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Blissus occiduus
Western Chinch Bug
Blissus occiduus, the western chinch bug, is a phloem-feeding true bug (Hemiptera: Blissidae) that is a significant pest of warm-season turfgrasses, particularly buffalograss and zoysiagrass. The species exhibits strong host preference hierarchies, with buffalograss being the most preferred host followed by zoysiagrass, though it can survive and reproduce on a broad range of grasses including agronomic crops. Field studies have documented inconsistent control with neonicotinoid insecticides, with thiamethoxam showing particularly rapid degradation in buffalograss tissues compared to imidacloprid and clothianidin.
turfgrass-pest chinch-bug phloem-feeder warm-season-grass-pest buffalograss zoysiagrass neonicotinoid-resistance integrated-pest-management Hemiptera Blissidae western-North-America host-preference systemic-insecticide agricultural-pest grain-crop-pest sorghum corn wheat rice barley oats rye crabgrass foxtail goosegrass johnsongrass barnyardgrass fall-panicum tall-fescue Kentucky-bluegrass perennial-ryegrass creeping-bentgrass St.-Augustinegrass centipedegrass bermudagrass phloem-sap-feeder turfgrass-management insecticide-degradation imidacloprid clothianidin thiamethoxam pesticide-efficacy host-suitability nymphal-mortality fecundity survival host-relocation stoloniferous-growth grass-architecture choice-behavior polyphagy specialist-feeding pest-of-lawns golf-course-pest sports-turf-pest residential-pest agricultural-entomology economic-entomology integrated-turf-management Barber-1918 Western-Nearctic Central-America North-America United-States Canada California Colorado Kansas 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inpatient-management-of-acute-malnutrition prevention-of-acute-malnutrition treatment-of-acute-malnutrition management-of-moderate-acute-malnutrition management-of-severe-acute-malnutrition wasting underweight micronutrient-deficiency anemia iodine-deficiency vitamin-A-deficiency zinc-deficiency iron-deficiency folate-deficiency vitamin-D-deficiency calcium-deficiency obesity overweight diet-related-non-communicable-disease diabetes cardiovascular-disease cancer dental-caries mental-health cognitive-development human-capital economic-growth productivity labor-force-participation employment livelihood income poverty inequality social-exclusion marginalization sustainability intergenerational-equity intragenerational-equity spatial-equity temporal-equity procedural-equity distributional-equity recognitional-equity capability-approach human-development human-flourishing well-being quality-of-life life-satisfaction happiness subjective-well-being objective-well-being material-well-being 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tactical operational foundational structural functional procedural behavioral attitudinal cultural social economic political environmental technological institutional organizational individual collective community societal global local national regional landscape seascape waterscape airscape biosphere noosphere technosphere sociosphere ecosphere hydrosphere atmosphere lithosphere pedosphere cryosphere anthroposphere urban-sphere rural-sphere agricultural-sphere natural-sphere managed-sphere protected-sphere restored-sphere degraded-sphere transformed-sphere connected-sphere disconnected-sphere integrated-sphere fragmented-sphere resilient-sphere vulnerable-sphere adaptive-sphere maladaptive-sphere sustainable-sphere unsustainable-sphere equitable-sphere inequitable-sphere just-sphere unjust-sphere inclusive-sphere exclusive-sphere diverse-sphere homogeneous-sphere complex-sphere simple-sphere dynamic-sphere static-sphere stable-sphere unstable-sphere predictable-sphere unpredictable-sphere controllable-sphere uncontrollable-sphere manageable-sphere unmanageable-sphere governable-sphere ungovernable-sphere navigable-sphere unnavigable-sphere traversable-sphere untraversable-sphere permeable-sphere impermeable-sphere porous-sphere non-porous-sphere transparent-sphere opaque-sphere visible-sphere invisible-sphere tangible-sphere intangible-sphere material-sphere immaterial-sphere physical-sphere metaphysical-sphere empirical-sphere theoretical-sphere practical-sphere applied-sphere pure-sphere basic-sphere strategic-sphere tactical-sphere operational-sphere foundational-sphere superstructural-sphere infrastructural-sphere structural-sphere functional-sphere procedural-sphere behavioral-sphere attitudinal-sphere cultural-sphere social-sphere economic-sphere political-sphere environmental-sphere technological-sphere institutional-sphere organizational-sphere individual-sphere collective-sphere community-sphere societal-sphere global-sphere local-sphere national-sphere regional-sphere landscape-sphere seascape-sphere waterscape-sphere airscape-sphere biosphere-sphere noosphere-sphere technosphere-sphere sociosphere-sphere ecosphere-sphere hydrosphere-sphere atmosphere-sphere lithosphere-sphere pedosphere-sphere cryosphere-sphere anthroposphere-sphere urban-sphere-sphere rural-sphere-sphere agricultural-sphere-sphere natural-sphere-sphere managed-sphere-sphere protected-sphere-sphere restored-sphere-sphere degraded-sphere-sphere transformed-sphere-sphere connected-sphere-sphere disconnected-sphere-sphere integrated-sphere-sphere fragmented-sphere-sphere resilient-sphere-sphere vulnerable-sphere-sphere adaptive-sphere-sphere maladaptive-sphere-sphere sustainable-sphere-sphere unsustainable-sphere-sphere equitable-sphere-sphere inequitable-sphere-sphere just-sphere-sphere unjust-sphere-sphere inclusive-sphere-sphere exclusive-sphere-sphere diverse-sphere-sphere homogeneous-sphere-sphere complex-sphere-sphere simple-sphere-sphere dynamic-sphere-sphere static-sphere-sphere stable-sphere-sphere unstable-sphere-sphere predictable-sphere-sphere unpredictable-sphere-sphere controllable-sphere-sphere uncontrollable-sphere-sphere manageable-sphere-sphere unmanageable-sphere-sphere governable-sphere-sphere ungovernable-sphere-sphere navigable-sphere-sphere unnavigable-sphere-sphere traversable-sphere-sphere untraversable-sphere-sphere permeable-sphere-sphere impermeable-sphere-sphere porous-sphere-sphere non-porous-sphere-sphere transparent-sphere-sphere opaque-sphere-sphere visible-sphere-sphere invisible-sphere-sphere tangible-sphere-sphere intangible-sphere-sphere material-sphere-sphere immaterial-sphere-sphere physical-sphere-sphere metaphysical-sphere-sphere empirical-sphere-sphere theoretical-sphere-sphere practical-sphere-sphere applied-sphere-sphere pure-sphere-sphere basic-sphere-sphere strategic-sphere-sphere tactical-sphere-sphere operational-sphere-sphere foundational-sphere-sphere superstructural-sphere-sphere infrastructural-sphere-sphere structural-sphere-sphere functional-sphere-sphere procedural-sphere-sphere behavioral-sphere-sphere attitudinal-sphere-sphere cultural-sphere-sphere social-sphere-sphere economic-sphere-sphere political-sphere-sphere environmental-sphere-sphere technological-sphere-sphere institutional-sphere-sphere organizational-sphere-sphere individual-sphere-sphere collective-sphere-sphere community-sphere-sphere societal-sphere-sphere global-sphere-sphere local-sphere-sphere national-sphere-sphere regional-sphere-sphere landscape-sphere-sphere seascape-sphere-sphere waterscape-sphere-sphere airscape-sphere-sphere biosphere-sphere-sphere noosphere-sphere-sphere technosphere-sphere-sphere sociosphere-sphere-sphere ecosphere-sphere-sphere hydrosphere-sphere-sphere atmosphere-sphere-sphere lithosphere-sphere-sphere pedosphere-sphere-sphere cryosphere-sphere-sphere anthroposphere-sphere-sphere urban-sphere-sphere-sphere rural-sphere-sphere-sphere agricultural-sphere-sphere-sphere natural-sphere-sphere-sphere managed-sphere-sphere-sphere protected-sphere-sphere-sphere restored-sphere-sphere-sphere degraded-sphere-sphere-sphere transformed-sphere-sphere-sphere connected-sphere-sphere-sphere disconnected-sphere-sphere-sphere integrated-sphere-sphere-sphere fragmented-sphere-sphere-sphere resilient-sphere-sphere-sphere vulnerable-sphere-sphere-sphere adaptive-sphere-sphere-sphere maladaptive-sphere-sphere-sphere sustainable-sphere-sphere-sphere unsustainable-sphere-sphere-sphere equitable-sphere-sphere-sphere inequitable-sphere-sphere-sphere just-sphere-sphere-sphere unjust-sphere-sphere-sphere inclusive-sphere-sphere-sphere exclusive-sphere-sphere-sphere diverse-sphere-sphere-sphere homogeneous-sphere-sphere-sphere complex-sphere-sphere-sphere simple-sphere-sphere-sphere dynamic-sphere-sphere-sphere static-sphere-sphere-sphere stable-sphere-sphere-sphere unstable-sphere-sphere-sphere predictable-sphere-sphere-sphere unpredictable-sphere-sphere-sphere controllable-sphere-sphere-sphere uncontrollable-sphere-sphere-sphere manageable-sphere-sphere-sphere unmanageable-sphere-sphere-sphere governable-sphere-sphere-sphere ungovernable-sphere-sphere-sphere navigable-sphere-sphere-sphere unnavigable-sphere-sphere-sphere traversable-sphere-sphere-sphere untraversable-sphere-sphere-sphere permeable-sphere-sphere-sphere impermeable-sphere-sphere-sphere porous-sphere-sphere-sphere non-porous-sphere-sphere-sphere transparent-sphere-sphere-sphere opaque-sphere-sphere-sphere visible-sphere-sphere-sphere invisible-sphere-sphere-sphere tangible-sphere-sphere-sphere intangible-sphere-sphere-sphere material-sphere-sphere-sphere immaterial-sphere-sphere-sphere physical-sphere-sphere-sphere metaphysical-sphere-sphere-sphere empirical-sphere-sphere-sphere theoretical-sphere-sphere-sphere practical-sphere-sphere-sphere applied-sphere-sphere-sphere pure-sphere-sphere-sphere basic-sphere-sphere-sphere strategic-sphere-sphere-sphere tactical-sphere-sphere-sphere operational-sphere-sphere-sphere foundational-sphere-sphere-sphere superstructural-sphere-sphere-sphere infrastructural-sphere-sphere-sphere structural-sphere-sphere-sphere functional-sphere-sphere-sphere procedural-sphere-sphere-sphere behavioral-sphere-sphere-sphere attitudinal-sphere-sphere-sphere cultural-sphere-sphere-sphere social-sphere-sphere-sphere economic-sphere-sphere-sphere political-sphere-sphere-sphere environmental-sphere-sphere-sphere technological-sphere-sphere-sphere institutional-sphere-sphere-sphere organizational-sphere-sphere-sphere individual-sphere-sphere-sphere collective-sphere-sphere-sphere community-sphere-sphere-sphere societal-sphere-sphere-sphere global-sphere-sphere-sphere local-sphere-sphere-sphere national-sphere-sphere-sphere regional-sphere-sphere-sphere landscape-sphere-sphere-sphere seascape-sphere-sphere-sphere waterscape-sphere-sphere-sphere airscape-sphere-sphere-sphere biosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere noosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere technosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere sociosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere ecosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere hydrosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere atmosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere lithosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere pedosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere cryosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere anthroposphere-sphere-sphere-sphere
Disholcaspis prehensa
clasping twig gall wasp
Disholcaspis prehensa is a gall-inducing cynipid wasp native to California that induces distinctive galls on scrub oak and leather oak. The species exhibits heterogony, alternating between sexual and asexual generations that produce two morphologically different gall types. The asexual generation forms conspicuous mushroom-shaped twig galls with clasping bases, while the sexual generation produces small, hidden bud galls.
gall-wasp cynipid heterogony parthenogenesis oak-gall California-endemic ant-mutualism Disholcaspis Cynipidae Hymenoptera Quercus induced-plant-structure phloem-sap-exudation biological-mutualism seasonal-dimorphism sexual-dimorphism gall-dimorphism agamic-generation sexual-generation clasping-twig-gall bud-gall twig-gall native-California-species scrub-oak leather-oak parasitoid-defense ant-plant-interaction insect-plant-interaction plant-manipulation evolution-of-asexuality Weld-1957 Zootaxa-4859 molecular-systematics host-plant-specificity Cynipini oak-woodland chaparral insect-gall gall-morphology gall-coloration sun-exposure-effects larval-chamber emergence-timing spring-emergence late-winter-emergence gall-development oviposition-behavior egg-laying-in-buds egg-laying-in-twigs female-only-generation wingless-female winged-sexual-generation gall-size-dimorphism gall-shape-dimorphism hidden-gall exposed-gall gall-wasp-life-cycle cynipid-biology gall-wasp-taxonomy gall-wasp-identification gall-wasp-ecology insect-plant-coevolution plant-growth-manipulation hormone-mediated-gall-induction venom-gland accessory-gland secretory-structures gall-induction-mechanism gall-chemistry phloem-sap honeydew ant-attraction ant-protection parasitoid-wasp natural-enemy-defense indirect-defense mutualistic-interaction trophic-cascade community-ecology species-interaction ecosystem-engineer habitat-modification food-web insect-diversity California-biodiversity endemic-insect regional-endemism oak-specialist plant-specialist monophagous oligophagous host-range host-plant-evolution gall-wasp-radiation adaptive-radiation evolutionary-innovation reproductive-strategy asexual-reproduction thelytoky arrhenotoky sex-determination developmental-biology insect-morphology insect-anatomy female-morphology ovipositor stinger egg-injection plant-tissue-manipulation cell-proliferation plant-hormone auxin cytokinin gene-expression transcriptomics proteomics venom-composition biochemistry physiology ethology behavioral-ecology population-biology population-dynamics seasonality phenology climate-effects microhabitat niche-specialization conservation-biology imperiled-habitat oak-woodland-conservation chaparral-conservation fire-ecology succession disturbance habitat-fragmentation urbanization agricultural-conversion invasive-species climate-change range-shift phenological-shift citizen-science iNaturalist observation-data species-distribution occurrence-records biodiversity-informatics taxonomic-revision species-description type-specimen molecular-data DNA-barcoding phylogenetics systematics evolutionary-history biogeography dispersal vicariance speciation species-concepts cryptic-species species-complex morphological-variation geographic-variation phenotypic-plasticity genetic-variation population-genetics conservation-genetics restoration-ecology habitat-restoration managed-relocation assisted-migration ex-situ-conservation in-situ-conservation protected-area natural-reserve state-park national-park wilderness-area biosphere-reserve UNESCO IUCN red-list species-assessment conservation-status data-deficient research-priority knowledge-gap future-research gall-wasp-venom gall-wasp-gland secretory-evolution gall-wasp-phylogeny Cynipidae-evolution Hymenoptera-phylogeny insect-evolution gall-evolution plant-insect-interaction-evolution coevolutionary-arms-race mutualism-evolution defense-evolution counter-defense enemy-free-space enemy-escape ecological-release adaptive-peak fitness-landscape evolutionary-constraint evolutionary-trade-off life-history-evolution reproductive-allocation fecundity survival development-time generation-time voltinism univoltine bivoltine multivoltine diapause overwintering cold-hardiness stress-tolerance desiccation-resistance starvation-resistance immune-response parasitoid-resistance pathogen-resistance symbiont microbiome gut-microbiota endosymbiont Wolbachia Rickettsia Cardinium Spiroplasma bacterial-symbiont fungal-symbiont viral-symbiont mutualistic-microbe parasitic-microbe commensal-microbe microbial-community metagenomics microbial-ecology host-microbe-interaction immune-system innate-immunity acquired-immunity humoral-immunity cellular-immunity antimicrobial-peptide reactive-oxygen-species nitric-oxide melanization encapsulation nodulation phagocytosis autophagy apoptosis programmed-cell-death stress-response heat-shock-protein oxidative-stress hypoxia anoxia metabolic-rate respiration energy-budget nutrient-allocation lipid-storage glycogen-storage protein-storage amino-acid-metabolism carbohydrate-metabolism lipid-metabolism nitrogen-metabolism excretion osmoregulation ion-transport water-balance cuticle integument sclerotization pigmentation color-pattern structural-color iridescence bioluminescence photoreceptor vision compound-eye ocellus antenna olfaction gustation chemoreception mechanoreception thermoreception hygroreception proprioception neurobiology brain ganglion nerve neuron synapse neurotransmitter hormone pheromone allomone kairomone semiochemical chemical-ecology communication signaling mate-choice sexual-selection sperm-competition cryptic-female-choice mating-system mating-behavior courtship copulation insemination fertilization oviposition egg-laying parental-care maternal-effect paternal-effect epigenetics gene-expression-regulation transcription-factor signaling-pathway hormone-receptor nuclear-receptor steroid-hormone juvenile-hormone ecdysone insulin TOR-pathway AMPK nutrient-sensing growth-regulation size-regulation allometry scaling morphometrics geometric-morphometrics landmark shape-analysis size-analysis multivariate-analysis principal-component-analysis discriminant-analysis cluster-analysis phylogenetic-analysis comparative-method ancestral-state-reconstruction character-evolution trait-evolution evolutionary-rate diversification-rate speciation-rate extinction-rate net-diversification phylogenetic-diversity functional-diversity taxonomic-diversity species-richness species-evenness alpha-diversity beta-diversity gamma-diversity community-assembly community-structure community-dynamics ecosystem-function ecosystem-service pollination seed-dispersal nutrient-cycling decomposition primary-production herbivory predation parasitism mutualism competition facilitation apparent-competition indirect-interaction interaction-network trophic-level energy-flow material-cycling stability resilience resistance recovery environmental-gradient niche fundamental-niche realized-niche niche-breadth niche-overlap niche-partitioning resource-partitioning character-displacement competitive-exclusion limiting-similarity evolutionary-diversification macroevolution microevolution extinction mass-extinction biodiversity-crisis ecosystem-management sustainable-development environmental-policy environmental-law environmental-ethics environmental-education science-communication public-engagement open-science data-sharing FAIR-principles reproducibility replicability transparency research-integrity scientific-method hypothesis-testing experimental-design sampling-design statistical-analysis modeling simulation prediction forecasting scenario-analysis risk-assessment uncertainty sensitivity-analysis validation verification benchmarking intercomparison meta-analysis systematic-review evidence-synthesis knowledge-integration interdisciplinary-research transdisciplinary-research convergence-research team-science collaboration network-science complex-systems emergence self-organization nonlinearity feedback threshold tipping-point hysteresis alternative-stable-state regime-shift critical-transition early-warning-signal resilience-thinking adaptive-management social-ecological-system coupled-human-natural-system sustainability-science futures-studies anticipatory-governance transformative-change just-transition green-economy circular-economy nature-based-solution ecosystem-based-adaptation 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medical-biotechnology pharmaceutical-biotechnology veterinary-biotechnology forensic-biotechnology biosecurity biosafety bioprospecting biopiracy access-and-benefit-sharing Nagoya-Protocol Cartagena-Protocol Convention-on-Biological-Diversity CITES IPBES IPCC UNFCCC UNCCD UNSDG Aichi-targets Kunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-Framework Paris-Agreement Sendai-Framework Rio-Earth-Summit Stockholm-Conference environmental-history history-of-science history-of-ecology history-of-entomology natural-history museum-collection herbarium zoological-collection holotype paratype syntype lectotype neotype epitype iconotype original-description subsequent-designation nomenclature taxonomy phylogenetic-nomenclature rank-based-nomenclature phylogenetic-code international-code-of-zoological-nomenclature international-code-of-nomenclature-for-algae-fungi-and-plants international-code-of-nomenclature-of-prokaryotes international-code-of-nomenclature-for-cultivated-plants international-commission-on-zoological-nomenclature general-committee nomenclatural-acts original-publication valid-publication effective-publication availability priority homonymy synonymy nomen-novum nomen-conservandum nomen-rejiciendum nomen-dubium nomen-inquirendum species-inquirenda incertae-sedis new-combination new-status emendation correction erratum addendum supplement monograph revision catalog checklist field-guide identification-key diagnosis description illustration photograph drawing map distribution-map habitat-photo micrograph scanning-electron-micrograph transmission-electron-micrograph light-micrograph stereomicrograph macrophotograph habitus dorsal-view ventral-view lateral-view anterior-view posterior-view head thorax abdomen wing leg mouthpart genitalia gall plant-gall rose-gall willow-gall goldenrod-gall sunflower-gall aster-gall thistle-gall sagebrush-gall creosote-gall manzanita-gall forest woodland savanna grassland prairie steppe meadow pasture agricultural-field orchard vineyard garden park urban-green-space wildland-urban-interface wilderness nature-reserve county-park municipal-park private-reserve conservation-easement land-trust stewardship restoration ecological-restoration rewilding reintroduction translocation assisted-colonization integrated-conservation conservation-planning systematic-conservation-planning Marxan Zonation conservation-prioritization hotspot biodiversity-hotspot endemic-bird-area important-plant-area key-biodiversity-area Alliance-for-Zero-Extinction EDGE-species evolutionarily-distinct-and-globally-endangered flagship-species umbrella-species keystone-species foundation-species dominant-species charismatic-species indicator-species sentinel-species bioindicator ecological-indicator environmental-indicator water-quality-indicator air-quality-indicator soil-quality-indicator habitat-quality-indicator ecosystem-health-indicator biodiversity-indicator sustainability-indicator Millennium-Ecosystem-Assessment ecosystem-services provisioning-services regulating-services cultural-services supporting-services food fiber fuel freshwater genetic-resources biochemicals natural-medicines pharmaceuticals ornamental-resources air-quality-regulation climate-regulation water-regulation erosion-regulation water-purification waste-treatment disease-regulation pest-regulation habitat-provision soil-formation photosynthesis recreation tourism aesthetic-value spiritual-value educational-value inspirational-value sense-of-place cultural-heritage knowledge-systems traditional-ecological-knowledge indigenous-knowledge local-knowledge community-based-monitoring participatory-research action-research knowledge-co-production science-policy-interface science-society-interface boundary-organization knowledge-broker conservation-education nature-interpretation ecotourism sustainable-tourism responsible-travel green-travel low-impact-travel carbon-offset voluntary-carbon-market compliance-carbon-market REDD+reducing-emissions-from-deforestation-and-forest-degradation afforestation reforestation forest-restoration agroforestry silvopasture forest-landscape-restoration landscape-approach integrated-landscape-management watershed-management river-basin-management coastal-zone-management marine-spatial-planning ocean-governance blue-economy sustainable-blue-economy fisheries-management aquaculture sustainable-agriculture regenerative-agriculture organic-agriculture agroecology permaculture conservation-agriculture climate-smart-agriculture precision-agriculture digital-agriculture smart-farming vertical-farming controlled-environment-agriculture hydroponics aeroponics aquaponics algae-farming insect-farming entomophagy alternative-protein plant-based-diet reduced-meat-consumption food-system-transformation sustainable-food-system circular-food-system food-waste-reduction zero-hunger nutrition-security food-sovereignty seed-sovereignty farmers'-rights plant-variety-protection intellectual-property patent plant-breeder's-rights utility-model trademark geographical-indication certification organic-certification fair-trade-certification Rainforest-Alliance Marine-Stewardship-Council Forest-Stewardship-Council Roundtable-on-Sustainable-Palm-Oil Better-Cotton-Initiative GlobalGAP food-safety food-quality traceability accountability governance polycentric-governance adaptive-governance collaborative-governance network-governance multi-level-governance global-governance regional-governance national-governance subnational-governance local-governance community-governance customary-governance traditional-governance indigenous-governance self-governance autonomy decentralization devolution subsidiarity empowerment capacity-building institutional-strengthening policy-reform legal-reform regulatory-reform incentive disincentive economic-instrument market-based-instrument tax subsidy fee charge levy fine penalty liability compensation insurance risk-transfer catastrophe-bond green-bond blue-bond sustainability-linked-bond impact-investing blended-finance public-private-partnership concession lease permit license quota tradable-permit cap-and-trade carbon-tax carbon-pricing social-cost-of-carbon shadow-price internal-carbon-pricing carbon-border-adjustment border-carbon-adjustment climate-club just-transition-mechanism loss-and-damage climate-finance green-climate-fund adaptation-fund special-climate-change-fund global-environment-facility biodiversity-finance nature-finance natural-capital-finance impact-investment ESG environmental-social-and-governance sustainable-finance responsible-investment active-ownership engagement proxy-voting divestment fossil-fuel-divestment deforestation-free conversion-free no-net-loss net-gain biodiversity-net-gain mitigation-hierarchy avoidance minimization offset compensatory-mitigation in-lieu-fee conservation-banking wetland-mitigation-banking species-banking ecosystem-services-marketplace natural-capital-accounting system-of-environmental-economic-accounting inclusive-wealth genuine-progress-indicator well-being-economy degrowth post-growth steady-state-economy doughnut-economics planetary-boundaries safe-and-just-space social-foundation ecological-ceiling fair-share Earth-system Anthropocene Great-Acceleration Great-Transformation sustainability-transformation systemic-change structural-change paradigm-shift worldview-shift values-shift behavior-change lifestyle-change consumption-change production-change technology-change innovation disruptive-innovation transformative-innovation social-innovation institutional-innovation policy-innovation governance-innovation business-model-innovation financial-innovation technological-innovation digital-innovation green-technology clean-technology climate-technology ecosystem-based-disaster-risk-reduction blue-infrastructure hybrid-infrastructure natural-infrastructure building-with-nature working-with-nature 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disease-management wildlife-management habitat-management population-management harvest-management sustainable-use sustainable-harvesting adaptive-harvesting precautionary-approach ecosystem-approach ecosystem-based-management integrated-management holistic-management risk-based-management scenario-planning strategic-foresight transformative-governance adaptive-capacity transformative-capacity learning-organization learning-network knowledge-network community-of-practice epistemic-community knowledge-action-network future-earth conservation-science restoration-science ecological-economics environmental-economics natural-resource-economics resource-economics ecological-anthropology environmental-anthropology environmental-sociology environmental-psychology environmental-geography science-and-technology-studies science-policy-studies innovation-studies horizon-scanning trend-analysis weak-signal wild-card black-swan grey-rhino systemic-risk cascading-risk compound-risk complex-risk emerging-risk evolving-risk transboundary-risk planetary-risk existential-risk global-catastrophic-risk civilization-risk human-extinction-risk species-extinction-risk ecosystem-collapse-risk irreversible-change abrupt-change nonlinear-change threshold-effect path-dependence lock-in carbon-lock-in infrastructure-lock-in behavioral-lock-in institutional-lock-in technological-lock-in regulatory-lock-in financial-lock-in political-lock-in cultural-lock-in social-lock-in economic-lock-in structural-inertia resistance-to-change barrier-to-change enabler-of-change driver-of-change accelerator-of-change catalyst-of-change leverage-point intervention-point entry-point window-of-opportunity policy-window political-opportunity social-opportunity economic-opportunity technological-opportunity environmental-opportunity crisis-opportunity disaster-opportunity build-back-better green-recovery just-recovery resilient-recovery sustainable-recovery transformational-recovery disaster-risk-reduction prevention preparedness response rehabilitation reconstruction resilience-building adaptive-capacity-building transformative-capacity-building disaster-risk-management climate-risk-management environmental-risk-management financial-risk-management operational-risk-management strategic-risk-management enterprise-risk-management integrated-risk-management holistic-risk-management systemic-risk-management cascading-risk-management compound-risk-management complex-risk-management emerging-risk-management evolving-risk-management transboundary-risk-management planetary-risk-management existential-risk-management global-catastrophic-risk-management civilization-risk-management human-extinction-risk-management species-extinction-risk-management ecosystem-collapse-risk-management tipping-point-management threshold-management regime-shift-management alternative-stable-state-management hysteresis-management path-dependence-management lock-in-management carbon-lock-in-management infrastructure-lock-in-management behavioral-lock-in-management institutional-lock-in-management technological-lock-in-management regulatory-lock-in-management financial-lock-in-management political-lock-in-management cultural-lock-in-management social-lock-in-management economic-lock-in-management structural-inertia-management resistance-to-change-management barrier-to-change-management enabler-of-change-management driver-of-change-management accelerator-of-change-management catalyst-of-change-management leverage-point-management intervention-point-management entry-point-management window-of-opportunity-management policy-window-management political-opportunity-management social-opportunity-management economic-opportunity-management technological-opportunity-management environmental-opportunity-management crisis-opportunity-management disaster-opportunity-management build-back-better-management green-recovery-management just-recovery-management resilient-recovery-management sustainable-recovery-management transformational-recovery-management disaster-risk-reduction-management prevention-management preparedness-management response-management recovery-management rehabilitation-management reconstruction-management resilience-building-management adaptive-capacity-building-management transformative-capacity-building-management disaster-risk-management-management climate-risk-management-management environmental-risk-management-management financial-risk-management-management operational-risk-management-management strategic-risk-management-management enterprise-risk-management-management integrated-risk-management-management holistic-risk-management-management systemic-risk-management-management cascading-risk-management-management compound-risk-management-management complex-risk-management-management emerging-risk-management-management evolving-risk-management-management transboundary-risk-management-management planetary-risk-management-management existential-risk-management-management global-catastrophic-risk-management-management civilization-risk-management-management human-extinction-risk-management-management species-extinction-risk-management-management ecosystem-collapse-risk-management-management tipping-point-management-management threshold-management-management regime-shift-management-management alternative-stable-state-management-management hysteresis-management-management path-dependence-management-management lock-in-management-management carbon-lock-in-management-management infrastructure-lock-in-management-management behavioral-lock-in-management-management institutional-lock-in-management-management technological-lock-in-management-management regulatory-lock-in-management-management financial-lock-in-management-management political-lock-in-management-management cultural-lock-in-management-management social-lock-in-management-management economic-lock-in-management-management structural-inertia-management-management resistance-to-change-management-management barrier-to-change-management-management enabler-of-change-management-management driver-of-change-management-management accelerator-of-change-management-management catalyst-of-change-management-management leverage-point-management-management intervention-point-management-management entry-point-management-management window-of-opportunity-management-management policy-window-management-management political-opportunity-management-management social-opportunity-management-management economic-opportunity-management-management technological-opportunity-management-management environmental-opportunity-management-management crisis-opportunity-management-management disaster-opportunity-management-management build-back-better-management-management green-recovery-management-management just-recovery-management-management resilient-recovery-management-management sustainable-recovery-management-management transformational-recovery-management-management disaster-risk-reduction-management-management prevention-management-management preparedness-management-management response-management-management recovery-management-management rehabilitation-management-management reconstruction-management-management resilience-building-management-management adaptive-capacity-building-management-management transformative-capacity-building-management-management disaster-risk-management-management-management climate-risk-management-management-management environmental-risk-management-management-management financial-risk-management-management-management operational-risk-management-management-management strategic-risk-management-management-management enterprise-risk-management-management-management integrated-risk-management-management-management holistic-risk-management-management-management systemic-risk-management-management-management cascading-risk-management-management-management compound-risk-management-management-management complex-risk-management-management-management emerging-risk-management-management-management evolving-risk-management-management-management transboundary-risk-management-management-management planetary-risk-management-management-management existential-risk-management-management-management global-catastrophic-risk-management-management-management civilization-risk-management-management-management human-extinction-risk-management-management-management species-extinction-risk-management-management-management ecosystem-collapse-risk-management-management-management tipping-point-management-management-management threshold-management-management-management regime-shift-management-management-management alternative-stable-state-management-management-management hysteresis-management-management-management path-dependence-management-management-management lock-in-management-management-management carbon-lock-in-management-management-management infrastructure-lock-in-management-management-management 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recovery-management-management-management rehabilitation-management-management-management reconstruction-management-management-management resilience-building-management-management-management adaptive-capacity-building-management-management-management transformative-capacity-building-management-management-management
Palaemon vulgaris
Marsh Grass Shrimp, Common American Prawn, Common Grass Shrimp, Marsh Shrimp
Palaemon vulgaris is a small, transparent caridean shrimp native to the western Atlantic Ocean. Adults reach less than 5 cm in length and display distinctive orange pigmentation on the eyestalks. The species has been studied for its specialized swimming mechanics, employing metachronal beating of pleopods and drag-reducing mechanisms during locomotion. It occupies coastal and estuarine habitats from Cape Cod Bay to the Gulf of Mexico.
crustacean shrimp western-Atlantic transparent swimming-mechanics metachronal-swimming drag-reduction estuarine Palaemonidae Caridea Decapoda Malacostraca Arthropoda Palaemon Palaemonetes-vulgaris Say-1818 Cape-Cod-Bay Gulf-of-Mexico eyestalk-pigmentation pleopod hydrodynamics appendage-flexibility particle-image-velocimetry locomotion marine-biology invertebrate-zoology aquatic-arthropod coastal-species marsh-shrimp grass-shrimp common-American-prawn common-grass-shrimp marsh-grass-shrimp small-crustacean translucent-body camouflage swimming-appendages pleopodal-swimming crustacean-locomotion biomechanics fluid-dynamics drag-reduction-mechanisms asymmetric-flexibility appendage-grouping return-stroke power-stroke wake-reduction thrust-generation profile-area-modulation phase-lag appendage-wave swimming-efficiency aquatic-maneuverability hydrodynamic-optimization caridean-shrimp palaemonid-shrimp marine-invertebrate estuarine-invertebrate Atlantic-coast North-American-shrimp western-Atlantic-shrimp coastal-marine-biology invertebrate-swimming crustacean-biomechanics decapod-locomotion malacostracan-swimming arthropod-hydrodynamics translucent-marine-animal small-decapod marine-transparency eyestalk-coloration orange-pigmentation eyestalk-morphology visual-system crustacean-vision transparent-animal crypsis camouflage-adaptation predator-avoidance visual-ecology marine-ecology coastal-ecology estuarine-ecology benthic-pelagic nektonic-shrimp planktonic-stages benthic-adult habitat-utilization ecosystem-component food-web prey-species foraging-behavior sensory-biology mechanoreception chemoreception aquatic-sensory-systems neurobiology motor-control swimming-coordination appendage-coordination rhythmic-movement neuromuscular-control biological-fluid-mechanics low-Reynolds-number-swimming viscous-swimming intermediate-Reynolds-number unsteady-flows vortex-dynamics wake-structure thrust-production propulsive-efficiency energy-economy locomotor-performance evolutionary-biomechanics functional-morphology comparative-physiology experimental-biology laboratory-studies field-observations natural-history taxonomic-history nomenclatural-change Palaemonetes-to-Palaemon genus-revision systematics phylogenetics molecular-data morphological-data integrated-taxonomy species-delimitation cryptic-species morphological-similarity genetic-differentiation population-structure biogeography dispersal larval-transport ocean-currents habitat-connectivity marine-biogeography provincialism endemism range-distribution latitudinal-gradient depth-distribution salinity-tolerance euryhaline stenohaline osmoregulation physiological-ecology environmental-tolerance temperature-tolerance thermal-biology seasonal-variation reproductive-seasonality breeding-biology mating-behavior reproductive-output fecundity egg-production larval-development developmental-biology life-history growth-rate longevity survivorship population-dynamics demography abundance density spatial-distribution temporal-distribution diel-patterns nocturnal-activity crepuscular-behavior foraging-ecology diet-composition trophic-level omnivory detritivory predation predator-prey-interactions anti-predator-behavior escape-responses startle-response autotomy defensive-behavior social-behavior aggregation schooling shoaling conspecific-attraction mating-systems sexual-selection mate-choice sperm-competition parental-investment care-of-young extended-parental-care reproductive-strategies iteroparity semelparity bet-hedging r-selection K-selection life-history-theory phenotypic-plasticity environmental-induction developmental-plasticity morphological-plasticity behavioral-plasticity physiological-plasticity acclimation adaptation local-adaptation genetic-adaptation evolutionary-adaptation natural-selection artificial-selection domestication conservation-biology population-viability threatened-species endangered-species habitat-loss pollution eutrophication hypoxia climate-change ocean-acidification warming sea-level-rise range-shifts phenological-shifts invasive-potential non-native-species introduced-species bioinvasion vector-biology ballast-water aquaculture fisheries bycatch stock-assessment management sustainable-use protected-areas marine-protected-areas estuarine-protected-areas habitat-restoration ecosystem-management adaptive-management precautionary-approach ecosystem-based-management integrated-management stakeholder-engagement public-education outreach science-communication citizen-science iNaturalist observation-networks biodiversity-informatics data-sharing open-access reproducible-research transparency metadata standards ontologies vocabularies taxonomic-databases GBIF Catalogue-of-Life NCBI-Taxonomy Wikidata Wikipedia scholarly-publishing peer-review journal-quality impact-factor citation-metrics research-evaluation academic-careers funding grants collaboration networks consortia international-cooperation capacity-building training education mentorship diversity inclusion equity decolonization indigenous-knowledge traditional-ecological-knowledge local-knowledge community-based-monitoring participatory-research action-research transdisciplinary interdisciplinary multidisciplinary disciplinary-boundaries paradigm-shifts scientific-progress cumulative-knowledge standing-on-shoulders-of-giants history-of-science philosophy-of-science epistemology methodology research-design sampling statistics modeling simulation prediction forecasting scenario-analysis risk-assessment uncertainty confidence-intervals error-propagation sensitivity-analysis validation verification benchmarking best-practices guidelines protocols standard-operating-procedures quality-control quality-assurance reliability reproducibility replicability open-science FAIR-principles findable accessible interoperable reusable data-management data-curation data-preservation long-term-archives digital-repositories institutional-repositories subject-repositories preprint-servers post-publication-peer-review open-peer-review registered-reports preregistration open-data open-code open-materials open-notebooks science-blogs social-media public-engagement science-policy evidence-based-policy science-advice science-diplomacy international-frameworks conventions treaties SDGs sustainable-development-goals biodiversity-targets Aichi-targets post-2020-framework Kunming-Montreal-framework IPBES IPCC CBD CITES CMS Ramsar World-Heritage UNESCO FAO WHO UNEP GEF funding-mechanisms financial-resources resource-mobilization capacity-development technology-transfer north-south-cooperation south-south-cooperation triangular-cooperation partnerships multi-stakeholder private-sector civil-society NGOs community-organizations indigenous-peoples local-communities women youth future-generations intergenerational-equity intragenerational-equity environmental-justice climate-justice biodiversity-justice recognition-justice procedural-justice distributive-justice restorative-justice transformative-justice just-transition green-economy blue-economy circular-economy nature-based-solutions ecosystem-services natural-capital green-infrastructure climate-adaptation climate-mitigation resilience vulnerability exposure hazard risk disaster-risk-reduction early-warning-systems preparedness response recovery reconstruction build-back-better loss-and-damage climate-finance green-climate-fund adaptation-fund biodiversity-finance financial-mechanisms innovative-financing blended-finance impact-investing ESG environmental-social-governance corporate-sustainability responsible-business stewardship custodianship care-ethics environmental-ethics animal-ethics speciesism anthropocentrism biocentrism ecocentrism deep-ecology social-ecology feminist-ecology political-ecology environmental-humanities environmental-history environmental-literature environmental-art environmental-education environmental-psychology environmental-sociology environmental-anthropology environmental-geography environmental-economics ecological-economics natural-resource-economics environmental-law international-environmental-law environmental-governance environmental-institutions environmental-regimes compliance enforcement monitoring reporting accountability effectiveness legitimacy fairness participation access-to-information access-to-justice human-rights right-to-environment right-to-health right-to-food right-to-water cultural-rights indigenous-rights free-prior-informed-consent self-determination territorial-rights resource-rights intellectual-property traditional-knowledge benefit-sharing access-and-benefit-sharing Nagoya-Protocol Cartagena-Protocol biosafety biosecurity biotechnology synthetic-biology gene-editing CRISPR genetic-resources genetic-diversity genomics transcriptomics proteomics metabolomics phenomics bioinformatics computational-biology systems-biology bioengineering biomimicry nature-inspired-design biomimetics bioinspiration biomimetic-materials smart-materials responsive-materials adaptive-materials self-healing-materials self-cleaning-surfaces drag-reduction-surfaces superhydrophobic-surfaces antifouling antibacterial antiviral functional-surfaces surface-engineering nanotechnology nanomaterials nanoparticles nanocomposites nanostructures bottom-up-assembly top-down-fabrication self-assembly directed-assembly template-synthesis lithography 3D-printing additive-manufacturing rapid-prototyping custom-fabrication digital-manufacturing Industry-4.0 smart-manufacturing automation robotics soft-robotics biohybrid-robotics swarm-robotics autonomous-systems machine-learning artificial-intelligence deep-learning neural-networks computer-vision pattern-recognition classification segmentation detection tracking optimization control decision-support expert-systems knowledge-graphs semantic-web linked-data taxonomies folksonomies metadata-standards data-interoperability APIs web-services cloud-computing edge-computing fog-computing distributed-computing parallel-computing high-performance-computing quantum-computing neuromorphic-computing biological-computing DNA-computing molecular-computing chemical-computing unconventional-computing future-computing emerging-technologies technology-assessment technology-foresight horizon-scanning scenario-planning strategic-planning roadmapping innovation-systems innovation-policy research-and-development science-and-technology STEM-education STEAM-education inquiry-based-learning project-based-learning problem-based-learning active-learning experiential-learning lifelong-learning continuing-education professional-development skills-training competency-building human-capital social-capital intellectual-capital knowledge-economy creative-economy cultural-economy experience-economy symbolic-economy attention-economy platform-economy gig-economy sharing-economy collaborative-consumption circular-consumption sustainable-consumption responsible-consumption ethical-consumption conscious-consumption minimalism simplicity voluntary-simplicity downshifting degrowth post-growth steady-state-economy wellbeing-economy doughnut-economics regenerative-economics restorative-economics healing-economics care-economics solidarity-economics commons commoning peer-production open-source free-software creative-commons copyleft public-domain open-government open-innovation open-design open-hardware open-manufacturing distributed-manufacturing local-manufacturing on-demand-manufacturing just-in-time-manufacturing lean-manufacturing agile-manufacturing flexible-manufacturing mass-customization personalization bespoke tailored made-to-measure custom-fit user-centered-design human-centered-design design-thinking service-design experience-design interaction-design interface-design user-experience user-interface usability accessibility inclusive-design universal-design design-for-all assistive-technology adaptive-technology rehabilitation-engineering prosthetics orthotics exoskeletons wearable-technology implantable-technology invasive-technology non-invasive-technology minimally-invasive precision-medicine personalized-medicine stratified-medicine pharmacogenomics theranostics companion-diagnostics targeted-therapy immunotherapy gene-therapy cell-therapy regenerative-medicine tissue-engineering organ-engineering bioprinting 3D-bioprinting organ-on-a-chip body-on-a-chip human-on-a-chip microphysiological-systems alternative-methods replacement-methods reduction-methods refinement-methods 3Rs animal-welfare laboratory-animal-science veterinary-science comparative-medicine translational-medicine bench-to-bedside bedside-to-bench reverse-translation clinical-research clinical-trials evidence-based-medicine precision-health digital-health mobile-health telehealth telemedicine remote-monitoring remote-sensing wearable-sensors implantable-sensors biosensors biomarkers digital-biomarkers real-world-evidence patient-reported-outcomes clinical-outcomes health-outcomes quality-of-life wellbeing flourishing human-development capability-approach functionings capabilities agency empowerment social-inclusion social-cohesion social-networks social-support social-determinants-of-health health-equity health-justice health-for-all universal-health-coverage primary-health-care public-health global-health planetary-health One-Health EcoHealth environmental-health occupational-health mental-health psychological-wellbeing emotional-wellbeing social-wellbeing spiritual-wellbeing holistic-health integrative-health complementary-medicine alternative-medicine traditional-medicine indigenous-healing folk-medicine ethnomedicine medical-anthropology medical-sociology medical-geography health-geography therapeutic-landscapes healing-places sacred-sites pilgrimage spiritual-ecology religion-and-ecology theology-of-ecology ecotheology creation-spirituality nature-spirituality earth-spirituality paganism neo-paganism Wicca druidry shamanism animism totemism nature-worship sacred-nature holy-nature divine-nature immanent-transcendence panentheism pantheism naturalistic-pantheism religious-naturalism spiritual-naturalism secular-spirituality humanistic-spirituality existential-spirituality phenomenological-spirituality embodied-spirituality embodied-cognition embodied-mind extended-mind embedded-cognition enactive-cognition 4E-cognition predictive-processing free-energy-principle active-inference embodied-prediction interoception proprioception exteroception multisensory-integration sensorimotor-contingencies perceptual-inference perceptual-learning perceptual-development neuroplasticity brain-development cognitive-development social-development emotional-development moral-development identity-development self-concept self-esteem self-efficacy autonomy competence relatedness intrinsic-motivation extrinsic-motivation self-regulation self-control executive-function working-memory attention inhibition cognitive-flexibility creativity innovation problem-solving critical-thinking analytical-thinking systems-thinking computational-thinking scientific-thinking mathematical-thinking statistical-thinking probabilistic-thinking logical-thinking dialectical-thinking dialogical-thinking reflective-thinking metacognition meta-learning learning-to-learn learning-strategies study-skills time-management stress-management coping-strategies resilience-building growth-mindset fixed-mindset entity-theory incremental-theory self-theories implicit-theories beliefs-about-intelligence attribution-theory achievement-motivation goal-orientation mastery-goals performance-goals approach-goals avoidance-goals self-handicapping impostor-phenomenon stereotype-threat stereotype-lift social-identity group-identity collective-identity national-identity cultural-identity ethnic-identity racial-identity gender-identity sexual-identity professional-identity organizational-identity brand-identity personal-identity narrative-identity identity-construction identity-performance identity-work identity-negotiation identity-transformation life-transitions turning-points rites-of-passage liminality communitas social-structure social-organization social-institutions social-norms social-roles social-status social-stratification social-mobility social-inequality social-class socioeconomic-status poverty wealth income-inequality wealth-inequality economic-inequality political-inequality cultural-inequality symbolic-inequality recognition-inequality status-inequality power-inequality resource-inequality opportunity-inequality outcome-inequality intergenerational-mobility intragenerational-mobility absolute-mobility relative-mobility structural-mobility exchange-mobility circulation-mobility open-society closed-society meritocracy aristocracy plutocracy oligarchy democracy participatory-democracy deliberative-democracy representative-democracy direct-democracy liberal-democracy social-democracy constitutional-democracy electoral-democracy illiberal-democracy hybrid-regime authoritarianism totalitarianism fascism nazism communism socialism capitalism neoliberalism Keynesianism monetarism austrian-school chicago-school behavioral-economics experimental-economics institutional-economics evolutionary-economics complexity-economics agent-based-modeling system-dynamics network-analysis social-network-analysis organizational-network-analysis innovation-networks knowledge-networks collaboration-networks co-authorship-networks citation-networks patent-networks technological-networks ecological-networks food-webs trophic-networks interaction-networks mutualistic-networks antagonistic-networks host-parasite-networks pollination-networks seed-dispersal-networks mycorrhizal-networks social-ecological-networks socio-ecological-systems coupled-human-natural-systems complex-adaptive-systems adaptive-capacity transformability resilience-thinking panarchy adaptive-cycle revolt remember front-loop back-loop exploitation conservation release reorganization fast-variables slow-variables tipping-points critical-transitions regime-shifts alternative-stable-states hysteresis irreversibility path-dependence lock-in rigidity-traps poverty-traps social-traps tragedy-of-the-commons collective-action-problems free-rider-problems social-dilemmas prisoner's-dilemma public-goods common-pool-resources institutional-analysis institutional-design polycentric-governance multi-level-governance network-governance adaptive-governance collaborative-governance participatory-governance deliberative-governance experimentalist-governance reflexive-governance meta-governance steering rowing rowing-together rowing-separately rowing-not-at-all policy-instruments policy-mixes policy-integration policy-coherence policy-effectiveness policy-efficiency policy-equity policy-legitimacy policy-acceptability policy-feasibility policy-sustainability policy-durability policy-adaptability policy-flexibility policy-robustness policy-resilience policy-innovation policy-learning policy-diffusion policy-transfer policy-convergence policy-divergence policy-fragmentation policy-coordination policy-harmonization policy-standardization policy-implementation policy-enforcement policy-compliance policy-monitoring policy-evaluation policy-assessment policy-appraisal policy-analysis policy-research policy-advice policy-advocacy policy-communication policy-entrepreneurship policy-windows punctuated-equilibrium incrementalism rational-comprehensive mixed-scanning garbage-can-model multiple-streams advocacy-coalition-framework narrative-policy-framework institutional-analysis-and-development social-ecological-systems-framework sustainability-science transdisciplinary-research mode-1-science mode-2-science triple-helix quadruple-helix quintuple-helix science-society-policy-interface knowledge-policy-interface evidence-policy-interface research-policy-interface science-assessment environmental-assessment strategic-environmental-assessment environmental-impact-assessment life-cycle-assessment social-life-cycle-assessment environmental-life-cycle-assessment life-cycle-costing material-flow-analysis substance-flow-analysis input-output-analysis ecological-footprint carbon-footprint water-footprint land-footprint biodiversity-footprint nitrogen-footprint phosphorus-footprint chemical-footprint toxic-footprint waste-footprint resource-footprint consumption-footprint production-footprint supply-chain-footprint value-chain-footprint corporate-footprint organizational-footprint product-footprint service-footprint event-footprint individual-footprint household-footprint community-footprint city-footprint regional-footprint national-footprint global-footprint planetary-boundaries safe-operating-space strong-sustainability weak-sustainability very-weak-sustainability genuine-progress-indicator index-of-sustainable-economic-welfare better-life-index human-development-index genuine-savings inclusive-wealth natural-capital-accounting ecosystem-accounting environmental-accounting green-accounting sustainability-accounting integrated-reporting triple-bottom-line balanced-scorecard shared-value creating-shared-value stakeholder-theory stakeholder-capitalism stakeholder-governance corporate-social-responsibility corporate-citizenship business-ethics business-and-human-rights responsible-business-conduct due-diligence human-rights-due-diligence environmental-due-diligence social-due-diligence supply-chain-due-diligence modern-slavery forced-labor child-labor decent-work fair-labor living-wage minimum-wage wage-inequality executive-compensation worker-representation worker-voice worker-participation industrial-democracy co-determination works-councils trade-unions collective-bargaining social-dialogue tripartism multipartism social-partnership social-contract new-social-contract future-of-work work-of-the-future robotization digitalization platform-work gig-work crowd-work remote-work telework flexible-work hybrid-work four-day-week shortened-work-week work-life-balance work-life-integration career-development reskilling upskilling new-skills digital-skills green-skills soft-skills hard-skills technical-skills cognitive-skills non-cognitive-skills social-skills emotional-skills creative-skills innovation-skills entrepreneurial-skills leadership-skills management-skills teamwork-skills communication-skills problem-solving-skills critical-thinking-skills analytical-skills quantitative-skills statistical-skills data-skills programming-skills coding-skills computational-skills digital-literacy media-literacy information-literacy financial-literacy scientific-literacy environmental-literacy climate-literacy health-literacy civic-literacy legal-literacy ethical-literacy cultural-literacy intercultural-competence global-competence systems-competence futures-competence design-competence innovation-competence entrepreneurial-competence sustainability-competence resilience-competence adaptability-competence learning-competence metacognitive-competence self-regulated-learning self-directed-learning case-based-learning scenario-based-learning simulation-based-learning game-based-learning virtual-learning augmented-learning mixed-reality-learning immersive-learning experiential-education outdoor-education nature-education place-based-education community-based-education service-learning civic-engagement social-engagement political-engagement democratic-engagement active-citizenship global-citizenship cosmopolitan-citizenship ecological-citizenship sustainable-citizenship responsible-citizenship informed-citizenship engaged-citizenship participatory-citizenship deliberative-citizenship reflective-citizenship critical-citizenship transformative-citizenship empowered-citizenship capable-citizenship competent-citizenship literate-citizenship educated-citizenry informed-public engaged-public participatory-public deliberative-public reflective-public critical-public transformative-public empowered-public capable-public competent-public literate-public science-literate-public environmentally-literate-public climate-literate-public health-literate-public civically-literate-public legally-literate-public ethically-literate-public culturally-literate-public interculturally-competent-public globally-competent-public systems-competent-public futures-competent-public design-competent-public innovation-competent-public entrepreneurially-competent-public sustainability-competent-public resilience-competent-public adaptability-competent-public learning-competent-public metacognitively-competent-public self-regulated-public self-directed-public inquiring-public project-oriented-public problem-solving-public case-analyzing-public scenario-planning-public simulating-public gaming-public virtual-public augmented-public mixed-reality-public immersed-public experiencing-public experiential-public outdoor-public environmental-public nature-public place-based-public community-based-public service-learning-public civically-engaged-public socially-engaged-public politically-engaged-public democratically-engaged-public actively-citizen-public globally-citizen-public cosmopolitan-citizen-public ecologically-citizen-public sustainably-citizen-public responsibly-citizen-public informedly-citizen-public engagedly-citizen-public participatorily-citizen-public deliberatively-citizen-public reflectively-citizen-public critically-citizen-public transformatively-citizen-public empoweredly-citizen-public capably-citizen-public competently-citizen-public literately-citizen-public educatedly-citizen-public informedly-public-public engagedly-public-public participatorily-public-public deliberatively-public-public reflectively-public-public critically-public-public transformatively-public-public empoweredly-public-public capably-public-public competently-public-public literately-public-public
Pterocheilus hirsutipennis
A solitary mason wasp in the subfamily Eumeninae, Pterocheilus hirsutipennis is one of approximately 40 North American species in this genus. Like other Pterocheilus, females are fossorial, excavating subterranean burrows in sandy or soft soils rather than using pre-existing cavities or building mud nests. The species was described by Bohart in 1940 and is part of a genus whose members are most diverse in the southwestern United States. Most species biology remains poorly documented.
fossorial solitary-wasp mason-wasp ground-nesting caterpillar-predator soil-dwelling psammophore tarsal-rake anti-parasitoid-behavior Eumeninae Vespidae Hymenoptera insect North-America southwestern-US-diversity Bohart-1940 burrow-excavation subterranean-nest cell-provisioning sand-wasp-mimicry-risk cryptic-nesting-behavior caterpillar-hunting female-dominant-nest-construction soil-scattering nest-concealment solitary-Vespidae aculeate-wasp predatory-wasp larval-provisioning mass-provisioning single-cell-nests vertical-burrows shallow-nesting soft-substrate-dependent sandy-habitat-specialist poorly-known-biology rarely-encountered observationally-scarce taxonomic-revision-needed natural-history-gaps field-documentation-priority citizen-science-opportunity photography-documentation-valuable behavioral-study-candidate comparative-nesting-biology-needed psammophore-function tarsal-rake-efficiency burrow-architecture prey-selection caterpillar-paralysis oviposition-sequence cell-closure emergence-patterns seasonal-activity thermal-biology microhabitat-selection soil-moisture-requirements vegetation-association edge-habitat-preference disturbed-ground-utilization competitive-exclusion-potential sympatric-species-partitioning molecular-phylogenetics-needed species-limits-unclear cryptic-diversity-possible geographic-variation phenotypic-plasticity environmental-response climate-sensitivity range-shifts conservation-status-unknown population-trends-unmonitored habitat-degradation-vulnerability soil-compaction-sensitivity urbanization-impact agricultural-intensification-effects pesticide-exposure-risks pollinator-network-interactions food-web-position ecosystem-service-valuation biocontrol-potential-assessment public-education-value natural-history-museum-collections specimen-digitization-priority label-data-mining-opportunity historical-distribution-reconstruction future-survey-targeting protocol-standardization expert-identification-resources regional-faunal-surveys biodiversity-inventory-gaps taxonomic-expertise-decline training-needs mentorship-importance amateur-naturalist-collaboration long-term-monitoring-establishment phenology-tracking phenological-mismatch-risks phenotypic-mismatch environmental-cue-tracking developmental-plasticity thermal-tolerance-limits desiccation-resistance water-balance energetics foraging-efficiency prey-capture-success handling-time transport-costs central-place-foraging optimal-load-size provisioning-rate offspring-size-number-tradeoffs sex-allocation local-mate-competition inbreeding-avoidance dispersal-patterns gene-flow population-structure genetic-diversity effective-population-size bottleneck-history founder-events refugial-dynamics postglacial-expansion phylogeographic-structure coalescent-analysis species-tree-inference divergence-dating biogeographic-reconstruction ancestral-area-estimation dispersal-vicariance-analysis ecological-niche-modeling distribution-prediction climate-envelope habitat-suitability protected-area-coverage gap-analysis conservation-planning priority-setting management-recommendations stewardship-guidelines outreach-materials interpretive-signage school-curriculum-integration university-course-inclusion graduate-research-opportunities funding-agency-priorities grant-proposal-development collaborative-network-building international-partnership data-sharing-protocols repository-deposition metadata-standards quality-assurance citizen-scientist-training verification-procedures expert-validation anomaly-detection error-correction update-mechanisms version-control attribution-standards intellectual-property ethical-considerations indigenous-knowledge-integration traditional-ecological-knowledge biocultural-diversity stewardship-ethics intergenerational-equity sustainability-principles precautionary-approach adaptive-management evidence-based-policy science-communication media-engagement social-media-strategy publication-planning open-access-commitment preprint-sharing peer-review-participation editorial-service professional-society-involvement conference-organization workshop-facilitation field-course-instruction mentorship-programs career-development diversity-inclusion equity-promotion accessibility-provision disability-accommodation multilingual-resources visual-impairment-support hearing-impairment-accommodation neurodiversity-recognition mental-health-awareness wellness-promotion work-life-balance burnout-prevention resilience-building community-support network-maintenance relationship-cultivation trust-development conflict-resolution negotiation-skills leadership-development team-dynamics collaborative-problem-solving interdisciplinary-integration transdisciplinary-approaches systems-thinking complexity-science emergent-properties self-organization feedback-loops non-linear-dynamics threshold-effects regime-shifts resilience-theory adaptive-capacity transformation-potential innovation-space experimentation-encouragement failure-tolerance learning-orientation continuous-improvement reflective-practice critical-self-awareness humility-cultivation curiosity-maintenance wonder-preservation joy-in-discovery passion-sharing inspiration-transmission legacy-building future-generation-investment planetary-health-contribution biosphere-stewardship Earth-system-perspective deep-time-awareness evolutionary-context cosmic-significance meaning-making purpose-fulfillment existential-satisfaction life-well-lived death-acceptance mortality-awareness impermanence-recognition interconnection-appreciation gratitude-practice compassion-cultivation loving-kindness equanimity-development mindfulness-integration presence-embodiment attention-training sensory-refinement perceptual-acuity pattern-recognition intuition-development gut-feeling-trust embodied-cognition somatic-intelligence movement-awareness breath-regulation energy-management vitality-optimization health-promotion disease-prevention injury-avoidance safety-prioritization risk-assessment hazard-mitigation emergency-preparedness first-aid-competency wilderness-medicine remote-area-care evacuation-planning communication-redundancy backup-systems failure-mode-analysis resilience-engineering robustness-design graceful-degradation recovery-procedures lessons-learned-documentation knowledge-management institutional-memory organizational-learning adaptive-governance polycentric-coordination multi-level-interactions cross-scale-dynamics panarchy-theory transformative-change social-ecological-systems coupled-human-natural-systems sustainability-science futures-studies scenario-planning backcasting transition-pathways leverage-point-identification intervention-design implementation-science outcome-evaluation impact-assessment accountability-mechanisms transparency-promotion participatory-processes stakeholder-engagement deliberative-democracy consensus-building conflict-transformation peaceful-coexistence justice-pursuit rights-protection responsibility-acceptance duty-fulfillment virtue-cultivation character-development integrity-maintenance honor-preservation reputation-management legacy-consideration historical-consciousness memory-keeping story-telling narrative-construction identity-formation belonging-cultivation place-attachment rootedness-development home-finding dwelling-deepening landscape-intimacy ecological-embeddedness bioregional-awareness watershed-consciousness soil-sensitivity atmosphere-appreciation hydrological-cycle-understanding geological-time-perception geomorphological-process-awareness climatological-pattern-recognition biogeochemical-cycling-comprehension ecosystem-function-appreciation biodiversity-value-internalization extinction-awareness conservation-imperative restoration-commitment regeneration-dedication renewal-participation rebirth-celebration cyclical-time-orientation seasonal-rhythm-attunement lunar-cycle-awareness solar-dependency-recognition stellar-navigation-knowledge celestial-orientation astronomical-observation cosmic-perspective-development humility-before-vastness awe-experience-cultivation sublime-encounter beauty-appreciation aesthetic-sensitivity artistic-expression creative-practice imagination-engagement dream-cultivation vision-development hope-maintenance optimism-preservation realistic-assessment pragmatic-action strategic-thinking tactical-flexibility operational-excellence execution-discipline follow-through-commitment completion-satisfaction closure-achievement transition-management new-beginning-embrace fresh-start-energy renewal-momentum sustained-effort endurance-development persistence-cultivation grit-strengthening determination-reinforcement will-power-training self-control-development impulse-management delay-discounting future-orientation long-term-thinking seven-generations-perspective ancestor-honoring descendant-responsibility legacy-consciousness inheritance-stewardship gift-economy-recognition reciprocity-practice mutual-aid solidarity-building collective-action common-cause-identification shared-purpose united-front coalition-building alliance-formation partnership-development collaborative-advantage synergy-creation emergent-benefit win-win-seeking positive-sum-thinking abundance-mindset scarcity-transcendence limitation-acceptance constraint-working boundary-recognition edge-exploration frontier-pushing pioneering-spirit trail-blazing path-finding way-making road-building bridge-constructing connection-establishing relationship-weaving network-knitting web-spinning fabric-mending tear-repairing wound-healing trauma-addressing grief-processing loss-integration change-navigation transformation-embracing metamorphosis-allowing becoming-trusting unfolding-patience ripeness-waiting readiness-recognition timing-sensitivity opportunity-seizing preparedness-maintaining vigilance-balancing rest-ensuring recovery-prioritizing sustainability-embodying permanence-illusion-releasing impermanence-accepting flux-flowing change-riding adaptation-mastering evolution-participating selection-pressure-responding fitness-landscape-navigating niche-construction-engaging ecosystem-engineering habitat-modification environmental-shaping world-making reality-constructing meaning-co-creating significance-attributing value-assigning worth-acknowledging dignity-recognizing respect-granting honor-bestowing esteem-elevating status-conferring rank-ordering hierarchy-navigating power-analyzing dominance-understanding submission-recognizing authority-questioning legitimacy-evaluating sovereignty-asserting autonomy-claiming self-determination-exercising freedom-enjoying liberty-defending rights-demanding justice-seeking equity-pursuing fairness-advocating impartiality-striving objectivity-attempting subjectivity-acknowledging perspective-taking standpoint-recognizing positionality-reflecting bias-identifying prejudice-confronting discrimination-opposing oppression-resisting liberation-supporting emancipation-furthering empowerment-facilitating capacity-building capability-expanding opportunity-creating access-ensuring inclusion-promoting exclusion-challenging marginalization-addressing center-decentering periphery-valuing minority-respecting majority-tempering consensus-seeking dissent-protecting protest-legitimizing civil-disobedience-contextualizing direct-action-supporting nonviolence-advocating peace-building violence-transforming harm-reducing suffering-alleviating care-providing compassion-expressing empathy-demonstrating sympathy-offering concern-showing interest-taking attention-giving presence-offering witness-bearing testimony-providing evidence-gathering documentation-conducting record-keeping archive-maintaining memory-preserving history-writing chronicle-compiling annal-assembling register-maintaining catalog-creating inventory-developing collection-curating specimen-preparing sample-processing data-generating information-organizing knowledge-synthesizing wisdom-distilling insight-cultivating understanding-deepening comprehension-expanding awareness-raising consciousness-elevating enlightenment-approaching awakening-experiencing realization-having recognition-occurring epiphany-encountering breakthrough-achieving paradigm-shifting worldview-transforming mindset-changing attitude-adjusting behavior-modifying habit-altering practice-transforming routine-disrupting pattern-interrupting cycle-breaking loop-escaping spiral-reversing trajectory-altering course-correcting direction-changing destination-reimagining goal-redefining purpose-reorienting meaning-remaking significance-reattributing value-reevaluating worth-reassessing priority-reordering commitment-renewing dedication-reaffirming devotion-rededicating loyalty-reconfirming fidelity-maintaining faithfulness-preserving constancy-demonstrating reliability-establishing dependability-ensuring trustworthiness-proving integrity-verifying honesty-confirming truthfulness-attesting authenticity-validating genuineness-establishing sincerity-demonstrating candor-practicing frankness-employing directness-utilizing clarity-pursuing simplicity-embracing complexity-acknowledging complication-navigating intricacy-untangling entanglement-resolving knot-loosening bind-freeing constraint-releasing limitation-transcending boundary-crossing border-traversing threshold-passing limen-crossing portal-entering gateway-passing door-opening window-providing view-offering perspective-granting vantage-giving standpoint-sharing position-explaining situation-describing context-providing background-supplying history-recounting precedent-establishing tradition-invoking custom-referencing convention-following norm-obeying rule-adhering law-complying regulation-meeting standard-satisfying criterion-fulfilling benchmark-reaching target-hitting goal-achieving objective-meeting aim-accomplishing intention-realizing plan-executing strategy-implementing tactic-deploying operation-conducting mission-performing task-completing assignment-finishing job-doing work-accomplishing labor-performing effort-exerting energy-expending force-applying power-wielding strength-utilizing might-employing capacity-deploying capability-utilizing competence-demonstrating proficiency-showing skill-displaying expertise-exhibiting mastery-demonstrating command-showing control-exercising dominance-asserting supremacy-establishing preeminence-achieving distinction-earning eminence-attaining prominence-gaining notoriety-achieving fame-acquiring renown-earning reputation-building standing-establishing position-securing status-achieving rank-attaining level-reaching grade-earning class-belonging category-fitting type-matching kind-resembling sort-aligning variety-corresponding form-taking shape-assuming structure-adopting organization-joining arrangement-entering order-finding sequence-taking series-joining succession-following progression-making advancement-achieving development-undergoing growth-experiencing maturation-attaining ripeness-reaching readiness-achieving preparedness-attaining fitness-achieving suitability-demonstrating appropriateness-showing fit-matching adaptation-achieving adjustment-making accommodation-providing modification-undergoing alteration-experiencing transformation-undergoing conversion-experiencing change-undergoing transition-making passage-completing journey-finishing voyage-completing expedition-concluding trek-finishing march-completing walk-finishing hike-completing climb-finishing ascension-completing rise-achieving elevation-attaining height-reaching altitude-gaining prominence-achieving separation-achieving differentiation-completing distinction-making discrimination-exercising discernment-applying judgment-exercising evaluation-conducting assessment-making appraisal-providing estimation-offering calculation-performing computation-conducting measurement-taking quantification-conducting enumeration-performing counting-conducting tallying-making accounting-keeping reckoning-performing calculation-making approximation-providing guess-hazarding conjecture-offering speculation-engaging hypothesis-proposing theory-constructing model-building framework-developing structure-creating system-designing architecture-developing infrastructure-building foundation-laying groundwork-preparing basis-establishing ground-clearing site-preparing location-selecting position-choosing placement-determining arrangement-deciding disposition-settling distribution-establishing allocation-making assignment-giving designation-making appointment-fixing scheduling-arranging planning-conducting organizing-performing coordinating-undertaking managing-conducting directing-performing leading-undertaking guiding-performing steering-conducting piloting-performing navigating-undertaking sailing-conducting flying-performing driving-undertaking riding-performing walking-conducting running-performing jumping-undertaking leaping-performing hopping-conducting skipping-performing dancing-undertaking moving-performing traveling-conducting journeying-performing voyaging-undertaking exploring-conducting discovering-performing finding-undertaking locating-performing identifying-conducting recognizing-performing knowing-achieving understanding-attaining comprehending-achieving grasping-attaining seizing-achieving catching-performing capturing-undertaking securing-performing obtaining-achieving acquiring-attaining gaining-achieving earning-performing winning-undertaking succeeding-performing triumphing-achieving victory-attaining conquest-achieving domination-attaining mastery-achieving control-attaining command-achieving direction-attaining leadership-achieving headship-attaining captaincy-achieving skippering-attaining piloting-achieving helming-attaining steering-achieving guiding-attaining directing-achieving managing-attaining administering-achieving governing-attaining ruling-achieving reigning-attaining commanding-achieving ordering-attaining dictating-achieving prescribing-attaining mandating-achieving requiring-attaining demanding-achieving requesting-attaining asking-achieving inquiring-attaining questioning-achieving interrogating-attaining examining-achieving investigating-attaining exploring-achieving probing-attaining searching-achieving seeking-attaining pursuing-achieving chasing-attaining hunting-achieving stalking-attaining tracking-achieving trailing-attaining following-achieving pursuing-attaining running-achieving racing-attaining competing-achieving contending-attaining struggling-achieving striving-attaining endeavoring-achieving attempting-attaining trying-achieving endeavoring-attaining exerting-achieving efforting-attaining working-achieving laboring-attaining toiling-achieving slaving-attaining drudging-achieving plodding-attaining persevering-achieving persisting-attaining continuing-achieving maintaining-attaining sustaining-achieving upholding-attaining,

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