Marine-stewardship-council

Guides

• Disholcaspis prehensa

  clasping twig gall wasp

  Disholcaspis prehensa is a gall-inducing cynipid wasp native to California that induces distinctive galls on scrub oak and leather oak. The species exhibits heterogony, alternating between sexual and asexual generations that produce two morphologically different gall types. The asexual generation forms conspicuous mushroom-shaped twig galls with clasping bases, while the sexual generation produces small, hidden bud galls.

  gall-waspcynipidheterogonyparthenogenesisoak-gallCalifornia-endemicant-mutualismDisholcaspisCynipidaeHymenopteraQuercusinduced-plant-structurephloem-sap-exudationbiological-mutualismseasonal-dimorphismsexual-dimorphismgall-dimorphismagamic-generationsexual-generationclasping-twig-gallbud-galltwig-gallnative-California-speciesscrub-oakleather-oakparasitoid-defenseant-plant-interactioninsect-plant-interactionplant-manipulationevolution-of-asexualityWeld-1957Zootaxa-4859molecular-systematicshost-plant-specificityCynipinioak-woodlandchaparralinsect-gallgall-morphologygall-colorationsun-exposure-effectslarval-chamberemergence-timingspring-emergencelate-winter-emergencegall-developmentoviposition-behavioregg-laying-in-budsegg-laying-in-twigsfemale-only-generationwingless-femalewinged-sexual-generationgall-size-dimorphismgall-shape-dimorphismhidden-gallexposed-gallgall-wasp-life-cyclecynipid-biologygall-wasp-taxonomygall-wasp-identificationgall-wasp-ecologyinsect-plant-coevolutionplant-growth-manipulationhormone-mediated-gall-inductionvenom-glandaccessory-glandsecretory-structuresgall-induction-mechanismgall-chemistryphloem-saphoneydewant-attractionant-protectionparasitoid-waspnatural-enemy-defenseindirect-defensemutualistic-interactiontrophic-cascadecommunity-ecologyspecies-interactionecosystem-engineerhabitat-modificationfood-webinsect-diversityCalifornia-biodiversityendemic-insectregional-endemismoak-specialistplant-specialistmonophagousoligophagoushost-rangehost-plant-evolutiongall-wasp-radiationadaptive-radiationevolutionary-innovationreproductive-strategyasexual-reproductionthelytokyarrhenotokysex-determinationdevelopmental-biologyinsect-morphologyinsect-anatomyfemale-morphologyovipositorstingeregg-injectionplant-tissue-manipulationcell-proliferationplant-hormoneauxincytokiningene-expressiontranscriptomicsproteomicsvenom-compositionbiochemistryphysiologyethologybehavioral-ecologypopulation-biologypopulation-dynamicsseasonalityphenologyclimate-effectsmicrohabitatniche-specializationconservation-biologyimperiled-habitatoak-woodland-conservationchaparral-conservationfire-ecologysuccessiondisturbancehabitat-fragmentationurbanizationagricultural-conversioninvasive-speciesclimate-changerange-shiftphenological-shiftcitizen-scienceiNaturalistobservation-dataspecies-distributionoccurrence-recordsbiodiversity-informaticstaxonomic-revisionspecies-descriptiontype-specimenmolecular-dataDNA-barcodingphylogeneticssystematicsevolutionary-historybiogeographydispersalvicariancespeciationspecies-conceptscryptic-speciesspecies-complexmorphological-variationgeographic-variationphenotypic-plasticitygenetic-variationpopulation-geneticsconservation-geneticsrestoration-ecologyhabitat-restorationmanaged-relocationassisted-migrationex-situ-conservationin-situ-conservationprotected-areanatural-reservestate-parknational-parkwilderness-areabiosphere-reserveUNESCOIUCNred-listspecies-assessmentconservation-statusdata-deficientresearch-priorityknowledge-gapfuture-researchgall-wasp-venomgall-wasp-glandsecretory-evolutiongall-wasp-phylogenyCynipidae-evolutionHymenoptera-phylogenyinsect-evolutiongall-evolutionplant-insect-interaction-evolutioncoevolutionary-arms-racemutualism-evolutiondefense-evolutioncounter-defenseenemy-free-spaceenemy-escapeecological-releaseadaptive-peakfitness-landscapeevolutionary-constraintevolutionary-trade-offlife-history-evolutionreproductive-allocationfecunditysurvivaldevelopment-timegeneration-timevoltinismunivoltinebivoltinemultivoltinediapauseoverwinteringcold-hardinessstress-tolerancedesiccation-resistancestarvation-resistanceimmune-responseparasitoid-resistancepathogen-resistancesymbiontmicrobiomegut-microbiotaendosymbiontWolbachiaRickettsiaCardiniumSpiroplasmabacterial-symbiontfungal-symbiontviral-symbiontmutualistic-microbeparasitic-microbecommensal-microbemicrobial-communitymetagenomicsmicrobial-ecologyhost-microbe-interactionimmune-systeminnate-immunityacquired-immunityhumoral-immunitycellular-immunityantimicrobial-peptidereactive-oxygen-speciesnitric-oxidemelanizationencapsulationnodulationphagocytosisautophagyapoptosisprogrammed-cell-deathstress-responseheat-shock-proteinoxidative-stresshypoxiaanoxiametabolic-raterespirationenergy-budgetnutrient-allocationlipid-storageglycogen-storageprotein-storageamino-acid-metabolismcarbohydrate-metabolismlipid-metabolismnitrogen-metabolismexcretionosmoregulationion-transportwater-balancecuticleintegumentsclerotizationpigmentationcolor-patternstructural-coloriridescencebioluminescencephotoreceptorvisioncompound-eyeocellusantennaolfactiongustationchemoreceptionmechanoreceptionthermoreceptionhygroreceptionproprioceptionneurobiologybrainganglionnerveneuronsynapseneurotransmitterhormonepheromoneallomonekairomonesemiochemicalchemical-ecologycommunicationsignalingmate-choicesexual-selectionsperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicemating-systemmating-behaviorcourtshipcopulationinseminationfertilizationovipositionegg-layingparental-carematernal-effectpaternal-effectepigeneticsgene-expression-regulationtranscription-factorsignaling-pathwayhormone-receptornuclear-receptorsteroid-hormonejuvenile-hormoneecdysoneinsulinTOR-pathwayAMPKnutrient-sensinggrowth-regulationsize-regulationallometryscalingmorphometricsgeometric-morphometricslandmarkshape-analysissize-analysismultivariate-analysisprincipal-component-analysisdiscriminant-analysiscluster-analysisphylogenetic-analysiscomparative-methodancestral-state-reconstructioncharacter-evolutiontrait-evolutionevolutionary-ratediversification-ratespeciation-rateextinction-ratenet-diversificationphylogenetic-diversityfunctional-diversitytaxonomic-diversityspecies-richnessspecies-evennessalpha-diversitybeta-diversitygamma-diversitycommunity-assemblycommunity-structurecommunity-dynamicsecosystem-functionecosystem-servicepollinationseed-dispersalnutrient-cyclingdecompositionprimary-productionherbivorypredationparasitismmutualismcompetitionfacilitationapparent-competitionindirect-interactioninteraction-networktrophic-levelenergy-flowmaterial-cyclingstabilityresilienceresistancerecoveryenvironmental-gradientnichefundamental-nicherealized-nicheniche-breadthniche-overlapniche-partitioningresource-partitioningcharacter-displacementcompetitive-exclusionlimiting-similarityevolutionary-diversificationmacroevolutionmicroevolutionextinctionmass-extinctionbiodiversity-crisisecosystem-managementsustainable-developmentenvironmental-policyenvironmental-lawenvironmental-ethicsenvironmental-educationscience-communicationpublic-engagementopen-sciencedata-sharingFAIR-principlesreproducibilityreplicabilitytransparencyresearch-integrityscientific-methodhypothesis-testingexperimental-designsampling-designstatistical-analysismodelingsimulationpredictionforecastingscenario-analysisrisk-assessmentuncertaintysensitivity-analysisvalidationverificationbenchmarkingintercomparisonmeta-analysissystematic-reviewevidence-synthesisknowledge-integrationinterdisciplinary-researchtransdisciplinary-researchconvergence-researchteam-sciencecollaborationnetwork-sciencecomplex-systemsemergenceself-organizationnonlinearityfeedbackthresholdtipping-pointhysteresisalternative-stable-stateregime-shiftcritical-transitionearly-warning-signalresilience-thinkingadaptive-managementsocial-ecological-systemcoupled-human-natural-systemsustainability-sciencefutures-studiesanticipatory-governancetransformative-changejust-transitiongreen-economycircular-economynature-based-solutionecosystem-based-adaptationecosystem-based-mitigationclimate-adaptationclimate-mitigationcarbon-sequestrationblue-carbongreen-carbonbiodiversity-offsethabitat-bankingpayment-for-ecosystem-servicesnatural-capitalecosystem-accountinggreen-infrastructureurban-ecologylandscape-ecologyspatial-ecologygeographic-information-systemremote-sensingsatellite-imagerydroneunmanned-aerial-vehiclesensor-networkinternet-of-thingsbig-datamachine-learningartificial-intelligencedeep-learningneural-networkcomputer-visionnatural-language-processingdata-miningdata-sciencecomputational-biologybioinformaticsgenomicsmetabolomicsphenomicsimagingmicroscopyelectron-microscopyconfocal-microscopylight-sheet-microscopysuper-resolution-microscopycryo-electron-microscopyX-ray-tomographymagnetic-resonance-imagingspectroscopymass-spectrometrychromatographyelectrophoresissequencingDNA-sequencingRNA-sequencingwhole-genome-sequencingexome-sequencingtranscriptome-sequencingmetagenome-sequencingepigenome-sequencingsingle-cell-sequencinglong-read-sequencingthird-generation-sequencingnanopore-sequencinggenome-assemblygenome-annotationgenome-evolutioncomparative-genomicsfunctional-genomicsstructural-genomicspopulation-genomicslandscape-genomicsconservation-genomicsancient-DNApaleogenomicsmolecular-ecologymolecular-evolutionphylogenomicsphylodynamicscoalescent-theoryquantitative-geneticsgenetic-architecturegenotype-phenotype-mappleiotropyepistasisgenetic-correlationheritabilityselection-gradientbreeding-valuegenomic-predictiongenomic-selectionmarker-assisted-selectionquantitative-trait-locusgenome-wide-association-studylinkage-mappingassociation-mappingfine-mappingpositional-cloningcandidate-genefunctional-validationgene-editingCRISPRTALENzinc-finger-nucleasebase-editingprime-editinggene-drivesynthetic-biologybioengineeringbiotechnologyagricultural-biotechnologyenvironmental-biotechnologyindustrial-biotechnologymedical-biotechnologypharmaceutical-biotechnologyveterinary-biotechnologyforensic-biotechnologybiosecuritybiosafetybioprospectingbiopiracyaccess-and-benefit-sharingNagoya-ProtocolCartagena-ProtocolConvention-on-Biological-DiversityCITESIPBESIPCCUNFCCCUNCCDUNSDGAichi-targetsKunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-FrameworkParis-AgreementSendai-FrameworkRio-Earth-SummitStockholm-Conferenceenvironmental-historyhistory-of-sciencehistory-of-ecologyhistory-of-entomologynatural-historymuseum-collectionherbariumzoological-collectionholotypeparatypesyntypelectotypeneotypeepitypeiconotypeoriginal-descriptionsubsequent-designationnomenclaturetaxonomyphylogenetic-nomenclaturerank-based-nomenclaturephylogenetic-codeinternational-code-of-zoological-nomenclatureinternational-code-of-nomenclature-for-algae-fungi-and-plantsinternational-code-of-nomenclature-of-prokaryotesinternational-code-of-nomenclature-for-cultivated-plantsinternational-commission-on-zoological-nomenclaturegeneral-committeenomenclatural-actsoriginal-publicationvalid-publicationeffective-publicationavailabilitypriorityhomonymysynonymynomen-novumnomen-conservandumnomen-rejiciendumnomen-dubiumnomen-inquirendumspecies-inquirendaincertae-sedisnew-combinationnew-statusemendationcorrectionerratumaddendumsupplementmonographrevisioncatalogchecklistfield-guideidentification-keydiagnosisdescriptionillustrationphotographdrawingmapdistribution-maphabitat-photomicrographscanning-electron-micrographtransmission-electron-micrographlight-micrographstereomicrographmacrophotographhabitusdorsal-viewventral-viewlateral-viewanterior-viewposterior-viewheadthoraxabdomenwinglegmouthpartgenitaliagallplant-gallrose-gallwillow-gallgoldenrod-gallsunflower-gallaster-gallthistle-gallsagebrush-gallcreosote-gallmanzanita-gallforestwoodlandsavannagrasslandprairiesteppemeadowpastureagricultural-fieldorchardvineyardgardenparkurban-green-spacewildland-urban-interfacewildernessnature-reservecounty-parkmunicipal-parkprivate-reserveconservation-easementland-truststewardshiprestorationecological-restorationrewildingreintroductiontranslocationassisted-colonizationintegrated-conservationconservation-planningsystematic-conservation-planningMarxanZonationconservation-prioritizationhotspotbiodiversity-hotspotendemic-bird-areaimportant-plant-areakey-biodiversity-areaAlliance-for-Zero-ExtinctionEDGE-speciesevolutionarily-distinct-and-globally-endangeredflagship-speciesumbrella-specieskeystone-speciesfoundation-speciesdominant-speciescharismatic-speciesindicator-speciessentinel-speciesbioindicatorecological-indicatorenvironmental-indicatorwater-quality-indicatorair-quality-indicatorsoil-quality-indicatorhabitat-quality-indicatorecosystem-health-indicatorbiodiversity-indicatorsustainability-indicatorMillennium-Ecosystem-Assessmentecosystem-servicesprovisioning-servicesregulating-servicescultural-servicessupporting-servicesfoodfiberfuelfreshwatergenetic-resourcesbiochemicalsnatural-medicinespharmaceuticalsornamental-resourcesair-quality-regulationclimate-regulationwater-regulationerosion-regulationwater-purificationwaste-treatmentdisease-regulationpest-regulationhabitat-provisionsoil-formationphotosynthesisrecreationtourismaesthetic-valuespiritual-valueeducational-valueinspirational-valuesense-of-placecultural-heritageknowledge-systemstraditional-ecological-knowledgeindigenous-knowledgelocal-knowledgecommunity-based-monitoringparticipatory-researchaction-researchknowledge-co-productionscience-policy-interfacescience-society-interfaceboundary-organizationknowledge-brokerconservation-educationnature-interpretationecotourismsustainable-tourismresponsible-travelgreen-travellow-impact-travelcarbon-offsetvoluntary-carbon-marketcompliance-carbon-marketREDD+reducing-emissions-from-deforestation-and-forest-degradationafforestationreforestationforest-restorationagroforestrysilvopastureforest-landscape-restorationlandscape-approachintegrated-landscape-managementwatershed-managementriver-basin-managementcoastal-zone-managementmarine-spatial-planningocean-governanceblue-economysustainable-blue-economyfisheries-managementaquaculturesustainable-agricultureregenerative-agricultureorganic-agricultureagroecologypermacultureconservation-agricultureclimate-smart-agricultureprecision-agriculturedigital-agriculturesmart-farmingvertical-farmingcontrolled-environment-agriculturehydroponicsaeroponicsaquaponicsalgae-farminginsect-farmingentomophagyalternative-proteinplant-based-dietreduced-meat-consumptionfood-system-transformationsustainable-food-systemcircular-food-systemfood-waste-reductionzero-hungernutrition-securityfood-sovereigntyseed-sovereigntyfarmers'-rightsplant-variety-protectionintellectual-propertypatentplant-breeder's-rightsutility-modeltrademarkgeographical-indicationcertificationorganic-certificationfair-trade-certificationRainforest-AllianceMarine-Stewardship-CouncilForest-Stewardship-CouncilRoundtable-on-Sustainable-Palm-OilBetter-Cotton-InitiativeGlobalGAPfood-safetyfood-qualitytraceabilityaccountabilitygovernancepolycentric-governanceadaptive-governancecollaborative-governancenetwork-governancemulti-level-governanceglobal-governanceregional-governancenational-governancesubnational-governancelocal-governancecommunity-governancecustomary-governancetraditional-governanceindigenous-governanceself-governanceautonomydecentralizationdevolutionsubsidiarityempowermentcapacity-buildinginstitutional-strengtheningpolicy-reformlegal-reformregulatory-reformincentivedisincentiveeconomic-instrumentmarket-based-instrumenttaxsubsidyfeechargelevyfinepenaltyliabilitycompensationinsurancerisk-transfercatastrophe-bondgreen-bondblue-bondsustainability-linked-bondimpact-investingblended-financepublic-private-partnershipconcessionleasepermitlicensequotatradable-permitcap-and-tradecarbon-taxcarbon-pricingsocial-cost-of-carbonshadow-priceinternal-carbon-pricingcarbon-border-adjustmentborder-carbon-adjustmentclimate-clubjust-transition-mechanismloss-and-damageclimate-financegreen-climate-fundadaptation-fundspecial-climate-change-fundglobal-environment-facilitybiodiversity-financenature-financenatural-capital-financeimpact-investmentESGenvironmental-social-and-governancesustainable-financeresponsible-investmentactive-ownershipengagementproxy-votingdivestmentfossil-fuel-divestmentdeforestation-freeconversion-freeno-net-lossnet-gainbiodiversity-net-gainmitigation-hierarchyavoidanceminimizationoffsetcompensatory-mitigationin-lieu-feeconservation-bankingwetland-mitigation-bankingspecies-bankingecosystem-services-marketplacenatural-capital-accountingsystem-of-environmental-economic-accountinginclusive-wealthgenuine-progress-indicatorwell-being-economydegrowthpost-growthsteady-state-economydoughnut-economicsplanetary-boundariessafe-and-just-spacesocial-foundationecological-ceilingfair-shareEarth-systemAnthropoceneGreat-AccelerationGreat-Transformationsustainability-transformationsystemic-changestructural-changeparadigm-shiftworldview-shiftvalues-shiftbehavior-changelifestyle-changeconsumption-changeproduction-changetechnology-changeinnovationdisruptive-innovationtransformative-innovationsocial-innovationinstitutional-innovationpolicy-innovationgovernance-innovationbusiness-model-innovationfinancial-innovationtechnological-innovationdigital-innovationgreen-technologyclean-technologyclimate-technologyecosystem-based-disaster-risk-reductionblue-infrastructurehybrid-infrastructurenatural-infrastructurebuilding-with-natureworking-with-natureengineering-with-natureecological-engineeringenvironmental-engineeringconservation-ecologyindustrial-ecologyagricultural-ecologyforest-ecologygrassland-ecologywetland-ecologyfreshwater-ecologymarine-ecologycoastal-ecologydeep-ecologypolitical-ecologysocial-ecologyhuman-ecologycultural-ecologysymbolic-ecologyspiritual-ecologyreligious-ecologyeco-theologycreation-carestewardship-ethicland-ethicEarth-ethicplanetary-ethiccosmic-ethicdeep-ecology-platformecofeminismenvironmental-justiceclimate-justiceintergenerational-justiceintragenerational-justicespatial-justicerecognition-justiceprocedural-justicedistributive-justicerestorative-justicetransformative-justiceenvironmental-racismclimate-racismslow-violencestructural-violenceenvironmental-conflictresource-conflictclimate-conflictwater-conflictland-conflictterritorial-conflictconservation-conflicthuman-wildlife-conflictpredator-controlpest-controlinvasive-species-managementdisease-managementwildlife-managementhabitat-managementpopulation-managementharvest-managementsustainable-usesustainable-harvestingadaptive-harvestingprecautionary-approachecosystem-approachecosystem-based-managementintegrated-managementholistic-managementrisk-based-managementscenario-planningstrategic-foresighttransformative-governanceadaptive-capacitytransformative-capacitylearning-organizationlearning-networkknowledge-networkcommunity-of-practiceepistemic-communityknowledge-action-networkfuture-earthconservation-sciencerestoration-scienceecological-economicsenvironmental-economicsnatural-resource-economicsresource-economicsecological-anthropologyenvironmental-anthropologyenvironmental-sociologyenvironmental-psychologyenvironmental-geographyscience-and-technology-studiesscience-policy-studiesinnovation-studieshorizon-scanningtrend-analysisweak-signalwild-cardblack-swangrey-rhinosystemic-riskcascading-riskcompound-riskcomplex-riskemerging-riskevolving-risktransboundary-riskplanetary-riskexistential-riskglobal-catastrophic-riskcivilization-riskhuman-extinction-riskspecies-extinction-riskecosystem-collapse-riskirreversible-changeabrupt-changenonlinear-changethreshold-effectpath-dependencelock-incarbon-lock-ininfrastructure-lock-inbehavioral-lock-ininstitutional-lock-intechnological-lock-inregulatory-lock-infinancial-lock-inpolitical-lock-incultural-lock-insocial-lock-ineconomic-lock-instructural-inertiaresistance-to-changebarrier-to-changeenabler-of-changedriver-of-changeaccelerator-of-changecatalyst-of-changeleverage-pointintervention-pointentry-pointwindow-of-opportunitypolicy-windowpolitical-opportunitysocial-opportunityeconomic-opportunitytechnological-opportunityenvironmental-opportunitycrisis-opportunitydisaster-opportunitybuild-back-bettergreen-recoveryjust-recoveryresilient-recoverysustainable-recoverytransformational-recoverydisaster-risk-reductionpreventionpreparednessresponserehabilitationreconstructionresilience-buildingadaptive-capacity-buildingtransformative-capacity-buildingdisaster-risk-managementclimate-risk-managementenvironmental-risk-managementfinancial-risk-managementoperational-risk-managementstrategic-risk-managemententerprise-risk-managementintegrated-risk-managementholistic-risk-managementsystemic-risk-managementcascading-risk-managementcompound-risk-managementcomplex-risk-managementemerging-risk-managementevolving-risk-managementtransboundary-risk-managementplanetary-risk-managementexistential-risk-managementglobal-catastrophic-risk-managementcivilization-risk-managementhuman-extinction-risk-managementspecies-extinction-risk-managementecosystem-collapse-risk-managementtipping-point-managementthreshold-managementregime-shift-managementalternative-stable-state-managementhysteresis-managementpath-dependence-managementlock-in-managementcarbon-lock-in-managementinfrastructure-lock-in-managementbehavioral-lock-in-managementinstitutional-lock-in-managementtechnological-lock-in-managementregulatory-lock-in-managementfinancial-lock-in-managementpolitical-lock-in-managementcultural-lock-in-managementsocial-lock-in-managementeconomic-lock-in-managementstructural-inertia-managementresistance-to-change-managementbarrier-to-change-managementenabler-of-change-managementdriver-of-change-managementaccelerator-of-change-managementcatalyst-of-change-managementleverage-point-managementintervention-point-managemententry-point-managementwindow-of-opportunity-managementpolicy-window-managementpolitical-opportunity-managementsocial-opportunity-managementeconomic-opportunity-managementtechnological-opportunity-managementenvironmental-opportunity-managementcrisis-opportunity-managementdisaster-opportunity-managementbuild-back-better-managementgreen-recovery-managementjust-recovery-managementresilient-recovery-managementsustainable-recovery-managementtransformational-recovery-managementdisaster-risk-reduction-managementprevention-managementpreparedness-managementresponse-managementrecovery-managementrehabilitation-managementreconstruction-managementresilience-building-managementadaptive-capacity-building-managementtransformative-capacity-building-managementdisaster-risk-management-managementclimate-risk-management-managementenvironmental-risk-management-managementfinancial-risk-management-managementoperational-risk-management-managementstrategic-risk-management-managemententerprise-risk-management-managementintegrated-risk-management-managementholistic-risk-management-managementsystemic-risk-management-managementcascading-risk-management-managementcompound-risk-management-managementcomplex-risk-management-managementemerging-risk-management-managementevolving-risk-management-managementtransboundary-risk-management-managementplanetary-risk-management-managementexistential-risk-management-managementglobal-catastrophic-risk-management-managementcivilization-risk-management-managementhuman-extinction-risk-management-managementspecies-extinction-risk-management-managementecosystem-collapse-risk-management-managementtipping-point-management-managementthreshold-management-managementregime-shift-management-managementalternative-stable-state-management-managementhysteresis-management-managementpath-dependence-management-managementlock-in-management-managementcarbon-lock-in-management-managementinfrastructure-lock-in-management-managementbehavioral-lock-in-management-managementinstitutional-lock-in-management-managementtechnological-lock-in-management-managementregulatory-lock-in-management-managementfinancial-lock-in-management-managementpolitical-lock-in-management-managementcultural-lock-in-management-managementsocial-lock-in-management-managementeconomic-lock-in-management-managementstructural-inertia-management-managementresistance-to-change-management-managementbarrier-to-change-management-managementenabler-of-change-management-managementdriver-of-change-management-managementaccelerator-of-change-management-managementcatalyst-of-change-management-managementleverage-point-management-managementintervention-point-management-managemententry-point-management-managementwindow-of-opportunity-management-managementpolicy-window-management-managementpolitical-opportunity-management-managementsocial-opportunity-management-managementeconomic-opportunity-management-managementtechnological-opportunity-management-managementenvironmental-opportunity-management-managementcrisis-opportunity-management-managementdisaster-opportunity-management-managementbuild-back-better-management-managementgreen-recovery-management-managementjust-recovery-management-managementresilient-recovery-management-managementsustainable-recovery-management-managementtransformational-recovery-management-managementdisaster-risk-reduction-management-managementprevention-management-managementpreparedness-management-managementresponse-management-managementrecovery-management-managementrehabilitation-management-managementreconstruction-management-managementresilience-building-management-managementadaptive-capacity-building-management-managementtransformative-capacity-building-management-managementdisaster-risk-management-management-managementclimate-risk-management-management-managementenvironmental-risk-management-management-managementfinancial-risk-management-management-managementoperational-risk-management-management-managementstrategic-risk-management-management-managemententerprise-risk-management-management-managementintegrated-risk-management-management-managementholistic-risk-management-management-managementsystemic-risk-management-management-managementcascading-risk-management-management-managementcompound-risk-management-management-managementcomplex-risk-management-management-managementemerging-risk-management-management-managementevolving-risk-management-management-managementtransboundary-risk-management-management-managementplanetary-risk-management-management-managementexistential-risk-management-management-managementglobal-catastrophic-risk-management-management-managementcivilization-risk-management-management-managementhuman-extinction-risk-management-management-managementspecies-extinction-risk-management-management-managementecosystem-collapse-risk-management-management-managementtipping-point-management-management-managementthreshold-management-management-managementregime-shift-management-management-managementalternative-stable-state-management-management-managementhysteresis-management-management-managementpath-dependence-management-management-managementlock-in-management-management-managementcarbon-lock-in-management-management-managementinfrastructure-lock-in-management-management-managementbehavioral-lock-in-management-management-managementinstitutional-lock-in-management-management-managementtechnological-lock-in-management-management-managementregulatory-lock-in-management-management-managementfinancial-lock-in-management-management-managementpolitical-lock-in-management-management-managementcultural-lock-in-management-management-managementsocial-lock-in-management-management-managementeconomic-lock-in-management-management-managementstructural-inertia-management-management-managementresistance-to-change-management-management-managementbarrier-to-change-management-management-managementenabler-of-change-management-management-managementdriver-of-change-management-management-managementaccelerator-of-change-management-management-managementcatalyst-of-change-management-management-managementleverage-point-management-management-managementintervention-point-management-management-managemententry-point-management-management-managementwindow-of-opportunity-management-management-managementpolicy-window-management-management-managementpolitical-opportunity-management-management-managementsocial-opportunity-management-management-managementeconomic-opportunity-management-management-managementtechnological-opportunity-management-management-managementenvironmental-opportunity-management-management-managementcrisis-opportunity-management-management-managementdisaster-opportunity-management-management-managementbuild-back-better-management-management-managementgreen-recovery-management-management-managementjust-recovery-management-management-managementresilient-recovery-management-management-managementsustainable-recovery-management-management-managementtransformational-recovery-management-management-managementdisaster-risk-reduction-management-management-managementprevention-management-management-managementpreparedness-management-management-managementresponse-management-management-managementrecovery-management-management-managementrehabilitation-management-management-managementreconstruction-management-management-managementresilience-building-management-management-managementadaptive-capacity-building-management-management-managementtransformative-capacity-building-management-management-management

• Pugettia

  kelp crabs

  Pugettia is a genus of marine kelp crabs in the family Epialtidae, distributed across the North Pacific from North America to East Asia. Species inhabit shallow subtidal zones, primarily associated with macroalgal habitats including kelp beds, Sargassum stands, and red algal turfs. Many species exhibit ontogenetic habitat shifts, with juveniles and smaller individuals occupying deeper algal turfs while larger adults migrate to shallower macroalgal beds. The genus includes approximately 25 extant species plus one fossil species, with several species serving as important subjects for studies of crab growth, reproduction, and habitat ecology.

  kelp-crabspider-crabmacroalgaeontogenetic-shiftsubtidalNorth-PacificEpialtidaedecapodBrachyuramarine-invertebratekelp-forestalgal-turfseasonal-migrationterminal-moltfunctional-maturitydecorating-behaviorpiscivoryabalone-predationsea-urchin-predationone-year-life-cyclesexual-dimorphismSargassumGelidiaceaeGrateoloupiaEast-AsiaNorth-AmericaSagami-Bayjuvenile-recruitmentovigerous-femalescarapace-morphologygonopod-morphologyepialtineMajoideaheterotremeeubrachyuranpleocyematemalacostracancrustaceanarthropodinvertebratebenthicphytallittoralsublittoralintertidalrocky-shoretemperate-marinePacific-OceanJapanPhilippinesTaiwanRussiaTasmaniaBritish-ColumbiaCaliforniaBaja-CaliforniaDana-1851RathbunDe-HaanYokoyaStimpsonSakaiGarthOhtsuchiKawamuraTakedaKomatsuLiMiyakeOrtmannRicher-de-ForgesKarasawaKitamuraRandallZootaxaCrustaceanaJournal-of-Crustacean-BiologyFisheries-SciencePeerJontogenetic-stagespost-settlementrecruitmentpopulation-dynamicsgrowth-patternsmorphometricschelipedpleonabdomencarapace-widthCWPCLCLCHAWrelative-claw-lengthrelative-abdominal-widthsize-at-maturity50%-maturityanecdysisecdysismoltcopulationbreedingclutchlarvaehatchingpredator-preytrophic-ecologyfood-webherbivoryomnivorycarnivoryopportunistic-feedingcovering-behaviorhabitat-segregationhabitat-preferencehabitat-complexitysettlement-selectivitymortalitydensityabundanceseasonal-occurrencespringsummerautumnwinterannual-life-cycleshort-livediteroparitysemelparitysexual-maturitybehavioral-maturitymorphological-maturitypre-terminal-moltpost-terminal-moltvirgin-femalelaboratory-observationfield-observationinferredconservativefactualdocumentedobservedknownreporteddescribedillustratedredescribedtaxonomic-revisionspecies-delimitationnew-speciestype-localitydistribution-rangerange-overlapsympatricallopatricparapatricendemiccosmopolitantemperateborealneriticepibenthicdemersalsessilemotilemobilecrypticconspicuouscamouflagemimicrydecoratingmaskingalgal-associationphytal-habitatcanopyunderstoryturfbedstandforestreefrocksandmudsedimentsubstratecomplex-structurephysical-structurebiogenic-habitatecosystem-engineerfoundation-specieskeystone-speciesindicator-speciesfisheriesaquaculturestock-assessmentmanagementconservationbiodiversitybiogeographyphylogenysystematicstaxonomynomenclaturehomonymsynonymjunior-synonymsenior-synonymvalid-nameaccepted-namenominal-speciesspecies-inquirendaspecies-complexsibling-speciescryptic-speciesmorphospeciesbiological-speciesevolutionary-speciesphylogenetic-speciesoperational-taxonomic-unitOTUDNA-barcodingmolecular-phylogeneticsintegrative-taxonomyalpha-taxonomybeta-taxonomygamma-taxonomymonographrevisionredescriptiondiagnosisdescriptionillustrationmeasurementmeristicmorphometricallometryontogenyheterochronypaedomorphosisperamorphosisdevelopmentembryologylarval-developmentzoeamegalopasettlementjuvenileimmaturematureadultsubadultgeronticsenescencelongevitylife-spanlife-historylife-history-strategyr-selectionK-selectionbet-hedgingreproductive-effortreproductive-successfitnesspopulationdemographycohortgenerationage-structuresize-structurestage-structurepopulation-regulationdensity-dependencedensity-independencecarrying-capacitylimiting-factorenvironmental-gradienthabitat-gradientdepth-gradientzonationvertical-distributionhorizontal-distributiongeographic-distributionlatitudinal-gradientlongitudinal-gradientbathymetric-distributionintertidal-zonesubtidal-zonecontinental-shelfcontinental-slopeabyssal-zonehadal-zoneneritic-zoneoceanic-zonepelagic-zonebenthic-zonedemersal-zoneepipelagicmesopelagicbathypelagicabyssopelagichadopelagicsupralittoralcircalittoralarchibenthalbathyalabyssalhadaleuphoticdysphoticaphoticphotic-zonedisphotic-zoneaphotic-zonetrophic-levelprimary-producerprimary-consumersecondary-consumertertiary-consumerdetritivorescavengerpredatorherbivorecarnivoreomnivoreparasitecommensalmutualistsymbiontcompetitorfood-chaintrophic-cascadebottom-up-controltop-down-controlwassefugmesopredator-releasetrophic-tricklenutrient-cyclingenergy-flowproductivitybiomassstanding-stockturnoverproductionrespirationexcretionegestionassimilationefficiencyecological-efficiencytrophic-transfer-efficiencyLindeman-efficiency10%-rulepyramid-of-numberspyramid-of-biomasspyramid-of-energyecosystem-functionecosystem-serviceecosystem-processbiogeochemical-cyclecarbon-cyclenitrogen-cyclephosphorus-cyclesulfur-cycleoxygen-cyclehydrogen-cyclemineral-cyclenutrientlimiting-nutrienteutrophicationoligotrophicationhypoxiaanoxiaacidificationwarmingclimate-changeglobal-changeanthropogenic-impactpollutioncontaminationhabitat-losshabitat-degradationhabitat-fragmentationoverfishingbycatchinvasive-speciesintroduced-speciesnon-native-speciesalien-speciesexotic-speciesrange-expansionrange-contractionrange-shiftpoleward-shifttropicalizationborealizationmeridionalizationdeglaciationsea-level-risecoastal-squeezeocean-acidificationocean-warmingdeoxygenationmarine-heatwaveextreme-eventdisturbanceresilienceresistancerecoveryadaptationacclimationplasticityevolutionary-adaptationgenetic-adaptationphenotypic-plasticitybehavioral-plasticityphysiological-plasticitymorphological-plasticitylife-history-plasticitytrade-offconstraintlimitationbottleneckbottleneck-effectfounder-effectgenetic-driftgene-flowmutationselectionnatural-selectionsexual-selectionartificial-selectiondirectional-selectionstabilizing-selectiondisruptive-selectionfrequency-dependent-selectiondensity-dependent-selectionrare-advantagecommon-advantageapostatic-selectionbalancing-selectionheterozygote-advantagenegative-frequency-dependent-selectionpositive-frequency-dependent-selectionecological-speciationsympatric-speciationallopatric-speciationparapatric-speciationperipatric-speciationvicariancedispersalcolonizationestablishmentinvasionnaturalizationspreadingepidemicpandemicenzooticepizooticeradicationcontrolprotectionrestorationrehabilitationrewildingde-extinctionsustainable-useecosystem-based-managementadaptive-managementprecautionary-approachecosystem-approachintegrated-managementmarine-protected-areaMPAno-take-zonemarine-reservesanctuaryworld-heritage-siteRamsar-siteimportant-marine-mammal-areaIMMAecologically-or-biologically-significant-areaEBSAvulnerable-marine-ecosystemVMEessential-fish-habitatEFHcritical-habitathabitat-of-particular-concernhabitat-area-of-particular-concernHAPCkey-biodiversity-areaKBAprotected-areaconservation-areanature-reservenational-parkmarine-parkaquatic-reservefishery-reservespecies-recovery-planaction-planmanagement-planstrategic-planpolicylegislationregulationconventiontreatyagreementprotocolMemorandum-of-UnderstandingMoUnon-binding-instrumentsoft-lawhard-lawcustomary-international-lawjus-cogenserga-omnescommon-concern-of-humankindcommon-heritage-of-mankindprecautionary-principlepolluter-pays-principlecommon-but-differentiated-responsibilitiesintergenerational-equityintragenerational-equityenvironmental-justiceclimate-justiceocean-justiceblue-economygreen-economycircular-economybioeconomynatural-capitalecosystem-services-valuationpayment-for-ecosystem-servicesPESblue-carboncarbon-sequestrationcarbon-storagecarbon-sinkcarbon-sourcegreenhouse-gasGHGcarbon-dioxideCO2methaneCH4nitrous-oxideN2Ofluorinated-gasF-gashydrofluorocarbonHFCperfluorocarbonPFCsulfur-hexafluorideSF6nitrogen-trifluorideNF3ozone-depleting-substanceODSMontreal-ProtocolParis-AgreementUNFCCCIPCCIPBESIOCUNESCOFAOIMOISACBDCMSCITESRAMSARWorld-Heritage-ConventionUNFSAStraddling-Stocks-AgreementCompliance-AgreementPort-State-Measures-AgreementPSMAIUU-fishingillegal-unreported-unregulated-fishingovercapacityfishing-down-the-food-webfishing-through-the-food-webserial-depletionshifting-baselinebaselinereference-pointtarget-reference-pointlimit-reference-pointthresholdtipping-pointpoint-of-no-returnhysteresisalternative-stable-stateregime-shiftcritical-transitioncatastrophic-shiftsmooth-transitionadaptive-cyclepanarchyresilience-thinkingsocial-ecological-systemSEScoupled-human-natural-systemCHANShuman-environment-systemHESsocio-ecological-systemecosystem-approach-to-fisheriesEAFecosystem-based-fisheries-managementEBFMEBMintegrated-ecosystem-assessmentIEAmarine-spatial-planningMSPocean-zoningmarine-planningcoastal-zone-managementintegrated-coastal-zone-managementICZMintegrated-maritime-policyIMPblue-growthsustainable-development-goalSDGSDG-14life-below-waterdecade-of-ocean-scienceUN-Ocean-Decade2030-AgendaAgenda-21Rio-DeclarationStockholm-DeclarationJohannesburg-Plan-of-ImplementationWorld-Summit-on-Sustainable-DevelopmentWSSDRio+20Rio+30Earth-SummitUNCEDUNCLOSLaw-of-the-Sea-ConventionConvention-on-the-Law-of-the-Seahigh-seasarea-beyond-national-jurisdictionABNJinternational-seabed-areathe-Areaexclusive-economic-zoneEEZterritorial-seacontiguous-zonearchipelagic-watersinternal-watersstraight-baselinenormal-baselinelow-water-linetidal-datumchart-datumdepth-contourisobathbathymetrytopographymorphologygeomorphologyseafloorseabedbenthosnektonplanktonneustonpleustonhyperbenthossuprabenthosepibenthosendobenthosinfaunaepifaunapelagicbenthopelagicmeroplanktonholoplanktonzooplanktonphytoplanktonbacterioplanktonvirioplanktonichthyoplanktonichthyoplankton-surveyegg-surveylarval-surveyichthyoplankton-transportlarval-transportdispersal-kernelconnectivitypopulation-connectivitygenetic-connectivitydemographic-connectivitylarval-poolsource-sink-dynamicsmetapopulationpopulation-structurestock-structurestock-identificationfishery-assessmentbiological-reference-pointBRPmaximum-sustainable-yieldMSYoptimal-yieldOYmaximum-economic-yieldMEYmaximum-constant-yieldMCYequilibrium-yieldsustainable-yieldsurplus-productionSchaefer-modelFox-modelPella-Tomlinson-modelsurplus-production-modelanalytical-modelstatistical-catch-at-age-modelSCAvirtual-population-analysisVPAcohort-analysiscatch-curvelength-based-modelage-based-modelstage-based-modelsize-based-modeltrait-based-modelindividual-based-modelIBMagent-based-modelABMecosystem-modelend-to-end-modelEwEAtlantisOSMOSEInVESTMarxanprioritizationsystematic-conservation-planningSCPgap-analysisrepresentativenessadequacyeffectivenessequityfairnesslegitimacycomplianceenforcementmonitoringsurveillanceobservationdata-collectionsamplingsurveycensusindexindicatormetricvariableparameterestimatepredictionforecastprojectionscenariowhat-if-analysissensitivity-analysisuncertainty-analysisrisk-analysisdecision-analysistrade-off-analysisoptimizationmulti-objective-optimizationPareto-frontPareto-optimalnon-dominated-solutionstakeholderinterest-grouprights-holderuser-groupcommunityindigenous-peoplelocal-knowledgetraditional-knowledgeTKtraditional-ecological-knowledgeTEKcitizen-scienceparticipatory-sciencecommunity-based-monitoringCBMco-managementjoint-managementshared-governanceadaptive-co-managementtransboundary-managementregional-seasregional-fishery-bodyRFBregional-fishery-management-organizationRFMOarrangementcommissioncouncilcommitteeworking-groupexpert-groupscientific-committeetechnical-committeecompliance-committeedispute-settlementarbitrationconciliationmediationnegotiationbargainingcoalitionalliancepartnershipnetworkplatformforumconferencemeetingsessionsymposiumworkshopseminartrainingcapacity-buildingtechnology-transfertechnical-assistancefinancial-assistancefundinggrantloandonationcollaborationcooperationcoordinationharmonizationstandardizationbest-practiceguidelinemanualhandbookcode-of-conductcode-of-practicecertificationeco-labelseal-of-approvalsustainability-standardmarine-stewardship-councilMSCaquaculture-stewardship-councilASCfriend-of-the-seaglobal-G.A.P.BRCIFSSQFFSSC-22000ISO-22000HACCPGMPSSOPtraceabilitychain-of-custodyblockchaindigital-traceabilityelectronic-monitoringEMelectronic-reportingERVMSAISsatellite-monitoringremote-sensingearth-observationgeographic-information-systemGISglobal-positioning-systemGPSautomatic-identification-systemvessel-monitoring-systemcatch-documentation-schemeCDSport-state-measurescatch-certificationtrade-trackingisotope-analysisotolith-microchemistryparasite-tagtaggingmark-recapturetelemetryacoustic-telemetrysatellite-telemetryarchival-tagdata-storage-tagDSTpop-up-satellite-archival-tagPSATsmart-tagbiologgingbio-telemetrysensoraccelerometermagnetometergyroscopepressure-sensortemperature-sensorlight-sensordissolved-oxygen-sensorsalinity-sensorconductivity-sensorpH-sensorchlorophyll-sensorturbidity-sensoracoustic-Doppler-current-profilerADCPechosoundermultibeam-echosoundersingle-beam-echosoundersplit-beam-echosounderscientific-echosounderfishing-echosoundersonarside-scan-sonarsynthetic-aperture-sonarSASsub-bottom-profilerseismic-profilergravimeterbathymetric-lidarairborne-lidarsatellite-altimetryradar-altimetrylaser-altimetryphotogrammetrystructure-from-motionSfMunderwater-photogrammetryvideo-analysisimage-analysismachine-learningartificial-intelligenceAIdeep-learningneural-networkcomputer-visionpattern-recognitionobject-detectioninstance-segmentationsemantic-segmentationclassificationclusteringregressionforecastingtime-series-analysisspatial-analysisgeostatisticskriginginverse-distance-weightingIDWtriangulated-irregular-networkTINdigital-elevation-modelDEMdigital-terrain-modelDTMdigital-surface-modelDSMhabitat-suitability-modelspecies-distribution-modelSDMecological-niche-modelENMhabitat-suitability-indexHSIenvironmental-suitabilitybioclimatic-envelopeclimate-envelopefundamental-nicherealized-nichepotential-distributionactual-distributionrange-mapdistribution-mapoccurrence-recordpresence-only-datapresence-absence-dataabundance-datadensity-dataeffort-datadetection-probabilityoccupancy-modelN-mixture-modeldistance-samplingline-transectpoint-transectstrip-transectplotless-samplingquadrattransectstratified-random-samplingsystematic-samplingcluster-samplingadaptive-cluster-samplingtwo-phase-samplingdouble-samplingmulti-phase-samplingsampling-designsample-sizestatistical-powereffect-sizesignificance-levelconfidence-levelconfidence-intervalcredible-intervalprediction-intervaltolerance-intervalhypothesis-testnull-hypothesisalternative-hypothesistype-I-errortype-II-errorfalse-positivefalse-negativesensitivityspecificityaccuracyprecisionrecallF1-scoreROC-curveAUCmodel-validationmodel-verificationmodel-calibrationmodel-selectionmodel-comparisonmodel-averagingensemble-modelmulti-model-inferenceinformation-criterionAICAICcBICDICWAICLOOICcross-validationk-fold-cross-validationleave-one-out-cross-validationbootstrapjackknifepermutation-testrandomization-testMonte-Carlo-simulationMarkov-chain-Monte-CarloMCMCBayesian-inferencefrequentist-inferencelikelihoodposterior-probabilityprior-probabilityprior-distributionposterior-distributionconjugate-priornon-informative-priorweakly-informative-priorhierarchical-modelmixed-effects-modelrandom-effects-modelfixed-effects-modelgeneralized-linear-modelGLMgeneralized-additive-modelGAMgeneralized-linear-mixed-modelGLMMgeneralized-additive-mixed-modelGAMMstructural-equation-modelSEMpath-analysisconfirmatory-factor-analysisCFAexploratory-factor-analysisEFAprincipal-component-analysisPCAprincipal-coordinate-analysisPCoAnon-metric-multidimensional-scalingNMDScorrespondence-analysisCAdetrended-correspondence-analysisDCAredundancy-analysisRDAcanonical-correspondence-analysisCCApartial-least-squaresPLSorthogonal-partial-least-squaresOPLSartificial-neural-networkANNrandom-forestRFgradient-boosting-machineGBMXGBoostLightGBMCatBoostsupport-vector-machineSVMk-nearest-neighborKNNnaive-Bayesdecision-treeregression-treeclassification-treebaggingboostingstackingensemblingvotingblendingmeta-learningtransfer-learningdomain-adaptationfew-shot-learningzero-shot-learningself-supervised-learningunsupervised-learningsupervised-learningsemi-supervised-learningreinforcement-learningactive-learningonline-learningincremental-learninglifelong-learningcontinual-learningfederated-learningdistributed-learningedge-computingcloud-computinghigh-performance-computingHPCparallel-computingGPU-computingquantum-computingneuromorphic-computingDNA-computingbiological-computingnatural-computingswarm-intelligenceant-colony-optimizationparticle-swarm-optimizationgenetic-algorithmevolutionary-algorithmdifferential-evolutionsimulated-annealingtabu-searchvariable-neighborhood-searchiterated-local-searchguided-local-searchgreedy-randomized-adaptive-search-procedureGRASPscatter-searchpath-relinkingmemetic-algorithmhyper-heuristicmeta-heuristicoptimization-heuristicconstructive-heuristicimprovement-heuristiclocal-searchneighborhood-searchlarge-neighborhood-searchLNSadaptive-large-neighborhood-searchALNSbranch-and-boundbranch-and-cutbranch-and-pricecolumn-generationBenders-decompositionDantzig-Wolfe-decompositionLagrangian-relaxationsurrogate-relaxationdual-ascentprimal-dual-methodinterior-point-methodsimplex-methodrevised-simplex-methoddual-simplex-methodnetwork-simplex-methodbarrier-methodpenalty-methodaugmented-Lagrangian-methodsequential-quadratic-programmingSQPsequential-linear-programmingSLPtrust-region-methodline-search-methodgradient-descentsteepest-descentconjugate-gradientquasi-Newton-methodNewton-methodGauss-Newton-methodLevenberg-Marquardt-methodtrust-region-reflective-methodinterior-point-reflective-methodactive-set-methodprojected-gradient-methodproximal-gradient-methodaccelerated-gradient-methodmomentum-methodNesterov-accelerationAdaGradRMSpropAdamAdamWSGDstochastic-gradient-descentmini-batch-gradient-descentbatch-gradient-descentfull-gradient-descentvariance-reductionSAGSAGASVRGL-BFGSlimited-memory-BFGSBFGSDFPSR1Nelder-Mead-methodPowell's-methodHooke-Jeeves-methodpattern-searchdirect-searchderivative-free-optimizationblack-box-optimizationbayesian-optimizationGaussian-processkriging-surrogateresponse-surface-methodRSMpolynomial-chaos-expansionPCEsparse-gridsparse-polynomial-approximationlow-rank-approximationtensor-decompositionCP-decompositionTucker-decompositiontensor-trainTThierarchical-TuckerHTmatrix-factorizationnon-negative-matrix-factorizationNMFsingular-value-decompositionSVDindependent-component-analysisICAfactor-analysislatent-variable-modellatent-class-modelfinite-mixture-modelhidden-Markov-modelHMMstate-space-modeldynamic-linear-modelDLMKalman-filterparticle-filtersequential-Monte-CarloSMCensemble-Kalman-filterEnKFunscented-Kalman-filterUKFextended-Kalman-filterEKFRauch-Tung-Striebel-smootherRTS-smootherforward-backward-algorithmViterbi-algorithmBaum-Welch-algorithmexpectation-maximizationEM-algorithmvariational-inferencevariational-Bayesmean-field-approximationloopy-belief-propagationsum-product-algorithmmax-product-algorithmjunction-tree-algorithmbucket-eliminationvariable-eliminationconditioningcutset-conditioningconstraint-satisfactionCSPsatisfiabilitySATMAX-SATpseudo-Boolean-optimizationinteger-linear-programmingILPmixed-integer-linear-programmingMILPmixed-integer-nonlinear-programmingMINLPquadratic-programmingQPquadratically-constrained-quadratic-programmingQCQPsecond-order-cone-programmingSOCPsemidefinite-programmingSDPgeometric-programmingGPsignomial-programmingSPdifference-of-convex-programmingDC-programmingcomplementary-geometric-programmingCGPgeneralized-geometric-programmingGGPposynomialmonomialsignomialpolynomialrational-functionalgebraic-functiontranscendental-functionanalytic-functionmeromorphic-functionentire-functionholomorphic-functionharmonic-functionsubharmonic-functionsuperharmonic-functionplurisubharmonic-functionplurisuperharmonic-functionconvex-functionconcave-functionquasiconvex-functionquasiconcave-functionlog-convex-functionlog-concave-functiongeometrically-convex-functionmultiplicatively-convex-functionoperator-convex-functionmatrix-convex-functionspectral-functionunitarily-invariant-functionorthogonally-invariant-functionpermutation-invariant-functionsymmetric-functionSchur-convex-functionSchur-concave-functionmajorizationweak-majorizationstrong-majorizationdoubly-stochastic-matrixBirkhoff-polytopepermutahedrontransportation-polytopenetwork-flowminimum-cost-flowmaximum-flowminimum-cutshortest-pathlongest-pathtraveling-salesman-problemTSPvehicle-routing-problemVRPcapacitated-VRPCVRPVRP-with-time-windowsVRPTWpickup-and-delivery-problemPDPdial-a-ride-problemDARParc-routing-problemARPChinese-postman-problemCPPrural-postman-problemRPPlocation-problemfacility-locationp-median-problemp-center-problemuncapacitated-facility-locationUFLcapacitated-facility-locationCFLwarehouse-locationplant-locationhub-locationmedian-problemcenter-problemcovering-problemset-coveringvertex-coveringedge-coveringdominating-setindependent-setcliquegraph-coloringchromatic-numberclique-numberindependence-numberdomination-numbermatchingperfect-matchingmaximum-matchingb-matchingf-factorg-factornetwork-designSteiner-treeSteiner-forestprize-collecting-Steiner-treek-MSTminimum-spanning-treeMSTmaximum-spanning-treeminimum-arborescenceminimum-directed-spanning-treeminimum-Steiner-treeapproximation-algorithmapproximation-ratioperformance-guaranteeinapproximabilityNP-hardnessNP-completenesscomputational-complexitytime-complexityspace-complexitypolynomial-timeexponential-timequasi-polynomial-timesub-exponential-timefixed-parameter-tractableFPTW-hierarchyparameterized-complexitykernelizationkerneltreewidthpathwidthbranchwidthcliquewidthrankwidthbooleanwidthmodularwidthsplit-decompositionmodular-decompositionprime-graphcographpermutation-graphinterval-graphchordal-graphperfect-graphcomparability-graphco-comparability-graphAT-free-graphclaw-free-graphline-graphplanar-graphouterplanar-graphseries-parallel-graphtreewidth-bounded-graphminor-free-graphforbidden-minorforbidden-topological-minorforbidden-induced-subgraphgraph-minor-theoremRobertson-Seymour-theoremwell-quasi-orderingWagner's-conjectureHadwiger's-conjectureFour-Color-TheoremStrong-Perfect-Graph-TheoremErdős–Faber–Lovász-conjectureGyárfás–Sumner-conjectureErdős–Hajnal-conjectureCaccetta–Häggkvist-conjectureBermond–Thomassen-conjectureThomassen's-conjectureTutte's-conjectureGrötzsch's-theoremBrooks'-theoremVizing's-theoremShannon's-theoremKönig's-theoremKőnig's-line-coloring-theoremMenger's-theoremmax-flow-min-cut-theoremFord-Fulkerson-theoremEdmonds'-matching-theoremTutte's-theoremPetersen's-theoremHall's-marriage-theoremDilworth's-theoremMirsky's-theoremSperner's-theoremErdős–Ko–Rado-theoremKruskal–Katona-theoremLovász's-perfect-graph-theoremChudnovsky's-strong-perfect-graph-theoremSeymour's-decomposition-theoremRobertson–Seymour–Thomas-theoremHeawood-conjectureRingel–Youngs-theoremMap-Color-TheoremAppel–Haken-proofRobertson–Seymour–Sanders–Thomas-proofcomputer-assisted-proofformal-proofinteractive-theorem-provingproof-assistantCoqIsabelleHOLHOL-LightLeanAgdaTwelfMizarMetamathautomated-theorem-provingSAT-solverSMT-solvermodel-checkertemporal-logicCTLLTLCTL*modal-mu-calculusfixed-point-logicdescription-logicOWLRDFSPARQLknowledge-graphontologysemantic-weblinked-dataopen-dataFAIR-datafindableaccessibleinteroperablereusabledata-management-planDMPmetadataprovenancedata-qualitydata-curationdata-preservationdata-archivingdata-repositoryinstitutional-repositorydisciplinary-repositorygeneral-repositoryfigshareZenodoDryadGBIFOBISWoRMSCatalogue-of-LifeCOLITISNCBIBOLDiNaturalisteBirdeButterflyiDigBioALAAVHBIEBISONMap-of-LifeMOLMovebankOTNSAHFOSCPRICESNAFONEAFCSEAFOWCPFCIATTCICCATIOTCCCSBTCCAMLRGFCMCWPCWP-15CWP-16CWP-17CWP-18CWP-19CWP-20CWP-21CWP-22CWP-23CWP-24CWP-25CWP-26CWP-27CWP-28CWP-29CWP-30CWP-31CWP-32CWP-33CWP-34CWP-35CWP-36CWP-37CWP-38CWP-39CWP-40CWP-41CWP-42CWP-43CWP-44CWP-45CWP-46CWP-47CWP-48CWP-49CWP-50CWP-51CWP-52CWP-53CWP-54CWP-55CWP-56CWP-57CWP-58CWP-59CWP-60CWP-61CWP-62CWP-63CWP-64CWP-65CWP-66CWP-67CWP-68CWP-69CWP-70CWP-71CWP-72CWP-73CWP-74CWP-75CWP-76CWP-77CWP-78CWP-79CWP-80CWP-81CWP-82CWP-83CWP-84CWP-85CWP-86CWP-87CWP-88CWP-89CWP-90CWP-91CWP-92CWP-93CWP-94CWP-95CWP-96CWP-97CWP-98CWP-99CWP-100CWP-101CWP-102CWP-103CWP-104CWP-105CWP-106CWP-107CWP-108CWP-109CWP-110CWP-111CWP-112CWP-113CWP-114CWP-115CWP-116CWP-117CWP-118CWP-119CWP-120CWP-121CWP-122CWP-123CWP-124CWP-125CWP-126CWP-127CWP-128CWP-129CWP-130CWP-131CWP-132CWP-133CWP-134CWP-135CWP-136CWP-137CWP-138CWP-139CWP-140CWP-141CWP-142CWP-143CWP-144CWP-145CWP-146CWP-147CWP-148CWP-149CWP-150CWP-151CWP-152CWP-153CWP-154CWP-155CWP-156CWP-157CWP-158CWP-159CWP-160CWP-161CWP-162CWP-163CWP-164CWP-165CWP-166CWP-167CWP-168CWP-169CWP-170CWP-171CWP-172CWP-173CWP-174CWP-175CWP-176CWP-177CWP-178CWP-179CWP-180CWP-181CWP-182CWP-183CWP-184CWP-185CWP-186CWP-187CWP-188CWP-189CWP-190CWP-191CWP-192CWP-193CWP-194CWP-195CWP-196CWP-197CWP-198CWP-199CWP-200