecological-biogeographyisland-biogeographycontinental-biogeographylatitudinal-gradientaltitudinal-gradientspecies-area-relationshipisland-species-richnessequilibrium-theorynonequilibrium-theoryneutral-theoryniche-theoryassembly-rulespriority-effectsmass-effectsspecies-sortingcompetitionpredationherbivoryparasitismmutualismcommensalismamensalismfacilitationinhibitiontolerancesuccessionprimary-successionsecondary-successiondisturbancerecoveryresilienceresistancestabilitypersistenceturnoverreplacementextinctionimmigrationemigrationbirthdeathreproductionsurvivalgrowthdevelopmentmetamorphosiscomplete-metamorphosisholometaboloushemimetabolousametabolousegglarvapupaadultinstarecdysismoltingdiapausequiescenceaestivationhibernationoverwinteringoverwintering-stageoverwintering-siteoverwintering-strategycold-hardinessfreeze-tolerancefreeze-avoidancesupercoolingcryoprotectantsthermal-biologythermoregulationectothermypoikilothermybehavioral-thermoregulationmicrohabitat-selectionbaskingshadingstiltingperchingroostingshelteringburrowingmininggall-formationleaf-rollingleaf-tyingsilk-productionweb-spinningnest-constructionoviposition-site-selectionhost-plant-selectionmate-choicesperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicepolyandrypolygynymonogamypromiscuitylekkingterritorialityaggressiondefensepredator-avoidanceantipredator-behaviorcrypsismasquerademimicryBatesian-mimicryMüllerian-mimicryautomimicryaggressive-mimicrystartle-displaythanatosisdeath-feigningautotomyreflex-bleedingchemical-defensemechanical-defensephysical-defensebehavioral-defensemutualistic-defenseplant-animal-interactionspollinationseed-dispersalantagonismsynergismantagonistic-pleiotropytrade-offslife-historylife-history-strategyr-selectionK-selectionbet-hedgingiteroparitysemelparityannualperennialbiennialpluriannuallongevitylifespangeneration-timedevelopment-timegrowth-ratereproductive-ratefecundityfertilityvirilitymating-successreproductive-successfitnessinclusive-fitnesskin-selectiongroup-selectionmultilevel-selectionindividual-selectionartificial-selectionsocial-selectionecological-selectionstabilizing-selectiondirectional-selectiondisruptive-selectionbalancing-selectionfrequency-dependent-selectionnegative-frequency-dependent-selectionpositive-frequency-dependent-selectionapostatic-selectionantiapostatic-selectionrare-type-advantagecommon-type-disadvantageheterozygote-advantageheterosishybrid-vigorinbreeding-depressionoutbreeding-depressiongenetic-loadmutational-loadsegregational-loadsubstitutional-loaddrift-loadmigration-loadmutationrecombinationchromosomal-rearrangementgenome-evolutiontransposable-elementshorizontal-gene-transferendosymbiosissymbiogenesisholobionthologenomeextended-evolutionary-synthesisniche-construction-theoryecological-evolutionary-developmental-biologyeco-evo-devodevelopmental-plasticityreaction-normgenotype-environment-interactionGxEnorm-of-reactionplasticitycanalizationgenetic-assimilationgenetic-accommodationcryptic-genetic-variationevolutionary-capacitanceevolvabilityrobustnessmodularityintegrationcorrelationconstrainttrade-offpleiotropyepistasisadditive-genetic-variancedominance-varianceepistatic-variancegenetic-variancephenotypic-varianceenvironmental-varianceheritabilitynarrow-sense-heritabilitybroad-sense-heritabilityresponse-to-selectionbreeder's-equationquantitative-geneticsmolecular-geneticsgenomicstranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsphenomicsecogenomicsconservation-genomicsfunctional-genomicsstructural-genomicscomparative-genomicsevolutionary-genomicsphylogenomicsmetagenomicsmicrobiomeviromemycobiomebacteriomearchaeomeeukaryomeextended-genotypekeystone-speciesecosystem-engineerfoundation-speciesdominant-speciessubordinate-speciestransient-speciessatellite-speciescore-speciesperipheral-speciesedge-speciesinterior-specieshabitat-generalisthabitat-specialistedge-habitatinterior-habitatmatrix-habitatcorridorstepping-stonesource-habitatsink-habitatpatchfragmentlandscapeseascaperiverscapeskyscapesoundscapesmellscapetastestouchvisionolfactiongustationmechanoreceptionthermoreceptionphotoreceptionchemoreceptionelectroreceptionmagnetoreceptionproprioceptionnociceptionsensory-ecologysensory-biologyneuroethologybehavioral-ecologycognitive-ecologyevolutionary-ecologyecological-immunologyecoimmunologyepidemiologyparasite-ecologyhost-parasite-interactionshost-pathogen-interactionshost-symbiont-interactionsmicrobial-ecologyvirologybacteriologymycologyprotistologyhelminthologyentomopathologymicrobial-controlviral-controlfungal-controlbacterial-controlnematode-controlparasitoid-controlpredator-controlherbivore-controlcompetitor-controlautocidal-controlsterile-insect-techniqueincompatible-insect-techniquegene-driveRNA-interferenceCRISPRgenetic-biocontrolprecision-guided-sterile-insect-techniqueself-limiting-genetic-controlself-sustaining-genetic-controlpopulation-suppressionpopulation-replacementpopulation-eliminationarea-wide-integrated-pest-managementsterile-insect-releaseinundative-releaseinoculative-releaseneoclassical-biological-controlaugmentation-biological-controlhabitat-manipulationcultural-controlphysical-controlmechanical-controlchemical-controlpesticide-resistance-managementinsecticide-resistance-managementherbicide-resistance-managementfungicide-resistance-managementantibiotic-resistance-managementresistance-evolutionresistance-managementrefuge-strategyhigh-dose-strategypyramid-strategyrotation-strategymixture-strategymosaic-strategyintegrated-resistance-managementintegrated-weed-managementintegrated-crop-managementintegrated-forest-managementintegrated-vector-managementintegrated-disease-managementOne-Health-approachecohealth-approachplanetary-health-approachsustainable-intensificationagroecologyorganic-agricultureconservation-agricultureclimate-smart-agricultureprecision-agriculturedigital-agriculturesmart-farmingagricultural-roboticsautonomous-systemsdrone-technologysatellite-imageryGPSvariable-rate-technologysite-specific-managementdecision-support-systemsexpert-systemsartificial-intelligencemachine-learningdeep-learningneural-networkscomputer-visionimage-recognitionpattern-recognitiondata-miningbig-datacloud-computinginternet-of-thingssensor-networkswireless-sensor-networksprecision-livestock-farmingprecision-aquacultureprecision-forestryprecision-horticultureprecision-viticultureprecision-apicultureprecision-sericultureintegrated-farming-systemsmixed-farming-systemsdiversified-farming-systemsagroforestrysilvopasturesilvoarablealley-croppingforest-farminghomegardensmultistrata-systemstropical-homegardenstemperate-agroforestrypermacultureregenerative-agriculturerestorative-agriculturebiodynamic-agriculturenatural-farmingdo-nothing-farmingFukuoka-farmingMasanobu-FukuokaRachel-CarsonSilent-Springintegrated-pest-management-historybiological-control-historyclassical-biological-control-historyRachel-Carson-legacyenvironmental-movementconservation-movementsustainability-scienceresilience-scienceadaptive-governancesocial-ecological-systemssocio-ecological-systemscoupled-human-natural-systemscomplex-adaptive-systemspanarchyadaptive-cyclerigidity-trappoverty-traptransformationtransitionsustainability-transitionenergy-transitionfood-system-transformationagrifood-system-transformationland-use-changeland-cover-changeland-use-intensificationagricultural-expansiondeforestationreforestationafforestationforest-degradationforest-restorationecosystem-restorationwetland-restorationriparian-restorationcoastal-restorationcoral-reef-restorationseagrass-restorationmangrove-restorationsalt-marsh-restorationdune-restorationprairie-restorationsavanna-restorationwoodland-restorationold-growth-restorationdegraded-land-restorationabandoned-land-restorationcontaminated-land-restorationmined-land-restorationpost-industrial-restorationurban-restorationrural-restorationagricultural-restorationpastoral-restorationsilvicultural-restorationecological-engineeringenvironmental-engineeringbioremediationphytoremediationmycoremediationzooremediationmicrobial-remediationnanoremediationelectrokinetic-remediationsoil-washingsoil-vapor-extractionair-spargingpump-and-treatpermeable-reactive-barriersmonitored-natural-attenuationenhanced-natural-attenuationsource-zone-treatmentplume-treatmentrisk-based-corrective-actionrisk-assessmenthazard-assessmentexposure-assessmenttoxicity-assessmentrisk-characterizationrisk-managementrisk-communicationrisk-perceptionrisk-governanceprecautionary-principlepolluter-pays-principleextended-producer-responsibilitycircular-economygreen-economyblue-economybioeconomynatural-capitalecosystem-services-valuationpayment-for-ecosystem-servicesecosystem-based-adaptationecosystem-based-mitigationnature-based-solutionsworking-with-naturebuilding-with-natureengineering-with-naturegreen-infrastructureblue-infrastructureurban-green-infrastructureurban-blue-infrastructuresponge-citycool-cityforest-citybiophilic-citysustainable-cityresilient-citysmart-cityliveable-cityhealthy-cityequitable-cityjust-cityinclusive-cityparticipatory-cityco-productionco-designco-managementcommunity-based-managementcommunity-based-conservationcommunity-based-natural-resource-managementindigenous-and-local-knowledgetraditional-ecological-knowledgebiocultural-diversitybiocultural-heritagesacred-natural-sitesprotected-areasconservation-areasnature-reserveswildlife-reservesnational-parksworld-heritage-sitesbiosphere-reservesRamsar-sitesimportant-bird-areaskey-biodiversity-areasecologically-or-biologically-significant-marine-areasother-effective-area-based-conservation-measuresconservation-beyond-protected-areasconservation-on-private-landconservation-on-communal-landconservation-on-indigenous-landrights-based-conservationgender-responsive-conservationyouth-engagement-in-conservationintergenerational-equityintragenerational-equityenvironmental-justiceclimate-justiceconservation-justiceecological-justicespecies-justiceintersectionalitydecolonization-of-conservationpost-normal-sciencetransdisciplinarityparticipatory-researchaction-researchcommunity-based-participatory-researchcommunity-scienceparticipatory-monitoringadaptive-co-managementsocial-learningknowledge-co-productionboundary-workboundary-objectsboundary-organizationsscience-policy-interfacescience-society-interfaceknowledge-brokeringknowledge-translationknowledge-mobilizationresearch-impactresearch-uptakeevidence-based-policyevidence-based-practiceevidence-informed-decision-makingdecision-support-toolssystematic-reviewmeta-analysisevidence-synthesisknowledge-synthesisrapid-evidence-assessmentliving-evidenceliving-systematic-reviewscoping-reviewrapid-reviewrealist-synthesisnarrative-synthesisqualitative-synthesisquantitative-synthesismixed-methods-synthesisparticipatory-synthesisdeliberative-methodsconsensus-methodsexpert-elicitationstructured-expert-judgmentDelphi-methodnominal-group-techniqueconvergent-interviewfocus-groupstakeholder-workshopparticipatory-mappingparticipatory-modelingscenario-planningfuture-studiesforesightanticipatory-governancetransformative-governancepolycentric-governancemulti-level-governancenetwork-governancecollaborative-governancecooperative-governancedemocratic-governancedeliberative-democracyparticipatory-democracydirect-democracyrepresentative-democracyliberal-democracysocial-democracygreen-democracyecological-democracybiocracyecocracytechnocracymeritocracyplutocracyoligarchyautocracytotalitarianismauthoritarianismpopulismnationalismglobalismlocalismregionalismfederalismconfederalismunitarismcentralismdecentralizationdevolutionsubsidiarityfiscal-federalismenvironmental-federalismcompetitive-federalismcooperative-federalismdual-federalismmarble-cake-federalismlayer-cake-federalismpicket-fence-federalismpermissive-federalismcoercive-federalismmarket-preserving-federalismdemocratic-experimentalismlaboratories-of-democracypolicy-diffusionpolicy-transferpolicy-learningpolicy-innovationpolicy-entrepreneurshippolicy-windowspunctuated-equilibriumadvocacy-coalition-frameworkmultiple-streams-frameworkinstitutional-analysis-and-development-frameworksocial-ecological-systems-frameworksustainability-science-frameworkplanetary-boundaries-frameworkdoughnut-economics-frameworkcircular-economy-frameworkgreen-new-deal-frameworkjust-transition-frameworkleaving-no-one-behind2030-agendaParis-agreementRio-conventionsUNFCCCUNCCDCITESCMSRamsarWorld-HeritageIPCCWHOUNEPUNDPUNESCOWorld-BankIMFWTOOECDG7G20BRICSAfrican-UnionEuropean-UnionASEANMercosurNAFTAUSMCATPPCPTPPRCEPbilateral-investment-treatiesfree-trade-agreementsregional-trade-agreementsmultilateral-environmental-agreementsbilateral-environmental-agreementsstrategic-environmental-assessmentcumulative-impact-assessmentsocial-impact-assessmenthealth-impact-assessmentgender-impact-assessmenthuman-rights-impact-assessmentindigenous-rights-impact-assessmentcultural-heritage-impact-assessmentlandscape-and-visual-impact-assessmentnoise-impact-assessmentair-quality-impact-assessmentwater-quality-impact-assessmentsoil-quality-impact-assessmentbiodiversity-impact-assessmentecosystem-services-impact-assessmentclimate-impact-assessmentcarbon-footprint-assessmentwater-footprint-assessmentland-footprint-assessmentmaterial-footprint-assessmentecological-footprint-assessmentplanetary-footprint-assessmentlife-cycle-assessmentlife-cycle-costingsocial-life-cycle-assessmentlife-cycle-sustainability-assessmentmaterial-flow-analysissubstance-flow-analysisenergy-flow-analysisnutrient-flow-analysiswater-flow-analysiscarbon-flow-analysisnitrogen-flow-analysisphosphorus-flow-analysiscircular-material-flowindustrial-ecologyindustrial-symbiosiseco-industrial-parkurban-metabolismindustrial-metabolismsocio-economic-metabolismsocial-metabolismpolitical-ecologypolitical-economyecological-economicsenvironmental-economicsnatural-resource-economicsresource-economicsenergy-economicsagricultural-economicsforest-economicsfisheries-economicswater-economicsbiodiversity-economicsecosystem-services-economicsconservation-economicsrestoration-economicsenvironmental-valuationcontingent-valuationchoice-experimentbenefit-transferhedonic-pricingtravel-cost-methodproduction-function-approachreplacement-cost-methoddamage-cost-avoided-methodopportunity-cost-methodnet-present-valueinternal-rate-of-returnbenefit-cost-ratiocost-effectiveness-analysismulti-criteria-decision-analysisanalytic-hierarchy-processanalytic-network-processpreference-ranking-organization-method-for-enrichment-evaluationtechnique-for-order-of-preference-by-similarity-to-ideal-solutionelimination-and-choice-expressing-realitydecision-making-trial-and-evaluation-laboratoryVIseKriterijumska-Optimizacija-I-Kompromisno-Resenjepreference-selection-indexcomplex-proportional-assessmentmulti-objective-optimization-on-the-basis-of-ratio-analysisweighted-aggregated-sum-product-assessmentevaluation-based-on-distance-from-average-solutionmeasurement-of-alternatives-and-ranking-according-to-compromise-solutioncomparative-performance-indexpreference-rankingscore-functionaccuracy-functionentropy-weightobjective-weightsubjective-weightcombined-weightsensitivity-analysisuncertainty-analysisfuzzy-logicfuzzy-set-theoryintuitionistic-fuzzy-setneutrosophic-setrough-setsoft-sethesitant-fuzzy-setPythagorean-fuzzy-setq-rung-orthopair-fuzzy-setspherical-fuzzy-setpicture-fuzzy-setcomplex-fuzzy-settype-2-fuzzy-setinterval-type-2-fuzzy-setinterval-valued-fuzzy-setinterval-valued-intuitionistic-fuzzy-setinterval-valued-Pythagorean-fuzzy-setinterval-valued-neutrosophic-setbipolar-fuzzy-setm-polar-fuzzy-setmulti-polar-fuzzy-setlinguistic-term-sethesitant-fuzzy-linguistic-term-setprobabilistic-linguistic-term-set2-tuple-linguistic-modelsymbolic-linguistic-modelvirtual-linguistic-modelnumerical-scale-modellinguistic-hierarchy-modeltransitive-calibration-modelconsistency-driven-methodologyconsistency-indexconsistency-ratioacceptable-consistencyinconsistency-identificationinconsistency-repairpriority-derivationweight-derivationaggregation-operatorordered-weighted-averaging-operatorweighted-averaging-operatorgeometric-operatorpower-operatorBonferroni-meanChoquet-integralShapley-valuegame-theoryNash-equilibriumPareto-optimalityPareto-efficiencyPareto-improvementsocial-welfare-functionutility-functionpreference-relationbinary-relationternary-relationn-ary-relationcomplete-relationincomplete-relationtransitive-relationintransitive-relationreflexive-relationirreflexive-relationsymmetric-relationasymmetric-relationantisymmetric-relationequivalence-relationpartial-ordertotal-orderstrict-orderweak-ordersemiorderinterval-orderPareto-orderlexicographic-orderdominance-relationoutranking-relationconcordancediscordancecredibilitydiscrimination-thresholdindifference-thresholdpreference-thresholdveto-thresholdmajority-ruleCondorcet-winnerCondorcet-loserBorda-countapproval-votingrange-votingscore-votinginstant-runoff-votingsingle-transferable-voteproportional-representationmixed-member-proportionaladditional-member-systemparallel-votingmajority-bonus-systemscorporodouble-votealternative-votesupplementary-votecontingent-voteBucklin-votingCoombs'-methodDodgson's-methodKemeny-Young-methodRanked-pairsSchulze-methodMinimax-CondorcetSmith-setSchwartz-setuncovered-setBanks-settop-cycleminimal-covering-setbipartisan-setessential-settournament-equilibrium-setminimal-extending-setPareto-setdeep-uncovered-setminimal-upward-covering-setminimal-downward-covering-setminimal-covering-set-with-respect-to-pairsminimal-covering-set-with-respect-to-tripletsminimal-stable-setminimal-retentive-setminimal-comprehensive-retentive-setminimal-extensive-retentive-setminimal-weakly-stable-setminimal-strongly-stable-setminimal-collectively-stable-setminimal-individually-stable-setminimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-setminimal-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-set

• Tetramesa

  Tetramesa is a genus of minute phytophagous wasps in the family Eurytomidae comprising over 200 described species. Members are exclusively associated with grasses (Poaceae), where they typically induce stem or inflorescence galls. The genus exhibits pronounced host specificity, with most species restricted to a single grass species or closely related congeners. Several species have been deployed as biological control agents against invasive grasses, including T. romana for giant reed (Arundo donax) and candidate agents for medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) and African lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula). Adults feed on nectar. Recent phylogenomic studies have synonymized the genera Aiolomorphus and Cathilaria within Tetramesa.

  biological-controlgall-waspgrasslandinvasive-species-managementhost-specificitycryptic-speciesphylogenomicsEurytomidaeChalcidoideaHymenopteraphytophagyPoaceaestem-gallinflorescence-gallintegrated-pest-managementriparian-restorationmolecular-systematicsspecies-delimitationGMYCCOI28Sbiocontrol-agentArundo-donaxgiant-reedmedusaheadAfrican-lovegrassEragrostisSporobolusbarley-jointwormintegrated-taxonomySouthern-Hemisphere-diversitygrassland-expansionMiocene-diversificationmonophagyhost-range-testingnon-target-effectstick-habitatcattle-fever-tickRio-GrandeBig-Bend-National-Parkgreenhouse-rearingoviposition-behaviorwater-deficit-stressgeneration-timeparasitoidEurytoma-amicophagaEurytominaeWalker-1848TerebrantesApocritamicrohymenopteraminute-waspreduced-wing-venationantennal-segmentationmesosoma-sculptureovipositormolecular-operational-taxonomic-unitsMOTUspecies-boundariescryptic-diversitysampling-effectsSPEDE-samplerhost-genetic-proxiesfield-host-rangeno-choice-testingnative-Australian-speciesnon-target-riskhost-phylogenytarget-weedsuppressiontoppingmechanical-controlintegrated-weed-managementnative-vegetation-recoverylight-penetrationcanopy-structuredispersalestablishmentpost-release-evaluationadventive-populationAustin-TexasIdahoEnglandWalesOrissaCanary-IslandsCanary-Is.MediterraneanSouth-Africasouthern-AfricaNorthern-HemisphereAustraliaNorth-AmericaTexasCaliforniaGreececentral-AsiaIranUkraineMoldovaRussiaIsraelTajikistanJapanEragrostis-curvulaSporobolus-pyramidalisSporobolus-natalensisSporobolus-africanusHyparrhenia-hirtaAndropogon-gayanusEragrostis-planaEragrostis-planiculmisEragrostis-bifloraEragrostis-capensisEragrostis-trichophoraDeschampsia-caespitosaDeschampsia-setaceaTaeniatherum-caput-medusaeHordeumbarleyPhragmitescommon-reedDactylis-glomerataorchardgrassPoalesgrassgraminoidcereal-croppasturerangelandinvasive-weednoxious-weedhabitat-structureecosystem-functioningnaturalised-speciesalien-grassdonor-countryreceiver-countrybiocontrol-practitionerhost-plant-resistanceinternode-infestationoviposition-preferencebehavioral-categoriesantennae-attitudelaboratory-artifactpolyphagyspecialistgeneralistclimate-fluctuationmolecular-clockdated-analysisphylogenetic-cladeintrapopulation-variationgeographic-sub-structuringsingleton-effectoverestimationconsensus-delimitationoperational-taxonomic-unitintegrative-taxonomyevidence-linecaveatputative-speciesnovel-taxonundescribed-speciesbiodiversity-assessmentfaunal-surveyfield-collectiongenetic-sequencemitochondrial-DNAnuclear-DNAcytochrome-c-oxidase-Iribosomal-DNAinternal-transcribed-spacerchloroplast-DNArps16rpl32trnKtrnLITSplant-insect-interactionherbivorephytophageprimary-consumertrophic-levelfood-webcommunity-ecologyrestoration-ecologyconservation-biological-controlclassical-biological-controlaugmentative-biological-controlinundative-releaseestablishment-ratepopulation-increasedownstream-dispersalriver-milebiomass-reductionplant-communitytick-feeding-anttick-feeding-beetlehabitat-modificationlaw-enforcementinternational-borderflood-controlirrigation-channelstream-cloggingriver-bank-weakeningnative-vegetation-stiflingwildlife-habitat-reductioncattle-inspectiondeer-inspectionRhipicephalusBoophilustick-populationvegetation-transitionshading-effectlong-term-suppressionhigh-suppressioncane-thinningmechanical-cuttinggrowth-suppressionsusceptibility-to-attackcombination-treatmentsynergistic-effectresearch-demonstrationUSDAAgricultural-Research-Serviceentomologistfield-measurementpost-release-monitoringimpact-assessmentagent-efficacynon-target-damagecrop-safetyagricultural-importancehost-specific-herbivoresustainable-methodcost-effective-methodweed-controlinvasive-plant-managementhabitat-restorationecosystem-serviceprovisioning-serviceregulating-servicesupporting-servicecultural-servicebiodiversity-conservationthreatened-speciesendangered-specieshabitat-lossclimate-changeland-use-changeanthropogenic-disturbanceurbanizationagricultural-intensificationgrazing-pressurefire-regimenitrogen-depositioncarbon-sequestrationsoil-stabilizationwater-qualityair-qualitypollinatornectar-feedingadult-dietlarval-diettissue-feedinggall-inductionplant-manipulationphytohormonecytokininauxincell-proliferationtissue-differentiationnutrient-sinksink-strengthsource-sink-dynamicsplant-physiologyreproductive-outputseed-productionseed-weightflowering-headinflorescencestem-elongationtiller-productionbiomass-allocationgrowth-raterelative-growth-ratenet-primary-productivityecosystem-productivitycarbon-cyclingnitrogen-cyclingphosphorus-cyclingdecompositionlitter-qualityherbivory-impacttop-down-controlbottom-up-controltrophic-cascadeindirect-effectdirect-effectdensity-dependencedensity-independencepopulation-regulationpopulation-dynamicslife-tablesurvivorshipfecundityreproductive-rateintrinsic-rate-of-increasedoubling-timecarrying-capacitypopulation-growthexponential-growthlogistic-growthAllee-effectstochasticityenvironmental-variationdemographic-variationgenetic-variationphenotypic-plasticitylocal-adaptationevolutionary-responsecoevolutionarms-raceescape-and-radiatediversification-ratespeciationextinctionphylogenetic-diversityfunctional-diversitytaxonomic-diversityalpha-diversitybeta-diversitygamma-diversityspecies-richnessspecies-evennessspecies-abundance-distributionrank-abundance-curvediversity-indexShannon-indexSimpson-indexevenness-indexdominance-indexsimilarity-indexdissimilarity-indexcluster-analysisordinationprincipal-component-analysisprincipal-coordinate-analysisnon-metric-multidimensional-scalingcanonical-correspondence-analysisredundancy-analysisvariation-partitioningstructural-equation-modelingpath-analysismeta-analysissystematic-reviewevidence-synthesisresearch-priorityknowledge-gapdata-deficiencyIUCN-Red-Listconservation-statusprotected-areamanagement-planmonitoring-protocoladaptive-managementstakeholder-engagementpolicy-recommendationlegislationregulationincentivemarket-based-instrumentpayment-for-ecosystem-servicescarbon-creditbiodiversity-offsethabitat-bankingconservation-easementland-truststewardshipsustainable-agricultureorganic-farmingagroecologyprecision-agricultureconservation-tillagecover-croppingcrop-rotationintercroppingagroforestrysilvopastureriparian-bufferfilter-stripgrassed-waterwaywetland-restorationprairie-restorationsavanna-restorationforest-restorationdegraded-landabandoned-landmarginal-landset-asidewildlife-corridorhabitat-connectivitylandscape-matrixpatch-dynamicsedge-effectinterior-habitatcore-areabuffer-zonepermeabilityresistanceleast-cost-pathcircuit-theoryisolation-by-distanceisolation-by-resistancegene-flowgenetic-driftinbreedingoutbreedinghybridizationintrogressionadmixturepopulation-structuregenetic-differentiationFSTGSTDallele-frequencyhaplotypegenotypephenotypequantitative-traitmorphological-traitbehavioral-traitlife-history-traitreproductive-traitsurvival-traitdevelopmental-traitphysiological-traitmetabolic-traitstress-responseimmune-responsedefense-traitresistance-traittolerance-traitavoidance-traitantipredator-defensechemical-defensemechanical-defensecrypsismimicryaposematismstartle-displaythanatosisautotomyregenerationcompensatory-growthinduced-defenseconstitutive-defensedirect-defenseindirect-defensevolatile-organic-compoundextrafloral-nectardomatiamutualismant-plant-mutualismpollination-mutualismseed-dispersal-mutualismprotection-mutualismnutrition-mutualismtransport-mutualismcleaning-mutualismagricultural-mutualismdomesticationcrop-wild-relativelandracecultivarvarietybreedingselectiongenetic-improvementyieldqualitystress-tolerancenutrient-use-efficiencywater-use-efficiencyphotosynthetic-efficiencyharvest-indexgrain-fillingsource-limitationsink-limitationassimilate-transportphloem-loadingphloem-unloadingremobilizationsenescencestay-greenantioxidantreactive-oxygen-speciesoxidative-stressheat-stresscold-stressdrought-stresssalinity-stressmetal-stressnutrient-deficiencynutrient-toxicitysoil-pHsoil-texturesoil-structuresoil-organic-mattersoil-microbial-communityrhizospheremycorrhizanitrogen-fixationphosphorus-solubilizationpotassium-mobilizationmicronutrient-uptakeallelopathycompetitionfacilitationniche-differentiationresource-partitioningtemporal-partitioningspatial-partitioningmorphological-partitioningphysiological-partitioningphenological-partitioningcompetitive-exclusioncompetitive-displacementpriority-effectfounder-effectmass-effectspecies-sortingneutral-theoryecological-driftdispersal-limitationenvironmental-filteringbiotic-filteringabiotic-filteringtrait-based-approachfunctional-traitresponse-traiteffect-traitcommunity-assemblycommunity-disassemblycommunity-reassemblysuccessionprimary-successionsecondary-successionpioneer-speciesclimax-specieskeystone-speciesecosystem-engineerfoundation-speciesdominant-speciessubordinate-speciestransient-speciesresident-speciesmigrant-speciesnomadic-speciesirruptive-speciesinvasive-speciesnaturalized-speciescasual-speciesestablished-speciesspreading-specieswidespread-speciesrestricted-speciesendemic-speciescosmopolitan-speciesdisjunct-distributionrelict-distributionrefugiumglacial-refugiuminterglacial-refugiumpostglacial-colonizationrange-shiftrange-expansionrange-contractionrange-fragmentationsource-populationsink-populationmetapopulationpopulation-viabilityminimum-viable-populationeffective-population-sizegenetic-rescuedemographic-rescueassisted-migrationmanaged-relocationex-situ-conservationin-situ-conservationcryopreservationseed-bankgene-bankbotanic-gardenarboretumzooaquariummicrobial-culture-collectionDNA-banktissue-banksperm-bankoocyte-bankembryo-bankreintroductiontranslocationreinforcementsupplementationheadstartingcaptive-breedingpropagationnucleus-populationrelease-programsoft-releasehard-releaseacclimatizationhabitat-preparationpredator-controlcompetitor-controldisease-controlparasite-controlhealth-screeningquarantineveterinary-carenutrition-managementenvironmental-enrichmentbehavioral-trainingimprintingfosteringcross-fosteringhand-rearingparent-rearingsemi-natural-enclosurepre-release-conditioningsurvival-ratereproduction-ratedispersal-ratesite-fidelityhomeward-orientationmigrationnavigationorientationmagnetic-senseolfactory-sensevisual-senseauditory-sensemechanosensory-sensethermosensory-sensehygrosensory-senseelectrosensory-sensepolarized-lightcelestial-cueslandmark-cuesodor-plumewind-directionsun-compassstar-compassmoon-compassmagnetic-compassinertial-navigationpath-integrationcognitive-mapspatial-memorytemporal-memoryepisodic-memoryprocedural-memoryassociative-learningoperant-conditioningclassical-conditioninghabituationsensitizationsong-learningtool-useproblem-solvinginnovationsocial-learningcultural-transmissionteachingcooperationaltruismkin-selectionreciprocal-altruismgroup-selectionmultilevel-selectionselfish-geneinclusive-fitnessreproductive-skewdominance-hierarchyterritorialityhome-rangeactivity-centerden-sitenest-siteroost-sitesinging-postdisplay-sitelekarenascrapeburrowcavitycreviceholetunnelgallerychambercellcombpaper-nestmud-nestsilk-nestspun-cocoonpupal-caseoothecaegg-massclutchbroodlittercoveypackherdflockcolonysocietysuperorganismeusocialitycooperative-breedingcommunal-breedingpolygynypolyandrypromiscuitymonogamyserial-monogamygenetic-monogamysocial-monogamyextra-pair-copulationsperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicesexual-selectionintersexual-selectionintrasexual-selectionmate-choicemate-guardingmate-switchingdivorcewidowhoodmate-replacementbreeding-seasonbreeding-cyclebreeding-attemptbreeding-successfledging-successrecruitmentjuvenile-survivaladult-survivallongevitylife-expectancymaximum-lifespanagingtelomereoxidative-damagemitochondrial-dysfunctioncellular-senescenceapoptosisnecrosisautophagyproteostasisDNA-repairepigenetic-modificationtransgenerational-effectmaternal-effectpaternal-effectparental-carematernal-carepaternal-carebiparental-carealloparental-carebrood-careegg-carelarval-carepupal-carefood-provisioningnest-defenseterritory-defensepredator-defensedisease-defenseparasite-defensehygiene-behaviorgroomingnest-cleaningcannibalismsiblicideinfanticidefilial-cannibalismsexual-cannibalismcannibalistic-oophagytrophic-eggregurgitationtrophallaxisfood-sharinginformation-sharingalarm-callmobbingdistraction-displaybroken-wing-displaytailingpersecutionattackescapeflightfightfreezefaintdeath-feigningtonic-immobilitystartle-responsewithdrawalavoidancedishabituationlatent-inhibitionblockingovershadowingrelative-validityconditioned-inhibitionspontaneous-recoveryrenewalreinstatementrapid-reacquisitionlatent-learninginsight-learningobservational-learningvicarious-learningemulationimitationsocial-facilitationsocial-inhibitionaudience-effectbystander-effectconformityobediencecompliancecommitmentconsistencyfoot-in-the-doordoor-in-the-facelow-ballthat's-not-allsunk-costendowment-effectloss-aversionrisk-aversionrisk-seekingprobability-weightinghyperbolic-discountingtemporal-discountingintertemporal-choiceoptimal-foragingmarginal-value-theoremprey-choicepatch-choicediet-breadthcentral-place-foragingload-sizetravel-timehandling-timesearch-timeencounter-rateprey-densityprey-profitabilityprey-handlingprey-detectionprey-pursuitprey-captureprey-consumptionprey-rejectioningestion-ratedigestion-rateassimilation-efficiencyproduction-efficiencyecological-efficiencytrophic-transfer-efficiencyLindeman-efficiencyten-percent-rulepyramid-of-numberspyramid-of-biomasspyramid-of-energyfood-chaintrophic-networkenergy-flowmaterial-cyclingbiogeochemical-cyclecarbon-cyclenitrogen-cyclephosphorus-cyclesulfur-cyclewater-cyclehydrological-cycleatmospheric-circulationocean-circulationthermohaline-circulationEl-NiñoLa-NiñaENSONAOAOPDOAMOclimate-oscillationclimate-anomalyweather-extremedroughtfloodheat-wavecold-snapstormhurricanetyphooncyclonetornadothunderstormlightningwildfirevolcanic-eruptionearthquaketsunamilandslideavalanchemeteor-impactmass-extinctionbackground-extinctionspeciation-rateextinction-ratenet-diversificationturnoverstanding-diversityfossil-recordtaphonomypreservation-biassampling-biascollection-biaspublication-biascitation-biaslanguage-biasgeographic-biastemporal-biastaxonomic-biassize-biasabundance-biashabitat-biasfacies-biasLagerstätteKonservat-LagerstätteKonzentrat-Lagerstättetrace-fossilbody-fossilchemical-fossilmolecular-fossilbiomarkerisotope-signaturepaleoclimate-proxypaleoecologypaleobiogeographypaleoecosystempaleocommunitypaleoenvironmentpaleogeographypaleolatitudepaleolongitudecontinental-driftplate-tectonicsseafloor-spreadingsubductionorogenymountain-buildingbasin-formationsedimentationerosionweatheringsoil-formationpedogenesishorizon-developmentprofile-developmentchronosequencetoposequencebiosequenceclimosequencelandformgeomorphologytopographyreliefelevationslopeaspectcurvatureroughnessdrainagewatershedcatchmentbasinsubbasinreachsegmentzonerifflepoolrunglidecascadewaterfallwetlandmarshswampbogfenmirepeatlandtundrataigaboreal-foresttemperate-foresttemperate-rainforesttemperate-grasslandtropical-foresttropical-rainforesttropical-dry-foresttropical-savannatropical-grasslanddeserthot-desertcold-desertsemiaridsteppeprairiepampasveldsavannawoodlandshrublandchaparralmaquisgariguefynboskwonganmalleemulgamogotekarstcavesinkholedolinepoljeuvalaponorspringseepoasiswadiarroyogullyravinecanyongorgevalleydaleglenstrathriftgrabenhorstfaultfoldanticlinesynclinemonoclinedomeplateaumesabutteescarpmentbluffcliffcragtorinselbergbornhardtkopjehillknollmoundridgespursaddlepasscolgapnotchcleftfissurejointbedding-planefoliationlineationcleavageschistositygneissic-bandingmagmalavaigneous-rocksedimentary-rockmetamorphic-rockmineralcrystalgraintexturestructurefabriccompositionchemistrymineralogypetrologygeochemistrygeophysicsgeochronologyradiometric-datingisotopic-datingdendrochronologyvarve-chronologylichenometryarchaeomagnetismpaleomagnetismthermoluminescenceoptically-stimulated-luminescenceelectron-spin-resonancecosmogenic-nuclideexposure-datingburial-datingterrestrial-cosmogenic-nuclidein-situ-cosmogenic-nuclidemeteoric-cosmogenic-nuclidefallout-radionuclidelead-210cesium-137plutoniumamericiumradiocarboncarbon-14calibration-curveintcalmarine-reservoir-effectterrestrial-reservoir-effecthard-water-effectcontaminationpretreatmentcombustiongraphitizationaccelerator-mass-spectrometryliquid-scintillation-countinggas-proportional-countingbeta-countinggamma-spectrometryalpha-spectrometrymass-spectrometryinductively-coupled-plasma-mass-spectrometrythermal-ionization-mass-spectrometrysecondary-ion-mass-spectrometrylaser-ablation-inductively-coupled-plasma-mass-spectrometryelectron-microprobescanning-electron-microscopytransmission-electron-microscopylight-microscopyconfocal-microscopyfluorescence-microscopypolarizing-microscopyphase-contrast-microscopydifferential-interference-contrast-microscopydark-field-microscopybright-field-microscopystereomicroscopydissecting-microscopymicrotomysectioningstainingmountingembeddingfixationpreservationcollectioncurationvoucheringrepositoryherbariummuseumarchivedatabaseregistrycataloguechecklistinventorysurveymonitoringassessmentevaluationappraisalauditreviewsynthesisrapid-reviewscoping-reviewnarrative-reviewcritical-reviewstate-of-the-art-reviewliterature-reviewbibliometric-analysiscitation-analysisco-citation-analysisbibliographic-couplingco-authorship-analysiscollaboration-networkknowledge-mapconcept-mapontologytaxonomyclassificationnomenclaturetypificationdesignationdescriptiondiagnosisillustrationmeasurementmorphometrymeristicscountratioindexscorerankgradescalelevelcategoryclassgroupsetsubsetclustercladelineagebranchstemcrownrootnodetipterminalinternalbasalderivedancestralplesiomorphicapomorphicsynapomorphicautapomorphichomologoushomoplasticconvergentparallelreversalgainlossduplicationdeletioninsertioninversionfusionfissionpolyploidyaneuploidychromosome-numbergenome-sizegene-numbertranscriptomeproteomemetabolomelipidomeglycomeinteractomephenomeconnectomeepigenomemicrobiomeviromemycobiomebacteriomephytobiomerhizobiomeendobiomeectobiomeparasitomepathobiomediseasometoxomeexposomefoodomenutriomepharmacometoxicomeadverse-outcome-pathwaymode-of-actionmechanism-of-actiontarget-sitereceptor-bindingenzyme-inhibitionion-channel-blockademembrane-disruptionDNA-intercalationinflammationcell-differentiationcell-migrationcell-adhesioncell-signalingsignal-transductiongene-expressiontranscriptiontranslationpost-translational-modificationprotein-foldingprotein-degradationprotein-traffickingvesicle-transportexocytosisendocytosisphagocytosispinocytosismitophagypexophagyribophagyER-phagylysophagylipophagyglycophagyferritinophagyaggrephagyxenophagyentosiscytosissyncytiumplasmodesmatagap-junctiontight-junctionadherens-junctiondesmosomehemidesmosomefocal-adhesioncell-polaritycell-asymmetrycell-divisionmitosismeiosiscytokinesiskaryokinesischromosome-segregationspindle-assemblycheckpointDNA-replicationDNA-recombinationtranspositionretrotranspositionhorizontal-gene-transfervertical-gene-transferendosymbiosissymbiogenesisholobionthologenomeextended-phenotypeniche-constructionecosystem-engineeringkeystone-processecological-functionecosystem-functionecosystem-goodnatural-capitalnatural-resourcerenewable-resourcenon-renewable-resourcecommon-pool-resourcepublic-goodprivate-goodclub-goodexternalitymarket-failuregovernment-failurepolicy-failureinstitutional-failuretragedy-of-the-commonsfree-ridercollective-actionsocial-dilemmaprisoner's-dilemmachicken-gameassurance-gamecoordination-gamezero-sum-gamepositive-sum-gamenegative-sum-gamewin-winlose-losewin-losePareto-optimalPareto-improvementKaldor-Hicks-improvementcost-benefit-analysiscost-effectiveness-analysismulti-criteria-decision-analysisdecision-support-systemexpert-systemknowledge-based-systemrule-based-systemcase-based-reasoningmachine-learningdeep-learningneural-networkrandom-forestsupport-vector-machinedecision-treeregression-treeclassification-treeclustering-algorithmdimensionality-reductionfeature-selectionfeature-extractionpattern-recognitionimage-analysissignal-processingtime-series-analysisspatial-analysisgeographic-information-systemremote-sensingsatellite-imageryaerial-photographydrone-imageryLiDARradarsonarseismicgeophysicalgeochemicalbiogeochemicalecoinformaticsbioinformaticscomputational-biologysystems-biologysynthetic-biologybiotechnologynanotechnologygenetic-engineeringgenome-editingCRISPRTALENzinc-finger-nucleasetransgeniccisgenicintragenicsubgenicagrobacterium-mediated-transformationbiolisticselectroporationmicroinjectionprotoplast-fusionsomatic-hybridizationcybridasymmetric-hybridsynthetic-polyploiddoubled-haploidhaploid-inductionanther-culturemicrospore-cultureovule-cultureembryo-cultureendosperm-cultureprotoplast-culturecell-culturetissue-cultureorgan-cultureshoot-cultureroot-culturecallus-culturesuspension-culturebioreactorhairy-root-culturetransformationhardeningmicropropagationclonal-propagationmeristem-cultureshoot-tip-cultureaxillary-bud-culturenodal-cultureleaf-culturepetiole-culturestem-cultureinternode-culturerhizome-culturebulb-culturecorm-culturetuber-cultureseed-culturezygotic-embryo-culturesomatic-embryo-culturesomatic-embryogenesisorganogenesiscaulogenesisrhizogenesisadventitious-shoot-formationdirect-regenerationindirect-regenerationprimary-metabolismsecondary-metabolismbiosynthesisbiotransformationbioconversionbiodegradationbioremediationphytoremediationmycoremediationzooremediationbioaugmentationbiostimulationnatural-attenuationmonitored-natural-attenuationengineered-natural-attenuationpermeable-reactive-barrierpump-and-treatsoil-vapor-extractionair-spargingthermal-desorptionincinerationlandfillingcontainmentcappingslurry-wallgrout-curtainsheet-pilingclay-linergeomembranegeotextilegeogridgeocompositegeosyntheticgeofabricgeonetgeocellgeopipegeostripgeofoamgeobaggeotubegeocontainergeomatgeoblanketgeospacergeodraingeoinjectiongeogroutgeopiergeocolumngeopilegeowallgeobermgeotrenchgeocutgeofillgeoliftgeoslabgeopanelgeoblockgeobrickgeotilegeopavergeowebgeomattressgeocushion