Northern-hemisphere
Guides
Agyrtidae
Primitive Carrion Beetles
Agyrtidae is a small family of beetles in the superfamily Staphylinoidea, containing approximately 60 species across three subfamilies: Agyrtinae, Necrophilinae, and Pterolomatinae. Members range from 4–14 mm in length and exhibit diverse ecological habits, with some subfamilies associated with carrion and decaying organic matter while others show predatory or coastal specialized lifestyles. The family has a disjunct distribution in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere and New Zealand, with fossil records extending to the Early Cretaceous.
Araneus nordmanni
Nordmann's Orbweaver Spider
Araneus nordmanni is a species of orb-weaving spider in the family Araneidae. It is widely distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, occurring in North America, Europe, the Caucasus, Russia, Kazakhstan, Korea, and Japan. As an orb weaver, it constructs spiral wheel-shaped webs to capture prey. The species is one of many in the large genus Araneus, which contains numerous common and widespread orb-weaving spiders.
Arge
Arge is a genus of sawflies in the family Argidae, subfamily Arginae. Members of this genus are distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, with records from Europe and North America. As with other argid sawflies, species in this genus are herbivorous and typically associated with various woody plants as larvae. The genus was established by Schrank in 1802 and remains taxonomically valid.
Astacoidea
Northern Hemisphere Crayfishes
Astacoidea is a superfamily of freshwater crayfish restricted to the Northern Hemisphere. It comprises three families: Astacidae (Europe and western North America), Cambaridae (eastern North America), and Cambaroididae (eastern Asia). Members are distinguished from the Southern Hemisphere superfamily Parastacoidea by geographic distribution. Crayfish in this group possess ten walking legs, feather-like gills for respiration, and a segmented body with a hard exoskeleton. Many species construct burrows for shelter, with complexity varying from simple tunnels to elaborate multi-chambered systems.
Callipodida
Crested Millipedes
Callipodida is an order of millipedes comprising approximately 130 species across three extant suborders and seven families. Members are characterized by elongated bodies with 40–60 segments, reaching up to 100 mm in length, and often display distinctive dorsal crests or ridges. The order exhibits a disjunct distribution across the Northern Hemisphere, with populations in North America, Europe, western Asia, southern China, and Southeast Asia. Sexual maturity is achieved through teloanamorphosis, with males possessing a single pair of gonopods derived from the seventh leg pair.
Cephidae
Stem Sawflies
Cephidae is a family of stem sawflies in the order Hymenoptera, comprising approximately 27 genera and over 160 described species. Most species occur in the Northern Hemisphere, particularly in Eurasia. Larvae are endophagous stem borers in various plants, especially grasses and cereal grains, with several species being significant agricultural pests including Cephus cinctus on wheat and Janus rufiventris on corn. Adults are exceptionally slender for symphytans and often resemble other insects.
Chaitophorinae
Chaitophorinae is a subfamily of aphids in the family Aphididae, comprising approximately 12 genera and over 180 described species. The subfamily is divided into two tribes: Chaitophorini, associated with deciduous trees and shrubs, and Siphini, associated with grasses. Members are characterized by numerous body setae and are predominantly distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. The subfamily originated on Acer plants in eastern Asia during the Late Cretaceous to early Paleocene, with subsequent dispersals and host shifts driving diversification.
Chironomus plumosus
buzzer midge
Chironomus plumosus, commonly known as the buzzer midge, is a nonbiting midge species distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Adults are known for forming large mating swarms during spring and summer. The species is part of a sibling-species complex that includes C. muratensis and C. nudiventris, which cannot be morphologically distinguished from C. plumosus in adult form. The larvae, often called bloodworms due to their red coloration, are important food sources for fish and other aquatic predators.
Cimbicidae
Club-horned Sawflies, Clubhorn Sawflies
Cimbicidae is a small family of large-bodied sawflies in the suborder Symphyta, characterized by antennae with prominent apical clubs or knobs. Adults of some species exceed 3 cm in length and rank among the heaviest of all Hymenoptera. The family contains approximately 20 genera and 200 described species worldwide. Larvae are solitary herbivores that feed on plant foliage.
Cinara
giant conifer aphids, conifer aphids
Cinara is a genus of aphids comprising approximately 200-243 species, commonly known as giant conifer aphids. These insects are specialized feeders on conifers in the families Pinaceae and Cupressaceae, including pines, firs, spruces, cedars, and cypresses. Molecular studies indicate their tribe Eulachnini represents the basal group for other aphids. Several species are significant pests of cultivated Christmas trees, particularly Fraser fir production in the southeastern United States.
Cnaemidophorus rhododactyla
Rose Plume Moth
Cnaemidophorus rhododactyla, the rose plume moth, is a distinctive plume moth in the family Pterophoridae. The species is widely distributed across the Northern Hemisphere and is closely associated with Rosa species as its larval host. Adults are active in mid-summer and are readily attracted to light. The species has been recorded as a pest of roses in Turkey, where larval feeding inside flower buds can destroy a substantial portion of bud mass.
Coccinella
ladybird, ladybug, lady beetle
Coccinella is a genus of lady beetles recognized by their convex, hemispherical bodies and typically red or orange elytra marked with black spots or bands. The genus contains approximately 94 species and occurs throughout the Northern Hemisphere, with greater diversity in Eurasia than North America. Several species, particularly C. septempunctata, are valued as biological control agents due to their predatory habits.
Crangon
Crangon is a genus of marine shrimp in the family Crangonidae, comprising approximately 20 extant species distributed exclusively in the Northern Hemisphere. The genus exhibits a strong Pacific Ocean bias, with most species occurring in the northern Pacific, suggesting a Pacific origin. The brown shrimp Crangon crangon is the most commercially important and best-studied species, supporting significant fisheries in European waters. Several species display notable biological traits including intensive cannibalism behavior and broad environmental tolerances.
Cytilus
pill beetles
Cytilus is a genus of pill beetles in the family Byrrhidae, established by Erichson in 1847. The genus contains approximately eight described species distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, including North America, Europe, and East Asia. Pill beetles in this genus are characterized by their ability to conglobate—curl into a compact ball when disturbed—a defensive behavior that gives the group its common name.
Dicranota
Dicranota is a genus of crane flies (Diptera: Pediciidae) established by Zetterstedt in 1838. The genus contains multiple subgenera, including Eudicranota and Rhaphidolabis. Species occur across the Northern Hemisphere, with documented records from Europe, Korea, the Caucasus, and Central Asia. Larvae are aquatic and predatory, inhabiting cold, clean streams and springs.
Dolichovespula
Aerial Yellowjackets, yellowjackets
Dolichovespula is a genus of social wasps in the family Vespidae, commonly known as aerial yellowjackets. These wasps build exposed paper nests in trees, shrubs, or under building overhangs rather than underground. The genus includes approximately 20 species distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere, with notable members including the baldfaced hornet (D. maculata) and the aerial yellowjacket (D. arenaria). Some species, such as D. arctica, are social parasites that lack a worker caste and infiltrate nests of other Dolichovespula species to exploit their workforce.
Dypterygia
Dypterygia is a genus of moths in the family Noctuidae, tribe Dypterygiini. The genus comprises approximately 16 described species distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, with records from Europe, North America, and Asia. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light; at least some species respond to fermenting bait mixtures. Larval stages and host plant associations remain poorly documented for most species.
Dyschirius
Dyschirius is a genus of small ground beetles in the family Carabidae, tribe Dyschiriini. Species occur across the Northern Hemisphere with documented records from Europe, North America, and other regions. The genus is taxonomically well-established but individual species often require detailed examination for identification.
Elasmosoma
Elasmosoma is a small genus of ant-parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, subfamily Euphorinae, tribe Neoneurini. Species are minute, typically under 2.0 mm in length, and are specialized endoparasites of adult Formicidae ants. Females attack host workers in flight, alighting briefly to oviposit into the abdomen. The genus comprises approximately 13 described species distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, with records from Europe, Asia, and North America. The host-parasite association represents a well-balanced system that has persisted for at least 40 million years.
Gillmeria
Gillmeria is a genus of plume moths in the family Pterophoridae, established by English entomologist James William Tutt in 1905. Plume moths in this genus possess the characteristic split or divided wings that define their family. The genus contains multiple species distributed across the Northern Hemisphere. These moths are generally small with slender bodies and distinctive wing morphology.
Ibaliidae
ibaliid wasps
The Ibaliidae are a small family of parasitoid wasps in the superfamily Cynipoidea, comprising three extant genera (Ibalia, Heteribalia, and Eileenella) with approximately 20 species worldwide. Unlike most cynipoids, which are phytophagous gall-formers, ibaliids are parasitoids of wood-boring sawfly larvae in the family Siricidae. Adults are notably large for cynipoids, reaching up to 30 mm in length, with a distinctive laterally compressed abdomen. The family is sister to the rest of Cynipoidea excluding the small subfamily Austrocynipidae.
Leptomydinae
Mydas flies
Leptomydinae is a subfamily of mydas flies (family Mydidae) containing at least 6 genera and more than 50 described species. Members are primarily distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. The subfamily includes the genera Eremomidas, Hessemydas, Leptomydas, Nemomydas, Plyomydas, and Pseudonomoneura. Leptomydas, the type genus, was established by Gerstaecker in 1868.
Macrosteles guttatus
Macrosteles guttatus is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Matsumura in 1915. It is a small, sap-feeding insect belonging to the tribe Macrostelini. The species has been recorded as prey for the crabronid wasp Clitemnestra bipunctata. Distribution records indicate presence across northern Asia and into Alaska.
Metretopus
Metretopus is a genus of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) in the family Metretopodidae, containing at least two species: M. alter and M. borealis. These insects are found across northern regions of Europe, Russia, and North America. The genus has historically posed identification challenges, with M. alter frequently misidentified as M. borealis until morphological distinguishing characters were established.
Microterys
Microterys is a large genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae (Chalcidoidea), with its center of distribution in the northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Species are important natural enemies of various scale insects (Coccoidea), including soft scales (Coccidae), wax scales (Ceroplastes), and mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). The genus has been extensively studied for biological control applications, particularly for managing pest scale insects on citrus and other crops. Several species have been introduced to new regions as biocontrol agents, including Microterys flavus in California.
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Mydaea is a large genus of true flies in the family Muscidae, first described by Robineau-Desvoidy in 1830. The genus belongs to the subfamily Mydaeinae and contains numerous species distributed across the Northern Hemisphere. Members of this genus are part of the diverse muscid fly fauna, though specific biological details for many species remain poorly documented.
Neoleria
Neoleria is a genus of true flies in the family Heleomyzidae, established by Malloch in 1919. The genus comprises approximately 16 described species. Members of Heleomyzidae are generally small to medium-sized flies associated with decaying organic matter. Neoleria species have been recorded from northern Europe and North America.
Neotypus nobilitator
Neotypus nobilitator is a species of ichneumonid wasp in the family Ichneumonidae. It belongs to a genus of parasitoid wasps whose members are primarily associated with spider hosts. The species has been recorded across northern Europe and North America. Like other ichneumonids, it likely develops as a koinobiont endoparasitoid, though specific biological details remain poorly documented.
Nymphalis
tortoiseshells, anglewing butterflies
Nymphalis is a genus of brush-footed butterflies commonly known as tortoiseshells or anglewing butterflies. The genus name, established by Jan Krzysztof Kluk in 1780, has priority in zoological nomenclature for this group. Members are characterized by cryptic ventral wing patterns that provide camouflage during hibernation. All species in this group overwinter as adults and are restricted to the northern hemisphere. The sister group is Vanessa.
Omophron
Round sand beetles
Omophron is a genus of ground beetles (Carabidae) and the sole extant genus in the subfamily Omophroninae. It is widely distributed across the Northern Hemisphere with southern limits extending to Guatemala and Hispaniola in the Americas, South Africa and Madagascar in Africa, and Malaysia and the Philippines in Asia. The genus includes multiple subgenera, with taxonomic revisions documenting substantial species diversity in the Afrotropical region.
Osphya
false darkling beetles
Osphya is a genus of false darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Melandryidae: Osphyinae) comprising approximately seven to ten described species. The genus originated in the mid-Cretaceous and exhibits a discontinuous, uneven distribution across the Northern Hemisphere, with highest species richness in the Mediterranean region of Europe. It is considered a relict insect group with conservative ecological preferences.
Panorpa
scorpionflies, common scorpionflies
Panorpa is the largest and most widespread genus of scorpionflies (family Panorpidae), comprising approximately 260 described species as of 2018. These insects are characterized by the male's enlarged, scorpion-like genital claspers that curl upward at the abdomen tip. The genus is primarily distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, with notable absence from western North America. Both larvae and adults are scavengers that feed on dead or dying arthropods, playing important roles in nutrient cycling and forensic entomology. Several species, particularly P. vulgaris and P. nuptialis, have become model organisms for studying sexual selection and nuptial gift behavior.
Parnassiinae
snow Apollos, Parnassians
Parnassiinae is a subfamily of swallowtail butterflies (Papilionidae) comprising approximately 50 medium-sized species. Members are predominantly white or yellow in coloration and are strongly associated with high-altitude mountain habitats across the Northern Hemisphere. The subfamily is divided into three tribes: Luehdorfiini, Parnassiini, and Zerynthiini. Phylogenetic studies indicate the group originated in the late Paleocene (ca. 57 Ma) in the Western Palearctic and Western Asia, with subsequent diversification and dispersal to Central Asia, the Himalayas, and North America.
Patrobus septentrionis
Patrobus septentrionis is a ground beetle species in the family Carabidae, distributed across boreal and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The species occurs in Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. It belongs to the subfamily Patrobinae, a group associated with moist, often riparian or wetland habitats. Like other members of its genus, it is likely sensitive to soil disturbance and agricultural practices.
Pelophilini
Pelophilini is a small tribe of ground beetles (Carabidae) in the subfamily Nebriinae, established by Kavanaugh in 1996. The tribe contains a single genus, Pelophila, with species distributed in cool, moist habitats across the Northern Hemisphere. Members are characterized by adaptations to riparian and shoreline environments.
Pissodes
Pine Weevils
Pissodes is a genus of weevils in the family Curculionidae containing at least 140 described species. These insects are specialized inhabitants of coniferous forests, with their distribution across the Northern Hemisphere closely tracking that of Pinaceae host trees. Several species, including Pissodes strobi, P. nemorensis, and P. terminalis, are recognized as significant forest pests due to the damage they inflict on economically important trees. The genus was first described by Ernst Friedrich Germar in 1817.
Podismini
spur-throated grasshoppers
Podismini is a tribe of spur-throated grasshoppers within the subfamily Melanoplinae of the family Acrididae. It is distinguished from other Melanoplinae tribes by a cosmopolitan northern hemisphere distribution, with substantial representation outside the Americas. The tribe comprises approximately 12 genera and at least 20 described species, organized into four subtribes (Miramellina, Podismina, Tonkinacridina) and one genus group (Bradynotae). Members are characterized by winglessness or reduced wings in many species, particularly in montane and temperate lineages.
Pselnophorus
Pselnophorus is a genus of plume moths in the family Pterophoridae, characterized by their distinctive wing structure. The genus contains approximately 18 species distributed across the Northern Hemisphere and southern Africa. Like other plume moths, members of this genus have wings divided into feathery plumes, an adaptation that reduces wing area while maintaining flight capability.
Pseudostenophylax
northern caddisflies
Pseudostenophylax is a genus of northern caddisflies in the family Limnephilidae, containing at least 80 described species. The genus was established by Martynov in 1909 with Pseudostenophylax fumosus as the type species. Species are primarily distributed across northern regions of North America and Eurasia, with notable diversity in Japan and alpine regions. Research on Japanese species has revealed strong phylogeographic patterns linked to mountain formation and glacial history.
Pteryx
Pteryx is a genus of minute feather-winged beetles in the family Ptiliidae. Adults are less than 1 mm in length and inhabit rotting wood, particularly under bark of decaying logs and stumps. The genus exhibits wing polymorphism, with individuals occurring in either a normal winged form or a vestigial-winged neonate form characterized by pale pigmentation and reduced eyes. Pteryx is distributed across the Northern Hemisphere in Eurasia and North America, with highest abundance in northern bogs and swampy habitats.
Scathophagidae
Dung Flies
Scathophagidae is a small family of calyptrate flies within the superfamily Muscoidea, comprising approximately 500 described species in 66 genera. Commonly called 'dung flies,' this name is misleading as only a few species in the genus Scathophaga actually develop in animal dung. The family exhibits diverse larval biology including plant feeding, aquatic predation, and predation on other insect larvae in moist organic substrates. Adults are predatory on small insects and are frequently observed hunting on flowers rather than pollinating. The family is predominantly distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, with exceptional diversity in the Russian Far East and strong representation in Arctic tundra habitats.
Sierolomorpha
Sierolomorpha is the sole genus of Sierolomorphidae, a family of rare parasitoid wasps containing approximately 10 described species. These wasps are restricted to the Northern Hemisphere and are among the least known hymenopterans. Their biology remains largely undocumented due to their scarcity and the difficulty of locating specimens.
Sierolomorphidae
Sierolomorphidae is a small family of aculeate wasps containing 13 extant species across two genera, Sierolomorpha and Proscleroderma. The family has a fossil record extending to the Early Cretaceous, with specimens known from amber deposits. They are solitary wasps of rare occurrence, predominantly distributed in the Northern Hemisphere.
Silis
Silis is a genus of soldier beetles in the family Cantharidae, established by Charpentier in 1825. The genus contains at least 80 described species distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, with records from Colombia, Denmark, and Norway. Soldier beetles in this genus are soft-bodied, elongated beetles with flexible elytra. They are active predators or pollen feeders as adults.
Syngrapha interrogationis
Scarce Silver Y Moth
Syngrapha interrogationis, commonly known as the scarce silver Y, is a noctuid moth distributed across northern regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The species ranges from Alaska and Canada through Iceland, Europe, and Siberia to Northeast Asia including Japan. Adults display the characteristic silver Y-shaped mark on the forewings typical of the Plusiinae subfamily. The species is considered scarce or locally distributed in parts of its European range.
Tetramesa
Tetramesa is a genus of minute phytophagous wasps in the family Eurytomidae comprising over 200 described species. Members are exclusively associated with grasses (Poaceae), where they typically induce stem or inflorescence galls. The genus exhibits pronounced host specificity, with most species restricted to a single grass species or closely related congeners. Several species have been deployed as biological control agents against invasive grasses, including T. romana for giant reed (Arundo donax) and candidate agents for medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) and African lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula). Adults feed on nectar. Recent phylogenomic studies have synonymized the genera Aiolomorphus and Cathilaria within Tetramesa.
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