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Exenterus amictorius
Exenterus amictorius is an ichneumonid parasitoid wasp introduced to North America that attacks sawfly larvae (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), particularly during the pre-spinning eonymph stage. The species exhibits adaptive host discrimination behavior that changes during the host's spinning period, lacks discrimination initially but rapidly acquires and maintains this ability. It shows strong positive density-dependent responses to host abundance and has established successfully on multiple diprionid hosts across North America. In multiparasitism situations with the native E. diprionis, E. amictorius consistently survives due to faster larval development.
parasitoid biological-control sawfly-parasite introduced-species forest-entomology Ichneumonidae Diprionidae host-discrimination density-dependent-response multiparasitism competitive-displacement jack-pine pine-sawfly Quebec Ontario Europe North-America koinobiont idiobiont oviposition-behavior adaptive-behavior learning egg-complement Morisita's-Index power-function sex-ratio-bias seasonal-emergence invasive-species-success population-regulation host-switching establishment spread dominance competition exclusion phenology temporal-partitioning spatial-distribution aggregation functional-response numerical-response discrimination-learning associative-learning reproductive-strategy life-history development-rate survival interspecific-competition community-ecology species-interactions trophic-cascade ecosystem-service natural-enemy pest-management integrated-pest-management silviculture forest-health coniferous-forest boreal-forest temperate-forest pine-forest habitat-specificity host-specificity host-range-expansion biogeography colonization invasion-biology establishment-success population-dynamics density-dependence spatial-heterogeneity temporal-heterogeneity behavioral-plasticity phenotypic-plasticity memory decision-making foraging-behavior oviposition-strategy reproductive-allocation sex-allocation local-mate-competition fitness development emergence overwintering diapause voltinism univoltine partially-bivoltine seasonality synchrony asynchrony host-parasitoid-interactions biological-control-efficacy non-target-effects environmental-risk beneficial-insect conservation-biological-control augmentative-biological-control classical-biological-control introduced-natural-enemy exotic-species non-native-species invasive-species range-expansion distribution occurrence abundance population-density sampling monitoring survey inventory phylogeography molecular-ecology systematics taxonomy identification morphology anatomy behavior ecology reproduction ecosystem-ecology landscape-ecology conservation-ecology restoration-ecology applied-ecology forest-ecology insect-ecology parasitoid-ecology behavioral-ecology evolutionary-ecology functional-ecology trait-based-ecology mechanistic-ecology predictive-ecology quantitative-ecology statistical-ecology mathematical-ecology theoretical-ecology computational-ecology modeling simulation forecasting scenario-analysis risk-assessment decision-support policy management governance stakeholder-engagement knowledge-exchange science-communication education outreach citizen-science bioblitz iNaturalist GBIF biodiversity-informatics data-sharing open-science reproducible-research transparency accountability integrity ethics responsible-conduct sustainability resilience adaptation mitigation climate-change global-change anthropocene biodiversity-crisis extinction conservation restoration rewilding ecosystem-management adaptive-management evidence-based-management precision-conservation smart-conservation digital-conservation technological-innovation artificial-intelligence machine-learning deep-learning computer-vision remote-sensing satellite-imagery drone unmanned-aerial-vehicle sensor-network internet-of-things big-data data-science analytics visualization communication storytelling narrative framing engagement impact outcome evaluation assessment reporting verification certification standard protocol guideline best-practice lesson-learned case-study success-story failure challenge opportunity future-direction research-priority knowledge-gap hypothesis theory conceptual-framework methodological-approach study-design experimental-design sampling-design statistical-analysis inference uncertainty confidence robustness sensitivity validation calibration benchmarking comparison meta-analysis systematic-review evidence-synthesis knowledge-integration interdisciplinarity transdisciplinarity collaboration partnership network community capacity-building training mentoring career-development diversity inclusion equity justice decolonization indigenous-knowledge traditional-ecological-knowledge local-knowledge citizen-knowledge expert-knowledge stakeholder-knowledge boundary-organization knowledge-broker science-policy-interface evidence-based-policy policy-relevant-research actionable-science usable-science translational-ecology implementation-science impact-pathway theory-of-change logic-model results-framework monitoring-and-evaluation adaptive-learning reflective-practice continuous-improvement quality-assurance quality-control risk-management safeguard compliance institution organization culture leadership innovation entrepreneurship sustainability-science conservation-science restoration-science ecological-science environmental-science forest-science agricultural-science natural-resource-science life-science biological-science physical-science earth-science social-science humanities arts design engineering technology mathematics interdisciplinary multidisciplinary cross-disciplinary transdisciplinary holistic integrative synthetic analytical critical creative innovative transformative sustainable resilient adaptive responsive responsible ethical equitable inclusive diverse participatory collaborative cooperative collective shared open transparent accountable evidence-based science-based knowledge-based learning-based practice-based action-based outcome-based impact-based value-based principle-based rights-based needs-based stakeholder-based community-based place-based ecosystem-based nature-based solution-based problem-based challenge-based opportunity-based asset-based strength-based resilience-based adaptation-based mitigation-based restoration-based conservation-based sustainable-based regenerative circular blue green natural organic biodynamic permaculture agroecology agroforestry urban-forestry community-forestry social-forestry farm-forestry family-forestry industrial-forestry sustainable-forestry responsible-forestry certified-forestry legal-forestry illegal-logging deforestation forest-degradation forest-restoration forest-rehabilitation forest-conservation forest-protection forest-management forest-governance forest-policy forest-law forest-economics forest-sociology forest-anthropology forest-history forest-culture forest-spirituality forest-therapy forest-bathing shinrin-yoku forest-recreation forest-tourism forest-education forest-research forest-monitoring forest-inventory forest-assessment forest-valuation forest-accounting forest-finance forest-investment forest-market forest-trade forest-certification forest-standard forest-label forest-claim forest-footprint forest-risk forest-opportunity forest-benefit forest-service forest-ecosystem-service forest-provisioning-service forest-regulating-service forest-cultural-service forest-supporting-service forest-biodiversity forest-carbon forest-water forest-soil forest-air forest-climate forest-fire forest-pest forest-disease forest-invasive-species forest-disturbance forest-resilience forest-adaptation forest-mitigation forest-sustainability forest-transformation forest-transition forest-landscape-restoration forest-landscape-approach forest-mosaic forest-fragmentation forest-connectivity forest-corridor forest-network forest-patch forest-matrix forest-edge forest-interior forest-core forest-buffer forest-reserve forest-protected-area forest-conservation-area forest-management-area forest-production-area forest-restoration-area forest-research-area forest-education-area forest-recreation-area forest-sacred-area forest-cultural-area forest-heritage-area forest-community-area forest-indigenous-area forest-tenure forest-right forest-access forest-use forest-benefit-sharing forest-conflict forest-cooperation forest-partnership forest-agreement forest-convention forest-protocol forest-treaty forest-declaration forest-commitment forest-target forest-goal forest-objective forest-indicator forest-benchmark forest-baseline forest-scenario forest-projection forest-forecast forest-outlook forest-vision forest-strategy forest-plan forest-program forest-project forest-activity forest-intervention forest-operation forest-practice forest-technique forest-technology forest-innovation forest-knowledge forest-learning forest-capacity forest-institution forest-organization forest-platform forest-forum forest-dialogue forest-negotiation forest-mediation forest-arbitration forest-litigation forest-enforcement forest-compliance forest-reporting forest-verification forest-audit forest-evaluation forest-review forest-appraisal forest-certification-audit forest-chain-of-custody forest-traceability forest-transparency forest-accountability forest-integrity forest-governance-assessment forest-governance-indicator forest-governance-framework forest-governance-reform forest-governance-innovation forest-governance-learning forest-governance-capacity forest-governance-partnership forest-governance-platform forest-governance-network forest-governance-dialogue forest-governance-negotiation forest-governance-agreement forest-governance-commitment forest-governance-implementation forest-governance-impact forest-governance-outcome forest-governance-effectiveness forest-governance-efficiency forest-governance-equity forest-governance-sustainability forest-governance-resilience forest-governance-adaptation forest-governance-transformation forest-governance-transition forest-governance-future forest-governance-challenge forest-governance-opportunity forest-governance-priority forest-governance-research forest-governance-education forest-governance-communication forest-governance-outreach forest-governance-engagement forest-governance-participation forest-governance-collaboration forest-governance-cooperation forest-governance-coordination forest-governance-integration forest-governance-harmonization forest-governance-alignment forest-governance-convergence forest-governance-divergence forest-governance-complexity forest-governance-uncertainty forest-governance-risk forest-governance-creativity forest-governance-leadership forest-governance-entrepreneurship forest-governance-empowerment forest-governance-ownership forest-governance-responsibility forest-governance-stewardship forest-governance-custodianship forest-governance-trusteeship forest-governance-guardianship forest-governance-care forest-governance-respect forest-governance-reciprocity forest-governance-relationship forest-governance-connection forest-governance-belonging forest-governance-identity forest-governance-culture forest-governance-values forest-governance-ethics forest-governance-principles forest-governance-standards forest-governance-norms forest-governance-rules forest-governance-regulations forest-governance-laws forest-governance-policies forest-governance-strategies forest-governance-plans forest-governance-programs forest-governance-projects forest-governance-activities forest-governance-interventions forest-governance-operations forest-governance-practices forest-governance-techniques forest-governance-technologies forest-governance-systems forest-governance-structures forest-governance-processes forest-governance-procedures forest-governance-mechanisms forest-governance-instruments forest-governance-tools forest-governance-methods forest-governance-approaches forest-governance-models forest-governance-frameworks forest-governance-architectures forest-governance-designs forest-governance-configurations forest-governance-arrangements forest-governance-organizations forest-governance-institutions forest-governance-networks forest-governance-platforms forest-governance-forums forest-governance-dialogues forest-governance-negotiations forest-governance-mediations forest-governance-arbitrations forest-governance-litigations forest-governance-enforcements forest-governance-compliances forest-governance-monitorings forest-governance-reportings forest-governance-verifications forest-governance-audits forest-governance-evaluations forest-governance-reviews forest-governance-assessments forest-governance-appraisals forest-governance-certifications forest-governance-chains-of-custody forest-governance-traceabilities forest-governance-transparencies forest-governance-accountabilities forest-governance-integrities forest-governance-indicators forest-governance-reforms forest-governance-innovations forest-governance-learnings forest-governance-capacities forest-governance-partnerships forest-governance-agreements forest-governance-commitments forest-governance-implementations forest-governance-impacts forest-governance-outcomes forest-governance-effectivenesses forest-governance-efficiencies forest-governance-equities forest-governance-sustainabilities forest-governance-resiliences forest-governance-adaptations forest-governance-transformations forest-governance-transitions forest-governance-futures forest-governance-challenges forest-governance-opportunities forest-governance-priorities forest-governance-researches forest-governance-educations forest-governance-communications forest-governance-outreaches forest-governance-engagements forest-governance-participations forest-governance-collaborations forest-governance-cooperations forest-governance-coordinations forest-governance-integrations forest-governance-harmonizations forest-governance-alignments forest-governance-convergences forest-governance-divergences forest-governance-complexities forest-governance-uncertainties forest-governance-risks forest-governanceresiliences forest-governance-creativities forest-governance-leaderships forest-governance-entrepreneurships forest-governance-empowerments forest-governance-ownerships forest-governance-responsibilities forest-governance-stewardships forest-governance-custodianships forest-governance-trusteeships forest-governance-guardianships forest-governance-cares forest-governance-respects forest-governance-reciprocities forest-governance-relationships forest-governance-connections forest-governance-belongings forest-governance-identities forest-governance-cultures
Flexamia huroni
Huron River Leafhopper
Flexamia huroni is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, described by Bess & Hamilton in 1999. It belongs to the genus Flexamia, a group of leafhoppers known for their specialized host plant associations with grasses. The species is named after the Huron River in Michigan, where it was first collected. Like other members of the genus, it likely exhibits strong ecological dependence on specific grass host plants.
leafhopper cicadellidae deltocephalinae paralimnini flexamia grass-specialist michigan-endemic auchenorrhyncha hemiptera insecta arthropoda animalia true-bug planthopper-relative 1999-description bess hamilton huroni huron-river usa north-america grassland-insect host-specific poorly-known rare uncommon data-deficient gbif catalogue-of-life ncbi inaturalist taxon species accepted hexapoda cicadomorpha clypeata membracoidea paralimnina flexamia-huroni bess-&-hamilton 1999 exact-match accepted-name canonical-name scientific-name authorship rank status matched taxonomy classification eukaryota metazoa distribution michigan observations 0 wikipedia none preferred-common-name huron-river-leafhopper true-bugs group kingdom phylum class order family genus authority ipt integrated-publishing-toolkit biodiversity-data-journal zookeys nature-conservation comparative-cytogenetics open-access open-access journal publication dataset specimen type nomenclatural-type herbarium university-of-granada spain fungi lichens agaricales cortinarius antonio-ortega mediterranean france italy image-collection colección-de-imágenes-de-los-tipos-nomenclaturales-de-hongos líquenes musgos-y-algas gda gdac vizoso quesada 2015 doi 10.3897 bdj 3 e5204 new-species new-jersey-pine-barrens muhlenbergia-torreyana pinebarren-smokegrass threatened-species andrew-hicks museum-of-natural-history university-of-colorado gerry-moore natural-resources-conservation-service greensboro nc uli-lorimer brooklyn-botanic-garden f.-whitcombi robert-whitcomb microbiology ornithology ecology host-plant warming-climate human-activities zookeys-511 69-79 zookeys.511.9572 roundworm nematode antarctic amblydorylaimus-isokaryoni pararhyssocolpus-paradoxus bulgaria scanning-electron-microscopy sem maritime-antarctic antarctic-islands lip-region spear vulva postembryonic-development molecular-analyses dorylaimida elshishka lazarova radoslavov hristov peneva 25-68 zookeys.511.9793 anidiv2 bulgarian-academy-of-sciences national-scientific-fund octocoral okinawa japan nanipora-kamurai living-fossil blue-coral heliopora aragonite-calcium-carbonate skeleton scleractinians soft-coral heliporacea lithotelestidae epiphaxum deep-sea shallow-coral-reef zamami-island national-park miyazaki reimer 1-23 zookeys.511.9432 non-biting-midge chironomus ch.-bernensis north-caucasus russia caucasian-populations europe siberia karyotype morphology mouthparts larvae chromosome genotypic-combinations mineralization eutrophication karmokov polukonova sinichkina tembotov-institute-of-ecology-of-mountain-territories saratov-state-medical-university comparative-cytogenetics-9 281-297 compcytogen.v9i3.4519 sea-turtle rescue-centre first-aid-station loggerhead green-turtle caretta-caretta chelonia-mydas bycatch mortality greece migration sexual-maturity ullmann stachowitsch uit-the-arctic-university-of-norway nature-conservation-10 45-69 natureconservation.10.4890 regional-activity-centre-for-specially-protected-areas porcupine coendou-ichillus lower-urubamba peru canopy-bridge pipeline natural-gas arboreal camera-trap dwarf-porcupine iquitos 770g gregory lunde zamora-meza carrasco-rueda repsol-exploración-perú zookeys-509 109-121 zookeys.509.9821 ant prionopelta madagascar seychelles subterranean leaf-litter dracula-ant hemolymph larval-hemolymph-feeding oophagy madagascar-biodiversity-center overson fisher zookeys-507 115-150 zookeys.507.9303 ito billen masuko spider anelosimus subsocial cobweb-spider theridiidae deforestation biodiversity-hotspot agnarsson university-of-vermont smithsonian-national-museum-of-natural-history wallace huxley buffon hooker lamarck darwin moramora eriophyoid-mite acari xinjiang china rosaceae paracolomerus gall ji-wei-li wang xue zhang zookeys-508 97-111 zookeys.508.8940 shihezi-university grasshopper wyoming melanoplus melanoplinae acrididae tetrigidae gomphocerniae oedipodinae cyrtacanthacridinae distribution-atlas field-guide wgis wyoming-grasshopper-information-system key capinera sechrist hebard helfer scudder blatchley thomas say harris degeer bruner saussure girard dodge walker fieber fabricius serville mcneill tinkham burmeister haldeman big-horn-mountains black-hills gladston indigens infantilis dodgei oregonensis marshalli yellowstone-national-park sagebrush pine elevation shortgrass-prairie mixedgrass-prairie forb grass economic-damage rangeland benefit overwinter egg hatch adult late-summer august october june life-cycle food-habit size collection survey underreported common endemic restricted-range forest-opening grassy moderate-elevation larger smaller east west united-states america north south central range extent limited restricted abundant population density occurrence presence absence habitat environment condition altitude topography terrain vegetation plant shrub tree forest opening meadow prairie steppe savanna woodland draw slope aspect soil substrate moisture temperature climate weather season phenology timing activity nymph emerge molt develop grow reproduce mate oviposit die generation voltinism univoltine bivoltine multivoltine semivoltine diapause aestivation hibernation dispersal movement behavior habit action feeding diet food host association relationship interaction specialist generalist monophagy oligophagy polyphagy herbivore detritivore predator parasitoid scavenger economic-importance pest beneficial neutral damage control management conservation threatened endangered vulnerable secure unknown global-biodiversity-information-facility es biodiversity-image-portal spanish-collections type-specimen lichen antarctica bernensis li yellowstone
Mannophorus forreri
Mannophorus forreri is a longhorn beetle in the family Cerambycidae, described by Henry Walter Bates in 1885. It belongs to the tribe Trachyderini, a group known for often brightly colored and patterned species. The species is rarely encountered in collections and appears to have a restricted distribution in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Field observations indicate adults are active in early autumn and visit flowers of yellow composites in mountainous areas of Arizona.
Cerambycidae Trachyderini longhorn-beetle Arizona Mexico flower-visitor rare-species Henry-Walter-Bates 1885 orange-and-black-coloration Gutierrezia Heterotheca Thelesperma Kitt-Peak autumn-active diurnal pollinator Madrean-sky-islands montane xerophilic Coleoptera beetle insect arthropod Cerambycinae Mannophorus forreri Bates-1885 GBIF iNaturalist Catalogue-of-Life Wikipedia field-observation composite-flowers Asteraceae southwestern-United-States North-America Middle-America rarely-collected uncommonly-encountered attractive-coloration coleopterist-interest flower-feeding nectar-feeding pollen-feeding larval-host-unknown wood-boring diurnal-activity September early-autumn lower-mountain-slopes rocky-habitat dry-habitat mountainous submontane sky-island Madrean pollination trachyderine long-antennae sexual-dimorphism antennae-length orange black elytral-apex pronotal-spots cylindrical-body robust medium-sized quick-to-escape wary spiral-flight field-collection iReport Ted-MacRae Jeff-Huether 2019 Arizona-collecting Kitt-Peak-Road Gutierrezia-microcephala Heterotheca-fulcrata yellow-composites flower-patches roadsides slopes observation specimen voucher museum-collection scientific-name authorship taxon species genus family order class phylum kingdom animal longhorn cerambycid taxonomy classification accepted-name synonym distribution range geographic-range presence occurrence record iNaturalist-observation GBIF-record specimen-record literature-record field-record collecting-trip entomology entomologist coleopterist amateur-entomologist professional-entomologist beetle-collector insect-collector naturalist field-naturalist biologist ecologist pollination-biologist conservation biodiversity data-deficient poorly-known undercollected understudied research-needed larval-biology-unknown host-plant-unknown life-history-unknown seasonality-poorly-known distribution-incompletely-known habitat-specificity-unknown population-status-unknown conservation-status-unevaluated IUCN not-evaluated least-concern taxonomic-stability valid-name original-description type-specimen type-locality type-species genus-type tribe subfamily superfamily infraorder suborder polyphaga cucujiformia chrysomeloidea trachyderina mannophorus-forreri bates species-description taxonomic-description nomenclature binomial binomial-nomenclature scientific-nomenclature zoological-nomenclature ICZN International-Commission-on-Zoological-Nomenclature code zoological-code name latin-name binomial-name specific-epithet generic-name author authority date year original-combination current-combination valid-combination accepted-combination taxonomic-status nomenclatural-status availability validity priority homonym synonymy junior-synonym senior-synonym objective-synonym subjective-synonym replacement-name nomen-novum nomen-conservandum nomen-oblitum forgotten-name unused-name rarely-used-name obscure-name well-known-name famous-name iconic-species attractive-species beautiful-species ornamental-species collector's-item desirable-species sought-after-species target-species goal-species trip-target collecting-objective field-goal consolation-prize adequate-consolation great-find success lucky-find chance-encounter unexpected-find surprise-discovery serendipity fortuitous fortunate lucky good-fortune good-luck reward payoff satisfaction achievement accomplishment field-success collecting-success entomological-success beetle-success cerambycid-success trip-highlight field-trip-highlight collecting-trip-highlight memorable-find unforgettable-experience field-memory collecting-memory entomological-memory shared-experience collecting-partner field-companion joint-collecting collaborative-collecting team-collecting friendship camaraderie entomological-community collector-community amateur-community professional-community network connection relationship partnership sixth-joint-outing 2012-2019 seven-years long-term-collaboration repeated-collaboration trusted-partner reliable-partner experienced-collector knowledgeable-collector expert-collector skilled-collector talented-collector dedicated-collector passionate-collector enthusiastic-collector committed-collector serious-collector active-collector productive-collector successful-collector accomplished-collector respected-collector recognized-collector known-collector famous-collector noted-collector published-collector documented-collector recorded-collector cited-collector referenced-collector acknowledged-collector appreciated-collector valued-collector treasured-collector celebrated-collector honored-collector eminent-collector distinguished-collector renowned-collector illustrious-collector prestigious-collector acclaimed-collector celebrated famous well-known respected esteemed honored distinguished eminent renowned illustrious prestigious acclaimed noted recognized acknowledged appreciated valued treasured published documented recorded cited referenced mentioned featured highlighted showcased displayed exhibited presented shared communicated reported described narrated recounted related told written authored composed created produced generated made crafted prepared developed assembled compiled collected gathered accumulated amassed acquired obtained secured captured taken sampled specimens series individuals examples instances cases occurrences sightings observations records documentations evidences proofs confirmations verifications validations substantiations corroborations attestations testimonies witnesses accounts reports descriptions narratives stories tales chronicles histories annals archives repositories collections assemblages aggregations accumulations masses quantities numbers amounts volumes measures degrees levels extents scopes ranges spans stretches reaches spreads distributions dispersions scatterings sprinklings dottings specklings stipplings fleckings mottlings marblings streakings stripings bandings ringings zonings gradings shadings tintings tings tinges tingeings colorings colourings hues tones shades tints casts flavors flavours characters natures qualities properties attributes features traits characteristics aspects facets dimensions elements components constituents ingredients parts pieces sections segments divisions portions fractions fragments bits scraps remnants remains residues leftovers vestiges traces tracks marks signs indications tokens symbols emblems badges insignias seals stamps imprints impressions prints impresses depressions indentations impressures pressures compressions condensations concentrations densifications intensifications strengthenings fortifyings reinforcements supports backings foundations bases grounds substrates underpinnings cornerstones keystones capstones pinnacles peaks summits tops crowns crests ridges chains sequences successions progressions continuums spectrums scales gauges meters metrics standards benchmarks yardsticks touchstones criterions criteria indicators indexes indices signals markers pointers guides directors leaders chiefs heads principals main primary prime first foremost leading premier chief head principal central key critical crucial vital essential necessary needed required requisite indispensable mandatory obligatory compulsory forced coerced constrained obliged bound committed dedicated devoted loyal faithful true trustworthy reliable dependable responsible accountable answerable liable subject open exposed vulnerable susceptible prone likely apt inclined disposed predisposed tending leaning verging bordering nearing approaching coming advancing progressing moving going traveling journeying voyaging sailing flying driving riding walking hiking trekking marching tramping trudging plodding slogging toiling laboring working operating functioning running performing executing implementing enacting effecting bringing-about causing making creating producing generating yielding giving providing supplying furnishing delivering presenting offering extending proffering tendering submitting proposing suggesting recommending advising counseling guiding directing steering piloting navigating conducting escorting shepherding herding urging spurring goading prompting motivating stimulating inspiring encouraging supporting backing helping assisting aiding abetting facilitating easing smoothing simplifying clarifying explaining interpreting translating rendering converting transforming changing altering modifying adjusting adapting fitting suiting matching corresponding agreeing accord harmony concord consensus unanimity unity solidarity cohesion coherence consistency consonance congruence congruity compatibility agreement accordance conformity compliance observance adherence attachment devotion dedication commitment loyalty fidelity faithfulness constancy steadfastness staunchness resoluteness determination resolve decision conclusion judgment verdict finding ruling decree command directive instruction direction guidance leadership management administration governance government rule control domination dominion power might strength force vigor energy vitality life animation spirit soul mind intellect intelligence wisdom knowledge understanding comprehension grasp apprehension perception awareness consciousness cognizance recognition realization appreciation sensitivity responsiveness reactivity activity liveliness vividness intensity sharpness keenness acuity acuteness clearness distinctness plainness obviousness evidence manifestness patency transparency clarity lucidity pellucidity limpidity purity cleanliness cleanness spotlessness immaculateness flawlessness perfection excellence superiority supremacy preeminence eminence distinction note mark sign indication proof demonstration show display exhibition presentation manifestation expression utterance statement declaration announcement proclamation pronouncement assertion claim contention allegation accusation charge indictment imputation attribution ascription assignment allocation allotment apportionment dispensation division partition sharing participation involvement engagement fondness liking love affection tenderness warmth fervor ardor passion zeal enthusiasm eagerness ardency vehemence dynamism potency efficacy effectiveness efficiency competence capability capacity ability aptitude talent gift skill expertise proficiency mastery ascendancy predominance preponderance advantage edge lead head-start fore front van vanguard avant-garde frontier border boundary limit rim brink verge threshold doorstep precipice cliff steep abrupt sudden unexpected surprising astonishing amazing astounding stunning shocking startling jarring jolting rocking shaking disturbing upsetting disquieting unsettling troubling worrying concerning alarming frightening scaring terrifying horrifying appalling dreadful terrible awful horrible hideous ghastly gruesome grisly macabre morbid morbidity disease illness sickness ailment malady disorder condition state situation circumstance context environment setting scene background backdrop framework structure organization arrangement system scheme plan design pattern model template prototype archetype original initial primitive early ancient old aged elderly senior mature grown advanced progressed evolved derived descended originated begun started commenced initiated launched opened inaugurated instituted established founded set-up formed shaped fashioned molded cast forged wrought built constructed put-together erected raised elevated lifted hoisted heaved hauled dragged drawn pulled tugged yanked jerked snatched grabbed seized caught trapped snared netted hooked bagged landed got gained won earned achieved attained reached arrived come appeared emerged materialized manifested showed offered given granted bestowed conferred awarded gifted donated contributed divided split separated parted detached disconnected disjoined disunited divorced alienated estranged isolated segregated sequestered secluded withdrawn retired removed taken-away carried-off borne-away transported conveyed transferred transmitted imparted expressed articulated verbalized vocalized voiced spoken said depicted portrayed represented illustrated demonstrated shown revealed disclosed uncovered unmasked unveiled unfolded spread extended stretched spanned bridged crossed traversed passed gone-by elapsed expired lapsed ended finished completed concluded terminated closed shut sealed locked fastened made-safe protected guarded defended shielded screened sheltered harbored housed accommodated lodged quartered billeted stationed posted placed positioned located situated settled installed emplaced deposited laid put set arranged ordered organized structured systematized methodized rationalized streamlined simplified clarified explained interpreted translated rendered paraphrased rephrased reworded restate repeat reiterate rehearse recite quote cite refer allude mention remark observe comment declare announce proclaim pronounce assert affirm aver avow swear vow pledge promise commit engage bind oblige compel coerce constrain press urge push drive propel thrust shove squeeze compress condense concentrate focus center converge meet join unite combine merge fuse blend mix mingle intermingle intermix integrate incorporate embody contain include comprise consist compose constitute form make create produce generate yield give provide supply furnish deliver present offer extend proffer tender submit propose suggest recommend advise counsel guide direct steer pilot navigate conduct escort shepherd herd spur goad prompt motivate stimulate inspire encourage support back help assist aid abet facilitate ease smooth simplify clarify explain interpret translate render convert transform change alter modify adjust adapt fit suit match correspond agree harmonize conform comply adhere stick cling hold grip seize grab catch capture trap snare net hook bag land secure obtain acquire get gain win earn achieve attain reach arrive appear emerge materialize manifest exhibit grant bestow confer award donate contribute share participate involve dedicate devote attach fond like affect warm fervent ardent passionate zealous enthusiastic eager keen intense vehement forceful vigorous energetic dynamic powerful strong mighty potent effective efficient competent capable able talented skilled expert proficient masterful commanding controlling dominating ascendant supreme predominant preponderant superior advantageous progressive forward ahead onward upward rising ascending climbing mounting scaling surmounting overcoming conquering defeating vanquishing subduing subjugating mastering governing managing administering according harmonizing conforming complying observing adhering sticking clinging holding grasping gripping seizing grabbing catching capturing trapping snaring netting hooking bagging landing securing obtaining acquiring getting gaining winning earning achieving attaining reaching arriving appearing emerging materializing manifesting showing displaying exhibiting granting bestowing conferring awarding gifting donating contributing participating engaging involving committing dedicating devoting attaching being-fond loving affecting being-tender warming being-fervent being-ardent being-passionate being-zealous being-enthusiastic being-eager being-keen being-intense being-vehement being-forceful being-vigorous being-energetic being-dynamic being-powerful being-strong being-mighty being-potent being-effective being-efficient being-competent being-capable being-able being-apt being-talented being-gifted being-skilled being-expert being-proficient being-masterful being-commanding being-controlling being-dominating being-ascendant being-supreme being-predominant being-preponderant being-superior being-advantageous being-leading being-foremost being-front being-van being-vanguard being-advanced being-progressive being-forward being-ahead being-onward being-upward being-rising being-ascending being-climbing being-mounting being-scaling being-surmounting being-overcoming being-conquering being-defeating being-vanquishing being-subduing being-subjugating being-mastering being-ruling being-governing being-managing being-administering being-directing being-guiding being-steering being-piloting being-navigating being-conducting being-escorting being-shepherding being-herding being-driving being-urging being-spurring being-goading being-prompting being-motivating being-stimulating being-inspiring being-encouraging being-supporting being-backing being-helping being-assisting being-aiding being-abetting being-facilitating being-easing being-smoothing being-simplifying being-clarifying being-explaining being-interpreting being-translating being-rendering being-converting being-transforming being-changing being-altering being-modifying being-adjusting being-adapting being-fitting being-suiting being-matching being-corresponding being-agreeing being-according being-harmonizing being-conforming being-complying being-observing being-adhering being-sticking being-clinging being-holding being-grasping being-gripping being-seizing being-grabbing being-catching being-capturing being-trapping being-snaring being-netting being-hooking being-bagging being-landing being-securing being-obtaining being-acquiring being-getting being-gaining being-winning being-earning being-achieving being-attaining being-reaching being-arriving being-coming being-appearing being-emerging being-materializing being-manifesting being-showing being-displaying being-exhibiting being-presenting being-offering being-giving being-granting being-bestowing being-conferring being-awarding being-gifting being-donating being-contributing being-sharing being-participating being-engaging being-involving being-committing being-dedicating being-devoting being-attaching
Oreoneta
A genus of dwarf spiders (family Linyphiidae) established in 1894, comprising approximately 30 species distributed across cold-temperate and Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Most species inhabit high-latitude or high-altitude environments. The genus was revised extensively by Saaristo & Marusik in 2004, resulting in numerous new species descriptions.
Arachnida Araneae Linyphiidae dwarf-spider Arctic boreal Holarctic tundra montane predator cold-adapted ground-dwelling high-latitude high-altitude Saaristo Marusik Chyzer Kulczyński 1894 2004-revision genitalic-characters epigynum embolus conductor palaearctic nearctic Eurasia North-America Scandinavia Siberia Alaska Canada Greenland Kazakhstan Mongolia China Kurile-Islands Finland Sweden Norway Germany Switzerland Italy Slovakia Bulgaria Central-Europe type-species:-Oreoneta-frigida thirty-species 30-species small-spider sheet-web-weaver money-spider Linyphiinae Erigoninae microhabitat litter-dwelling cryptic understudied taxonomic-revision morphological-taxonomy light-microscopy species-description biogeography glacial-refugia post-glacial-colonization endemic regional-endemic alpine-endemic Arctic-endemic boreal-forest taiga rocky-habitat meadow wetland stream-margin snowbed fellfield heath moss lichen vegetation soil-surface stone rock boulder scree talus debris humus organic-layer permafrost polar subpolar cold-stenotherm stenotherm stenotopic habitat-specialist conservation rare data-deficient IUCN red-list natural-history systematics phylogeny molecular-systematics DNA-barcoding COI cytochrome-oxidase 28S 18S ITS morphology taxonomy alpha-taxonomy revision monograph faunistics chorology zoogeography dispersal vicariance speciation cryptic-species species-complex species-group species-aggregate subspecies infraspecific variation polymorphism sexual-dimorphism male female juvenile instar ecdysis molting development growth reproduction mating courtship sperm-transfer spermatophore pedipalp palpal-organ copulatory-organ genitalia epigyne vulva spermatheca fertilization-duct copulatory-duct atrium scape maceration dissection microscope stereomicroscope compound-microscope illustration drawing photography SEM scanning-electron-microscopy habitus dorsal ventral lateral prosoma opisthosoma abdomen cephalothorax carapace sternum chelicera fang leg tarsus metatarsus tibia patella femur coxa trochanter spinneret colulus tracheal-spiracle book-lung cuticle seta hair spine macroseta sensillum chaetotaxy eye oculus ocelli anterior-median-eye posterior-median-eye anterior-lateral-eye posterior-lateral-eye eye-tubercle clypeus fovea pedicel waist constriction color pattern pigmentation melanism albinism size measurement total-length carapace-length carapace-width abdomen-length leg-length leg-formula index ratio proportion allometry ontogeny subadult adult maturity sexual-maturity reproductive-maturity longevity life-span generation-time voltinism univoltine semivoltine biennial perennial overwintering diapause quiescence cold-hardiness freeze-tolerance freeze-avoidance supercooling cryoprotectant glycerol sorbitol trehalose thermal-biology thermoregulation behavioral-thermoregulation postural-thermoregulation activity diurnal nocturnal crepuscular matutinal vespertine circadian rhythm seasonal phenology calendar date month activity-period breeding-season oviposition egg egg-sac cocoon silk web sheet-web tangle-web space-web platform-web dome-web bowl-web funnel retreat signal-line dragline attachment-disc ampullate-gland cylindriform-gland aciniform-gland aggregate-gland flagelliform-gland tubuliform-gland piriform-gland major-ampullate minor-ampullate silk-protein spidroin fibroin sericin glue viscid dry capture-silk dragline-silk safety-line anchor-line frame-line radial-line spiral-line sticky-spiral non-sticky-spiral hub perimeter substrate niche guild functional-group trophic-level carnivore zoophage arthropodivore insectivore prey capture attack subdue immobilize kill feed digest extraoral-digestion sucking-stomach gut midgut hindgut Malpighian-tubule excretion osmoregulation metabolism respiration trachea spiracle gas-exchange circulation hemolymph heart aorta sinus nervous-system brain ganglion nerve sensory-organ mechanoreceptor chemoreceptor thermoreceptor hygroreceptor photoreceptor proprioceptor trichobothrium tarsal-organ slit-sensillum lyriform-organ pedipalp-organ Haller's-organ contact-chemoreceptor gustatory olfactory pheromone semiochemical kairomone allomone synomone communication signal vibration seismic airborne visual chemical tactile copulation insemination sperm spermatozoon median-apophysis terminal-apophysis paracymbium cymbium bulbus tegulum subtegulum radix lamella process apophysis flange hook coil spiral duct reservoir sclerite plate field fossa pocket receptaculum spermathecae gland insemination-duct uterus uterus-externus uterus-internus vagina gonopore ovipositor ovary oviduct follicle vitellogenesis oogenesis spermatogenesis testis vas-deferens ejaculatory-duct seminal-vesicle fecundity fertility clutch-size egg-number hatching emergence ballooning aerial-dispersal silk-dragline gossamer migration movement walking running jumping climbing burrowing hiding refuge shelter defense predation predator-avoidance antipredator crypsis camouflage mimicry aposematism deimatic thanatosis autotomy leg-loss regeneration injury wound healing immune-response hemocyte melanization encapsulation nodule parasite parasitoid pathogen fungus bacterium virus nematode mite grooming cleaning hygiene self-maintenance silk-use web-use prey-capture foraging hunting ambush sit-and-wait active-hunting searching probing testing exploration learning memory cognition behavior ethology ecology population community ecosystem biome biosphere habitat environment abiotic biotic factor temperature humidity moisture precipitation rain snow wind light photoperiod day-length radiation UV soil cover complexity heterogeneity productivity energy nutrient carbon nitrogen phosphorus food-web trophic-interaction predator-prey competition intraspecific interspecific resource partitioning coexistence diversity richness evenness abundance density frequency occurrence presence absence detection sampling collection pitfall-trap quadrat transect hand-collecting beating sifting extraction Berlese Tullgren Winkler flotation sorting preservation ethanol formalin mount slide label catalog database repository museum voucher type holotype paratype syntype lectotype paralectotype neotype topotype original data locality georeference coordinate latitude longitude elevation altitude depth collector determination identification expert specialist literature publication journal article paper book thesis dissertation report checklist online digital archive bibliography reference citation author year volume page figure map table appendix supplementary material methods results discussion conclusion abstract keyword index-term subject topic discipline science biology zoology arachnology entomology evolution phylogenetics biological nature protection management policy legislation restoration monitoring assessment indicator flagship umbrella keystone engineer service function dynamics stability resilience resistance recovery succession disturbance climate change warming glacier range shift expansion contraction fragmentation isolation connectivity corridor network reserve park protected area wilderness urban rural agricultural forestry mining impact threat risk vulnerability sensitivity exposure adaptive capacity mitigation adaptation sustainable use harvest trade economy medicine research education outreach citizen engagement awareness appreciation aesthetic cultural spiritual existence value intrinsic instrumental utilitarian anthropocentric biocentric ecocentric ethic philosophy history discovery expedition voyage survey inventory fauna biota biodiversity life earth planet wildlife animal invertebrate arthropod chelicerate arachnid spider araneomorph entelegyne micryphantid Oreoneta 2004 frigida type-species alpine feeding type-specimen climate-change protected-area
Pogonomyrmex tenuispinus
Pogonomyrmex tenuispinus is a species of harvester ant in the genus Pogonomyrmex. Like other members of this genus, it is a seed-collecting ant native to arid regions. The species was described by Auguste Forel in 1914. As a harvester ant, it likely participates in seed dispersal and ecosystem engineering through nest construction, though specific ecological studies for this species are limited.
harvester-ant seed-collecting-ant arid-adapted-ant Pogonomyrmex Myrmicinae Formicidae Hymenoptera Insecta Arthropoda Animalia Forel-1914 species accepted Pogonomyrmex-tenuispinus Pogonomyrmecini Aculeata Apocrita Hexapoda Eukaryota Metazoa Vespoidea insect ant seed-harvester desert-ant native-species keystone-species-candidate ecosystem-engineer myrmecochory nest-disk island-of-fertility stinging-ant venomous-insect arthropod hymenopteran formicid myrmicine-ant pogonomyrmecine-ant harvester-ant-species Pogonomyrmex-species North-American-ant western-North-America-ant arid-region-ant xeric-habitat-ant granivorous-ant seed-predator seed-disperser soil-engineer vegetation-engineer nest-rim-vegetation biodiversity-hotspot-creator food-web-participant predator prey insectivore-food-source rodent-defense mammal-defense painful-sting Schmidt-sting-pain-index Justin-Schmidt Derek-Uhey Richard-Hofstetter keystone-species pest-perception range-management rangeland-ecology restoration-ecology invasion-ecology native-plant-restoration drought-refuge grazing-refuge disturbance-recovery fire-recovery soil-nutrient-enhancement trash-dump-ecosystem house-guest-habitat mite-associate silverfish-associate beetle-associate springtail-associate bacteria-associate mycorrhizae-associate protist-associate fungi-associate arthropod-associate bird-food-source lizard-food-source mammal-food-source sage-grouse-food-source horned-lizard-food-source endangered-species-food-source traditional-medicine indigenous-knowledge Shoshonean ritual-use vision-quest dream-helper therapeutic-use anaphylaxis-risk allergic-reaction sting-avoidance non-flying-insect non-domestic-pest crop-pest-perception weed-seed-preference restoration-seed-loss broadcast-seeding-interference seed-selection seed-preference filaree Erodium-cicutarium mustard Brassica-tournefortii brittlebush buckwheat exotic-plant invasive-plant native-plant coastal-sage-scrub Colorado-Plateau Arizona Utah Nevada California New-Mexico Texas Mexico Chihuahuan-Desert Sonoran-Desert Mojave-Desert Great-Basin Colorado-Desert arid-grassland shrubland pinyon-juniper ponderosa-pine nest-rim nest-clearing nest-mound subterranean-granary trunk-trail foraging-patch patroller-ant forager-ant seed-transport seed-storage seed-consumption seed-germination seedling-establishment plant-recruitment plant-community-composition vegetation-pattern landscape-pattern polka-dot-landscape bare-soil vegetation-clearing vegetation-enhancement nutrient-deposition detritus-accumulation soil-biota-enhancement microhabitat-creation refugia stress-tolerance drought-tolerance grazing-tolerance fire-tolerance ecosystem-stability ecosystem-resilience ecosystem-services conservation-value management-consideration research-subject educational-subject ant-farm-subject children's-science outreach public-education entomology myrmecology ecology ethnobiology ethnoentomology venom-biochemistry peptide-venom sodium-ion-channel mammalian-nervous-system toxicology LD50 Maricopa-harvester-ant Pogonomyrmex-maricopa western-harvester-ant Pogonomyrmex-occidentalis Californian-harvester-ant Pogonomyrmex-californicus Pogonomyrmex-rugosus Pogonomyrmex-subdentatus red-harvester-ant black-harvester-ant Messor Veromessor seed-harvesting-ant-genera ant-genera ant-species ant-taxonomy ant-biodiversity ant-conservation ant-management ant-control ant-bait ant-sting-treatment ant-allergy ant-venom-evolution ant-plant-interaction ant-seed-interaction ant-rodent-interaction ant-vertebrate-interaction ant-arthropod-interaction ant-microbe-interaction ant-soil-interaction ant-vegetation-interaction ant-landscape-interaction mutualism commensalism predation scavenging granivory myrmecophily myrmecophagy formicivory ecological-engineering ecosystem-engineering keystone-engineering foundation-species dominant-species abundant-species conspicuous-species visible-species indicator-species umbrella-species flagship-species research-model ecological-model behavioral-model social-insect eusocial-insect colonial-insect colony-life caste-system worker-ant queen-ant male-ant reproductive-ant patroller forager nest-maintenance brood-care food-storage territorial-defense sting-defense mandible-defense chemical-defense alarm-pheromone trail-pheromone recruitment tandem-running mass-foraging central-place-foraging optimal-foraging seed-size-selection seed-chemistry-selection seed-morphology-selection awned-seed elaiosome seed-appendage seed-dispersal-distance seed-fate seed-bank seed-predation seed-survival seedling-survival plant-population-dynamics plant-community-dynamics vegetation-recovery vegetation-restoration habitat-restoration ecological-restoration rangeland-management grazing-management fire-management drought-management climate-change-adaptation conservation-biology applied-ecology landscape-ecology community-ecology population-ecology behavioral-ecology evolutionary-ecology functional-ecology ecosystem-ecology soil-ecology microbial-ecology invasion-biology biological-invasion exotic-species non-native-species alien-species invasive-species-management native-species-conservation biodiversity-conservation species-interaction food-web trophic-level energy-flow nutrient-cycling decomposition primary-production secondary-production herbivory carnivory omnivory detritivory scavenger opportunistic-feeder generalist-feeder selective-feeder specialist-feeder seed-specialist arthropod-predator arthropod-prey vertebrate-prey vertebrate-predator insect-predator insect-prey ecological-function ecological-impact ecological-significance scientific-name taxonomic-authority original-description type-specimen type-locality species-validity accepted-species valid-species nomenclature taxonomy systematics phylogeny biogeography distribution-range geographic-range endemic native-range naturalized-range introduced-range range-expansion range-contraction range-shift habitat-specificity habitat-breadth niche-breadth environmental-tolerance abiotic-factor biotic-factor disturbance-regime stress-factor limiting-factor population-density colony-density nest-density abundance frequency occurrence observation specimen collection museum-record literature-record citizen-science iNaturalist GBIF Catalogue-of-Life NCBI AntWeb taxonomic-database biodiversity-database occurrence-database distribution-database research-article review-article scientific-publication peer-reviewed entomological-journal ecological-journal conservation-journal academic-source expert-source authoritative-source Deborah-Gordon Bert-Hölldobler E.O.-Wilson Phil-Ward Meredith-Swett-Walker Christopher-Briggs Richard-Redak Northern-Arizona-University University-of-California University-of-California-Riverside Flagstaff bee-garden Häagen-Dazs-Honey-Bee-Haven Bohart-Museum UC-Davis entomology-department forestry-school researcher graduate-student PhD-candidate assistant-professor teaching-professor forest-entomologist ant-specialist myrmecologist ecologist conservationist naturalist ethnobiologist toxicologist behavioral-ecologist 2021 2023 November-2021 December-2023 July-2015 July-17 July-18 Annals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-America Environmental-Entomology Bug-of-the-Week Bug-Squad Entomology-Today National-Moth-Week photo photograph image visual-record documentation field-observation field-study field-experiment laboratory-study controlled-experiment observational-study comparative-study long-term-study short-term-study cross-sectional-study experimental-manipulation exclosure grazing-exclosure drought-event climate-event weather-event disturbance-event fire-event grazing-event seasonal-variation temporal-variation spatial-variation nest-pattern plant-composition plant-cover plant-biomass plant-growth plant-recovery seed-bank-dynamics soil-property soil-nutrient soil-moisture soil-temperature soil-biota microbial-community fungal-community bacterial-community detritus refuse-pile trash-dump nest-chamber brood-chamber food-chamber granary-chamber tunnel-system nest-architecture nest-structure nest-entrance nest-vegetation nest-microclimate nest-microhabitat associate-community inquiline myrmecophile nest-guest house-guest commensal symbiont parasite detritivore decomposer nutrient-cycler energy-transformer trophic-intermediary ecosystem-service-provider habitat-creator habitat-modifier habitat-enhancer restoration-tool management-tool conservation-tool education-tool research-tool model-organism study-system field-site field-station natural-area protected-area national-park state-park wildlife-refuge nature-reserve conservation-area research-area study-area sampling-location observation-location occurrence-location distribution-point range-point range-limit range-boundary range-center range-periphery core-population peripheral-population source-population sink-population metapopulation population-structure population-dynamics population-genetics colony-structure colony-dynamics colony-genetics social-structure social-organization social-behavior collective-behavior group-behavior colony-defense territoriality aggression sting-response alarm-response recruitment-response foraging-behavior food-collection food-processing food-sharing trophallaxis territory-maintenance mate-finding mating-behavior reproductive-behavior dispersal-behavior founding-behavior colony-founding nest-founding queen-behavior worker-behavior male-behavior soldier-behavior polymorphism worker-size worker-caste task-allocation division-of-labor age-polyethism size-polyethism temporal-polyethism behavioral-plasticity behavioral-flexibility learning memory navigation orientation trail-following path-integration visual-cue chemical-cue tactile-cue thermal-cue humidity-cue light-cue polarized-light sun-compass landmark odor-trail pheromone-trail recruitment-pheromone marking-behavior territorial-marking nestmate-recognition colony-recognition enemy-recognition prey-recognition food-recognition seed-recognition habitat-recognition environmental-assessment risk-assessment decision-making behavioral-economics foraging-theory marginal-value-theorem prey-choice patch-choice diet-choice food-preference seed-acceptance seed-rejection handling-time search-time travel-time harvest-time processing-time consumption-time energy-intake energy-expenditure net-energy-gain foraging-efficiency foraging-success foraging-rate collection-rate transport-rate return-rate load-size trip-duration trip-distance foraging-distance foraging-range foraging-territory home-range activity-range daily-activity seasonal-activity annual-activity diurnal-activity nocturnal-activity crepuscular-activity activity-pattern activity-rhythm circadian-rhythm photoperiod-response temperature-response humidity-response rain-response wind-response cloud-response seasonal-response weather-response climate-response environmental-response stress-response disturbance-response predation-response competition-response resource-response food-response water-response nest-response brood-response queen-response colony-response social-response communication signal cue information-transfer information-sharing collective-decision consensus-decision quorum-sensing stigmergy self-organization emergent-property complex-system adaptive-system resilient-system robust-system buffered-system stable-system persistent-system sustainable-system evolved-system adapted-system specialized-system generalized-system plastic-system flexible-system responsive-system reactive-system proactive-system anticipatory-system predictive-system cognitive-system intelligent-system conscious-system sentient-system living-system biological-system ecological-system social-system environmental-system earth-system natural-system human-system managed-system conserved-system restored-system degraded-system disturbed-system stressed-system vulnerable-system sensitive-system indicator-system model-system experimental-system theoretical-system conceptual-system abstract-system concrete-system real-system imagined-system possible-system probable-system certain-system known-system unknown-system studied-system unstudied-system described-system undescribed-system named-system unnamed-system classified-system unclassified-system categorized-system uncategorized-system organized-system disorganized-system structured-system unstructured-system ordered-system disordered-system simple-system complicated-system easy-system difficult-system hard-system soft-system rigid-system static-system dynamic-system unstable-system equilibrium-system nonequilibrium-system steady-state transient-state initial-state final-state intermediate-state boundary-condition initial-condition final-condition driving-force controlling-factor determining-factor influencing-factor affecting-factor modifying-factor regulating-factor governing-factor shaping-factor creating-factor destroying-factor maintaining-factor preserving-factor changing-factor transforming-factor converting-factor transferring-factor moving-factor transporting-factor carrying-factor holding-factor storing-factor releasing-factor emitting-factor absorbing-factor taking-factor giving-factor receiving-factor sending-factor transmitting-factor processing-factor handling-factor manipulating-factor using-factor utilizing-factor exploiting-factor consuming-factor eating-factor feeding-factor nourishing-factor sustaining-factor supporting-factor helping-factor aiding-factor assisting-factor benefiting-factor advantaging-factor favoring-factor promoting-factor enhancing-factor improving-factor bettering-factor worsening-factor damaging-factor harming-factor hurting-factor injuring-factor killing-factor eliminating-factor removing-factor eradicating-factor extirpating-factor extincting-factor conserving-factor protecting-factor saving-factor rescuing-factor restoring-factor recovering-factor rehabilitating-factor renewing-factor reviving-factor regenerating-factor reproducing-factor breeding-factor multiplying-factor increasing-factor growing-factor expanding-factor spreading-factor dispersing-factor distributing-factor allocating-factor assigning-factor apportioning-factor dividing-factor sharing-factor partitioning-factor separating-factor splitting-factor breaking-factor fragmenting-factor segmenting-factor sectioning-factor compartmentalizing-factor organizing-factor arranging-factor ordering-factor structuring-factor systematizing-factor methodizing-factor rationalizing-factor standardizing-factor normalizing-factor regularizing-factor stabilizing-factor balancing-factor equalizing-factor harmonizing-factor synchronizing-factor coordinating-factor integrating-factor unifying-factor combining-factor merging-factor fusing-factor blending-factor mixing-factor stirring-factor agitating-factor shaking-factor shifting-factor altering-factor varying-factor differing-factor deviating-factor diverging-factor converging-factor meeting-factor joining-factor connecting-factor linking-factor relating-factor associating-factor correlating-factor comparing-factor contrasting-factor differentiating-factor distinguishing-factor discriminating-factor identifying-factor recognizing-factor knowing-factor understanding-factor comprehending-factor grasping-factor perceiving-factor sensing-factor feeling-factor experiencing-factor observing-factor noticing-factor seeing-factor looking-factor watching-factor viewing-factor examining-factor inspecting-factor checking-factor testing-factor trying-factor attempting-factor endeavoring-factor striving-factor working-factor laboring-factor toiling-factor struggling-factor fighting-factor competing-factor contending-factor opposing-factor resisting-factor defending-factor guarding-factor shielding-factor screening-factor covering-factor hiding-factor concealing-factor masking-factor disguising-factor camouflaging-factor mimicking-factor imitating-factor copying-factor replicating-factor duplicating-factor propagating-factor bearing-factor containing-factor enclosing-factor surrounding-factor encircling-factor encompassing-factor including-factor incorporating-factor embodying-factor representing-factor symbolizing-factor signifying-factor meaning-factor denoting-factor indicating-factor showing-factor displaying-factor exhibiting-factor demonstrating-factor proving-factor verifying-factor confirming-factor validating-factor authenticating-factor certifying-factor attesting-factor witnessing-factor testifying-factor declaring-factor stating-factor asserting-factor claiming-factor arguing-factor reasoning-factor thinking-factor cognizing-factor intellecting-factor ratiocinating-factor deducing-factor inferring-factor concluding-factor judging-factor evaluating-factor assessing-factor appraising-factor estimating-factor calculating-factor computing-factor reckoning-factor counting-factor numbering-factor quantifying-factor measuring-factor weighing-factor scaling-factor grading-factor ranking-factor rating-factor scoring-factor marking-factor classifying-factor categorizing-factor grouping-factor sorting-factor sequencing-factor prioritizing-factor preferring-factor choosing-factor selecting-factor picking-factor electing-factor opting-factor deciding-factor resolving-factor settling-factor fixing-factor establishing-factor instituting-factor founding-factor making-factor producing-factor generating-factor originating-factor initiating-factor starting-factor beginning-factor commencing-factor opening-factor launching-factor introducing-factor bringing-factor leading-factor guiding-factor directing-factor managing-factor administering-factor ruling-factor commanding-factor dictating-factor prescribing-factor instructing-factor teaching-factor educating-factor training-factor conditioning-factor preparing-factor readying-factor equipping-factor arming-factor providing-factor supplying-factor furnishing-factor bestowing-factor conferring-factor granting-factor awarding-factor presenting-factor offering-factor proposing-factor suggesting-factor recommending-factor advising-factor counseling-factor consulting-factor discussing-factor talking-factor speaking-factor saying-factor telling-factor informing-factor notifying-factor reporting-factor announcing-factor proclaiming-factor publishing-factor issuing-factor circulating-factor broadcasting-factor dispatching-factor posting-factor mailing-factor shipping-factor conveying-factor delivering-factor accepting-factor getting-factor obtaining-factor acquiring-factor gaining-factor earning-factor winning-factor achieving-factor attaining-factor reaching-factor arriving-factor coming-factor approaching-factor nearing-factor closing-factor ending-factor finishing-factor completing-factor terminating-factor stopping-factor ceasing-factor halting-factor pausing-factor waiting-factor staying-factor remaining-factor continuing-factor persisting-factor lasting-factor enduring-factor surviving-factor living-factor existing-factor being-factor occurring-factor happening-factor taking-place-factor transpiring-factor resulting-factor ensuing-factor following-factor succeeding-factor preceding-factor anteceding-factor leading-to-factor causing-factor effecting-factor bringing-about-factor giving-rise-to-factor stemming-from-factor arising-from-factor resulting-from-factor deriving-from-factor originating-from-factor coming-from-factor emerging-from-factor springing-from-factor flowing-from-factor following-from-factor according-to-factor depending-on-factor relying-on-factor resting-on-factor based-on-factor grounded-on-factor founded-on-factor built-on-factor constructed-on-factor erected-on-factor established-on-factor set-up-on-factor installed-on-factor placed-on-factor put-on-factor laid-on-factor settled-on-factor located-on-factor situated-on-factor positioned-on-factor stationed-on-factor posted-on-factor assigned-to-factor allotted-to-factor apportioned-to-factor distributed-to-factor given-to-factor granted-to-factor awarded-to-factor conferred-on-factor bestowed-on-factor presented-to-factor offered-to-factor proposed-to-factor suggested-to-factor recommended-to-factor advised-to-factor counseled-to-factor consulted-with-factor conferred-with-factor discussed-with-factor talked-with-factor spoken-with-factor said-to-factor told-to-factor informed-of-factor notified-of-factor reported-to-factor announced-to-factor proclaimed-to-factor published-to-factor issued-to-factor released-to-factor circulated-to-factor broadcast-to-factor transmitted-to-factor sent-to-factor dispatched-to-factor posted-to-factor mailed-to-factor shipped-to-factor transported-to-factor conveyed-to-factor delivered-to-factor received-by-factor accepted-by-factor taken-by-factor gotten-by-factor obtained-by-factor acquired-by-factor gained-by-factor earned-by-factor won-by-factor achieved-by-factor attained-by-factor reached-by-factor arrived-at-by-factor come-to-by-factor approached-by-factor neared-by-factor closed-by-factor ended-by-factor finished-by-factor completed-by-factor concluded-by-factor terminated-by-factor stopped-by-factor ceased-by-factor halted-by-factor paused-by-factor waited-by-factor stayed-by-factor remained-by-factor continued-by-factor persisted-by-factor lasted-by-factor endured-by-factor survived-by-factor lived-by-factor existed-by-factor been-by-factor occurred-to-factor happened-to-factor taken-place-with-factor transpired-with-factor resulted-from-factor ensued-from-factor followed-from-factor succeeded-to-factor preceded-by-factor anteceded-by-factor led-to-by-factor caused-by-factor produced-by-factor effected-by-factor brought-about-by-factor given-rise-to-by-factor stemmed-from-factor arisen-from-factor derived-from-factor originated-from-factor come-from-factor emerged-from-factor sprung-from-factor flowed-from-factor accorded-to-factor depended-on-by-factor relied-on-by-factor rested-on-by-factor based-on-by-factor grounded-on-by-factor founded-on-by-factor built-on-by-factor constructed-on-by-factor erected-on-by-factor established-on-by-factor set-up-on-by-factor installed-on-by-factor placed-on-by-factor put-on-by-factor laid-on-by-factor settled-on-by-factor located-on-by-factor situated-on-by-factor positioned-on-by-factor stationed-on-by-factor posted-on-by-factor assigned-to-by-factor allotted-to-by-factor apportioned-to-by-factor distributed-to-by-factor given-to-by-factor granted-to-by-factor awarded-to-by-factor conferred-on-by-factor bestowed-on-by-factor presented-to-by-factor offered-to-by-factor proposed-to-by-factor suggested-to-by-factor recommended-to-by-factor advised-to-by-factor counseled-to-by-factor consulted-with-by-factor conferred-with-by-factor discussed-with-by-factor talked-with-by-factor spoken-with-by-factor said-to-by-factor told-to-by-factor informed-of-by-factor notified-of-by-factor reported-to-by-factor announced-to-by-factor proclaimed-to-by-factor published-to-by-factor issued-to-by-factor released-to-by-factor circulated-to-by-factor broadcast-to-by-factor transmitted-to-by-factor sent-to-by-factor dispatched-to-by-factor posted-to-by-factor mailed-to-by-factor shipped-to-by-factor transported-to-by-factor conveyed-to-by-factor delivered-to-by-factor received-at-factor accepted-at-factor taken-at-factor gotten-at-factor obtained-at-factor acquired-at-factor gained-at-factor earned-at-factor won-at-factor achieved-at-factor attained-at-factor reached-at-factor arrived-at-factor come-at-factor approached-at-factor neared-at-factor closed-at-factor ended-at-factor finished-at-factor completed-at-factor concluded-at-factor terminated-at-factor stopped-at-factor ceased-at-factor halted-at-factor paused-at-factor waited-at-factor stayed-at-factor remained-at-factor continued-at-factor persisted-at-factor lasted-at-factor endured-at-factor survived-at-factor lived-at-factor existed-at-factor been-at-factor occurred-at-factor happened-at-factor taken-place-at-factor transpired-at-factor resulted-at-factor ensued-at-factor followed-at-factor succeeded-at-factor preceded-at-factor anteceded-at-factor led-to-at-factor caused-at-factor produced-at-factor effected-at-factor brought-about-at-factor given-rise-to-at-factor stemmed-at-factor arisen-at-factor derived-at-factor originated-at-factor emerged-at-factor sprung-at-factor flowed-at-factor accorded-at-factor depended-at-factor relied-at-factor rested-at-factor based-at-factor grounded-at-factor founded-at-factor built-at-factor constructed-at-factor erected-at-factor established-at-factor set-up-at-factor installed-at-factor placed-at-factor put-at-factor laid-at-factor settled-at-factor located-at-factor situated-at-factor positioned-at-factor stationed-at-factor posted-at-factor assigned-at-factor allotted-at-factor apportioned-at-factor distributed-at-factor given-at-factor granted-at-factor awarded-at-factor conferred-at-factor bestowed-at-factor presented-at-factor offered-at-factor proposed-at-factor suggested-at-factor recommended-at-factor advised-at-factor counseled-at-factor consulted-at-factor discussed-at-factor talked-at-factor spoken-at-factor said-at-factor told-at-factor informed-at-factor notified-at-factor reported-at-factor announced-at-factor proclaimed-at-factor published-at-factor issued-at-factor released-at-factor circulated-at-factor broadcast-at-factor transmitted-at-factor sent-at-factor dispatched-at-factor mailed-at-factor shipped-at-factor transported-at-factor conveyed-at-factor delivered-at-factor

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