Predator-prey
Guides
Aedes vexans
inland floodwater mosquito, tomguito
Aedes vexans is a cosmopolitan floodwater mosquito native to North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa, and is now established in Australia. It is frequently the most abundant mosquito species across much of its range, particularly in northern latitudes. Females are aggressive human biters active at dusk, while males feed exclusively on nectar. The species is a documented vector for multiple pathogens including dog heartworm, Tahyna virus, and West Nile virus, and has demonstrated laboratory competence for Zika virus transmission. Its eggs survive winter in dry flood-prone soils, hatching when inundated by rainfall.
Agrilus obsoletoguttatus
Beech Borer
Agrilus obsoletoguttatus is a small metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, native to North America. It is among the smallest jewel beetle species utilized as prey by the specialist predatory wasp Cerceris fumipennis, which provisions its underground nests with paralyzed buprestid beetles. The species has been documented in nest caches containing up to 13 individuals, reflecting its small size relative to larger buprestid prey.
Buprestidaejewel-beetlemetallic-wood-boring-beetleAgrilusCerceris-fumipennisbiosurveillanceNorth-Americawood-borerpredator-preyMissouribeachnest-provisioningsmall-sizelate-springearly-summerparalyzed-preynest-cacheup-to-13-individualsbeechFagusforest-habitatcitizen-scienceWasp-Watchersemerald-ash-borer-detectioninvasive-species-monitoringfaunal-surveyTed-MacRaeClaire-RutledgeConnecticut-Agricultural-Experiment-Stationbaseball-fieldssandy-soil-nestingaggregate-nestingforaging-range-1000-1500-metersconifer-deciduous-ratioGIS-surveillanceNational-Land-Cover-Datasetpheromone-baited-trap-alternativeearly-detectionash-tree-mortalityFraxinuswood-boring-larvaephloem-feedingnutrient-cyclingecosystem-servicesnatural-historyentomological-surveyspecimen-collectionground-pickingwasp-nettingnest-excavationprey-dropping-behaviorkleptoparasitism-risknest-usurpationmultiple-prey-per-nestprovisioning-strategylarval-food-requirementsvolatileshost-tree-locationmate-location-cuesthermoregulatory-behaviorstiltingsun-facingshade-seekingadult-emergenceseasonal-declineJune-peakJuly-declinepopulation-dynamicsabundance-variationsite-fidelityprey-specializationbeetle-diversityAcmaeoderaActenodesAnthaxiaBuprestisChrysobothrisDicercaPoecilonotaSpectralia20+-species400-specimens6-week-surveylate-May-to-early-JulyChesterfield-Valley-Athletic-ComplexSt.-Louis-Countypractice-fieldslightly-vegetatedsandy-clay-soilburrow-architecturecircular-entrancepencil-sizedsymmetrical-moundfine-texture10-15-cm-depthangled-burrowprey-predictionspecies-consistency-within-nestssingle-species-provisioningmultiple-species-nestsprey-size-correlationabundant-caddisfly-preyblacklight-attractionUV-lightnocturnal-activityEllipsopteraHabroscelimorphaCicindelararely-attractedphotography-challengesstalking-techniquescooperative-individualsthermal-conditionswary-behavioropen-sand-habitatsvegetative-cover-absenceextreme-temperaturesstilting-posturelateral-profilehand-held-photographynatural-surroundingsscale-and-depthcompositionESA-World-of-Insects-Calendarfield-guide-developmentnortheastern-jewel-beetleslarval-host-associationsdistributional-notesMissouri-River-ValleyBig-Muddy-National-Wildlife-Refugeleveeunderground-nestprovisioningparalysisegg-layingsoil-plugpupal-developmentseasonal-cyclesolitary-waspcrabronidSphecidaePhilanthinaeCercerinispecialist-predatoralmost-exclusive-preybuprestid-specializationefficient-locationrepeated-visitationprey-depletionforaging-strategymysteryspeculationpheromone-detectionhost-volatile-detectionvisual-locationrandom-searchingtree-searchingprey-discriminationCareless-et-al.-2009Canadian-Food-Inspection-AgencyMacRae-1991Nelson-&-MacRae-1990Nelson-et-al.-1996MacRae-&-Nelson-2003MacRae-2004MacRae-2006Pearson-et-al.-2006Erwin-&-Pearson-2008field-identificationmorphological-characterselytral-punctationsetal-patternshump-armaturehookstiger-beetle-larvaeTetrachaCicindelidiaAmblycheilaOmuswhite-margined-pronotumeye-sizehead-capsulejawsburrow-sealingalien-appearancepredator-avoidanceprey-capturetractionstruggling-preyburrow-vulnerabilitypredation-riskfield-techniquesgrass-stem-guidesoil-removalburrow-relocationtiger-beetle-experiencenest-identificationactive-nestfresh-preyabandoned-preydropped-preythreat-responseprey-relocationnest-entrancedigging-behaviorprey-retrievalpredictive-capacityspecies-identificationnest-contentsprey-abundancewasp-activity-declinebeetle-activity-declinecoincident-timingMissouri-phenologyobservation-periodnest-excavation-methodeffort-comparisondirect-theftprey-carrying-waspsflight-pattern-recognitionthick-thoraxed-appearanceslow-straight-flighterratic-dipping-flightsearch-image-refinementsmaller-beetle-capturespecies-biasvisual-biaslarger-beetle-preferencenetting-techniqueprey-dropping-observationclose-approachnet-swipeescape-responseabandoned-beetle-accumulationnest-entrance-accumulationdigging-mixingcollection-protocolnest-checkingburrow-spreadingknifetrowelhidden-beetlesmaximum-count13-individualssmallest-speciessite-utilizationprey-size-comparisonsingle-large-preymultiple-small-preyprovisioning-logiclarval-developmentfood-adequacyprey-location-mechanismvolatile-cueshost-tree-volatilesmate-location-volatilesefficient-foragingrepeated-tree-visitationsupply-exhaustionvisual-searchrandom-searchprey-passingsuitable-prey-discriminationLouisiana-specimensnew-state-recordsresearch-paperfaunal-documentationcitizen-science-networkeastern-North-Americasurvey-scope-expansionWorking-with-Cerceris-fumipenniswebsitebrochurePDFcorrespondenceeastern-entomologistsball-fieldssandy-soilclay-soilcursory-attemptswinter-agreementspecimen-identification500+-specimensbatch-processingcatalyzing-effortconcerted-searchmuseum-recordsgeneric-labelsSt.-LouisColumbiamonthly-visitsregular-groomingheavy-claybarren-soilburrow-absencestroke-of-luckbike-routeknee-painflatter-routeregular-fieldsgrooming-evidencehuman-useimmediate-inspectionnumerous-burrowsoccupied-nestfemale-identificationyellow-facial-markingsburrow-occupancyactive-diggingsoil-pushi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Cordilura is a large genus of dung flies (Scathophagidae) comprising approximately 90 species worldwide. The genus is primarily distributed across the Holarctic region, with the greatest diversity in the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions. Larvae are known to serve as prey for predatory insects such as Orthacheta hirtipes.
Draeculacephala constricta
A species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described from western Texas in 1943. The genus Draeculacephala is characterized by distinctive head morphology, with species often exhibiting elongated or modified facial structures. Draeculacephala constricta occurs in arid and semi-arid regions of the southwestern United States and has been documented in association with woody legumes including Vachellia constricta (whitethorn acacia), which shares its specific epithet.
leafhopperCicadellidaedesertsouthwestern-USVachelliaacaciaphloem-feederCicadomorphaHemiptera1943-descriptionDavidsonDeLongwestern-Texasaridland-insectwoody-legume-associatehead-morphologygenus-Draeculacephalainsectaarthropodaanimaliaaccepted-speciesGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeNCBIiNaturalistobserved-313-timesAlbertaFloridaIllinoisIndianaIowaNew-MexicoArizonasummer-activityJulymonsoon-seasonphloem-feedernutrient-cyclingpredator-preyspider-preybird-preydesert-scrubsemi-aridmesquitecreosoteFabaceaehost-planttaxonomic-descriptionmale-genitaliawing-venationconcave-headproduced-headfacial-structurespecific-epithetconstrictednarrowedidentificationmorphological-detailscongenersCuernaCicadelliniCicadellinaeMembracoideaClypeataAuchenorrhynchaHexapodatrue-bugsMetazoaEukaryotaGammarus pseudolimnaeus
Northern Spring Amphipod
Gammarus pseudolimnaeus is a freshwater amphipod crustacean inhabiting lotic (flowing water) environments in North America. The species exhibits complex behavioral ecology, including size-selective predation vulnerability to fish predators such as brook trout and sculpins, and chemically-mediated responses to predation risk that influence reproductive behavior. Population dynamics are characterized by univoltine (single annual) generation cycles with high mortality during early life stages and winter periods. The species serves as an important prey item in stream food webs and has been extensively studied as a model organism for freshwater invertebrate ecology, toxicology, and predator-prey interactions.
freshwaterloticamphipodpredator-preybehavioral-ecologytoxicologyunivoltineNorth-Americamodel-organismstream-ecologysize-selective-predationchemical-ecologyparasitismacanthocephalacopper-toxicitymate-guardingcalceolimicrohabitat-selectionthigmotaxisdiel-activityseasonal-dynamicsproduction-ecologydriftbrook-troutsculpinOntarioVirginiaGammaridaecrustaceaninvertebratesenticaudataBousfield-1958Northern-Spring-AmphipodGeolycosa
Burrowing Wolf Spiders
Geolycosa is a genus of burrowing wolf spiders (family Lycosidae) established by Montgomery in 1904. These spiders are characterized by their obligate burrowing lifestyle, constructing deep cylindrical burrows in sandy or loose soils. Some species build distinctive turrets around burrow openings using sticks and debris. The genus includes approximately 70 species distributed across North America, with some species extending into the Levant. Geolycosa species are medium to large spiders with morphological adaptations for digging, including enlarged chelicerae and stout anterior legs.
Holopedium
water flea
Holopedium is the sole genus in the family Holopediidae, comprising approximately seven described species of planktonic cladocerans commonly known as water fleas. These crustaceans are distinguished by a gelatinous capsule surrounding the body, which serves as an inducible defense against predation. Species within this genus exhibit notable phenotypic plasticity in body size, capsule dimensions, and reproductive investment in response to predation pressure and food availability. The genus has been studied extensively for its population dynamics, predator-prey interactions, and responses to environmental stressors in freshwater lake systems.
Ischnura verticalis
Eastern Forktail
Ischnura verticalis, the Eastern Forktail, is a small damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. Larvae exhibit behavioral thermoregulation through depth selection in water columns, moving deeper at higher temperatures and shallower when cooler. Development is temperature- and prey-dependent, with faster development at higher temperatures and food availability. Males typically develop faster than females, with sexual differences in larval behavior and instar progression. Adults emerge over extended periods, with univoltine life cycles in temperate populations.
Neotibicen canicularis
dog-day cicada, dog-day harvestfly, heatbug, Northern Dog-day Cicada
Neotibicen canicularis is an annual cicada species found across much of North America, commonly known as the dog-day cicada or dog-day harvestfly. Unlike periodical cicadas that emerge in synchronized broods every 13 or 17 years, this species appears every summer, though individuals require several years to develop underground. Adults are active during the hot midsummer period traditionally called the "dog days." The species has been documented as a host for multiple flesh fly parasitoids in the family Sarcophagidae, including several first-record associations.
cicadaannual-cicadadog-day-cicadaHemipteraCicadidaeNeotibicenNorth-Americaparasitoid-hostflesh-flySarcophagidaesummersongtymbalnocturnal-emergencenymphroot-feedercarrionEmblemasomaHelicobiaSarcophagaOntarioQuébecOklahomaprairiewoodlandentomologyinsect-photographyMr.-JulyESA-calendarKeith-KennedyTed-MacRaeCatherine-DanaJohn-CooleyGene-Kritskycicada-killerSphecius-speciosusperiodical-cicada-contrastclimate-change-indicatorsoil-temperature-emergencebrood-XIIIbrood-XIXMagicicadaMegatibicenNeotibicen-auriferusNeotibicen-pruinosusNeotibicen-superbusMegatibicen-dorsatusMegatibicen-tremulusMegatibicen-dealbatuscicada-mappingCicada-Safaricitizen-scienceiNaturalistGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeNCBI-Taxonomylate-summerAugustJulyMontréalWoodward-CountyCimarron-CountyMajor-CountyBeaver-CountyAlabaster-Caverns-State-ParkGloss-Mountain-State-ParkBeaver-Dunes-ParkBlack-Mesa-State-Parkshortgrass-prairiehackberrybumeliajunipercanyon-woodlandmesquite-chaparralsand-duneHelianthus-annuusHelianthus-petiolarisProsopis-glandulosaPopulus-deltoidesRhus-aromaticaAsclepias-engelmanniiAsclepias-latifoliaSideroxylon-lanuginosumEuphorbia-marginatajug-trapLindgren-funnelultraviolet-lightmercury-vapor-lightacoustic-communicationpredator-avoidancecamouflagegreen-and-black-colorationcicada-killer-waspparasitoidEmblemasoma-albicomaEmblemasoma-erroHelicobia-rapaxSarcophaga-sarracenioidesSarcophaga-utilisfirst-recordnew-host-associationnew-provincial-recordnutrient-cyclingcarrion-resourcefood-webpredator-preyaerationflaggingtree-pruningclimate-changeearlier-emergencesoil-temperature64-Fahrenheitstraggler-cicadabrood-overlapIllinoisMidwestGreat-Plainseastern-forestannual-emergencesynchronous-emergencemass-emergencebrood-Xbrood-IIbrood-XIVbrood-XXIII17-year-cicada13-year-cicadaMagicicada-septendecimMagicicada-cassiniMagicicada-septendeculaOkanagana-rimosaSay's-cicadaTibicenAbrictaAmphipsaltaAruntaAustrotomaAyuthiaBaeturiaBalintaBasaBrevisanaCacamaCalyriaCicadatraCicadettaCicadivettaCosmopsaltriaCyclochilaDiceroproctaDundubiaEuterpnosiaFidicinaFidicinoidesGaeanaHenicopsaltriaHerreraHuechysHyalessaHylocicadaJassopsaltriaKikihiaLembejaLemurianaMacrotristriaMaoricicadaMoganniaMudaMyerscicadaNeopsaltriaNotopsaltaOkanaganaOkanagodesOligoglenaOnoralnaOudeboschiaPacarinaPahariaPalapsaltaPauropsaltaPictilaPlatypleuraPomponiaPsaltodaPterapsaltaQuesadaQuintiliaRaiateanaSaticulaSemiaSonotympanaSoudaniellaTaipingaTannaTerpnosiaTettigadesTettigettaThophaTibicinaTosenaTryellaUradolichosVenustriaXeropsaltaYezoterpnosiaZammaraZaphsaOreoneta
A genus of dwarf spiders (family Linyphiidae) established in 1894, comprising approximately 30 species distributed across cold-temperate and Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Most species inhabit high-latitude or high-altitude environments. The genus was revised extensively by Saaristo & Marusik in 2004, resulting in numerous new species descriptions.
ArachnidaAraneaeLinyphiidaedwarf-spiderArcticborealHolarctictundramontanepredatorcold-adaptedground-dwellinghigh-latitudehigh-altitudeSaaristoMarusikChyzerKulczyński18942004-revisiongenitalic-charactersepigynumembolusconductorpalaearcticnearcticEurasiaNorth-AmericaScandinaviaSiberiaAlaskaCanadaGreenlandKazakhstanMongoliaChinaKurile-IslandsFinlandSwedenNorwayGermanySwitzerlandItalySlovakiaBulgariaCentral-Europetype-species:-Oreoneta-frigidathirty-species30-speciessmall-spidersheet-web-weavermoney-spiderLinyphiinaeErigoninaemicrohabitatlitter-dwellingcrypticunderstudiedtaxonomic-revisionmorphological-taxonomylight-microscopyspecies-descriptionbiogeographyglacial-refugiapost-glacial-colonizationendemicregional-endemicalpine-endemicArctic-endemicboreal-foresttaigarocky-habitatmeadowwetlandstream-marginsnowbedfellfieldheathmosslichenvegetationsoil-surfacestonerockboulderscreetalusdebrishumusorganic-layerpermafrostpolarsubpolarcold-stenothermstenothermstenotopichabitat-specialistconservationraredata-deficientIUCNred-listnatural-historysystematicsphylogenymolecular-systematicsDNA-barcodingCOIcytochrome-oxidase28S18SITSmorphologytaxonomyalpha-taxonomyrevisionmonographfaunisticschorologyzoogeographydispersalvicariancespeciationcryptic-speciesspecies-complexspecies-groupspecies-aggregatesubspeciesinfraspecificvariationpolymorphismsexual-dimorphismmalefemalejuvenileinstarecdysismoltingdevelopmentgrowthreproductionmatingcourtshipsperm-transferspermatophorepedipalppalpal-organcopulatory-organgenitaliaepigynevulvaspermathecafertilization-ductcopulatory-ductatriumscapemacerationdissectionmicroscopestereomicroscopecompound-microscopeillustrationdrawingphotographySEMscanning-electron-microscopyhabitusdorsalventrallateralprosomaopisthosomaabdomencephalothoraxcarapacesternumchelicerafanglegtarsusmetatarsustibiapatellafemurcoxatrochanterspinneretcolulustracheal-spiraclebook-lungcuticlesetahairspinemacrosetasensillumchaetotaxyeyeoculusocellianterior-median-eyeposterior-median-eyeanterior-lateral-eyeposterior-lateral-eyeeye-tubercleclypeusfoveapedicelwaistconstrictioncolorpatternpigmentationmelanismalbinismsizemeasurementtotal-lengthcarapace-lengthcarapace-widthabdomen-lengthleg-lengthleg-formulaindexratioproportionallometryontogenysubadultadultmaturitysexual-maturityreproductive-maturitylongevitylife-spangeneration-timevoltinismunivoltinesemivoltinebiennialperennialoverwinteringdiapausequiescencecold-hardinessfreeze-tolerancefreeze-avoidancesupercoolingcryoprotectantglycerolsorbitoltrehalosethermal-biologythermoregulationbehavioral-thermoregulationpostural-thermoregulationactivitydiurnalnocturnalcrepuscularmatutinalvespertinecircadianrhythmseasonalphenologycalendardatemonthactivity-periodbreeding-seasonovipositioneggegg-saccocoonsilkwebsheet-webtangle-webspace-webplatform-webdome-webbowl-webfunnelretreatsignal-linedraglineattachment-discampullate-glandcylindriform-glandaciniform-glandaggregate-glandflagelliform-glandtubuliform-glandpiriform-glandmajor-ampullateminor-ampullatesilk-proteinspidroinfibroinsericingluevisciddrycapture-silkdragline-silksafety-lineanchor-lineframe-lineradial-linespiral-linesticky-spiralnon-sticky-spiralhubperimetersubstratenicheguildfunctional-grouptrophic-levelcarnivorezoophagearthropodivoreinsectivorepreycaptureattacksubdueimmobilizekillfeeddigestextraoral-digestionsucking-stomachgutmidguthindgutMalpighian-tubuleexcretionosmoregulationmetabolismrespirationtracheaspiraclegas-exchangecirculationhemolymphheartaortasinusnervous-systembrainganglionnervesensory-organmechanoreceptorchemoreceptorthermoreceptorhygroreceptorphotoreceptorproprioceptortrichobothriumtarsal-organslit-sensillumlyriform-organpedipalp-organHaller's-organcontact-chemoreceptorgustatoryolfactorypheromonesemiochemicalkairomoneallomonesynomonecommunicationsignalvibrationseismicairbornevisualchemicaltactilecopulationinseminationspermspermatozoonmedian-apophysisterminal-apophysisparacymbiumcymbiumbulbustegulumsubtegulumradixlamellaprocessapophysisflangehookcoilspiralductreservoirscleriteplatefieldfossapocketreceptaculumspermathecaeglandinsemination-ductuterusuterus-externusuterus-internusvaginagonoporeovipositorovaryoviductfolliclevitellogenesisoogenesisspermatogenesistestisvas-deferensejaculatory-ductseminal-vesiclefecundityfertilityclutch-sizeegg-numberhatchingemergenceballooningaerial-dispersalsilk-draglinegossamermigrationmovementwalkingrunningjumpingclimbingburrowinghidingrefugeshelterdefensepredationpredator-avoidanceantipredatorcrypsiscamouflagemimicryaposematismdeimaticthanatosisautotomyleg-lossregenerationinjurywoundhealingimmune-responsehemocytemelanizationencapsulationnoduleparasiteparasitoidpathogenfungusbacteriumvirusnematodemitegroomingcleaninghygieneself-maintenancesilk-useweb-useprey-captureforaginghuntingambushsit-and-waitactive-huntingsearchingprobingtestingexplorationlearningmemorycognitionbehaviorethologyecologypopulationcommunityecosystembiomebiospherehabitatenvironmentabioticbioticfactortemperaturehumiditymoistureprecipitationrainsnowwindlightphotoperiodday-lengthradiationUVsoilcovercomplexityheterogeneityproductivityenergynutrientcarbonnitrogenphosphorusfood-webtrophic-interactionpredator-preycompetitionintraspecificinterspecificresourcepartitioningcoexistencediversityrichnessevennessabundancedensityfrequencyoccurrencepresenceabsencedetectionsamplingcollectionpitfall-trapquadrattransecthand-collectingbeatingsiftingextractionBerleseTullgrenWinklerflotationsortingpreservationethanolformalinmountslidelabelcatalogdatabaserepositorymuseumvouchertypeholotypeparatypesyntypelectotypeparalectotypeneotypetopotypeoriginaldatalocalitygeoreferencecoordinatelatitudelongitudeelevationaltitudedepthcollectordeterminationidentificationexpertspecialistliteraturepublicationjournalarticlepaperbookthesisdissertationreportchecklistonlinedigitalarchivebibliographyreferencecitationauthoryearvolumepagefiguremaptableappendixsupplementarymaterialmethodsresultsdiscussionconclusionabstractkeywordindex-termsubjecttopicdisciplinesciencebiologyzoologyarachnologyentomologyevolutionphylogeneticsbiologicalnatureprotectionmanagementpolicylegislationrestorationmonitoringassessmentindicatorflagshipumbrellakeystoneengineerservicefunctiondynamicsstabilityresilienceresistancerecoverysuccessiondisturbanceclimatechangewarmingglacierrangeshiftexpansioncontractionfragmentationisolationconnectivitycorridornetworkreserveparkprotectedareawildernessurbanruralagriculturalforestryminingimpactthreatriskvulnerabilitysensitivityexposureadaptivecapacitymitigationadaptationsustainableuseharvesttradeeconomymedicineresearcheducationoutreachcitizenengagementawarenessappreciationaestheticculturalspiritualexistencevalueintrinsicinstrumentalutilitariananthropocentricbiocentricecocentricethicphilosophyhistorydiscoveryexpeditionvoyagesurveyinventoryfaunabiotabiodiversitylifeearthplanetwildlifeanimalinvertebratearthropodcheliceratearachnidspideraraneomorphentelegynemicryphantidOreoneta2004frigidatype-speciesalpinefeedingtype-specimenclimate-changeprotected-areaPromecognathus
Promecognathus is a genus of ground beetles comprising two described species, P. laevissimus and P. crassus. These beetles are specialist predators of cyanide-producing flat-backed millipedes in the family Xystodesmidae. They possess exceptional physiological tolerance to hydrogen cyanide, surviving doses 7–15 times greater than those lethal to other carabid beetles. This tolerance allows them to attack millipedes directly without behavioral avoidance of chemical defenses, representing the first documented case of cyanide tolerance in predatory insects.
Promecognathus crassus
Straight-jawed Pedunculate Ground Beetle
Promecognathus crassus is a specialist predatory ground beetle endemic to the Pacific coast of North America. It exhibits exceptional physiological tolerance to hydrogen cyanide and benzaldehyde, enabling it to prey on cyanogenic millipedes that are chemically defended against most predators. The species has been documented to withstand cyanide exposures 7–15 times greater than doses that incapacitate other carabid beetles, with individuals remaining active after two hours of high-concentration exposure. This tolerance appears to be a specific adaptation supporting its obligate millipede diet, as the beetles do not employ behavioral avoidance of their prey's chemical defenses.
Pugettia
kelp crabs
Pugettia is a genus of marine kelp crabs in the family Epialtidae, distributed across the North Pacific from North America to East Asia. Species inhabit shallow subtidal zones, primarily associated with macroalgal habitats including kelp beds, Sargassum stands, and red algal turfs. Many species exhibit ontogenetic habitat shifts, with juveniles and smaller individuals occupying deeper algal turfs while larger adults migrate to shallower macroalgal beds. The genus includes approximately 25 extant species plus one fossil species, with several species serving as important subjects for studies of crab growth, reproduction, and habitat ecology.
kelp-crabspider-crabmacroalgaeontogenetic-shiftsubtidalNorth-PacificEpialtidaedecapodBrachyuramarine-invertebratekelp-forestalgal-turfseasonal-migrationterminal-moltfunctional-maturitydecorating-behaviorpiscivoryabalone-predationsea-urchin-predationone-year-life-cyclesexual-dimorphismSargassumGelidiaceaeGrateoloupiaEast-AsiaNorth-AmericaSagami-Bayjuvenile-recruitmentovigerous-femalescarapace-morphologygonopod-morphologyepialtineMajoideaheterotremeeubrachyuranpleocyematemalacostracancrustaceanarthropodinvertebratebenthicphytallittoralsublittoralintertidalrocky-shoretemperate-marinePacific-OceanJapanPhilippinesTaiwanRussiaTasmaniaBritish-ColumbiaCaliforniaBaja-CaliforniaDana-1851RathbunDe-HaanYokoyaStimpsonSakaiGarthOhtsuchiKawamuraTakedaKomatsuLiMiyakeOrtmannRicher-de-ForgesKarasawaKitamuraRandallZootaxaCrustaceanaJournal-of-Crustacean-BiologyFisheries-SciencePeerJontogenetic-stagespost-settlementrecruitmentpopulation-dynamicsgrowth-patternsmorphometricschelipedpleonabdomencarapace-widthCWPCLCLCHAWrelative-claw-lengthrelative-abdominal-widthsize-at-maturity50%-maturityanecdysisecdysismoltcopulationbreedingclutchlarvaehatchingpredator-preytrophic-ecologyfood-webherbivoryomnivorycarnivoryopportunistic-feedingcovering-behaviorhabitat-segregationhabitat-preferencehabitat-complexitysettlement-selectivitymortalitydensityabundanceseasonal-occurrencespringsummerautumnwinterannual-life-cycleshort-livediteroparitysemelparitysexual-maturitybehavioral-maturitymorphological-maturitypre-terminal-moltpost-terminal-moltvirgin-femalelaboratory-observationfield-observationinferredconservativefactualdocumentedobservedknownreporteddescribedillustratedredescribedtaxonomic-revisionspecies-delimitationnew-speciestype-localitydistribution-rangerange-overlapsympatricallopatricparapatricendemiccosmopolitantemperateborealneriticepibenthicdemersalsessilemotilemobilecrypticconspicuouscamouflagemimicrydecoratingmaskingalgal-associationphytal-habitatcanopyunderstoryturfbedstandforestreefrocksandmudsedimentsubstratecomplex-structurephysical-structurebiogenic-habitatecosystem-engineerfoundation-specieskeystone-speciesindicator-speciesfisheriesaquaculturestock-assessmentmanagementconservationbiodiversitybiogeographyphylogenysystematicstaxonomynomenclaturehomonymsynonymjunior-synonymsenior-synonymvalid-nameaccepted-namenominal-speciesspecies-inquirendaspecies-complexsibling-speciescryptic-speciesmorphospeciesbiological-speciesevolutionary-speciesphylogenetic-speciesoperational-taxonomic-unitOTUDNA-barcodingmolecular-phylogeneticsintegrative-taxonomyalpha-taxonomybeta-taxonomygamma-taxonomymonographrevisionredescriptiondiagnosisdescriptionillustrationmeasurementmeristicmorphometricallometryontogenyheterochronypaedomorphosisperamorphosisdevelopmentembryologylarval-developmentzoeamegalopasettlementjuvenileimmaturematureadultsubadultgeronticsenescencelongevitylife-spanlife-historylife-history-strategyr-selectionK-selectionbet-hedgingreproductive-effortreproductive-successfitnesspopulationdemographycohortgenerationage-structuresize-structurestage-structurepopulation-regulationdensity-dependencedensity-independencecarrying-capacitylimiting-factorenvironmental-gradienthabitat-gradientdepth-gradientzonationvertical-distributionhorizontal-distributiongeographic-distributionlatitudinal-gradientlongitudinal-gradientbathymetric-distributionintertidal-zonesubtidal-zonecontinental-shelfcontinental-slopeabyssal-zonehadal-zoneneritic-zoneoceanic-zonepelagic-zonebenthic-zonedemersal-zoneepipelagicmesopelagicbathypelagicabyssopelagichadopelagicsupralittoralcircalittoralarchibenthalbathyalabyssalhadaleuphoticdysphoticaphoticphotic-zonedisphotic-zoneaphotic-zonetrophic-levelprimary-producerprimary-consumersecondary-consumertertiary-consumerdetritivorescavengerpredatorherbivorecarnivoreomnivoreparasitecommensalmutualistsymbiontcompetitorfood-chaintrophic-cascadebottom-up-controltop-down-controlwassefugmesopredator-releasetrophic-tricklenutrient-cyclingenergy-flowproductivitybiomassstanding-stockturnoverproductionrespirationexcretionegestionassimilationefficiencyecological-efficiencytrophic-transfer-efficiencyLindeman-efficiency10%-rulepyramid-of-numberspyramid-of-biomasspyramid-of-energyecosystem-functionecosystem-serviceecosystem-processbiogeochemical-cyclecarbon-cyclenitrogen-cyclephosphorus-cyclesulfur-cycleoxygen-cyclehydrogen-cyclemineral-cyclenutrientlimiting-nutrienteutrophicationoligotrophicationhypoxiaanoxiaacidificationwarmingclimate-changeglobal-changeanthropogenic-impactpollutioncontaminationhabitat-losshabitat-degradationhabitat-fragmentationoverfishingbycatchinvasive-speciesintroduced-speciesnon-native-speciesalien-speciesexotic-speciesrange-expansionrange-contractionrange-shiftpoleward-shifttropicalizationborealizationmeridionalizationdeglaciationsea-level-risecoastal-squeezeocean-acidificationocean-warmingdeoxygenationmarine-heatwaveextreme-eventdisturbanceresilienceresistancerecoveryadaptationacclimationplasticityevolutionary-adaptationgenetic-ad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eupatoricolens
Uroleucon eupatoricolens is an aphid species in the family Aphididae. Like other members of the genus Uroleucon, it is a sap-sucking insect that feeds on plants in the Asteraceae family. The species reproduces parthenogenetically during spring and summer, producing all-female colonies. When disturbed, colonies exhibit synchronized twitching and kicking defensive behaviors. These aphids serve as important prey for diverse predator communities including lady beetles, lacewings, flower flies, and spiders.
Uroleucon taraxaci
Bronze-brown Dandelion Aphid
Uroleucon taraxaci is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the Bronze-brown Dandelion Aphid. As a member of the genus Uroleucon, it shares characteristics with related species that exhibit parthenogenetic reproduction during spring and summer, forming all-female colonies. The species is associated with plants in the Asteraceae family, particularly dandelion (Taraxacum). Like other Uroleucon aphids, it produces honeydew that attracts predators and parasitoids. The species has been documented across parts of Europe and Asia.