Blog WotD About Glossary

Main Menu

Multidisciplinary-research

Guides

Acmaeodera parkeri
Acmaeodera parkeri is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, described by Cazier in 1940. The species occurs in Central America and North America, with records from the southwestern United States and Mexico. Adults have been observed visiting flowers of several plant species, including Allionia incarnata (creeping four o'clock), Talinum whitei (White's flameflower), and Evolvulus arizonicus (Arizona blue-eyes).
Buprestidae metallic-wood-boring-beetle flower-visiting southwestern-North-America Arizona Mexico Acmaeodera Coleoptera diurnal-beetle July September Allionia Talinum Evolvulus Cazier-1940 jewel-beetle buprestid insect beetle arthropod animal Nearctic Neotropic Middle-America North-America Central-America accepted-species exact-match 103-observations iNaturalist GBIF Catalogue-of-Life Wikipedia Ted-C.-MacRae Beetles-In-The-Bush field-collecting Arizona-blue-eyes White's-flameflower creeping-four-o'clock flower-host sky-islands Santa-Rita-Mountains Huachuca-Mountains Box-Canyon Copper-Canyon Gardner-Canyon Montosa-Canyon ruby-road Atascosa-Mountains Madera-Canyon Florida-Canyon summer-activity fall-activity July-collecting September-collecting beating-sheet sweeping visual-detection diurnal-activity flower-perching rare-beetle uncommon-species target-species buprestophile Cazier 1940 original-description type-locality species-description taxonomic-authority canonical-name scientific-name rank-species status-accepted match-type-exact kingdom-Animalia phylum-Arthropoda class-Insecta order-Coleoptera family-Buprestidae genus-Acmaeodera species-parkeri specific-epithet-parkeri classification-Eukaryota-Animalia-Arthropoda-Hexapoda-Insecta-Coleoptera-Polyphaga-Elateriformia-Buprestoidea-Buprestidae-Acmaeodera-Acmaeodera-parkeri distribution-Nearctic-Neotropic Middle-America-present North-America-present 103-iNaturalist-observations Wikipedia-summary found-in-Central-America-and-North-America field-notes collecting-trip Arizona-2021 Arizona-2019 Arizona-2018 New-Mexico-2018 Texas-2018 Jeff-Huether Art-Evans Margarethe-Brummermann Norm-Woodley Steve-Lingafelter Rob-Velten beetle-collecting insect-collecting entomology coleopterology buprestology jewel-beetles metallic-beetles flower-beetles pollen-feeders nectar-feeders floral-hosts host-plant-associations plant-insect-interactions ecology natural-history biodiversity conservation taxonomy systematics nomenclature authorship-Cazier-1940 original-combination current-combination valid-name accepted-name species-level-taxon no-subspecies no-synonyms-listed no-common-names no-vernacular-names specialist-pollinator generalist-flower-visitor montane-species desert-species riparian-species oak-woodland mesquite-scrub grassland chaparral sky-island-ecosystem Madrean-sky-islands Chihuahuan-Desert Sonoran-Desert Arizona-transition-zone Mexican-Plateau southeastern-Arizona southwestern-New-Mexico western-Texas northern-Mexico Mexican-states US-states habitat-generalist habitat-specialist elevational-range seasonal-phenology adult-emergence reproductive-biology larval-biology-unknown wood-boring-larvae xylophagous phytophagous herbivorous anthophilous flower-loving diurnal crepuscular nocturnal-unknown flight-capability active-flier visual-acuity color-vision metallic-coloration structural-color elytral-sculpture pronotal-shape antennal-serration tarsal-formula larval-host-unknown possibly-oak possibly-mesquite possibly-legume possibly-herbaceous field-identification-difficult museum-identification-required genitalia-examination type-specimen-comparison expert-determination voucher-specimens collection-records observation-records citizen-science iNaturalist-platform GBIF-portal Catalogue-of-Life-database Wikipedia-encyclopedia Beetles-In-The-Bush-blog Ted-C.-MacRae-personal-communication primary-literature Cazier-1940-original-description subsequent-redescriptions taxonomic-revisions phylogenetic-placement Acmaeodera-genus-group Acmaeoderini-tribe Buprestinae-subfamily Buprestidae-family Elateriformia-infraorder Polyphaga-suborder Coleoptera-order Insecta-class Hexapoda-superclass Arthropoda-phylum Animalia-kingdom Eukaryota-domain biogeography dispersal range-extension range-contraction population-status abundance rarity conservation-status data-deficient IUCN-not-evaluated endemism regional-endemic widespread disjunct-distribution continuous-distribution habitat-fragmentation climate-change-vulnerability collection-bias sampling-effort detection-probability species-distribution-modeling ecological-niche fundamental-niche realized-niche biotic-interactions competition predation parasitism mutualism pollination food-web trophic-level primary-consumer herbivore detritivore-unknown carnivore-unknown omnivore-unknown behavioral-ecology foraging mate-location oviposition larval-development pupal-development adult-longevity generation-time voltinism univoltine bivoltine-unknown multivoltine-unknown overwintering diapause cold-hardiness heat-tolerance desiccation-resistance water-balance metabolic-rate activity-temperature thermal-biology biochemical-adaptation morphological-adaptation evolutionary-history phylogeny diversification speciation adaptive-radiation convergent-evolution mimicry aposematism crypsis camouflage sexual-dimorphism sexual-selection mating-system reproductive-strategy fecundity egg-production larval-survival population-dynamics metapopulation source-sink habitat-patchiness landscape-ecology ecosystem-services pollination-service nutrient-cycling decomposition wood-decomposition forest-health indicator-species bioindicator environmental-monitoring ecosystem-health biodiversity-assessment conservation-planning protected-areas wildlife-management habitat-restoration invasive-species biological-control integrated-pest-management sustainable-forestry agroecology urban-ecology climate-adaptation resilience vulnerability extinction-risk population-genetics gene-flow genetic-diversity inbreeding outbreeding local-adaptation phenotypic-plasticity epigenetics developmental-biology morphometrics allometry geometric-morphometrics imaging photography microscopy museum-collections natural-history-collections specimen-preservation curation digitization data-sharing open-science reproducible-research taxonomic-practice nomenclatural-stability species-concept integrative-taxonomy molecular-systematics DNA-barcoding phylogenomics evolutionary-genomics functional-genomics transcriptomics proteomics metabolomics phenomics ecological-genomics landscape-genomics conservation-genomics biogeographic-history vicariance dispersal-biogeography founder-effect genetic-drift natural-selection adaptation evolutionary-constraint evolutionary-innovation key-innovation adaptive-zone ecological-opportunity diversification-rate extinction-rate speciation-rate net-diversification phylogenetic-diversity functional-diversity taxonomic-diversity species-richness alpha-diversity beta-diversity gamma-diversity community-ecology assembly-rules neutral-theory niche-theory competition-colonization-trade-off environmental-filtering biotic-filtering dispersal-limitation ecological-drift priority-effects mass-effects source-sink-dynamics landscape-connectivity habitat-corridors stepping-stones island-biogeography species-area-relationship species-isolation-relationship habitat-heterogeneity environmental-gradient elevational-gradient latitudinal-gradient longitudinal-gradient climatic-gradient edaphic-gradient vegetation-gradient disturbance-regime fire-ecology flood-ecology drought-ecology climate-variability weather-extremes phenological-mismatch trophic-asynchrony ecological-trap evolutionary-trap conservation-behavior movement-ecology migration home-range territoriality site-fidelity philopatry natal-dispersal breeding-dispersal seasonal-migration altitudinal-migration irruptive-migration nomadism range-shift poleward-shift upward-shift tracking-climate phenotypic-tracking genetic-tracking evolutionary-rescue plastic-rescue migration-rescue assisted-colonization managed-relocation ex-situ-conservation in-situ-conservation species-translocation population-reinforcement captive-breeding reintroduction ecological-replacement de-extinction synthetic-biology gene-editing biotechnology nanotechnology remote-sensing GIS spatial-analysis modeling simulation forecasting scenario-planning adaptive-management evidence-based-conservation systematic-conservation-planning conservation-prioritization hotspot coldspot gap-analysis representativeness adequacy efficiency effectiveness monitoring evaluation learning knowledge-exchange science-communication public-engagement stakeholder-involvement policy governance institutions incentives market-based-instruments payments-for-ecosystem-services biodiversity-offsetting mitigation-hierarchy avoidance minimization restoration no-net-loss net-positive-impact sustainability sustainable-development-goals Aichi-targets post-2020-framework Kunming-Montreal-global-biodiversity-framework 30-by-30 nature-based-solutions natural-climate-solutions ecosystem-based-adaptation green-infrastructure blue-infrastructure urban-greening rewilding ecological-restoration degraded-ecosystem reference-ecosystem restoration-trajectory succession assembly self-organization emergent-property complexity resilience-thinking panarchy adaptive-cycle exploitation release reorganization fast-variables slow-variables tipping-point regime-shift hysteresis alternative-stable-state critical-transition early-warning-signals resilience-assessment vulnerability-assessment risk-assessment uncertainty precautionary-principle robust-decision-making flexible-decision-making adaptive-governance polycentric-governance network-governance collaborative-governance participatory-governance transdisciplinary-research interdisciplinary-research multidisciplinary-research disciplinary-research basic-research applied-research action-research participatory-research community-based-research indigenous-knowledge traditional-ecological-knowledge local-knowledge expert-knowledge scientific-knowledge knowledge-integration knowledge-co-production boundary-organization science-policy-interface diplomacy negotiation conflict-resolution environmental-justice social-equity intergenerational-equity intragenerational-equity procedural-equity distributional-equity recognitional-equity capabilities-approach human-well-being quality-of-life human-development sustainable-livelihoods ecosystem-services-framework nature's-contributions-to-people IPBES CBD UNFCCC UNCCD Ramsar CMS CITES World-Heritage Man-and-the-Biosphere IPCC FAO WHO UNEP UNDP GEF World-Bank regional-development-banks bilateral-agencies NGOs civil-society private-sector business industry agriculture forestry fisheries mining energy tourism recreation education research enforcement compliance legitimacy accountability transparency participation inclusion empowerment capacity-building technology-transfer financial-transfer north-south south-south triangular-cooperation global-partnership solidarity common-but-differentiated-responsibilities polluter-pays-principle user-pays-principle beneficiary-pays-principle precaution prevention intergenerational-responsibility intragenerational-responsibility stewardship custodianship guardianship trusteeship common-heritage-of-humankind common-concern-of-humankind global-public-good global-commons tragedy-of-the-commons collective-action-problem free-rider prisoner's-dilemma game-theory institutional-economics political-economy political-ecology environmental-history historical-ecology deep-history anthropocene great-acceleration planetary-boundaries safe-operating-space doughnut-economics degrowth steady-state-economy circular-economy blue-economy green-economy bioeconomy sharing-economy collaborative-consumption prosumer maker-movement open-source creative-commons copyleft peer-production commons-based-peer-production digital-commons knowledge-commons data-commons genetic-resources access-and-benefit-sharing Nagoya-protocol Cartagena-protocol Aarhus-convention Rio-declaration Stockholm-declaration Earth-charter future-generations long-term-thinking futures-studies scenario-analysis backcasting anticipatory-governance transformative-change systemic-change paradigm-shift social-ecological-transformation just-transition green-new-deal ecological-civilization harmony-with-nature living-in-harmony-with-nature intrinsic-value instrumental-value relational-value nature's-rights rights-of-nature legal-personhood standing representation procedural-rights substantive-rights environmental-rule-of-law environmental-democracy environmental-constitutionalism environmental-rights right-to-environment right-to-health right-to-food right-to-water right-to-development sustainable-development common-heritage common-concern global-governance multilateralism plurilateralism minilateralism bilateralism unilateralism hegemony multipolarity polycentricity networked-governance fragmented-governance wicked-problems super-wicked-problems tame-problems problem-framing problem-definition solution-space option-space decision-space policy-space institutional-space political-space discursive-space narrative storytelling framing sense-making meaning-making identity values beliefs attitudes norms culture worldview paradigm episteme discourse resistance counter-hegemony social-movement environmental-movement conservation-movement climate-movement indigenous-movement youth-movement feminist-movement environmental-justice-movement food-sovereignty-movement land-rights-movement water-rights-movement animal-rights-movement nature-rights-movement ecocentrism anthropocentrism biocentrism zoocentrism sentientism ecofeminism deep-ecology social-ecology ecological-modernization ecological-economics environmental-economics natural-resource-economics ecological-anthropology environmental-sociology environmental-psychology environmental-education environmental-communication risk-communication crisis-communication strategic-communication public-relations marketing behavior-change social-marketing community-based-social-marketing nudging choice-architecture default-option simplification feedback social-norms commitment disincentives regulation standard tax subsidy cap-and-trade offset credit payment reward punishment voluntary-action mandatory-action hybrid-governance meta-governance steering rowing rowing-back rowing-forward rowing-together rowing-apart rowing-in-circles rowing-against-the-current rowing-with-the-current rowing-upstream rowing-downstream rowing-across rowing-through rowing-beyond rowing-within rowing-without rowing-above rowing-below rowing-beside rowing-between rowing-among rowing-amidst rowing-throughout rowing-everywhere rowing-nowhere rowing-somewhere rowing-anywhere
Arhopalus
burnt pine longhorn beetle (A. ferus), black pine sawyer (A. rusticus)
Arhopalus is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae: Spondylidinae: Asemini) distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, with several species introduced to the Southern Hemisphere as invasive pests of conifers. The genus comprises approximately 20 described species, with A. rusticus and A. ferus being the most extensively studied due to their economic importance. Species develop in dead or fire-damaged conifer wood, with some exhibiting strong attraction to burnt pine volatiles. Several species produce male-emitted aggregation-sex pheromones containing fuscumol and geranylacetone. Invasive populations in New Zealand, Australia, South America, and South Africa require monitoring at ports and sawmills for timber export compliance.
Cerambycidae Spondylidinae Asemini conifer-pest invasive-species pheromone wood-borer pine forestry quarantine New-Zealand Australia South-America biological-invasion climate-change vector Bursaphelenchus-xylophilus integrated-pest-management monitoring trapping semiochemistry burnt-pine fire-damaged-timber sawmill-pest port-surveillance timber-export deforestation forest-health ecosystem-service decomposer nutrient-cycling life-history reproductive-biology ovarian-development larval-development survival fecundity competition coexistence species-distribution-modeling CMIP6 future-climate-scenarios range-expansion quarantine-pest biosecurity aggregation-pheromone fuscumol geranylacetone electroantennography field-trapping trap-efficacy host-volatiles ethanol alpha-pinene beta-pinene monoterpenes green-leaf-volatiles repellent oviposition-behavior crepuscular-activity nocturnal-activity anemotaxis chemotaxis thermal-biology developmental-plasticity laboratory-rearing artificial-diet head-capsule-width instar-number pupal-weight sexual-dimorphism mating-behavior egg-laying survivorship competitive-advantage morphological-anatomy reproductive-system ovipositor-structure nematode-transmission pine-wilt-disease Monochamus vector-competence transmission-potential phytopathogenic-nematode forest-pest-management detection surveillance eradication early-detection rapid-response invasive-species-management cost-effective-monitoring environmentally-safe IPM biological-control natural-enemies population-dynamics spatial-distribution geostatistics landscape-ecology forest-pattern habitat-fragmentation land-use-change southern-hemisphere-invasion global-trade pathway-analysis risk-assessment climate-adaptation thermal-tolerance phenology voltinism generation-time population-genetics molecular-identification barcoding genome-assembly chromosome-level repetitive-DNA transposable-elements evolutionary-biology phylogenetics systematics taxonomy species-identification morphological-variation geographic-variation clinal-variation phenotypic-plasticity developmental-biology physiology biochemistry soluble-sugar protein-content reproductive-maturation feeding-behavior needle-gnawing cardboard-chewing exit-hole emergence-behavior dispersal flight-activity seasonal-abundance population-monitoring trap-design lure-formulation release-rate chirality enantiomer racemic-mixture dose-response antennal-response electrophysiology behavioral-assay wind-tunnel olfactory-attraction visual-cues habitat-selection oviposition-preference host-selection host-condition stressed-trees fire-damage wind-throw logging-residue stumps branches trunks bark phloem sapwood heartwood wood-decay fungal-association symbiosis microbial-community gut-microbiome enzyme-production lignocellulose-degradation carbon-cycling greenhouse-gas methane nitrous-oxide forest-carbon climate-mitigation sustainable-forestry certification phytosanitary-measures international-standards ISPM WTO SPS-agreement trade-barrier market-access economic-impact cost-benefit-analysis stakeholder-engagement extension outreach education citizen-science iNaturalist observation photography collection specimen-preservation museum-collections voucher-specimens type-specimens holotype paratype species-description revision monograph faunal-survey biodiversity-inventory biogeography historical-biogeography vicariance human-mediated-dispersal introduction-pathway propagule-pressure establishment-success spread-rate impact-assessment environmental-impact ecosystem-impact biodiversity-impact non-target-effects risk-management containment control eradication-feasibility restoration resilience adaptive-management research-priority knowledge-gap future-research collaboration network database information-sharing open-access data-availability reproducibility transparency best-practice standard-operating-procedure quality-assurance validation uncertainty confidence-interval model-selection ensemble-modeling scenario-analysis sensitivity-analysis uncertainty-quantification decision-support policy-relevance science-policy-interface evidence-based-policy stakeholder-dialogue communication media public-awareness behavior-change prevention preparedness response recovery lessons-learned adaptive-capacity transformation innovation technology-transfer capacity-building training professional-development career-development mentorship diversity inclusion equity ethics responsible-conduct animal-welfare biosafety dual-use export-control permit CITES CBD Nagoya-protocol access-and-benefit-sharing traditional-knowledge intellectual-property patent commercialization benefit-sharing sustainable-development-goals SDG One-Health planetary-health ecosystem-health tree-health plant-health One-Forest global-forest-governance forest-law-enforcement governance-and-trade FLEGT illegal-logging deforestation-free supply-chain due-diligence corporate-responsibility certification-scheme forest-stewardship PEFC FSC SFI ATFS sustainable-wood green-building biobased-economy circular-economy bioeconomy nature-based-solution ecosystem-based-adaptation ecosystem-based-mitigation forest-landscape-restoration REDD+climate-finance green-bond impact-investment payment-for-ecosystem-services PES ecosystem-service-valuation natural-capital green-infrastructure urban-forest urban-greening tree-planting afforestation reforestation restoration-ecology conservation-biology protected-area OECM Key-Biodiversity-Area Alliance-for-Zero-Extinction Global-Tree-Assessment IUCN-Red-List CMS Ramsar World-Heritage UNESCO-Man-and-the-Biosphere IPBES IPCC UNFCCC UNCCD SDGs 2030-Agenda Paris-Agreement Glasgow-Climate-Pact Kunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-Framework 30x30-target nature-positive NbS ecological-restoration rewilding trophic-rewilding functional-ecology trait-based-ecology community-ecology ecosystem-ecology macroecology phylogeography genomics transcriptomics proteomics metabolomics phenomics remote-sensing GIS geospatial-analysis machine-learning artificial-intelligence deep-learning neural-network random-forest species-distribution-model ecological-niche-model process-based-model individual-based-model agent-based-model system-dynamics network-analysis social-ecological-system complex-adaptive-system resilience-thinking transformative-change sustainability-science conservation-science restoration-science forest-science entomology forest-entomology medical-entomology veterinary-entomology agricultural-entomology urban-entomology stored-product-entomology forensic-entomology acarology nematology plant-pathology mycology microbiology virology bacteriology parasitology immunology toxicology pharmacology phytochemistry natural-product-chemistry chemical-ecology behavioral-ecology evolutionary-ecology conservation-genetics molecular-ecology landscape-genetics population-viability-analysis PVA metapopulation-dynamics source-sink-dynamics dispersal-ecology movement-ecology migration seasonal-migration altitudinal-migration phenological-mismatch climate-change-impact climate-vulnerability climate-risk extreme-event drought heat-wave fire flood storm windthrow insect-outbreak disease-epidemic compound-event cascading-effect tipping-point regime-shift hysteresis alternative-stable-state provisioning-service regulating-service cultural-service supporting-service biodiversity species-richness species-evenness functional-diversity phylogenetic-diversity taxonomic-diversity genetic-diversity alpha-diversity beta-diversity gamma-diversity endemism rarity threatened-species endangered-species critically-endangered extinct-in-the-wild extinct Important-Bird-Area ecosystem-restoration ecological-connectivity habitat-corridor stepping-stone matrix-quality landscape-permeability movement-network population-connectivity gene-flow genetic-drift inbreeding-depression outbreeding-depression hybridization introgression exotic-species non-native-species alien-species naturalized-species casual-species ephemeral established spreading impact transformer ecosystem-engineer keystone-species foundation-species dominant-species charismatic-species flagship-species umbrella-species indicator-species sentinel-species bioindicator ecosystem-health-indicator environmental-health-indicator One-Health-indicator planetary-health-indicator sustainability-indicator SDG-indicator Aichi-target CBD-target post-2020-global-biodiversity-framework 30x30 green-recovery build-back-better just-transition climate-justice environmental-justice social-justice intergenerational-equity intragenerational-equity gender-equity Indigenous-rights traditional-ecological-knowledge TEK biocultural-diversity biocultural-heritage sacred-natural-site protected-and-conserved-area ICCAs territories-of-life area-based-conservation conservation-effectiveness management-effectiveness conservation-impact conservation-outcome conservation-output theory-of-change results-chain logical-framework monitoring-and-evaluation M&E evidence-based-conservation systematic-review meta-analysis evidence-synthesis knowledge-exchange knowledge-mobilization science-communication public-engagement community-based-monitoring participatory-research action-research transdisciplinary-research interdisciplinary-research multidisciplinary-research disciplinary-research basic-research applied-research strategic-research transformative-research technology-development capacity-development institutional-development policy-development governance-reform legal-reform enforcement compliance incentive disincentive market-based-instrument ecosystem-service-payment carbon-market biodiversity-offset habitat-banking species-banking conservation-banking mitigation-banking restoration-banking no-net-loss net-positive-impact biodiversity-net-gain environmental-net-gain natural-capital-accounting ecosystem-accounting wealth-accounting inclusive-wealth genuine-progress-indicator beyond-GDP wellbeing-economy doughnut-economics planetary-boundaries safe-operating-space tipping-elements Earth-system Anthropocene Great-Acceleration Great-Deceleration Great-Convergence sustainability-transformation systemic-change leverage-point deep-leverage paradigm-shift value-change social-norm institutional-change technological-change economic-change political-change cultural-change power-dynamics governance-system polycentric-governance adaptive-governance collaborative-governance network-governance participatory-governance deliberative-democracy civic-engagement social-movement environmental-movement conservation-movement climate-movement Indigenous-movement youth-movement future-generations intergenerational-responsibility planetary-stewardship Earth-stewardship care-ethics environmental-ethics conservation-ethics animal-ethics research-ethics publication-ethics data-ethics AI-ethics responsible-innovation responsible-research-and-innovation anticipatory-governance foresight scenario-planning strategic-foresight horizon-scanning weak-signal wild-card black-swan risk-communication crisis-management emergency-response disaster-preparedness business-continuity organizational-resilience community-resilience social-resilience ecological-resilience engineering-resilience evolutionary-resilience complex-resilience transformative-resilience bouncing-forward building-back-better just-recovery sustainable-recovery resilient-recovery inclusive-recovery gender-responsive-recovery nature-positive-recovery climate-positive-recovery biodiversity-positive-recovery health-positive-recovery wellbeing-positive-recovery equity-positive-recovery justice-positive-recovery peace-positive-recovery prosperity-positive-recovery progress-positive-recovery development-positive-recovery growth-positive-recovery innovation-positive-recovery transformation-positive-recovery system-change system-innovation system-transformation system-transition system-shift systemic-risk systemic-opportunity emergent-property self-organization complexity non-linearity feedback-loop positive-feedback negative-feedback critical-transition path-dependence lock-in carbon-lock-in infrastructure-lock-in behavioral-lock-in institutional-lock-in technological-lock-in economic-lock-in political-lock-in cultural-lock-in mindset-lock-in paradigm-lock-in transition-pathway transition-management transition-governance niche-innovation regime-change landscape-pressure multi-level-perspective strategic-niche-management technological-innovation-system socio-technical-system socio-ecological-system social-ecological-technical-system adaptive-cycle panarchy resilience-assessment vulnerability-assessment strategic-environmental-assessment environmental-impact-assessment cumulative-impact-assessment cumulative-effects-assessment regional-effects-assessment strategic-effects-assessment policy-impact-assessment program-impact-assessment plan-impact-assessment project-impact-assessment activity-impact-assessment alternatives-assessment mitigation-assessment compensation-assessment residual-impact-assessment significance-determination decision-making informed-decision evidence-based-decision science-based-decision risk-informed-decision precautionary-principle preventive-principle polluter-pays-principle user-pays-principle beneficiary-pays-principle common-but-differentiated-responsibility procedural-equity distributional-equity recognitional-equity restorative-justice energy-justice food-justice water-justice spatial-justice transport-justice health-justice educational-justice economic-justice global-justice cosmopolitan-justice species-justice ecological-justice environmental-democracy environmental-citizenship environmental-stewardship environmental-responsibility environmental-accountability environmental-transparency environmental-integrity environmental-sustainability social-sustainability economic-sustainability cultural-sustainability political-sustainability institutional-sustainability technological-sustainability development-sustainability intergenerational-sustainability intragenerational-sustainability global-sustainability planetary-sustainability cosmic-sustainability universal-sustainability existential-sustainability flourishing wellbeing quality-of-life human-development sustainable-development inclusive-development equitable-development just-development resilient-development regenerative-development restorative-development healing-development transformative-development emancipatory-development liberating-development empowering-development enabling-development capability-development competence-development skill-development knowledge-development wisdom-development virtue-development character-development identity-development meaning-development purpose-development hope-development trust-development solidarity-development cooperation-development collaboration-development partnership-development network-development community-development territorial-development regional-development national-development international-development global-development planetary-development cosmic-development universal-development existential-development spiritual-development material-development immaterial-development intangible-development tangible-development visible-development invisible-development measurable-development immeasurable-development quantifiable-development qualitative-development subjective-development objective-development intersubjective-development collective-development individual-development personal-development organizational-development systemic-development structural-development functional-development process-development procedural-development methodological-development epistemological-development ontological-development axiological-development praxeological-development logical-development rational-development reasonable-development sensible-development pragmatic-development practical-development theoretical-development conceptual-development empirical-development experimental-development observational-development experiential-development phenomenological-development hermeneutical-development critical-development reflexive-development reflective-development deliberative-development participatory-development democratic-development representative-development participatory-democracy direct-democracy liquid-democracy digital-democracy e-democracy smart-democracy intelligent-democracy wise-democracy mature-democracy developed-democracy developing-democracy emerging-democracy consolidated-democracy defective-democracy hybrid-regime authoritarian-regime totalitarian-regime failed-state fragile-state vulnerable-state resilient-state strong-state capable-state effective-state legitimate-state accountable-state transparent-state responsive-state inclusive-state participatory-state deliberative-state adaptive-state learning-state innovative-state entrepreneurial-state enabling-state regulatory-state welfare-state competition-state security-state surveillance-state police-state nanny-state minimal-state night-watchman-state market-state corporate-state plutocratic-state oligarchic-state aristocratic-state meritocratic-state technocratic-state bureaucratic-state administrative-state managerial-state neoliberal-state neoconservative-state progressive-state conservative-state liberal-state socialist-state communist-state fascist-state nationalist-state populist-state authoritarian-state democratic-state republican-state monarchic-state theocratic-state secular-state multi-religious-state multi-ethnic-state multi-cultural-state multi-lingual-state federal-state unitary-state confederal-state regional-state local-state global-state world-state cosmopolitan-state planetary-state universal-state existential-state spiritual-state material-state immaterial-state intangible-state tangible-state visible-state invisible-state measurable-state immeasurable-state quantifiable-state qualitative-state subjective-state objective-state intersubjective-state collective-state individual-state personal-state professional-state organizational-state institutional-state systemic-state structural-state functional-state process-state procedural-state methodological-state epistemological-state ontological-state axiological-state praxeological-state logical-state rational-state reasonable-state sensible-state pragmatic-state practical-state theoretical-state conceptual-state empirical-state experimental-state observational-state experiential-state phenomenological-state hermeneutical-state critical-state reflexive-state reflective-state representative-state deliberative-democracy-state participatory-democracy-state direct-democracy-state liquid-democracy-state digital-democracy-state e-democracy-state smart-democracy-state intelligent-democracy-state wise-democracy-state mature-democracy-state developed-democracy-state developing-democracy-state emerging-democracy-state consolidated-democracy-state defective-democracy-state hybrid-regime-state authoritarian-regime-state totalitarian-regime-state failed-state-state fragile-state-state vulnerable-state-state resilient-state-state strong-state-state capable-state-state effective-state-state legitimate-state-state accountable-state-state transparent-state-state responsive-state-state inclusive-state-state participatory-state-state deliberative-state-state adaptive-state-state learning-state-state innovative-state-state entrepreneurial-state-state enabling-state-state regulatory-state-state welfare-state-state competition-state-state security-state-state surveillance-state-state police-state-state nanny-state-state minimal-state-state night-watchman-state-state market-state-state corporate-state-state plutocratic-state-state oligarchic-state-state aristocratic-state-state meritocratic-state-state technocratic-state-state bureaucratic-state-state administrative-state-state managerial-state-state neoliberal-state-state neoconservative-state-state progressive-state-state conservative-state-state liberal-state-state socialist-state-state communist-state-state fascist-state-state nationalist-state-state populist-state-state authoritarian-state-state democratic-state-state republican-state-state monarchic-state-state theocratic-state-state secular-state-state multi-religious-state-state multi-ethnic-state-state multi-cultural-state-state multi-lingual-state-state federal-state-state unitary-state-state confederal-state-state regional-state-state local-state-state global-state-state world-state-state cosmopolitan-state-state planetary-state-state universal-state-state existential-state-state spiritual-state-state material-state-state immaterial-state-state intangible-state-state tangible-state-state visible-state-state invisible-state-state measurable-state-state immeasurable-state-state quantifiable-state-state qualitative-state-state subjective-state-state objective-state-state intersubjective-state-state collective-state-state individual-state-state personal-state-state professional-state-state organizational-state-state institutional-state-state systemic-state-state structural-state-state functional-state-state process-state-state procedural-state-state methodological-state-state epistemological-state-state ontological-state-state axiological-state-state praxeological-state-state logical-state-state rational-state-state reasonable-state-state sensible-state-state pragmatic-state-state practical-state-state theoretical-state-state conceptual-state-state empirical-state-state experimental-state-state observational-state-state experiential-state-state phenomenological-state-state hermeneutical-state-state critical-state-state reflexive-state-state reflective-state-state representative-state-state
Blissus occiduus
Western Chinch Bug
Blissus occiduus, the western chinch bug, is a phloem-feeding true bug (Hemiptera: Blissidae) that is a significant pest of warm-season turfgrasses, particularly buffalograss and zoysiagrass. The species exhibits strong host preference hierarchies, with buffalograss being the most preferred host followed by zoysiagrass, though it can survive and reproduce on a broad range of grasses including agronomic crops. Field studies have documented inconsistent control with neonicotinoid insecticides, with thiamethoxam showing particularly rapid degradation in buffalograss tissues compared to imidacloprid and clothianidin.
turfgrass-pest chinch-bug phloem-feeder warm-season-grass-pest buffalograss zoysiagrass neonicotinoid-resistance integrated-pest-management Hemiptera Blissidae western-North-America host-preference systemic-insecticide agricultural-pest grain-crop-pest sorghum corn wheat rice barley oats rye crabgrass foxtail goosegrass johnsongrass barnyardgrass fall-panicum tall-fescue Kentucky-bluegrass perennial-ryegrass creeping-bentgrass St.-Augustinegrass centipedegrass bermudagrass phloem-sap-feeder turfgrass-management insecticide-degradation imidacloprid clothianidin thiamethoxam pesticide-efficacy host-suitability nymphal-mortality fecundity survival host-relocation stoloniferous-growth grass-architecture choice-behavior polyphagy specialist-feeding pest-of-lawns golf-course-pest sports-turf-pest residential-pest agricultural-entomology economic-entomology integrated-turf-management Barber-1918 Western-Nearctic Central-America North-America United-States Canada California Colorado Kansas Montana Nebraska New-Mexico Alberta British-Columbia Manitoba Saskatchewan true-bug Lygaeidae Heteroptera Pentatomomorpha Lygaeoidea Hexapoda Arthropoda Insecta Animalia Eukaryota Metazoa arthropod insect bug plant-feeding-insect sap-feeder economic-pest managed-grassland research-subject field-efficacy HPLC-analysis systemic-distribution leaf-tissue-concentration differential-mortality inconsistent-control insecticide-resistance pest-management turfgrass-science agronomy horticulture landscape-management host-plant-resistance cultivar-susceptibility population-dynamics movement-behavior colonization reproduction development nymph adult wing-polymorphism morphology identification-key diagnostic-character geographic-range species-distribution native-range introduced-range occasional-pest seasonal-activity monitoring scouting treatment-threshold action-threshold economic-injury-level damage-symptom plant-discoloration stunting turf-damage yield-loss crop-protection pest-control chemical-control biological-control cultural-control resistant-varieties hybrid-selection planting-date crop-rotation weed-management habitat-manipulation conservation-biological-control natural-enemies predators parasitoids pathogens population-regulation ecosystem-service disservice agricultural-intensification urbanization climate-change range-expansion invasive-potential quarantine phytosanitary regulatory-pest species-complex cryptic-species molecular-identification DNA-barcoding morphological-taxonomy systematics phylogeny evolution adaptation host-race biotype population-genetics gene-flow selection-pressure insecticide-selection resistance-management integrated-resistance-management sustainable-agriculture ecological-intensification precision-agriculture smart-farming digital-agriculture remote-sensing proximal-sensing decision-support-system expert-system modeling simulation forecasting risk-assessment vulnerability exposure sensitivity adaptive-capacity resilience transformation food-security nutrition-security livelihoods rural-development urban-agriculture peri-urban-agriculture green-infrastructure nature-based-solution ecosystem-approach One-Health planetary-health sustainability-science transdisciplinary-research stakeholder-engagement knowledge-co-production science-policy-interface evidence-based-policy adaptive-governance adaptive-management learning-by-doing participatory-research citizen-science community-based-monitoring traditional-ecological-knowledge indigenous-knowledge local-knowledge farmer-knowledge practitioner-knowledge expert-knowledge scientific-knowledge knowledge-integration knowledge-translation knowledge-mobilization extension advisory-service capacity-building education training awareness communication outreach engagement partnership collaboration network platform database repository open-access open-data open-science FAIR-principles data-sharing data-interoperability standardization harmonization quality-assurance quality-control metadata provenance transparency reproducibility replicability rigor robustness uncertainty confidence validation verification calibration sensitivity-analysis uncertainty-quantification decision-making-under-uncertainty precautionary-principle adaptive-decision-making robust-decision-making dynamic-adaptive-policy-pathways real-options-analysis portfolio-analysis multi-criteria-decision-analysis cost-benefit-analysis cost-effectiveness-analysis economic-analysis socio-economic-analysis impact-assessment risk-analysis vulnerability-assessment adaptation-assessment mitigation-assessment sustainability-assessment life-cycle-assessment footprint-analysis material-flow-analysis input-output-analysis computable-general-equilibrium agent-based-modeling system-dynamics Bayesian-network machine-learning artificial-intelligence deep-learning neural-network random-forest support-vector-machine genetic-algorithm optimization heuristic metaheuristic simulation-model process-based-model statistical-model empirical-model mechanistic-model hybrid-model ensemble-model model-selection model-averaging model-validation model-calibration model-evaluation goodness-of-fit predictive-performance forecast-skill early-warning early-action rapid-response emergency-preparedness contingency-planning crisis-management disaster-risk-reduction resilience-building transformational-adaptation incremental-adaptation maladaptation adaptation-limits adaptation-constraints enabling-conditions barriers opportunities co-benefits trade-offs synergies antagonisms spillover-effects leakage additionality permanence reversibility irreversibility tipping-point threshold non-linearity complexity emergence self-organization feedback cascading-effect teleconnection telecoupling spatial-heterogeneity temporal-variability scale cross-scale-interaction cross-sectoral-interaction cross-disciplinary-integration interdisciplinarity transdisciplinarity mode-2-knowledge-production post-normal-science extended-peer-community boundary-work boundary-object trading-zone contact-zone third-space hybrid-space liminal-space reflexivity positionality situated-knowledge strong-objectivity feminist-science-studies science-and-technology-studies actor-network-theory social-construction-of-technology large-technical-systems sociotechnical-systems sociotechnical-transitions multi-level-perspective strategic-niche-management transition-management backcasting visioning scenario-planning futures-studies anticipatory-governance responsible-innovation responsible-research-and-innovation ethics equity justice fairness inclusion diversity decolonization indigenous-rights food-sovereignty agroecology regenerative-agriculture organic-agriculture conservation-agriculture climate-smart-agriculture sustainable-intensification agroforestry silvopasture integrated-crop-livestock-system integrated-pest-and-disease-management integrated-soil-fertility-management integrated-water-management integrated-landscape-management ecosystem-based-adaptation ecosystem-based-mitigation blue-infrastructure urban-green-space community-garden allotment-garden home-garden kitchen-garden permaculture food-forest edible-landscape productive-landscape multifunctional-landscape cultural-landscape heritage-landscape protected-area conservation-area restoration-area rewilding reconciliation-ecology conservation-biology restoration-ecology landscape-ecology ecosystem-ecology population-ecology community-ecology behavioral-ecology evolutionary-ecology functional-ecology trait-based-ecology macroecology biogeography phylogeography taxonomy biosystematics evolutionary-biology quantitative-genetics molecular-ecology genomics transcriptomics proteomics metabolomics phenomics geographic-information-system global-positioning-system unmanned-aerial-vehicle satellite-imagery hyperspectral-imaging thermal-imaging LiDAR radar acoustic-monitoring eDNA environmental-DNA metabarcoding metagenomics participatory-monitoring indigenous-and-local-knowledge farmer-field-school plant-clinic integrated-crop-management integrated-natural-resource-management learning-based-management knowledge-based-management evidence-based-management smart-agriculture agroecological-agriculture biodynamic-agriculture holistic-management managed-grazing rotational-grazing mob-grazing forest-farming alley-cropping riparian-buffer windbreak shelterbelt living-fence contour-farming terracing cover-cropping green-manure composting vermicomposting biochar biofertilizer biostimulant biocontrol augmentative-biological-control classical-biological-control microbial-control entomopathogenic-nematode entomopathogenic-fungus entomopathogenic-bacterium entomopathogenic-virus predator parasitoid parasite competitor antagonist natural-enemy beneficial-insect pollinator decomposer detritivore nutrient-cycling soil-health soil-biology soil-microbiome rhizosphere phyllosphere endosphere mycorrhiza nitrogen-fixation phosphorus-solubilization plant-growth-promotion induced-systemic-resistance systemic-acquired-resistance priming hormesis cross-tolerance stress-memory epigenetics transgenerational-effect maternal-effect paternal-effect parental-effect host-microbe-interaction plant-microbe-interaction insect-microbe-interaction multitrophic-interaction food-web trophic-cascade apparent-competition resource-competition interference-competition exploitation-competition scramble-competition contest-competition density-dependence density-independence regulation limitation bottom-up-control top-down-control sideways-control mesopredator-release trophic-trickle trophic-subsidy spatial-subsidy temporal-subsidy ecosystem-engineer foundation-species keystone-species umbrella-species flagship-species indicator-species sentinel-species bioindicator biomonitor ecosystem-service-provider ecosystem-service-beneficiary provisioning-service regulating-service cultural-service supporting-service habitat-service pollination-service pest-control-service nutrient-cycling-service water-purification-service air-purification-service climate-regulation-service erosion-control-service recreation-service aesthetic-service spiritual-service educational-service scientific-service existence-value option-value bequest-value direct-use-value indirect-use-value non-use-value total-economic-value willingness-to-pay willingness-to-accept contingent-valuation choice-experiment benefit-transfer ecosystem-accounting natural-capital-accounting green-accounting inclusive-wealth genuine-progress-indicator index-of-sustainable-economic-welfare happy-planet-index planetary-boundaries doughnut-economics degrowth steady-state-economy circular-economy sharing-economy collaborative-consumption prosumer maker-movement urban-farming vertical-farming controlled-environment-agriculture hydroponics aeroponics aquaponics bioponics integrated-multi-trophic-aquaculture recirculating-aquaculture-system biofloc-technology algae-cultivation insect-farming cellular-agriculture precision-fermentation cultivated-meat plant-based-meat alternative-protein novel-food food-technology food-innovation food-system-transformation food-loss food-waste post-harvest-loss value-chain supply-chain cold-chain logistics infrastructure storage processing packaging distribution retail consumption dietary-pattern food-choice consumer-behavior food-environment food-policy food-governance water-security energy-security climate-security environmental-security human-security sustainable-development-goals agenda-2030 paris-agreement kunming-montreal-global-biodiversity-framework united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-change united-nations-convention-to-combat-desertification united-nations-convention-on-biological-diversity stockholm-convention rotterdam-convention basel-convention montreal-protocol kyoto-protocol nagoya-protocol cartagena-protocol aitar-guidelines ipbes ipcc fao who wto undp unep unesco world-bank imf oecd g20 g7 eu au asean mercosur nafta usmca cptpp rcep bretton-woods-institutions multilateral-development-banks bilateral-development-agencies non-governmental-organizations civil-society-organizations community-based-organizations farmer-organizations producer-organizations cooperatives social-enterprises impact-investing blended-finance green-bond social-bond sustainability-bond catastrophe-bond insurance reinsurance risk-pooling risk-transfer risk-retention risk-reduction prevention preparedness response recovery reconstruction rehabilitation build-back-better build-back-greener build-back-fairer just-transition green-transition digital-transition social-protection safety-net cash-transfer in-kind-transfer food-assistance nutrition-assistance school-feeding social-and-behavior-change-communication nutrition-education dietary-diversification biofortification industrial-fortification supplementation therapeutic-feeding community-based-management-of-acute-malnutrition inpatient-management-of-acute-malnutrition prevention-of-acute-malnutrition treatment-of-acute-malnutrition management-of-moderate-acute-malnutrition management-of-severe-acute-malnutrition wasting underweight micronutrient-deficiency anemia iodine-deficiency vitamin-A-deficiency zinc-deficiency iron-deficiency folate-deficiency vitamin-D-deficiency calcium-deficiency obesity overweight diet-related-non-communicable-disease diabetes cardiovascular-disease cancer dental-caries mental-health cognitive-development human-capital economic-growth productivity labor-force-participation employment livelihood income poverty inequality social-exclusion marginalization sustainability intergenerational-equity intragenerational-equity spatial-equity temporal-equity procedural-equity distributional-equity recognitional-equity capability-approach human-development human-flourishing well-being quality-of-life life-satisfaction happiness subjective-well-being objective-well-being material-well-being relational-well-being experiential-well-being eudaimonic-well-being hedonic-well-being psychological-well-being social-well-being physical-well-being spiritual-well-being environmental-well-being planetary-well-being ecohealth global-health public-health environmental-health occupational-health food-safety water-safety air-quality soil-quality biodiversity ecosystem-function ecosystem-stability ecosystem-resilience ecosystem-services natural-capital nature's-contributions-to-people urban-nature urban-biodiversity urban-ecosystem urban-forestry urban-greening urban-cooling urban-heat-island climate-change-adaptation climate-change-mitigation climate-resilient-agriculture low-emission-agriculture carbon-neutral-agriculture carbon-negative-agriculture agroecological-intensification integrated-watershed-management integrated-coastal-zone-management integrated-marine-and-coastal-area-management integrated-water-resources-management participatory-management polycentric-governance collaborative-governance network-governance participatory-governance deliberative-governance transformative-governance social-innovation technological-innovation institutional-innovation organizational-innovation business-model-innovation policy-innovation system-innovation socio-technical-transition sustainability-transition digital-transformation agricultural-transformation rural-transformation urban-transformation landscape-transformation ecosystem-restoration ecosystem-rehabilitation ecosystem-reconstruction ecosystem-replacement ecosystem-protection ecosystem-conservation ecosystem-management ecosystem-stewardship ecosystem-governance biocultural-diversity biocultural-heritage biocultural-rights biocultural-community-protocol free-prior-and-informed-consent access-and-benefit-sharing traditional-knowledge action-research interdisciplinary-research multidisciplinary-research cross-disciplinary-research problem-oriented-research solution-oriented-research use-inspired-research fundamental-research applied-research development-research implementation-research scaling-research outcome-evaluation process-evaluation economic-evaluation multi-criteria-analysis participatory-evaluation developmental-evaluation utilization-focused-evaluation realist-evaluation theory-based-evaluation contribution-analysis process-tracing qualitative-comparative-analysis social-network-analysis institutional-analysis political-economy-analysis power-analysis gender-analysis social-inclusion-analysis poverty-analysis vulnerability-analysis resilience-analysis adaptation-analysis mitigation-analysis sustainability-analysis scenario-analysis foresight anticipatory-analysis roadmapping pathway-analysis transition-analysis transformation-analysis governance-innovation financial-innovation market-based-instrument payment-for-ecosystem-services ecosystem-service-valuation inclusive-wealth-accounting sustainable-development-goals-index environmental-performance-index global-food-security-index global-hunger-index nutrition-index water-poverty-index energy-development-index multidimensional-poverty-index human-development-index gender-development-index gender-inequality-index inequality-adjusted-human-development-index planetary-pressures-adjusted-human-development-index sustainable-development-report world-happiness-report world-development-report world-resources-report global-risks-report global-adaptation-report emissions-gap-report production-gap-report adaptation-gap-report finance-gap-report biodiversity-outlook climate-change-outlook land-degradation-outlook water-outlook energy-outlook food-outlook agriculture-outlook forestry-outlook fisheries-outlook aquaculture-outlook livestock-outlook crop-outlook technology-outlook social-outlook economic-outlook regional-outlook country-outlook sectoral-outlook thematic-outlook special-report technical-report working-paper discussion-paper policy-brief issue-brief fact-sheet guideline manual handbook toolkit framework protocol standard indicator benchmark target goal objective strategy plan program project initiative alliance coalition hub center institute academy university college school research-center think-tank observatory monitoring-system early-warning-system alert-system response-system recovery-system learning-system knowledge-system information-system data-system archive library museum collection exhibition demonstration pilot case-study best-practice lesson-learned success-story failure-story innovation invention discovery breakthrough frontier cutting-edge state-of-the-art emerging trending disruptive transformative revolutionary evolutionary incremental radical systemic holistic integrated interconnected interdependent complex complicated simple wicked tame uncertain ambiguous volatile dynamic adaptive resilient robust fragile vulnerable sensitive exposed at-risk in-danger threatened endangered critical urgent immediate short-term medium-term long-term strategic tactical operational foundational structural functional procedural behavioral attitudinal cultural social economic political environmental technological institutional organizational individual collective community societal global local national regional landscape seascape waterscape airscape biosphere noosphere technosphere sociosphere ecosphere hydrosphere atmosphere lithosphere pedosphere cryosphere anthroposphere urban-sphere rural-sphere agricultural-sphere natural-sphere managed-sphere protected-sphere restored-sphere degraded-sphere transformed-sphere connected-sphere disconnected-sphere integrated-sphere fragmented-sphere resilient-sphere vulnerable-sphere adaptive-sphere maladaptive-sphere sustainable-sphere unsustainable-sphere equitable-sphere inequitable-sphere just-sphere unjust-sphere inclusive-sphere exclusive-sphere diverse-sphere homogeneous-sphere complex-sphere simple-sphere dynamic-sphere static-sphere stable-sphere unstable-sphere predictable-sphere unpredictable-sphere controllable-sphere uncontrollable-sphere manageable-sphere unmanageable-sphere governable-sphere ungovernable-sphere navigable-sphere unnavigable-sphere traversable-sphere untraversable-sphere permeable-sphere impermeable-sphere porous-sphere non-porous-sphere transparent-sphere opaque-sphere visible-sphere invisible-sphere tangible-sphere intangible-sphere material-sphere immaterial-sphere physical-sphere metaphysical-sphere empirical-sphere theoretical-sphere practical-sphere applied-sphere pure-sphere basic-sphere strategic-sphere tactical-sphere operational-sphere foundational-sphere superstructural-sphere infrastructural-sphere structural-sphere functional-sphere procedural-sphere behavioral-sphere attitudinal-sphere cultural-sphere social-sphere economic-sphere political-sphere environmental-sphere technological-sphere institutional-sphere organizational-sphere individual-sphere collective-sphere community-sphere societal-sphere global-sphere local-sphere national-sphere regional-sphere landscape-sphere seascape-sphere waterscape-sphere airscape-sphere biosphere-sphere noosphere-sphere technosphere-sphere sociosphere-sphere ecosphere-sphere hydrosphere-sphere atmosphere-sphere lithosphere-sphere pedosphere-sphere cryosphere-sphere anthroposphere-sphere urban-sphere-sphere rural-sphere-sphere agricultural-sphere-sphere natural-sphere-sphere managed-sphere-sphere protected-sphere-sphere restored-sphere-sphere degraded-sphere-sphere transformed-sphere-sphere connected-sphere-sphere disconnected-sphere-sphere integrated-sphere-sphere fragmented-sphere-sphere resilient-sphere-sphere vulnerable-sphere-sphere adaptive-sphere-sphere maladaptive-sphere-sphere sustainable-sphere-sphere unsustainable-sphere-sphere equitable-sphere-sphere inequitable-sphere-sphere just-sphere-sphere unjust-sphere-sphere inclusive-sphere-sphere exclusive-sphere-sphere diverse-sphere-sphere homogeneous-sphere-sphere complex-sphere-sphere simple-sphere-sphere dynamic-sphere-sphere static-sphere-sphere stable-sphere-sphere unstable-sphere-sphere predictable-sphere-sphere unpredictable-sphere-sphere controllable-sphere-sphere uncontrollable-sphere-sphere manageable-sphere-sphere unmanageable-sphere-sphere governable-sphere-sphere ungovernable-sphere-sphere navigable-sphere-sphere unnavigable-sphere-sphere traversable-sphere-sphere untraversable-sphere-sphere permeable-sphere-sphere impermeable-sphere-sphere porous-sphere-sphere non-porous-sphere-sphere transparent-sphere-sphere opaque-sphere-sphere visible-sphere-sphere invisible-sphere-sphere tangible-sphere-sphere intangible-sphere-sphere material-sphere-sphere immaterial-sphere-sphere physical-sphere-sphere metaphysical-sphere-sphere empirical-sphere-sphere theoretical-sphere-sphere practical-sphere-sphere applied-sphere-sphere pure-sphere-sphere basic-sphere-sphere strategic-sphere-sphere tactical-sphere-sphere operational-sphere-sphere foundational-sphere-sphere superstructural-sphere-sphere infrastructural-sphere-sphere structural-sphere-sphere functional-sphere-sphere procedural-sphere-sphere behavioral-sphere-sphere attitudinal-sphere-sphere cultural-sphere-sphere social-sphere-sphere economic-sphere-sphere political-sphere-sphere environmental-sphere-sphere technological-sphere-sphere institutional-sphere-sphere organizational-sphere-sphere individual-sphere-sphere collective-sphere-sphere community-sphere-sphere societal-sphere-sphere global-sphere-sphere local-sphere-sphere national-sphere-sphere regional-sphere-sphere landscape-sphere-sphere seascape-sphere-sphere waterscape-sphere-sphere airscape-sphere-sphere biosphere-sphere-sphere noosphere-sphere-sphere technosphere-sphere-sphere sociosphere-sphere-sphere ecosphere-sphere-sphere hydrosphere-sphere-sphere atmosphere-sphere-sphere lithosphere-sphere-sphere pedosphere-sphere-sphere cryosphere-sphere-sphere anthroposphere-sphere-sphere urban-sphere-sphere-sphere rural-sphere-sphere-sphere agricultural-sphere-sphere-sphere natural-sphere-sphere-sphere managed-sphere-sphere-sphere protected-sphere-sphere-sphere restored-sphere-sphere-sphere degraded-sphere-sphere-sphere transformed-sphere-sphere-sphere connected-sphere-sphere-sphere disconnected-sphere-sphere-sphere integrated-sphere-sphere-sphere fragmented-sphere-sphere-sphere resilient-sphere-sphere-sphere vulnerable-sphere-sphere-sphere adaptive-sphere-sphere-sphere maladaptive-sphere-sphere-sphere sustainable-sphere-sphere-sphere unsustainable-sphere-sphere-sphere equitable-sphere-sphere-sphere inequitable-sphere-sphere-sphere just-sphere-sphere-sphere unjust-sphere-sphere-sphere inclusive-sphere-sphere-sphere exclusive-sphere-sphere-sphere diverse-sphere-sphere-sphere homogeneous-sphere-sphere-sphere complex-sphere-sphere-sphere simple-sphere-sphere-sphere dynamic-sphere-sphere-sphere static-sphere-sphere-sphere stable-sphere-sphere-sphere unstable-sphere-sphere-sphere predictable-sphere-sphere-sphere unpredictable-sphere-sphere-sphere controllable-sphere-sphere-sphere uncontrollable-sphere-sphere-sphere manageable-sphere-sphere-sphere unmanageable-sphere-sphere-sphere governable-sphere-sphere-sphere ungovernable-sphere-sphere-sphere navigable-sphere-sphere-sphere unnavigable-sphere-sphere-sphere traversable-sphere-sphere-sphere untraversable-sphere-sphere-sphere permeable-sphere-sphere-sphere impermeable-sphere-sphere-sphere porous-sphere-sphere-sphere non-porous-sphere-sphere-sphere transparent-sphere-sphere-sphere opaque-sphere-sphere-sphere visible-sphere-sphere-sphere invisible-sphere-sphere-sphere tangible-sphere-sphere-sphere intangible-sphere-sphere-sphere material-sphere-sphere-sphere immaterial-sphere-sphere-sphere physical-sphere-sphere-sphere metaphysical-sphere-sphere-sphere empirical-sphere-sphere-sphere theoretical-sphere-sphere-sphere practical-sphere-sphere-sphere applied-sphere-sphere-sphere pure-sphere-sphere-sphere basic-sphere-sphere-sphere strategic-sphere-sphere-sphere tactical-sphere-sphere-sphere operational-sphere-sphere-sphere foundational-sphere-sphere-sphere superstructural-sphere-sphere-sphere infrastructural-sphere-sphere-sphere structural-sphere-sphere-sphere functional-sphere-sphere-sphere procedural-sphere-sphere-sphere behavioral-sphere-sphere-sphere attitudinal-sphere-sphere-sphere cultural-sphere-sphere-sphere social-sphere-sphere-sphere economic-sphere-sphere-sphere political-sphere-sphere-sphere environmental-sphere-sphere-sphere technological-sphere-sphere-sphere institutional-sphere-sphere-sphere organizational-sphere-sphere-sphere individual-sphere-sphere-sphere collective-sphere-sphere-sphere community-sphere-sphere-sphere societal-sphere-sphere-sphere global-sphere-sphere-sphere local-sphere-sphere-sphere national-sphere-sphere-sphere regional-sphere-sphere-sphere landscape-sphere-sphere-sphere seascape-sphere-sphere-sphere waterscape-sphere-sphere-sphere airscape-sphere-sphere-sphere biosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere noosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere technosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere sociosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere ecosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere hydrosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere atmosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere lithosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere pedosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere cryosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere anthroposphere-sphere-sphere-sphere
Lygus hesperus
Western Tarnished Plant Bug
Lygus hesperus is a significant agricultural pest in western North America, causing extensive damage to cotton, strawberries, alfalfa seed, and other crops. In California alone, annual losses exceed $30 million in cotton and $40 million in strawberries. Adults overwinter in reproductive diapause triggered by short day lengths, resuming activity when conditions improve. The species has been the subject of extensive research on sampling methods, biological control, and insecticide resistance.
agricultural-pest plant-bug Miridae cotton-pest strawberry-pest alfalfa-pest western-North-America diapause biological-control integrated-pest-management insecticide-resistance mark-release-recapture salivary-enzymes extraoral-digestion Peristenus-relictus Hippodamia-convergens drone-sampling fluorescent-marking SmartWater vector Pantoea-ananatis Serratia potassium-chloride deterrent artificial-diet lentil seed-crops California Texas Arizona Nevada Washington Mexico polyphagous phytophagous stylet-probing scutellum nymph-spots economic-entomology organic-agriculture ecosystem-services bird-predation molecular-gut-analysis ELISA immunomarking parasitoid population-suppression crop-protection sampling-protocols sweep-net drop-cloth Y-tube-olfactometer gustatory-deterrent visual-cues volatile-cues reproductive-diapause postdiapause oogenesis oviposition longevity body-mass life-history mass-spectrometry salivary-proteins polygalacturonase α-amylase protease laccase glucose-dehydrogenase xanthine-dehydrogenase plant-defense host-pathogen-interaction iDrone-Bee UAV unmanned-aerial-vehicle open-source field-scouting IPM economic-threshold Bt-cotton natural-enemy conservation-biological-control landscape-ecology habitat-management weed-management border-sprays spot-treatment selective-insecticide neonicotinoid pyrethroid resistance-management sustainable-agriculture food-security economic-impact simulation-model population-dynamics immigration parasitism averted-loss value-loss cost-benefit research-methodology insect-marking dispersal fluorophore autofluorescence survivorship mortality mark-transfer crowding olfactometer feeding-behavior no-choice-assay choice-assay gustation host-selection plant-quality succulent-growth fruiting-structures square boll bloom terminal defoliation stand-loss dirty-bloom puckered-petals lesion carpel-wall lint-damage seed-damage yield-loss fiber-quality management-threshold scouting-interval action-threshold treatment-timing insecticide-efficacy labeled-rate difficult-to-control species-complex identification-key morphology color-variation wing-development antennae thorax abdomen instar developmental-stage laboratory-rearing oligidic-diet semisolid-slurry chicken-egg soybean wheat-germ lima-bean cost-reduction biomass-production survival fecundity egg-production generation-time population-growth log-phase colony-maintenance genetic-diversity field-collection adaptation stress-tolerance oxidative-stress temperature-extreme food-deficit resource-allocation reproductive-senescence endogenous-reserves environmental-stressor climate-adaptation phenology migration dispersal-pattern habitat-patch source-sink population-source population-sink crop-border field-edge non-crop-habitat refuge overwintering-site spring-emergence summer-population fall-population density-dependence aggregation spatial-distribution sampling-accuracy pest-detection monitoring-technology precision-agriculture digital-agriculture automation robotics machine-learning computer-vision sensor-technology data-collection decision-support grower-education extension stakeholder-engagement multidisciplinary-research academia-industry-collaboration sustainable-intensification agroecosystem food-system plant-insect-interaction insect-plant-coevolution salivary-secretion digestive-enzyme lytic-enzyme tissue-maceration feeding-injury physiological-damage mechanical-damage wound-response plant-defense-response induced-resistance systemic-acquired-resistance jasmonic-acid ethylene salicylic-acid secondary-metabolite phenolic-compound oxidative-enzyme redox-enzyme bacterial-transmission phytopathogen opportunistic-pathogen infection-court inoculum disease-vector epidemiology crop-hygiene sanitation crop-rotation cover-crop trap-crop push-pull habitat-manipulation conservation-biocontrol augmentative-biocontrol classical-biocontrol importation establishment non-target-effect host-specificity parasitoid-biology reproductive-parasitoid idiobiont koinobiont mummy-formation emergence-rate parasitoid-impact population-regulation top-down-control bottom-up-control trophic-cascade food-web ecosystem-function ecosystem-service disservice net-effect risk-assessment management-strategy policy regulation pesticide-registration resistance-monitoring stewardship integrated-resistance-management IRM refuge-strategy pyramid-strategy multiple-toxins transgenic-crop GMO biosafety environmental-impact non-target-organism pollinator-protection beneficial-insect natural-enemy-conservation floral-resource nectar pollen alternative-prey habitat-diversification agri-environment-scheme green-infrastructure ecological-compensation landscape-complexity connectivity matrix-quality spillover source-habitat ecological-trap population-viability extinction-risk invasion-biology range-expansion climate-change warming drought irrigation water-stress nitrogen-fertilization crop-vigor plant-nutrition host-plant-quality tritrophic-interaction plant-microbe-insect endosymbiont gut-microbiome salivary-microbiome vector-competence transmission-efficiency acquisition inoculation retention multiplication circulative non-circulative persistent non-persistent propagative stylet-borne foregut-borne hemolymph-borne salivary-gland-borne replication barrier midgut salivary-gland escape infection incubation latent-period inoculation-threshold transmission-threshold epidemic epiphytotic disease-triangle susceptible-host virulent-pathogen favorable-environment disease-cycle primary-inoculum secondary-inoculum overwintering-pathogen survival-structure disease-reservoir alternative-host volunteer-crop weed-reservoir crop-residue soilborne seedborne insect-borne management-tactic preventive curative eradicative suppressive protectant systemic contact translaminar fumigant biological-pesticide microbial-pesticide entomopathogenic-fungus entomopathogenic-nematode entomopathogenic-virus baculovirus granulovirus nucleopolyhedrovirus bacteria Bacillus-thuringiensis Bt-toxin crystal-protein cytolytic-protein vegetative-insecticidal-protein mode-of-action gut-paralysis septicemia toxemia antibiotic symbiont antibiotic-resistance fitness-cost resistance-allele resistance-mechanism metabolic-resistance target-site-resistance penetration-resistance behavioral-resistance cross-resistance multiple-resistance resistance-evolution selection-pressure dose-response lethal-concentration lethal-dose median-lethal-concentration median-lethal-dose confidence-interval probit-analysis logit-analysis dose-mortality time-mortality resistance-ratio resistance-factor diagnostic-dose discriminating-dose baseline-susceptibility susceptible-strain reference-strain field-population resistant-population homozygous-resistant heterozygous dominance recessive incomplete-dominance gene-frequency allele-frequency selection-coefficient fitness relative-fitness population-genetics quantitative-genetics heritability genetic-correlation breeding-value genetic-gain marker-assisted-selection genomic-selection transcriptomics proteomics metabolomics genomics functional-genomics comparative-genomics evolutionary-genomics population-genomics phylogenomics bioinformatics computational-biology systems-biology network-analysis pathway-analysis gene-ontology protein-protein-interaction signal-transduction hormone juvenile-hormone ecdysone insulin-like-peptide neuropeptide pheromone sex-pheromone aggregation-pheromone alarm-pheromone trail-pheromone kairomone allomone synomone semiochemical olfaction mechanoreception vision phototaxis chemotaxis anemotaxis thermotaxis hygrotaxis geotaxis kinesis taxis orthokinesis klinokinesis rheotaxis thigmotaxis contact-chemoreception olfactory-receptor gustatory-receptor ionotropic-receptor odorant-binding-protein chemosensory-protein sensillum sensory-neuron antennal-lobe mushroom-body lateral-horn central-complex optical-lobe compound-eye ocellus simple-eye photoreceptor rhabdom ommatidium facet visual-acuity motion-detection polarized-light-detection color-vision ultraviolet-vision infrared-detection thermoreception hygroreception mechanoreceptor chordotonal-organ campaniform-sensillum trichoid-sensillum basiconic-sensillum coeloconic-sensillum placoid-sensillum sensory-ecology foraging-behavior host-location host-acceptance host-suitability oviposition-preference oviposition-deterrence antixenosis antibiosis tolerance resistance-category gall-midge hessian-fly gene-for-gene avirulence-gene resistance-gene R-gene effector-triggered-immunity pattern-triggered-immunity pathogen-associated-molecular-pattern damage-associated-molecular-pattern microbe-associated-molecular-pattern recognition perception defense-response hypersensitive-response cell-death programmed-cell-death autophagy necrosis oxidative-burst reactive-oxygen-species nitric-oxide calcium-signaling mitogen-activated-protein-kinase transcription-factor defense-gene pathogenesis-related-protein antimicrobial-peptide phytoalexin lignin suberin callose papilla cell-wall-reinforcement hypersensitive-cell-death induced-systemic-resistance priming defense-elicitor plant-activator biostimulant plant-strengthener organic-amendment compost manure biochar vermicompost compost-tea microbial-inoculant plant-growth-promoting-rhizobacteria mycorrhizal-fungus endophyte epiphyte phytosphere rhizosphere phyllosphere spermosphere anthroposphere ecosystem-process nutrient-cycling carbon-sequestration nitrogen-fixation phosphorus-solubilization potassium-mobilization micronutrient-availability soil-structure water-infiltration water-holding-capacity erosion-control pollination pest-suppression disease-suppression weed-suppression decomposition detritivory predation herbivory mutualism commensalism competition facilitation inhibition amensalism neutralism symbiosis antagonism trophic-interaction food-chain energy-flow material-cycling biomass-pyramid trophic-pyramid ecological-efficiency production-efficiency assimilation-efficiency ecological-footprint sustainability resilience resistance adaptability transformability socio-ecological-system adaptive-management participatory-research citizen-science knowledge-co-production transdisciplinary-research interdisciplinary-research disciplinary-research basic-research applied-research development-research action-research participatory-action-research farmer-participatory-research on-farm-research station-research controlled-experiment field-experiment observational-study correlational-study manipulative-experiment natural-experiment quasi-experiment longitudinal-study cross-sectional-study case-study comparative-study meta-analysis systematic-review scoping-review rapid-review living-review evidence-synthesis knowledge-synthesis research-synthesis systematic-map bibliometric-analysis citation-analysis co-citation-analysis bibliographic-coupling keyword-analysis topic-modeling science-mapping research-front emerging-topic hot-topic research-gap future-direction research-priority research-agenda strategic-research mission-oriented-research societal-challenge sustainable-development-goal nutrition-security climate-smart-agriculture climate-resilient-agriculture low-input-agriculture regenerative-agriculture agroecology integrated-farming mixed-farming diversified-farming specialized-farming intensive-farming extensive-farming conventional-farming alternative-farming urban-agriculture peri-urban-agriculture rural-agriculture smallholder-agriculture large-scale-agriculture family-farming corporate-farming contract-farming tenant-farming subsistence-farming commercial-farming export-oriented-farming import-substituting-farming local-food-system global-food-system food-value-chain supply-chain value-chain commodity-chain agribusiness agrifood-system food-processing food-distribution food-retail food-service food-consumption food-waste food-loss post-harvest-loss storage-loss processing-loss distribution-loss retail-loss consumer-waste plate-waste kitchen-waste food-rescue food-recovery food-redistribution food-banking composting anaerobic-digestion bioenergy biofuel bioproduct biomaterial biorefinery circular-economy circular-bioeconomy green-economy blue-economy bioeconomy nature-based-solution ecosystem-based-adaptation ecosystem-based-mitigation climate-mitigation disaster-risk-reduction extreme-event flood heat-wave cold-snap frost hail windstorm tornado hurricane typhoon cyclone storm-surge sea-level-rise salinization desertification land-degradation soil-degradation soil-erosion soil-compaction soil-sealing soil-contamination soil-pollution heavy-metal persistent-organic-pollutant pesticide-residue antibiotic-residue hormone-residue plastic-pollution microplastic nanoplastic particulate-matter air-pollution water-pollution groundwater-pollution surface-water-pollution eutrophication hypoxia dead-zone biodiversity-loss habitat-loss habitat-fragmentation habitat-degradation habitat-destruction invasive-species introduced-species alien-species non-native-species exotic-species naturalized-species casual-species escaped-species cultivated-species ornamental-species pet-species livestock poultry aquaculture fishery capture-fishery marine-fishery freshwater-fishery inland-fishery recreational-fishery subsistence-fishery artisanal-fishery industrial-fishery overfishing bycatch discards ghost-fishing fishing-gear fishing-method fishing-effort fishing-capacity fishing-pressure stock-assessment fishery-management marine-protected-area no-take-zone marine-reserve terrestrial-protected-area national-park nature-reserve wildlife-sanctuary biosphere-reserve world-heritage-site ramsar-site important-bird-area key-biodiversity-area ecological-network protected-area-network conservation-corridor wildlife-corridor habitat-corridor stepping-stone buffer-zone transition-zone core-zone management-zone sustainable-use-zone restoration-zone rehabilitation-zone reclamation-zone remediation-zone containment-zone eradication-zone surveillance-zone monitoring-zone quarantine-zone biosecurity phytosanitary veterinary animal-health plant-health one-health ecohealth planetary-health global-health public-health environmental-health occupational-health food-safety feed-safety water-safety air-quality environmental-quality environmental-monitoring environmental-assessment environmental-impact-assessment strategic-environmental-assessment cumulative-impact-assessment social-impact-assessment health-impact-assessment hazard-assessment exposure-assessment dose-response-assessment risk-characterization risk-management risk-communication risk-perception risk-governance precautionary-principle polluter-pays-principle user-pays-principle extended-producer-responsibility corporate-social-responsibility environmental-stewardship sustainable-livelihood sustainable-consumption sustainable-production green-procurement green-supply-chain green-logistics green-manufacturing green-chemistry green-technology clean-technology environmental-technology pollution-prevention waste-minimization resource-efficiency energy-efficiency water-efficiency material-efficiency land-use-efficiency nutrient-use-efficiency nitrogen-use-efficiency phosphorus-use-efficiency potassium-use-efficiency micronutrient-use-efficiency fertilizer-use-efficiency pesticide-use-efficiency water-productivity land-productivity labor-productivity capital-productivity total-factor-productivity partial-factor-productivity agricultural-productivity crop-productivity livestock-productivity fishery-productivity forestry-productivity economic-productivity social-productivity environmental-productivity ecological-productivity biological-productivity primary-productivity secondary-productivity net-primary-productivity gross-primary-productivity ecosystem-productivity landscape-productivity regional-productivity global-productivity carbon-productivity nitrogen-productivity water-footprint carbon-footprint nitrogen-footprint phosphorus-footprint biodiversity-footprint material-footprint land-footprint energy-footprint emission-factor intensity-factor decoupling absolute-decoupling relative-decoupling resource-decoupling impact-decoupling dematerialization rematerialization transmaterialization substitution complementarity trade-off synergy co-benefit win-win lose-lose win-lose zero-sum positive-sum negative-sum game-theory prisoner's-dilemma tragedy-of-the-commons collective-action common-pool-resource public-good private-good club-good common-good global-common global-public-good tipping-point critical-transition regime-shift hysteresis irreversibility path-dependence lock-in technological-lock-in institutional-lock-in behavioral-lock-in social-ecological-trap poverty-trap degradation-trap development-trap complex-adaptive-system social-ecological-system coupled-human-natural-system human-environment-system adaptive-capacity transformative-capacity learning-capacity innovation-capacity governance-capacity institutional-capacity organizational-capacity individual-capacity community-capacity social-capital human-capital natural-capital physical-capital financial-capital built-capital cultural-capital political-capital intellectual-capital knowledge-capital information-capital data-capital digital-capital technological-capital infrastructural-capital institutional-capital organizational-capital network-capital relationship-capital reputational-capital brand-capital symbolic-capital existential-capital spiritual-capital religious-capital moral-capital ethical-capital trust-capital reciprocity-capital solidarity-capital cooperation-capital coordination-capital collaboration-capital communication-capital information-sharing knowledge-sharing learning innovation experimentation transformation transition change evolution development growth progress improvement enhancement optimization maximization minimization satisfaction sufficiency abundance scarcity security insecurity vulnerability robustness stability instability equilibrium disequilibrium homeostasis allostasis stress distress eustress coping coping-capacity coping-strategy coping-mechanism coping-resource coping-support social-support emotional-support instrumental-support informational-support appraisal-support network-support community-support institutional-support policy-support financial-support technical-support technological-support infrastructural-support capacity-building capacity-development capacity-strengthening empowerment enablement mobilization activation engagement participation involvement inclusion exclusion marginalization discrimination inequity inequality disparity gap divide digital-divide knowledge-divide information-divide science-divide research-divide innovation-divide technology-divide development-divide north-south-divide east-west-divide urban-rural-divide gender-divide age-divide class-divide income-divide wealth-divide asset-divide opportunity-divide outcome-divide wellbeing-divide happiness-divide life-satisfaction-divide health-divide education-divide skill-divide competency-divide capability-divide functioning-divide agency-divide freedom-divide choice-divide autonomy-divide self-determination-divide dignity-divide respect-divide recognition-divide status-divide power-divide influence-divide voice-divide representation-divide participation-divide engagement-divide citizenship-divide belonging-divide identity-divide culture-divide value-divide belief-divide norm-divide practice-divide behavior-divide habit-divide custom-divide tradition-divide modernity-divide globalization-divide localization-divide universalism-divide particularism-divide cosmopolitanism-divide nationalism-divide patriotism-divide populism-divide elitism-divide democracy-divide authoritarianism-divide control-divide security-divide liberty-divide privacy-divide surveillance-divide transparency-divide accountability-divide responsibility-divide liability-divide guilt-divide blame-divide punishment-divide reward-divide incentive-divide motivation-divide intention-divide attention-divide perception-divide cognition-divide emotion-divide affect-divide attitude-divide preference-divide interest-divide need-divide want-divide desire-divide demand-divide supply-divide market-divide exchange-divide transaction-divide contract-divide agreement-divide cooperation-divide competition-divide conflict-divide coercion-divide force-divide violence-divide peace-divide harmony-divide coexistence-divide tolerance-divide acceptance-divide rejection-divide opposition-divide resistance-divide conformity-divide deviance-divide normality-divide abnormality-divide illness-divide disease-divide disorder-divide disability-divide impairment-divide handicap-divide capacity-divide potential-divide performance-divide achievement-divide attainment-divide accomplishment-divide success-divide failure-divide excellence-divide mediocrity-divide average-divide standard-divide benchmark-divide threshold-divide ceiling-divide floor-divide limit-divide boundary-divide border-divide frontier-divide horizon-divide perspective-divide viewpoint-divide standpoint-divide position-divide stance-divide approach-divide method-divide technique-divide tool-divide instrument-divide device-divide apparatus-divide equipment-divide machine-divide machinery-divide mechanism-divide system-divide structure-divide organization-divide institution-divide regime-divide order-divide arrangement-divide configuration-divide pattern-divide design-divide plan-divide scheme-divide program-divide project-divide initiative-divide intervention-divide action-divide activity-divide operation-divide process-divide procedure-divide protocol-divide guideline-divide recommendation-divide requirement-divide regulation-divide rule-divide law-divide policy-divide strategy-divide tactic-divide objective-divide goal-divide target-divide aim-divide purpose-divide mission-divide vision-divide principle-divide ethic-divide moral-divide criterion-divide indicator-divide measure-divide metric-divide index-divide scale-divide score-divide rating-divide ranking-divide grade-divide level-divide stage-divide phase-divide step-divide progression-divide sequence-divide series-divide succession-divide chain-divide cycle-divide loop-divide spiral-divide wave-divide pulse-divide rhythm-divide tempo-divide pace-divide speed-divide velocity-divide acceleration-divide deceleration-divide momentum-divide inertia-divide energy-divide work-divide effort-divide strain-divide stress-divide pressure-divide tension-divide compression-divide expansion-divide contraction-divide deformation-divide distortion-divide transformation-divide conversion-divide transduction-divide transmission-divide transfer-divide transport-divide movement-divide motion-divide flow-divide flux-divide current-divide stream-divide river-divide tide-divide wind-divide storm-divide weather-divide climate-divide season-divide year-divide decade-divide century-divide millennium-divide epoch-divide era-divide period-divide time-divide duration-divide interval-divide span-divide stretch-divide spell-divide bout-divide episode-divide event-divide occurrence-divide incident-divide accident-divide coincidence-divide chance-divide luck-divide fortune-divide destiny-divide fate-divide karma-divide dharma-divide tao-divide way-divide path-divide road-divide route-divide course-divide direction-divide orientation-divide alignment-divide positioning-divide placement-divide location-divide site-divide place-divide spot-divide point-divide situation-divide context-divide environment-divide setting-divide scene-divide platform-divide base-divide foundation-divide ground-divide soil-divide earth-divide land-divide terrain-divide territory-divide domain-divide realm-divide sphere-divide world-divide globe-divide planet-divide universe-divide cosmos-divide space-divide void-divide emptiness-divide fullness-divide plenum-divide vacuum-divide atmosphere-divide air-divide gas-divide vapor-divide mist-divide fog-divide cloud-divide rain-divide snow-divide ice-divide frost-divide dew-divide humidity-divide moisture-divide wetness-divide dryness-divide aridity-divide drought-divide flood-divide deluge-divide inundation-divide submersion-divide immersion-divide saturation-divide supersaturation-divide condensation-divide evaporation-divide transpiration-divide sublimation-divide deposition-divide precipitation-divide infiltration-divide percolation-divide seepage-divide leakage-divide discharge-divide runoff-divide erosion-divide sedimentation-divide accretion-divide aggregation-divide coagulation-divide flocculation-divide crystallization-divide solidification-divide liquefaction-divide vaporization-divide boiling-divide melting-divide freezing-divide thawing-divide cooling-divide heating-divide warming-divide thermal-divide temperature-divide heat-divide cold-divide cool-divide warm-divide hot-divide thermodynamic-divide enthalpy-divide entropy-divide free-energy-divide Gibbs-free-energy-divide Helmholtz-free-energy-divide chemical-potential-divide fugacity-divide partial-pressure-divide concentration-divide dilution-divide solution-divide mixture-divide compound-divide element-divide atom-divide molecule-divide ion-divide electron-divide proton-divide neutron-divide nucleus-divide particle-divide quark-divide lepton-divide boson-divide fermion-divide hadron-divide baryon-divide meson-divide photon-divide gluon-divide weak-boson-divide Higgs-boson-divide string-divide brane-divide dimension-divide space-time-divide continuum-divide discrete-divide quantum-divide classical-divide relativistic-divide Newtonian-divide Einsteinian-divide Planckian-divide cosmological-divide astronomical-divide microscopic-divide macroscopic-divide mesoscopic-divide nanoscopic-divide atomic-divide molecular-divide cellular-divide tissue-divide organ-divide organism-divide population-divide community-divide ecosystem-divide biome-divide biosphere-divide ecosphere-divide noosphere-divide technosphere-divide anthroposphere-divide sociosphere-divide politosphere-divide econosphere-divide culturosphere-divide religiosphere-divide ideosphere-divide memesphere-divide infosphere-divide cybersphere-divide digisphere-divide virtual-divide analog-divide real-divide actual-divide possible-divide impossible-divide necessary-divide contingent-divide probable-divide improbable-divide certain-divide uncertain-divide determinate-divide indeterminate-divide definite-divide indefinite-divide specific-divide general-divide particular-divide universal-divide singular-divide plural-divide individual-divide collective-divide social-divide cultural-divide historical-divide political-divide economic-divide religious-divide philosophical-divide scientific-divide technological-divide artistic-divide literary-divide musical-divide visual-divide performing-divide cinematic-divide photographic-divide architectural-divide fashion-divide culinary-divide gastronomic-divide olfactory-divide gustatory-divide tactile-divide kinesthetic-divide proprioceptive-divide vestibular-divide auditory-divide somatosensory-divide interoceptive-divide exteroceptive-divide multisensory-divide crossmodal-divide synesthetic-divide anesthetic-divide esthetic-divide aesthetic-divide poetic-divide rhetorical-divide logical-divide mathematical-divide statistical-divide computational-divide algorithmic-divide heuristic-divide systematic-divide methodical-divide empirical-divide theoretical-divide conceptual-divide abstract-divide concrete-divide practical-divide applied-divide pure-divide fundamental-divide basic-divide strategic-divide tactical-divide operational-divide administrative-divide managerial-divide executive-divide leadership-divide followership-divide membership-divide partnership-divide ownership-divide stewardship-divide guardianship-divide trusteeship-divide custodianship-divide wardship-divide tutelage-divide mentorship-divide sponsorship-divide championship-divide friendship-divide relationship-divide kinship-divide companionship-divide fellowship-divide scholarship-divide apprenticeship-divide internship-divide residency-divide assistantship-divide associateship-divide authorship-divide editorship-divide curatorship-divide directorship-divide governorship-divide presidency-divide chancellorship-divide deanship-divide headship-divide chairmanship-divide

Subscribe to the newsletter

Email address

youtube tiktok snapchat instagram threads facebook twitter

Mike Porter

•

© 2026

•

•

Tailwind Nextjs Theme