Agricultural-importance
Guides
Apinae
Apine Bees
Apinae is the largest subfamily of Apidae, encompassing the majority of bee diversity in the family. It includes the corbiculate bees—bumblebees (Bombini), honey bees (Apini), orchid bees (Euglossini), and stingless bees (Meliponini)—characterized by the presence of a pollen basket (corbicula) on the hind legs. The subfamily also contains numerous solitary and kleptoparasitic groups, including most bees formerly classified in Anthophoridae. Social organization ranges from highly eusocial perennial colonies to solitary nesting, with several tribes entirely composed of nest parasites.
Bombini
bumblebees
Bombini is a tribe of large, densely hairy apid bees containing the single living genus Bombus, the bumblebees, plus several extinct genera. The tribe includes both social species that form annual or perennial colonies of up to a few hundred individuals, and brood-parasitic species (formerly classified as Psithyrus) that invade and exploit nests of social species. Bumblebees are distinguished by their ability to perform buzz pollination and to forage in cooler temperatures and lower light conditions than most other bees.
Megachile
Leafcutter bees, Leafcutting bees, Resin bees, Mortar bees
Megachile is a large, cosmopolitan genus of solitary bees in the family Megachilidae, comprising over 1,500 described species across more than 50 subgenera. The genus includes the commercially important alfalfa leafcutter bee (M. rotundata), managed globally for crop pollination. Species exhibit diverse nesting strategies: many cut circular leaf or petal pieces to line nest cells, while others use plant resin or mortar-like materials. The genus contains the world's largest bee, M. pluto (Wallace's Giant Bee), with a wingspan exceeding 6 cm.
Megaspilinae
Megaspilinae is a subfamily of minute parasitoid wasps within Megaspilidae, superfamily Ceraphronoidea. Members of this subfamily are extremely small, often less than 2 mm in length, and are characterized by reduced wing venation and distinctive antennal structure. The subfamily includes genera of agricultural significance, such as Dendrocerus, which have been studied for their molecular characterization and distribution. Species within Megaspilinae have been documented from multiple regions including India, with recent records extending known distributions.
Tetramesa
Tetramesa is a genus of minute phytophagous wasps in the family Eurytomidae comprising over 200 described species. Members are exclusively associated with grasses (Poaceae), where they typically induce stem or inflorescence galls. The genus exhibits pronounced host specificity, with most species restricted to a single grass species or closely related congeners. Several species have been deployed as biological control agents against invasive grasses, including T. romana for giant reed (Arundo donax) and candidate agents for medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) and African lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula). Adults feed on nectar. Recent phylogenomic studies have synonymized the genera Aiolomorphus and Cathilaria within Tetramesa.
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kansensis
Kansas squash bee
Xenoglossa kansensis, commonly known as the Kansas squash bee, is a solitary long-horned bee in the family Apidae. It belongs to a genus of specialist pollinators that are oligoleges on cucurbits (the squash family, Cucurbitaceae). The species is native to North America and is one of two related genera (Xenoglossa and Peponapis) commonly referred to as squash bees. Like other squash bees, it is an early-morning pollinator of cucurbit crops.
Xylocopa sonorina
Valley Carpenter Bee, Hawaiian Carpenter Bee
Xylocopa sonorina is one of the largest bees in California and Hawaii, reaching approximately 25 mm in length. The species exhibits strong sexual dimorphism: females are entirely black, while males are golden-brown with distinctive green eyes. Native to the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico, it has been introduced to the Hawaiian Islands (since before 1874), French Polynesia, the Samoan Islands, and other Pacific archipelagoes through human-mediated transport of nesting wood. DNA analysis confirmed in 2020 that X. varipuncta is a synonym of X. sonorina. The species is a significant pollinator, including commercial pollination of passion fruit in Hawaii, though its wood-nesting behavior can cause structural damage.