Rangeland

Guides

Acrididae
Short-horned Grasshoppers, Grasshoppers
Acrididae is the largest family of grasshoppers, comprising approximately 6,700–10,000 species within the suborder Caelifera. Members are characterized by short, stout antennae and auditory tympana located on the first abdominal segment. The family includes all locust species capable of forming destructive swarms, making it economically significant worldwide. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies indicate the family originated in South America during the Paleocene, approximately 59 million years ago, rather than Africa as previously believed.
grasshopper locust pest grassland herbivore orthoptera swarming agriculture rangeland invasive
Acrolophitus
Crested-keel grasshopper
Acrolophitus is a genus of North American grasshoppers in the family Acrididae, subfamily Gomphocerinae. The genus contains at least four described species, including Acrolophitus hirtipes, A. maculipennis, A. nevadensis, and A. pulchellus. These grasshoppers are found primarily in western North America, inhabiting rangeland and grassland habitats. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological features of the pronotum.
grasshopper Acrididae Gomphocerinae North-America western-United-States rangeland Boraginaceae-feeder
Acrolophitus hirtipes
Green Fool Grasshopper, Plains Point-head Grasshopper, Crested-keel Grasshopper
Acrolophitus hirtipes is a slant-faced grasshopper in the family Acrididae, commonly known as the green fool grasshopper or plains point-head grasshopper. It is native to the grasslands of central North America, with documented occurrences in Colorado, North Dakota, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and Wyoming. The species is part of the tribe Acrolophitini, which is characterized by distinctive head morphology. It has been recorded in systematic surveys of western rangeland grasshoppers, indicating it is a regular component of prairie grasshopper communities.
grasshopper Acrididae Gomphocerinae rangeland prairie North-America slant-faced-grasshopper nontarget-species survey-species Wyoming-fauna Colorado-fauna
Aeoloplides
Saltbush Grasshoppers
Aeoloplides is a genus of spur-throated grasshoppers comprising approximately nine described species. Members are commonly known as saltbush grasshoppers, reflecting their documented association with saltbush-dominated habitats. The genus belongs to the subfamily Melanoplinae within family Acrididae. Species within this genus occur in western North America, with records from Colorado, Wyoming, and surrounding states.
grasshopper saltbush Melanoplinae western-North-America spur-throated rangeland Atriplex weed-feeding
Aeoloplides tenuipennis
narrow-winged saltbush grasshopper, narrow-winged bush grasshopper
A spur-throated grasshopper specialized on chenopod plants, particularly saltbushes (Atriplex species). It inhabits arid and semi-arid regions of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, where it feeds on plants often considered noxious weeds, including Russian thistle (Salsola tragus). The species is generally regarded as beneficial or innocuous in rangeland settings rather than a crop pest.
grasshopper saltbush chenopod rangeland beneficial-insect arid-land Melanoplinae western-North-America specialized-herbivore Arizona Utah Nevada Idaho California New-Mexico
Amphitornus coloradus
striped slant-face grasshopper, striped grasshopper
Amphitornus coloradus is a medium-sized slant-faced grasshopper distributed across western North American grasslands. It is a significant pest of rangeland, feeding almost exclusively on grasses and sedges. The species is characterized by distinctive chocolate brown stripes running above the compound eyes and onto the pronotum. It is an early-hatching species with strong flight capabilities, though it rarely achieves dominant population status in grasshopper assemblages.
grasshopper pest rangeland early-hatching slant-faced grass-feeder Gomphocerinae western-North-America difficult-to-control-with-bait
Anabrus simplex
Mormon Cricket
Anabrus simplex, commonly known as the Mormon cricket, is a large flightless shieldbacked katydid (family Tettigoniidae, subfamily Decticinae) native to western North America. Despite its common name, it is not a true cricket. The species is notable for its periodic outbreak populations that form large migratory bands, causing significant damage to rangeland forage and cultivated crops. It exhibits a sex-role reversed mating system where males provide nuptial gifts and females compete for mates. The species has been documented from low-elevation sagebrush steppe to alpine tundra above 11,000 feet.
orthoptera tettigoniidae katydid shieldbacked-katydid mormon-cricket pest migratory sex-role-reversal sagebrush western-north-america outbreak-species flightless nuptial-gift rangeland agricultural-pest
Arphia conspersa
Speckle-winged Rangeland Grasshopper, Speckled Rangeland Grasshopper
Arphia conspersa is a large band-winged grasshopper (family Acrididae, subfamily Oedipodinae) distributed across western North America from Alaska to Mexico. Adults are active primarily in spring, distinguishing them seasonally from the related redwinged grasshopper (Arphia pseudonietana) which appears in late summer and fall. The species exhibits distinctive visual and acoustical courtship displays, with males performing aggregation flights accompanied by crackling crepitation. It inhabits diverse grassland habitats including prairies, desert shrub communities, and montane meadows up to 11,000 feet elevation.
grasshopper band-winged rangeland western-North-America thermal-ecology crepitation courtship-display overwintering-nymphs late-hatching spring-adult-activity
Aulocara elliotti
Big-headed Grasshopper, Bigheaded Grasshopper, Elliott Grasshopper
Aulocara elliotti, commonly known as the big-headed grasshopper, is a medium-sized slant-faced grasshopper native to western North America. It is a significant economic pest of rangeland grasses, often reaching outbreak densities of 20-40 individuals per square yard. The species is notable for its relatively large head, early spring emergence, and destructive feeding behavior that includes both consumption and cutting of grass leaves. It completes one generation annually and is frequently the dominant species in grasshopper assemblages across desert, mixedgrass, shortgrass, and bunchgrass prairies.
grasshopper pest rangeland graminivore early-hatching North-America economic-importance
Boopedon nubilum
ebony grasshopper, black-males grasshopper, plains boopie
Boopedon nubilum is a large slant-faced grasshopper inhabiting western North American grasslands. Males are strikingly black with functional wings, while females are large, pale brown, and typically flightless. The species is a specialized grass feeder with documented food preferences that vary geographically. At high densities, it becomes a significant pest of rangeland forage, particularly in the southern mixedgrass and desert prairies of Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas.
grassland pest sexual-dimorphism flightless-female late-hatching grass-specialist western-North-America rangeland outbreak-species slant-faced-grasshopper Gomphocerinae
Bruneria brunnea
Bruner slant-faced grasshopper, Bruner's Grasshopper
Bruneria brunnea is a medium-sized slant-faced grasshopper native to western North America. It inhabits mountain meadows, mixedgrass prairies, and alpine tundra at elevations from 1,600 to 11,100 feet. The species is a specialized grass and sedge feeder that becomes a serious rangeland pest during population irruptions. It has been documented to reach densities of 15 adults per square yard and contributed to a historic outbreak covering 2,000 square miles in British Columbia in 1920.
grasshopper Acrididae Gomphocerinae pest rangeland mountain-meadow alpine North-America grass-feeder slant-faced-grasshopper
Caelifera
Grasshoppers, Locusts, and Allies, Short-horned Grasshoppers
Caelifera is a suborder of Orthoptera comprising approximately 12,000 described species across 2,400 genera, including grasshoppers, ground-hoppers (Tetrigoidea), and pygmy mole crickets (Tridactyloidea). The group is distinguished from the other orthopteran suborder Ensifera by short antennae, enlarged hind legs adapted for jumping, and a stout, chisel-like ovipositor (the source of its Latin name meaning 'chisel-bearing'). Caelifera represents one of the oldest lineages of chewing herbivorous insects, with fossil records extending to the latest Permian. The suborder is divided into two infraorders: Tridactylidea (pygmy mole crickets and extinct relatives) and Acrididea (grasshoppers and ground-hoppers).
orthoptera grasshopper locust pest herbivore jumping-insect agriculture rangeland primary-consumer hemimetabolous
Conophorus sackenii
Conophorus sackenii is a species of bee fly (family Bombyliidae) described by Johnson & Maughan in 1953. It belongs to the tribe Conophorini within the subfamily Bombyliinae. The species is known from western North America, with records from western Canada and the western United States.
parasitoid biocontrol rangeland grasshopper-parasite bee-fly
Cratypedes
Pronotal range grasshopper
Cratypedes is a genus of band-winged grasshoppers in the family Acrididae, established by Scudder in 1876. The genus contains at least two described species: C. lateritius (Nevada red-winged grasshopper) and C. neglectus (Pronotal range grasshopper). These grasshoppers are associated with rangeland habitats in western North America, particularly in sagebrush ecosystems. Some species appear to have a two-year life cycle.
grasshopper band-winged western-North-America rangeland sagebrush
Encoptolophus
dusky grasshoppers, clouded grasshoppers, pale clouded grasshopper, western clouded grasshopper, coast clouded grasshopper, southwestern dusky grasshopper
Encoptolophus is a genus of band-winged grasshoppers comprising approximately eight described species distributed across western North America. Members of this genus are medium-sized grasshoppers characterized by long wings extending beyond the abdomen, banded tegmina, and often blue hind tibiae. The genus has undergone taxonomic revision, with species formerly assigned to Encoptolophus now placed in the new genus Nebulatettix and in Chimarocephala. Several species serve as important components of grassland ecosystems, with some achieving local dominance in mixedgrass and shortgrass prairie habitats.
grasshopper band-winged prairie rangeland western-North-America
Encoptolophus costalis
Dusky Grasshopper, Western Clouded Grasshopper
Encoptolophus costalis is a medium-sized band-winged grasshopper native to western North America. It is primarily a grass-feeding species with a strong preference for western wheatgrass and needleleaf sedge. The species exhibits marked sexual dimorphism in body size and possesses long wings enabling dispersal flight. It is most abundant in the northern mixedgrass prairie, where it can become locally dominant, though typically remains a subdominant member of grasshopper assemblages.
grasshopper rangeland prairie herbivore pest North-America band-winged Acrididae Oedipodinae
Encoptolophus sordidus
clouded grasshopper, dusky grasshopper, dusky locust
Encoptolophus sordidus is a medium-sized band-winged grasshopper native to North American grasslands. Adults are sexually dimorphic in body size, with females substantially larger than males. The species exhibits strong dietary specialization for native grasses and sedges, with documented ontogenetic shifts in food preferences between nymphal instars and adults. It is primarily a rangeland species, occasionally reaching dominant population status in favorable habitats. The species possesses long wings enabling dispersal flight, and has been observed migrating from depleted rangeland into adjacent crop areas.
grasshopper Oedipodinae prairie rangeland grass-feeder North-America sexual-dimorphism ontogenetic-dietary-shift geophilus intermediate-development
Eritettix simplex
velvet-striped grasshopper, velvet-striped locust
Eritettix simplex, the velvet-striped grasshopper, is a medium-sized slant-faced grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is characterized by distinctive velvet-like dark bands along the lateral carinae of the pronotum and three longitudinal carinae on the head. The species has an extensive range across North America, with major population centers in the Great Plains and Appalachian Mountains. It feeds almost exclusively on grasses and sedges, with blue grama being a highly preferred food plant.
grasshopper slant-faced prairie blue-grama late-hatching cold-hardy velvet-striped rangeland Gomphocerinae Great-Plains Appalachian overwintering-nymphs
Flexamia huroni
Huron River Leafhopper
Flexamia huroni is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, described by Bess & Hamilton in 1999. It belongs to the genus Flexamia, a group of leafhoppers known for their specialized host plant associations with grasses. The species is named after the Huron River in Michigan, where it was first collected. Like other members of the genus, it likely exhibits strong ecological dependence on specific grass host plants.
leafhopper cicadellidae deltocephalinae paralimnini flexamia grass-specialist michigan-endemic auchenorrhyncha hemiptera insecta arthropoda animalia true-bug planthopper-relative 1999-description bess hamilton huroni huron-river usa north-america grassland-insect host-specific poorly-known rare uncommon data-deficient gbif catalogue-of-life ncbi inaturalist taxon species accepted hexapoda cicadomorpha clypeata membracoidea paralimnina flexamia-huroni bess-&-hamilton 1999 exact-match accepted-name canonical-name scientific-name authorship rank status matched taxonomy classification eukaryota metazoa distribution michigan observations 0 wikipedia none preferred-common-name huron-river-leafhopper true-bugs group kingdom phylum class order family genus authority ipt integrated-publishing-toolkit biodiversity-data-journal zookeys nature-conservation comparative-cytogenetics open-access open-access journal publication dataset specimen type nomenclatural-type herbarium university-of-granada spain fungi lichens agaricales cortinarius antonio-ortega mediterranean france italy image-collection colección-de-imágenes-de-los-tipos-nomenclaturales-de-hongos líquenes musgos-y-algas gda gdac vizoso quesada 2015 doi 10.3897 bdj 3 e5204 new-species new-jersey-pine-barrens muhlenbergia-torreyana pinebarren-smokegrass threatened-species andrew-hicks museum-of-natural-history university-of-colorado gerry-moore natural-resources-conservation-service greensboro nc uli-lorimer brooklyn-botanic-garden f.-whitcombi robert-whitcomb microbiology ornithology ecology host-plant warming-climate human-activities zookeys-511 69-79 zookeys.511.9572 roundworm nematode antarctic amblydorylaimus-isokaryoni pararhyssocolpus-paradoxus bulgaria scanning-electron-microscopy sem maritime-antarctic antarctic-islands lip-region spear vulva postembryonic-development molecular-analyses dorylaimida elshishka lazarova radoslavov hristov peneva 25-68 zookeys.511.9793 anidiv2 bulgarian-academy-of-sciences national-scientific-fund octocoral okinawa japan nanipora-kamurai living-fossil blue-coral heliopora aragonite-calcium-carbonate skeleton scleractinians soft-coral heliporacea lithotelestidae epiphaxum deep-sea shallow-coral-reef zamami-island national-park miyazaki reimer 1-23 zookeys.511.9432 non-biting-midge chironomus ch.-bernensis north-caucasus russia caucasian-populations europe siberia karyotype morphology mouthparts larvae chromosome genotypic-combinations mineralization eutrophication karmokov polukonova sinichkina tembotov-institute-of-ecology-of-mountain-territories saratov-state-medical-university comparative-cytogenetics-9 281-297 compcytogen.v9i3.4519 sea-turtle rescue-centre first-aid-station loggerhead green-turtle caretta-caretta chelonia-mydas bycatch mortality greece migration sexual-maturity ullmann stachowitsch uit-the-arctic-university-of-norway nature-conservation-10 45-69 natureconservation.10.4890 regional-activity-centre-for-specially-protected-areas porcupine coendou-ichillus lower-urubamba peru canopy-bridge pipeline natural-gas arboreal camera-trap dwarf-porcupine iquitos 770g gregory lunde zamora-meza carrasco-rueda repsol-exploración-perú zookeys-509 109-121 zookeys.509.9821 ant prionopelta madagascar seychelles subterranean leaf-litter dracula-ant hemolymph larval-hemolymph-feeding oophagy madagascar-biodiversity-center overson fisher zookeys-507 115-150 zookeys.507.9303 ito billen masuko spider anelosimus subsocial cobweb-spider theridiidae deforestation biodiversity-hotspot agnarsson university-of-vermont smithsonian-national-museum-of-natural-history wallace huxley buffon hooker lamarck darwin moramora eriophyoid-mite acari xinjiang china rosaceae paracolomerus gall ji-wei-li wang xue zhang zookeys-508 97-111 zookeys.508.8940 shihezi-university grasshopper wyoming melanoplus melanoplinae acrididae tetrigidae gomphocerniae oedipodinae cyrtacanthacridinae distribution-atlas field-guide wgis wyoming-grasshopper-information-system key capinera sechrist hebard helfer scudder blatchley thomas say harris degeer bruner saussure girard dodge walker fieber fabricius serville mcneill tinkham burmeister haldeman big-horn-mountains black-hills gladston indigens infantilis dodgei oregonensis marshalli yellowstone-national-park sagebrush pine elevation shortgrass-prairie mixedgrass-prairie forb grass economic-damage rangeland benefit overwinter egg hatch adult late-summer august october june life-cycle food-habit size collection survey underreported common endemic restricted-range forest-opening grassy moderate-elevation larger smaller east west united-states america north south central range extent limited restricted abundant population density occurrence presence absence habitat environment condition altitude topography terrain vegetation plant shrub tree forest opening meadow prairie steppe savanna woodland draw slope aspect soil substrate moisture temperature climate weather season phenology timing activity nymph emerge molt develop grow reproduce mate oviposit die generation voltinism univoltine bivoltine multivoltine semivoltine diapause aestivation hibernation dispersal movement behavior habit action feeding diet food host association relationship interaction specialist generalist monophagy oligophagy polyphagy herbivore detritivore predator parasitoid scavenger economic-importance pest beneficial neutral damage control management conservation threatened endangered vulnerable secure unknown global-biodiversity-information-facility es biodiversity-image-portal spanish-collections type-specimen lichen antarctica bernensis li yellowstone
Gomphocerinae
slant-faced grasshoppers
Gomphocerinae is a large subfamily of grasshoppers comprising at least 192 genera and 1,274 species distributed across every continent except Antarctica and Australia. Members are commonly known as slant-faced grasshoppers due to their characteristic head morphology. The subfamily is distinguished by a uniform femoral stridulatory mechanism used for acoustic communication, and exhibits remarkable diversity in calling songs and courtship behaviors. Many species inhabit grasslands and serve as important components of terrestrial food webs, though some are significant agricultural pests.
grasshopper slant-faced acoustic-communication stridulation grassland herbivore pest rangeland
Hadrotettix trifasciatus
three-banded grasshopper, three-banded range grasshopper
Hadrotettix trifasciatus is a large band-winged grasshopper native to western North American grasslands. It is among the largest rangeland grasshopper species, with females reaching dry weights of approximately 469 mg. The species is notable for its distinctive wing banding pattern and preference for forbs over grasses in its diet. Despite its size, it maintains low population densities across most of its range and is not considered economically significant.
grasshopper band-winged rangeland western-North-America forb-feeder large-size early-season strong-flier
Hemileuca oliviae
Range Caterpillar, Range Caterpillar Moth
Hemileuca oliviae, the range caterpillar, is a day-flying saturniid moth native to grasslands of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. The species is notable for periodic population outbreaks that can cause significant damage to rangeland vegetation, impacting forage availability for livestock. Its distribution is restricted to open grassland habitats due to predation pressure from woodland rodents on eggs and pupae. The moth has been studied extensively for its ecological interactions, including host plant relationships, water physiology, and natural enemy complexes.
pest rangeland grassland outbreak rodent-predation parasitoid-host day-flying-moth Saturniidae Hemileuca southwestern-US Chihuahua New-Mexico livestock-forage-competition integrated-pest-management Anastatus-semiflavidus condensed-tannin-response water-physiology Peromyscus-truei pinyon-mouse-predation population-cycles MONA-number-7729 Hodges-number-7729
Hesperotettix viridis viridis
Snakeweed Grasshopper
Hesperotettix viridis viridis, the Snakeweed Grasshopper, is a medium-sized, oligophagous grasshopper endemic to North America that feeds primarily on composite plants (Asteraceae) in the tribe Astereae. It is notable for its host plant-associated genetic differentiation, with populations on different host plants showing significant genetic structuring. The subspecies has long wings capable of dispersal and exhibits specialized foraging behavior responsive to local food depletion.
grasshopper Melanoplinae specialist-herbivore host-associated-differentiation biological-control rangeland Asteraceae oligophagous phytophilous ecological-speciation North-America Wyoming Colorado New-Mexico Kansas snakeweed Gutierrezia Solidago AFLP population-genetics foraging-behavior dispersal subspecies-viridis-viridis
Heteropogon
tanglehead
Heteropogon is a genus of tussock grasses in the family Poaceae, commonly known as tangleheads. The genus is widespread primarily in tropical and subtropical regions, with species occurring in Australia, Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Heteropogon contortus, the most studied species, is a perennial grass significant in pastoral agriculture, particularly in Australian rangelands. The genus exhibits considerable phenotypic plasticity, with documented variation in flowering time, ploidy levels, and growth habit across its range.
grass pasture rangeland apomixis polyploidy photoperiodism Australia tropical subtropical
Labops
grass bugs, black grass bugs
Labops is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae containing approximately 13 described species. Species within this genus are commonly known as grass bugs or black grass bugs and are associated with grassland habitats. Labops hesperius, the most studied species, is a significant pest of rangeland grasses in western North America. The genus is characterized by its association with Poaceae hosts and its economic impact on seed production in range and forage grasses.
Miridae grass-bug pest rangeland Poaceae Hemiptera
Melanoplus davisi
Melanoplus davisi is a species of spur-throated grasshopper in the family Acrididae, described by Hebard in 1918 from the southeastern United States. It belongs to the large genus Melanoplus, which contains numerous economically and ecologically significant grasshopper species. The species appears to be relatively poorly documented in the primary grasshopper literature of the western United States, suggesting it may be of limited distribution or abundance compared to more widespread Melanoplus species.
spur-throated-grasshopper southeastern-US Melanoplinae Hebard-1918 Acrididae Orthoptera insect grasshopper southeastern-United-States Alabama Florida limited-distribution poorly-documented rare-in-western-literature Eotettix-davisi basionym Melanoplus Melanoplini Caelifera Acrididea Hexapoda Insecta Arthropoda Animalia accepted-species EXACT-match species-rank grasshoppers-crickets-katydids Metazoa Pterygota Orthoptera-order Acrididae-family Melanoplinae-subfamily Melanoplini-tribe Melanoplus-genus davisi-specific-epithet 4-observations iNaturalist complex-rank no-Wikipedia-summary GBIF NCBI Catalogue-of-Life taxonomy-match distribution-records taxon taxonomic-classification biological-classification scientific-name canonical-name authorship authority rank group kingdom phylum class order family genus species subspecies infraspecific-epithet taxonomic-status accepted EXACT taxonomy taxonomic-database biodiversity entomology orthopteran caeliferan acridoid melanopline spur-throat spur-throated grasshopper-species insect-species arthropod-species animal-species eukaryote animal arthropod hexapod acridid Alabama-Florida southeast southeastern limited rare western-literature Hebard 1918 Eotettix davisi complex observations Wikipedia match distribution records classification biological scientific canonical name epithet status database guide western Colorado Wyoming field-guide fact-sheet distribution-atlas information-system WGIS key maps RAATs reduced-agent-area-treatments rangeland management links common-western-grasshoppers species-records accounts list biology development stages host-plant damage potential synonymy poorly-known not-included compilation Dr-Pfadt navigation main-page contents learn-more top back grasshoppers-of-Colorado grasshoppers-of-Wyoming-and-the-West GRASSHOPPER-NAMES GENUS-SPECIES COMMON-SCIENTIFIC SPECIES-GENUS abdominalis Chloealtis Thomas admirabilis Syrbula Uhler agrestis Trimerotropis McNeill alba Hypochlora Dodge alpinus Ceuthophilus Scudder alutacea Schistocerca angustipennis apiculata Pardalophora Harris argentinus Oecanthus Saussure arizonae aspera Trachyrhachys bicolor Dactylotum bispinosus bivittata Mermiria Serville bivittatus Say bolli Spharagemon Morse borealis Fieber bowditchi brachyptera Pseudopomala brevipes Daihnia Haldeman bruneri brunneus Stenobothrus californica Bruner californicus campestris capito Hippopedon Stal carlinianus Circotettix carolina Dissosteira L chenopodii Aeoloplides cincta citrina clavatus Aeropedellus collare coloradus Amphitornus complanatipes confusus conspersa Arphia corallipes Xanthippus coronata crenulata Cordillacris curtipennis Chorthippus cyaneipennis cyaneus Leprus Cockerell dawsonii delicatula Psoloessa deorum Ageneotettix differentialis discolor dodgei elliotti Aulocara enigma Oedaloenotus equale fasciatus F-Walker femoratum femurrubrum DeGeer flavidus foedus fontana formosus Tropidolophus fratercula fusiformis gladstoni glaucipes gracile Stethophyma gracilis haldemanii haydeni Derotmema hirtipes Acrolophitus humile inconspicua infantilis keeleri kennicotti kiowa lakinus latifasciata longipennis magna Brachystola Girard magnifica Rehn melanoptera montanus montezuma nebrascensis Phoetaliotes neglectus Cratypedes nevadensis niveus nubilum Boopedon obscura Opeia occidentalis occipitalis ocelote Hippiscus olivacea Campylacantha oregonensis packardii pallidipennis Burmeister pardalinus Metator parviceps Cibolacris pelidna Orphulella pellucida Camnula picta Walker pistrinaria plattei Mestobregma ponderosus pseudonietana quadrimaculatum Phlibostroma quadripunctatus Beutenmuller rabula Rehn-and-Hebard regales robusta Udeopsylla robustus rufa Heliaula sanguinipes Fabricius simplex Anabrus Eritettix sordidus Encoptolophus sparsa speciosa speciosus Hesperotettix splendidus spretus Walsh spurcata subgracilis Caudell sulcifrons Conozoa tenuipennis texana tolteca Brunner trifasciatus Hadrotettix tristis turnbulli utahensis verruculatus virgata Paropomala viridifasciata Chortophaga viridis wyomingensis xanthoptera yarrowii not-true-grasshoppers confused manual Tetrigidae Gomphocerinae Oedipodinae Cyrtacanthacridinae Romaleidae Brachystolini Tettigoniidae Decticinae Russianthistle-Grasshopper Snakeweed-Grasshopper Cudweed-Grasshopper Alpine-Grasshopper Narrowwinged-Sand-Grasshopper Twostriped-Grasshopper Northern-Grasshopper Sagebrush-Grasshopper Bruner-spurthroated-Grasshopper Pasture-Grasshopper Dawson-Grasshopper Devastating-Grasshopper Differential-Grasshopper Redlegged-Grasshopper Striped-Sand-Grasshopper Gladston-Grasshopper Little-Spurthroated-Grasshopper Keeler-Grasshopper Kennicott-Grasshopper Lakin-Grasshopper Flabellate-Grasshopper Packard-Grasshopper Nevada-Sage-Grasshopper Migratory-Grasshopper Valley-Grasshopper Largeheaded-Grasshopper Clubhorned-Grasshopper Whitewhiskered-Grasshopper Striped-Grasshopper Bigheaded-Grasshopper Whitecrossed-Grasshopper Ebony-Grasshopper Bruner-Slantfaced-Grasshopper Meadow-Grasshopper Crenulatewinged-Grasshopper Spottedwinged-Grasshopper Velvetstriped-Grasshopper Twostriped-Slantface-Grasshopper Obscure-Grasshopper Slantfaced-Pasture-Grasshopper Fourspotted-Grasshopper Brownspotted-Grasshopper Specklewinged-Grasshopper Redwinged-Grasshopper Clearwinged-Grasshopper Greenstriped-Grasshopper Hayden-Grasshopper Carolina-Grasshopper High-Plains-Grasshopper Dusky-Grasshopper Threebanded-Grasshopper Bluelegged-Grasshopper Mottled-Sand-Grasshopper Orangelegged-Grasshopper Finned-Grasshopper Kiowa-Grasshopper Pallidwinged-Grasshopper Redshanked-Grasshopper Lubber-Grasshopper Mormon-Cricket Barber-pole-grasshopper Barren-land-grasshopper Black-winged-grasshopper Big-head Big-headed-grasshopper Black-males-grasshopper Boopee Broad-banded-grasshopper Brown-spotted-range-grasshopper Crackling-forest-grasshopper Crested-keel-grasshopper Dust-grasshopper Elliott-grasshopper Field-cricket Four-spotted-grasshopper Four-spotted-tree-cricket Fusiform-camel-cricket Garden-grasshopper Great-crested-grasshopper Great-plains-camel-cricket Green-fool-grasshopper Green-streak-grasshopper Huckleberry-spur-throat-grasshopper Homesteader Kiowa-range-grasshopper Large-headed-locust Lesser-migratory-grasshopper Little-pasture-spur-throated-grasshopper Long-winged-locust Long-winged-plains-grasshopper Marsh-meadow-locust McNeill-campestral-grasshopper Mermiria-grasshopper Narrow-winged-spur-throated-grasshopper Northern-green-striped-locust Northwestern-red-winged-locust P-quad-grasshopper Packard's-grasshopper Pallid-winged-grasshopper Pard-grasshopper Platte-range-grasshopper Prairie-tree-cricket Pictured-grasshopper Plains-lubber Pronotal-range-grasshopper Red-legged-grasshopper Red-nosed-grasshopper Red-shanks Robust-camel-cricket Rufous-grasshopper Sage-grasshopper Sand-grasshopper Say's-grasshopper Slant-faced-grasshopper Snowy-tree-cricket Speckled-rangeland-grasshopper Spotted-bird-grasshopper Spotted-wing-grasshopper Sprinkled-locust Striped-slant-faced-grasshopper Thistle-grasshopper Three-banded-range-grasshopper Tiny-spur-throated-grasshopper Two-striped-grasshopper Utah-camel-cricket Velvet-striped-grasshopper Warrior-grasshopper Western-tree-cricket White-cross-grasshopper White-whiskers-grasshopper Wrangler-grasshopper Wrinkled-grasshopper Wyoming-toothpick-grasshopper Yellowish-spur-throat-grasshopper tumbulli obesa lateritius costalis cinereus huroni indigens marshalli regalis apicultata nitens shastanus barnumi diversellus verruculata suffusa rugglesi nsp brunnea
Melanoplus devastator
devastating grasshopper
Melanoplus devastator, the devastating grasshopper, is a medium-sized spur-throated grasshopper endemic to the far western United States, primarily California, with limited occurrence in Oregon and Washington. It is a major agricultural pest known for irruptive population outbreaks that can cause extensive damage to rangeland forage, orchards, and crops. The species exhibits a unique life history among rangeland grasshoppers, with females entering reproductive diapause during summer and resuming egg development in fall triggered by decreasing photoperiod. When populations explode, nymphal bands and adult swarms migrate from depleted foothill rangelands into valley agricultural areas, sometimes traveling 30 miles or more.
pest-species agricultural-pest migratory diapause California-endemic outbreak-species rangeland orchard-pest
Melanoplus sanguinipes
migratory grasshopper, lesser migratory grasshopper, red-legged grasshopper
Melanoplus sanguinipes is a medium-sized spur-throated grasshopper and one of the most economically important grasshopper pests in North America. It is widely distributed across the continent, inhabiting diverse grassland habitats from native prairies to agricultural fields and disturbed areas. The species exhibits remarkable ecological flexibility, feeding on both grasses and forbs, and displays migratory behavior at high population densities. Under favorable conditions, populations can increase exponentially and form swarms that travel hundreds of miles, causing extensive damage to crops and rangeland. The species has been extensively studied for its population ecology, host plant relationships, and integrated pest management.
grasshopper pest migratory agriculture rangeland polyphagous North-America integrated-pest-management swarming Melanoplinae
Oedaleonotus
Oedaleonotus is a genus of spur-throated grasshoppers in the family Acrididae, subfamily Melanoplinae. The genus contains approximately nine described species distributed primarily in western North America. The best-known species, Oedaleonotus enigma (valley grasshopper), is a significant rangeland pest known for its migratory behavior and capacity to reach outbreak densities. Members of this genus are characterized by variable wing development, with some species having fully functional long wings and others having reduced or short wings.
spur-throated-grasshopper Melanoplinae pest-species rangeland wing-dimorphism migratory
Oedaleonotus enigma
Valley Grasshopper
Oedaleonotus enigma, the valley grasshopper, is a large, colorful spur-throated grasshopper native to western North America. It is a significant rangeland pest capable of reaching outbreak densities exceeding 20 adults per square yard. The species exhibits wing dimorphism, with both short-winged (brachypterous) and long-winged (macropterous) forms occurring in populations. It is notable for early spring hatching and a relatively long nymphal period of 42-50 days due to cool temperatures and six instars rather than the typical five.
grasshopper pest rangeland western-North-America wing-dimorphism early-hatching spur-throated Melanoplinae
Oedaleonotus orientis
Oedaleonotus orientis is a species of spur-throated grasshopper in the family Acrididae, first described by Hebard in 1920. It belongs to the subfamily Melanoplinae, a group characterized by the presence of a ventral spur on the throat. The species is found in North America, with records from Nevada. Like other members of the genus Oedaleonotus, it is a rangeland species associated with semiarid habitats.
grasshopper rangeland spur-throated Melanoplinae western-North-America
Oedipodinae
Bandwing Grasshoppers, band-winged grasshoppers
Oedipodinae, commonly known as bandwing grasshoppers, is a subfamily of grasshoppers within the family Acrididae. Members are characterized by colorful, often banded hindwings that are typically concealed at rest but revealed during flight. The subfamily has a worldwide distribution and includes many species adapted to xeric and open habitats. Some Oedipodinae species are among the most economically important locusts, capable of forming dense migratory swarms that cause extensive agricultural damage.
grasshopper locust pest rangeland agriculture acridid bandwing xeric diapause outbreak swarm herbivore North-America Asia Australia Mediterranean
Paropomala wyomingensis
Wyoming toothpick grasshopper
Paropomala wyomingensis, the Wyoming toothpick grasshopper, is a slant-faced grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is common in the shortgrass prairies of eastern Wyoming, with populations diminishing in mixedgrass prairie and desert regions. Adults are active from mid-July to early September. The species feeds on multiple grass species and has been recorded from the western United States south to Central America.
grasshopper slant-faced-grasshopper prairie rangeland herbivore western-United-States shortgrass-prairie
Phlibostroma
Four-spotted grasshopper
Phlibostroma is a genus of grasshoppers in the family Acrididae, subfamily Gomphocerinae. The genus is represented by at least one described species, Phlibostroma quadrimaculatum (Thomas), commonly known as the four-spotted grasshopper. Members of this genus are associated with western North American grasslands and have been documented as components of rangeland grasshopper assemblages. The genus was established by Scudder in 1875.
grasshopper Acrididae Gomphocerinae North-America rangeland
Psoloessa
brown-spotted range grasshopper (P. delicatula), Texas spotted range grasshopper (P. texana)
Psoloessa is a genus of slant-faced grasshoppers in the family Acrididae, subfamily Gomphocerinae. The genus contains at least four described species distributed across western North America, from British Columbia to Mexico. Two species—P. delicatula (brown-spotted range grasshopper) and P. texana (Texas spotted range grasshopper)—are documented in Colorado and Wyoming grasshopper surveys. Members of this genus are characterized by their slant-faced morphology typical of the Gomphocerinae.
grasshopper slant-faced Acrididae Gomphocerinae western-North-America rangeland Aulocarini brachypterous micropterous
Psoloessa delicatula
Brown-spotted Range Grasshopper, Brownspotted Grasshopper
Psoloessa delicatula is a small slant-faced grasshopper inhabiting western North American grasslands. It exhibits a flexible life cycle ranging from one to two years depending on latitude. The species is notable for sophisticated thermoregulatory behaviors and specific feeding techniques on grasses and sedges. Population densities fluctuate dramatically, occasionally reaching outbreak levels in mixedgrass prairie habitats.
grasshopper slant-faced-grasshopper thermoregulation rangeland grassland pest North-America
Spharagemon
band-winged grasshoppers
Spharagemon is a genus of band-winged grasshoppers in the family Acrididae, containing approximately 9–10 described species distributed across North America. Members of this genus are characterized by their association with sandy or loose soil habitats and their distinctive hindwing coloration patterns. The genus includes several well-studied species such as the mottled sand grasshopper (S. collare) and Say's grasshopper (S. equale), which serve as important indicators of sand prairie ecosystems.
grasshopper band-winged sand-prairie Oedipodinae North-America geophilous Acrididae Trimerotropini sandy-soil rangeland
Spharagemon equale
Say's grasshopper, orange-legged grasshopper
Spharagemon equale, commonly known as Say's grasshopper or the orange-legged grasshopper, is a relatively large band-winged grasshopper species in the family Acrididae. It is widely distributed across the grasslands of western North America, inhabiting tallgrass, mixedgrass, shortgrass, bunchgrass, and desert prairies, as well as shrub-grass communities of the Great Basin. The species is characterized by its orange hind tibiae, which give it its common name, and distinctive banded hindwings. It is a polyphagous feeder on grasses and forbs, typically occurring at low densities in rangeland assemblages.
band-winged-grasshopper western-North-America rangeland polyphagous geophilous
Spharagemon equale equale
Orangelegged Grasshopper, Say's Grasshopper
Spharagemon equale equale is a relatively large bandwinged grasshopper native to western North American grasslands. Adults are distinguished by orange hind tibiae and orange inner hind femora marked with dark bands. The subspecies is polyphagous, feeding on diverse grasses and forbs with documented regional variation in plant preferences. It is a subdominant member of rangeland grasshopper assemblages, typically occurring at low densities with minor economic impact except during rare population increases. The species is a strong flier with long wings extending beyond the abdomen, and both sexes crepitate in flight.
grasshopper bandwinged rangeland polyphagous western-North-America intermediate-hatch crepitating-flight geophilous subdominant economic-minor orange-legs long-winged Oedipodinae Acrididae Orthoptera
Tetramesa
Tetramesa is a genus of minute phytophagous wasps in the family Eurytomidae comprising over 200 described species. Members are exclusively associated with grasses (Poaceae), where they typically induce stem or inflorescence galls. The genus exhibits pronounced host specificity, with most species restricted to a single grass species or closely related congeners. Several species have been deployed as biological control agents against invasive grasses, including T. romana for giant reed (Arundo donax) and candidate agents for medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) and African lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula). Adults feed on nectar. Recent phylogenomic studies have synonymized the genera Aiolomorphus and Cathilaria within Tetramesa.
biological-control gall-wasp grassland invasive-species-management host-specificity cryptic-species phylogenomics Eurytomidae Chalcidoidea Hymenoptera phytophagy Poaceae stem-gall inflorescence-gall integrated-pest-management riparian-restoration molecular-systematics species-delimitation GMYC COI 28S biocontrol-agent Arundo-donax giant-reed medusahead African-lovegrass Eragrostis Sporobolus barley-jointworm integrated-taxonomy Southern-Hemisphere-diversity grassland-expansion Miocene-diversification monophagy host-range-testing non-target-effects tick-habitat cattle-fever-tick Rio-Grande Big-Bend-National-Park greenhouse-rearing oviposition-behavior water-deficit-stress generation-time parasitoid Eurytoma-amicophaga Eurytominae Walker-1848 Terebrantes Apocrita microhymenoptera minute-wasp reduced-wing-venation antennal-segmentation mesosoma-sculpture ovipositor molecular-operational-taxonomic-units MOTU species-boundaries cryptic-diversity sampling-effects SPEDE-sampler host-genetic-proxies field-host-range no-choice-testing native-Australian-species non-target-risk host-phylogeny target-weed suppression topping mechanical-control integrated-weed-management native-vegetation-recovery light-penetration canopy-structure dispersal establishment post-release-evaluation adventive-population Austin-Texas Idaho England Wales Orissa Canary-Islands Canary-Is.Mediterranean South-Africa southern-Africa Northern-Hemisphere Australia North-America Texas California Greece central-Asia Iran Ukraine Moldova Russia Israel Tajikistan Japan Eragrostis-curvula Sporobolus-pyramidalis Sporobolus-natalensis Sporobolus-africanus Hyparrhenia-hirta Andropogon-gayanus Eragrostis-plana Eragrostis-planiculmis Eragrostis-biflora Eragrostis-capensis Eragrostis-trichophora Deschampsia-caespitosa Deschampsia-setacea Taeniatherum-caput-medusae Hordeum barley Phragmites common-reed Dactylis-glomerata orchardgrass Poales grass graminoid cereal-crop pasture rangeland invasive-weed 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density-dependence density-independence population-regulation population-dynamics life-table survivorship fecundity reproductive-rate intrinsic-rate-of-increase doubling-time carrying-capacity population-growth exponential-growth logistic-growth Allee-effect stochasticity environmental-variation demographic-variation genetic-variation phenotypic-plasticity local-adaptation evolutionary-response coevolution arms-race escape-and-radiate diversification-rate speciation extinction phylogenetic-diversity functional-diversity taxonomic-diversity alpha-diversity beta-diversity gamma-diversity species-richness species-evenness species-abundance-distribution rank-abundance-curve diversity-index Shannon-index Simpson-index evenness-index dominance-index similarity-index dissimilarity-index cluster-analysis ordination principal-component-analysis principal-coordinate-analysis non-metric-multidimensional-scaling canonical-correspondence-analysis redundancy-analysis variation-partitioning structural-equation-modeling path-analysis meta-analysis systematic-review evidence-synthesis research-priority knowledge-gap data-deficiency IUCN-Red-List conservation-status protected-area management-plan monitoring-protocol adaptive-management stakeholder-engagement policy-recommendation legislation regulation incentive market-based-instrument payment-for-ecosystem-services carbon-credit biodiversity-offset habitat-banking conservation-easement land-trust stewardship sustainable-agriculture organic-farming agroecology precision-agriculture conservation-tillage cover-cropping crop-rotation intercropping agroforestry silvopasture riparian-buffer filter-strip grassed-waterway wetland-restoration prairie-restoration savanna-restoration forest-restoration degraded-land abandoned-land marginal-land set-aside wildlife-corridor habitat-connectivity landscape-matrix patch-dynamics edge-effect interior-habitat core-area buffer-zone permeability resistance least-cost-path circuit-theory isolation-by-distance isolation-by-resistance gene-flow genetic-drift inbreeding outbreeding hybridization introgression admixture population-structure genetic-differentiation FST GST D allele-frequency haplotype genotype phenotype quantitative-trait morphological-trait behavioral-trait life-history-trait reproductive-trait survival-trait developmental-trait physiological-trait metabolic-trait stress-response immune-response defense-trait resistance-trait tolerance-trait avoidance-trait antipredator-defense chemical-defense mechanical-defense crypsis mimicry aposematism startle-display thanatosis autotomy regeneration compensatory-growth induced-defense constitutive-defense direct-defense indirect-defense volatile-organic-compound extrafloral-nectar domatia mutualism ant-plant-mutualism pollination-mutualism seed-dispersal-mutualism protection-mutualism nutrition-mutualism transport-mutualism cleaning-mutualism agricultural-mutualism domestication crop-wild-relative landrace cultivar variety breeding selection genetic-improvement yield quality stress-tolerance nutrient-use-efficiency water-use-efficiency photosynthetic-efficiency harvest-index grain-filling source-limitation sink-limitation assimilate-transport phloem-loading phloem-unloading remobilization senescence stay-green antioxidant reactive-oxygen-species oxidative-stress heat-stress cold-stress drought-stress salinity-stress metal-stress nutrient-deficiency nutrient-toxicity soil-pH soil-texture soil-structure soil-organic-matter soil-microbial-community rhizosphere mycorrhiza nitrogen-fixation phosphorus-solubilization potassium-mobilization micronutrient-uptake allelopathy competition facilitation niche-differentiation resource-partitioning temporal-partitioning spatial-partitioning morphological-partitioning physiological-partitioning phenological-partitioning competitive-exclusion competitive-displacement priority-effect founder-effect mass-effect species-sorting neutral-theory ecological-drift dispersal-limitation environmental-filtering biotic-filtering abiotic-filtering trait-based-approach functional-trait response-trait effect-trait community-assembly community-disassembly community-reassembly succession primary-succession secondary-succession pioneer-species climax-species keystone-species ecosystem-engineer foundation-species dominant-species subordinate-species transient-species resident-species migrant-species nomadic-species irruptive-species invasive-species naturalized-species casual-species established-species spreading-species widespread-species restricted-species endemic-species cosmopolitan-species disjunct-distribution relict-distribution refugium glacial-refugium interglacial-refugium postglacial-colonization range-shift range-expansion range-contraction range-fragmentation source-population sink-population metapopulation population-viability minimum-viable-population effective-population-size genetic-rescue demographic-rescue assisted-migration managed-relocation ex-situ-conservation in-situ-conservation cryopreservation seed-bank gene-bank botanic-garden arboretum zoo aquarium microbial-culture-collection DNA-bank tissue-bank sperm-bank oocyte-bank embryo-bank reintroduction translocation reinforcement supplementation headstarting captive-breeding propagation nucleus-population release-program soft-release hard-release acclimatization habitat-preparation predator-control competitor-control disease-control parasite-control health-screening quarantine veterinary-care nutrition-management environmental-enrichment behavioral-training imprinting fostering cross-fostering hand-rearing parent-rearing semi-natural-enclosure pre-release-conditioning survival-rate reproduction-rate dispersal-rate site-fidelity homeward-orientation migration navigation orientation magnetic-sense olfactory-sense visual-sense auditory-sense mechanosensory-sense thermosensory-sense hygrosensory-sense electrosensory-sense polarized-light celestial-cues landmark-cues odor-plume wind-direction sun-compass star-compass moon-compass magnetic-compass inertial-navigation path-integration cognitive-map spatial-memory temporal-memory episodic-memory procedural-memory associative-learning operant-conditioning classical-conditioning habituation sensitization song-learning tool-use problem-solving innovation social-learning cultural-transmission teaching cooperation altruism kin-selection reciprocal-altruism group-selection multilevel-selection selfish-gene inclusive-fitness reproductive-skew dominance-hierarchy territoriality home-range activity-center den-site nest-site roost-site singing-post display-site lek arena scrape burrow cavity crevice hole tunnel gallery chamber cell comb paper-nest mud-nest silk-nest spun-cocoon pupal-case ootheca egg-mass clutch brood litter covey pack herd flock colony society superorganism eusociality cooperative-breeding communal-breeding polygyny polyandry promiscuity monogamy serial-monogamy genetic-monogamy social-monogamy extra-pair-copulation sperm-competition cryptic-female-choice sexual-selection intersexual-selection intrasexual-selection mate-choice mate-guarding mate-switching divorce widowhood mate-replacement breeding-season breeding-cycle breeding-attempt breeding-success fledging-success recruitment juvenile-survival adult-survival longevity life-expectancy maximum-lifespan aging telomere oxidative-damage mitochondrial-dysfunction cellular-senescence apoptosis necrosis autophagy proteostasis DNA-repair epigenetic-modification transgenerational-effect maternal-effect paternal-effect parental-care maternal-care paternal-care biparental-care alloparental-care brood-care egg-care larval-care pupal-care food-provisioning nest-defense territory-defense predator-defense disease-defense parasite-defense hygiene-behavior grooming nest-cleaning cannibalism siblicide infanticide filial-cannibalism sexual-cannibalism cannibalistic-oophagy trophic-egg regurgitation trophallaxis food-sharing information-sharing alarm-call mobbing distraction-display broken-wing-display tailing persecution attack escape flight fight freeze faint death-feigning tonic-immobility startle-response withdrawal avoidance dishabituation latent-inhibition blocking overshadowing relative-validity conditioned-inhibition spontaneous-recovery renewal reinstatement rapid-reacquisition latent-learning insight-learning observational-learning vicarious-learning emulation imitation social-facilitation social-inhibition audience-effect bystander-effect conformity obedience compliance commitment consistency foot-in-the-door door-in-the-face low-ball that's-not-all sunk-cost endowment-effect loss-aversion risk-aversion risk-seeking probability-weighting hyperbolic-discounting temporal-discounting intertemporal-choice optimal-foraging marginal-value-theorem prey-choice patch-choice diet-breadth central-place-foraging load-size travel-time handling-time search-time encounter-rate prey-density prey-profitability prey-handling prey-detection prey-pursuit prey-capture prey-consumption prey-rejection ingestion-rate digestion-rate assimilation-efficiency production-efficiency ecological-efficiency trophic-transfer-efficiency Lindeman-efficiency ten-percent-rule pyramid-of-numbers pyramid-of-biomass pyramid-of-energy food-chain trophic-network energy-flow material-cycling biogeochemical-cycle carbon-cycle nitrogen-cycle phosphorus-cycle sulfur-cycle water-cycle hydrological-cycle atmospheric-circulation ocean-circulation thermohaline-circulation El-Niño La-Niña ENSO NAO AO PDO AMO climate-oscillation climate-anomaly weather-extreme drought flood heat-wave cold-snap storm hurricane typhoon cyclone tornado thunderstorm lightning wildfire volcanic-eruption earthquake tsunami landslide avalanche meteor-impact mass-extinction background-extinction speciation-rate extinction-rate net-diversification turnover standing-diversity fossil-record taphonomy preservation-bias sampling-bias collection-bias publication-bias citation-bias language-bias geographic-bias temporal-bias taxonomic-bias size-bias abundance-bias habitat-bias facies-bias Lagerstätte Konservat-Lagerstätte Konzentrat-Lagerstätte trace-fossil body-fossil chemical-fossil molecular-fossil biomarker isotope-signature paleoclimate-proxy paleoecology paleobiogeography paleoecosystem paleocommunity paleoenvironment paleogeography paleolatitude paleolongitude continental-drift plate-tectonics seafloor-spreading subduction orogeny mountain-building basin-formation sedimentation erosion weathering soil-formation pedogenesis horizon-development profile-development chronosequence toposequence biosequence climosequence landform geomorphology topography relief elevation slope aspect curvature roughness drainage watershed catchment basin subbasin reach segment zone riffle pool run glide cascade waterfall wetland marsh swamp bog fen mire peatland tundra taiga boreal-forest temperate-forest temperate-rainforest temperate-grassland 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dark-field-microscopy bright-field-microscopy stereomicroscopy dissecting-microscopy microtomy sectioning staining mounting embedding fixation preservation collection curation vouchering repository herbarium museum archive database registry catalogue checklist inventory survey monitoring assessment evaluation appraisal audit review synthesis rapid-review scoping-review narrative-review critical-review state-of-the-art-review literature-review bibliometric-analysis citation-analysis co-citation-analysis bibliographic-coupling co-authorship-analysis collaboration-network knowledge-map concept-map ontology taxonomy classification nomenclature typification designation description diagnosis illustration measurement morphometry meristics count ratio index score rank grade scale level category class group set subset cluster clade lineage branch stem crown root node tip terminal internal basal derived ancestral plesiomorphic apomorphic synapomorphic autapomorphic homologous homoplastic convergent parallel reversal gain loss duplication deletion insertion inversion fusion fission polyploidy aneuploidy chromosome-number genome-size gene-number transcriptome proteome metabolome lipidome glycome interactome phenome connectome epigenome microbiome virome mycobiome bacteriome phytobiome rhizobiome endobiome ectobiome parasitome pathobiome diseasome toxome exposome foodome nutriome pharmacome toxicome adverse-outcome-pathway mode-of-action mechanism-of-action target-site receptor-binding enzyme-inhibition ion-channel-blockade membrane-disruption DNA-intercalation inflammation cell-differentiation cell-migration cell-adhesion cell-signaling signal-transduction gene-expression transcription translation post-translational-modification protein-folding protein-degradation protein-trafficking vesicle-transport exocytosis endocytosis phagocytosis pinocytosis mitophagy pexophagy ribophagy ER-phagy lysophagy lipophagy glycophagy ferritinophagy aggrephagy xenophagy entosis cytosis syncytium plasmodesmata gap-junction tight-junction adherens-junction desmosome hemidesmosome focal-adhesion cell-polarity cell-asymmetry cell-division mitosis meiosis cytokinesis karyokinesis chromosome-segregation spindle-assembly checkpoint DNA-replication DNA-recombination transposition retrotransposition horizontal-gene-transfer vertical-gene-transfer endosymbiosis symbiogenesis holobiont hologenome extended-phenotype niche-construction ecosystem-engineering keystone-process ecological-function ecosystem-function ecosystem-good natural-capital natural-resource renewable-resource non-renewable-resource common-pool-resource public-good private-good club-good externality market-failure government-failure policy-failure institutional-failure tragedy-of-the-commons free-rider collective-action social-dilemma prisoner's-dilemma chicken-game assurance-game coordination-game zero-sum-game positive-sum-game negative-sum-game win-win lose-lose win-lose Pareto-optimal Pareto-improvement Kaldor-Hicks-improvement cost-benefit-analysis cost-effectiveness-analysis multi-criteria-decision-analysis decision-support-system expert-system knowledge-based-system rule-based-system case-based-reasoning machine-learning deep-learning neural-network random-forest support-vector-machine decision-tree regression-tree classification-tree clustering-algorithm dimensionality-reduction feature-selection feature-extraction pattern-recognition image-analysis signal-processing time-series-analysis spatial-analysis geographic-information-system remote-sensing satellite-imagery aerial-photography drone-imagery LiDAR radar sonar seismic geophysical geochemical biogeochemical ecoinformatics bioinformatics computational-biology systems-biology synthetic-biology biotechnology nanotechnology genetic-engineering genome-editing CRISPR TALEN zinc-finger-nuclease transgenic cisgenic intragenic subgenic agrobacterium-mediated-transformation biolistics electroporation microinjection protoplast-fusion somatic-hybridization cybrid asymmetric-hybrid synthetic-polyploid doubled-haploid haploid-induction anther-culture microspore-culture ovule-culture embryo-culture endosperm-culture protoplast-culture cell-culture tissue-culture organ-culture shoot-culture root-culture callus-culture suspension-culture bioreactor hairy-root-culture transformation hardening micropropagation clonal-propagation meristem-culture shoot-tip-culture axillary-bud-culture nodal-culture leaf-culture petiole-culture stem-culture internode-culture rhizome-culture bulb-culture corm-culture tuber-culture seed-culture zygotic-embryo-culture somatic-embryo-culture somatic-embryogenesis organogenesis caulogenesis rhizogenesis adventitious-shoot-formation direct-regeneration indirect-regeneration primary-metabolism secondary-metabolism biosynthesis biotransformation bioconversion biodegradation bioremediation phytoremediation mycoremediation zooremediation bioaugmentation biostimulation natural-attenuation monitored-natural-attenuation engineered-natural-attenuation permeable-reactive-barrier pump-and-treat soil-vapor-extraction air-sparging thermal-desorption incineration landfilling containment capping slurry-wall grout-curtain sheet-piling clay-liner geomembrane geotextile geogrid geocomposite geosynthetic geofabric geonet geocell geopipe geostrip geofoam geobag geotube geocontainer geomat geoblanket geospacer geodrain geoinjection geogrout geopier geocolumn geopile geowall geoberm geotrench geocut geofill geolift geoslab geopanel geoblock geobrick geotile geopaver geoweb geomattress geocushion
Trachyrhachys aspera
Finned Grasshopper
Trachyrhachys aspera, commonly known as the finned grasshopper, is a medium-sized band-winged grasshopper native to the shortgrass prairie ecosystems of western North America. This species exhibits strong habitat fidelity to blue grama grass (Bouteloua gracilis) dominated grasslands, where it functions as a subdominant member of grasshopper assemblages. The species is notable for its late-season phenology, hatching approximately four weeks after the sympatric Trachyrhachys kiowa, and for its highly specialized diet consisting almost exclusively of blue grama grass. Despite its potential economic impact as a forage competitor with livestock, populations have remained chronically low with no documented outbreak events.
grasshopper shortgrass-prairie blue-grama-specialist band-winged univoltine late-season-phenology subdominant rangeland North-America thermoregulation photoperiod-dependent-reproduction