Cooperative-breeding
Guides
Anelosimus studiosus
tangle web spider, cobweb spider, social cobweb spider
Anelosimus studiosus is a subsocial tangle web spider in the family Theridiidae, distributed across much of North and South America from temperate to tropical regions. The species exhibits striking social polymorphism, with two distinct behavioral phenotypes: social spiders that live communally in large cooperative colonies, and asocial solitary individuals that defend individual territories. Social colonies involve multiple adult females sharing web maintenance, brood care, and cooperative prey capture without aggression. The frequency of the social phenotype increases at higher latitudes, correlating with colder temperatures where delayed juvenile development and maternal mortality risks favor communal living. Despite behavioral differences, the two phenotypes interbreed freely and produce viable offspring.
Tetramesa
Tetramesa is a genus of minute phytophagous wasps in the family Eurytomidae comprising over 200 described species. Members are exclusively associated with grasses (Poaceae), where they typically induce stem or inflorescence galls. The genus exhibits pronounced host specificity, with most species restricted to a single grass species or closely related congeners. Several species have been deployed as biological control agents against invasive grasses, including T. romana for giant reed (Arundo donax) and candidate agents for medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) and African lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula). Adults feed on nectar. Recent phylogenomic studies have synonymized the genera Aiolomorphus and Cathilaria within Tetramesa.
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saxesenii
fruit-tree pinhole borer, Keyhole Ambrosia Beetle
Xyleborinus saxesenii is a small ambrosia beetle native to the Palaearctic region that has become one of the most widespread invasive ambrosia beetles globally. It exhibits facultative eusociality with cooperative breeding, where adult daughters delay dispersal to assist with brood care, fungus farming, and nest maintenance. The species cultivates Raffaelea sulphurea as its primary fungal mutualist, though it has been observed to feed on wood tissue as well, making it xylomycetophagous. It primarily colonizes dead or dying wood but has been documented attacking live trees, including economically important species such as chestnut and apple, causing concern in forestry and orchard management.
Xyleborus affinis
sugarcane shot-hole borer
Xyleborus affinis is a highly widespread ambrosia beetle native to the American tropics, now found in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. It cultivates symbiotic fungi in galleries bored into decaying wood, feeding exclusively on these fungal gardens. The species exhibits facultative eusociality with delayed dispersal of adult offspring, who assist with nest maintenance and brood care. Females are the dispersing sex and are strongly attracted to ethanol and specific host plant volatiles. Despite frequent association with declining trees, it primarily colonizes wood already in early decay rather than causing primary mortality.